Icfhrok shmrk jn ]kvhjudiôc okxidncn

Rrkskctneh Rhr0 Anrhjj Onrtïckz ]hokrh
[ch ek jhs ohvioikc
ohvioikcths
ths phjïtidhs,
phjïtidhs, kdhcô
kdhcôoidhs
oidhs y shdin
shdinjks
jks ek onyhr trnsdkcekcdin
trnsdkcekcdin kc
Noéridnn fuk, sic julnr n euens jn ]kvhjudiôc
Noérid ]kvhjudiôc Okxid
Okxidncn
ncn quk icidiô
icidiô kj =2 ek chvik
chvikomrk
omrk
ek >9>2 y sk kxtkceiô phr >2 nþhs. Tus nctkdkekctks sk rkohctnc n jn situndiôc kc
dhctrn ekj kcthcdks prksiekctk, Rhrfirih Eïnz.
 Kj ieknj pnrn jhs `ôvkcks krn ekspjnznr jn eidtneurn phrfirincn ek 42 nþhs1 Jhs hmrkrhs
shþnmnc dhc ucn jklisjndiôc quk jks hfrkdikrn uc oïcioh ek prhtkddiôc dhctrn kj
nmush ek jhs phekrhshs1 Jhs Jhs dnopk
dnopksichs
sichs qukrïnc tikrrns. Kstn ]kvhju
]kvhjudiôc
diôc okxidncn
cndk
cn dk ek
ekjj ek
eksd
sdhc
hctk
tkct
cthh qu
qukk sk kxkxpk
pkririok
okct ctnm
nmnn kc ei
eivk
vkrs
rshs
hs sk
skdt
dthr hrks
ks ek
ekjj pnpnïs
ïs,,
kspkdinjokctk, kc nqukjjhs quk tkcïnc okchs rkdurshs, dhoh jhs dnopksichs u
hmrkrhs1 Ek njjï quk kstk ohvioikcth nroneh ch fuksk ucifidneh, sich quk kstuvikrn
dhop
dhopuks
uksth
th phr eieifk
fkrk
rkct
ctks
ks lr
lrup
uphs
hs nlnlrnrnririhs
hs,, dn
dnop
opks
ksic
ichs
hs,, ph
phpu
pujijist
stns,
ns, jijimkr
mkrnj
njks
ks,,
shdinjistns, kctrk htrhs, quk sk nphynrhc y trnidihcnrhc kctrk sï n jh jnrlh ek kstk
prhdksh, quk tkcïnc dhoh mncekrn ekrkdghs phjïtidhs y shdinjks sk ucikrhc phr ksk
hm`ktivh, pkrh juklh jjkvnrhc n dnmh ucn lukrrn ek lukrrijjns n jh jnrlh ek ucn ek jns
éphdns oîs rkvhjudihcnrins pnrn Oéxidh, quk ek`ô oîs ek uc oijjôc ek oukrths.
Gumh oudgns dnusns quk ekskcdnekcnrhc jn ]kvhjudiôc kstns fukrhc kdhcôoidns,
shdinjks y phjïtidns.
Kctrkk jn
Kctr jnss dn
dnus
usns
ns kd
kdhc
hcôo
ôoid
idns
ns phphek
ekoh
ohss sk
skþnþnjn
jnrr jn du
duks
kstitiôc
ôc nlr
nlrnrnrin
in.. Eu
Eurn
rnct
ctkk jn
prksiekcdin
prksie kcdin ek Eïnz jhs dnopks
dnopksichsichs ch tkcï tkcïnc
nc tikrr
tikrrns
ns ci trnmn`trnmn`hh y sufrï
sufrïnc
nc
oudgn
oud gn phm phmrkz
rkzn.
n. Kj jnt jntifu
ifucei
ceisoh
soh tuv tuvhh dhc
dhcskd
skdukc
ukcdindinss ckl
cklnti
ntivns
vns pnr
pnrnn jhs
okxidnchs y theh ksth fuk prhvhdnceh jn ekdnekcdin kc jn nlridujturn. Kc kj lhmikrch
ek Eïnz shjh iophrtnmn kj prhlrksh ontkrinj dhc dnpitnj kxtrnc`krh y ksth hdnsihch quk
koprks
kop rksns
ns kxt
kxtrnc
rnc`kr
`krns
ns sk npr
nprhpi
hpinrn
nrncc ek
ek jn riq
riqukz
ukznn cndi
cndihcn
hcnj.j. Kct
Kctrkrk jns dnu dnusns
sns
shdinjks gumh prhmjkons kc kj dnoph jnmhrnj yn quk ch gnmïn ucn
jklisjndiôc quk prhtklikrn n jhs hmrkrhs y dnopksichs, ksth hdnsihch oudgns gukjlns.
Jhs trnmn`nehrks
trnmn`nehrks lncnmn
lncnmncc sukje
sukjehs hs oiskr
oiskrnmjks
nmjks,, jhs prkdihs sikoprk sk kjkvnm kjkvnmnc.
nc. Jns
eivisihcks shdinjks tnomiéc fukrhc ucn dnusn ouy fukrtk yn quk gnmïn eifkrkcdins ouy
onrdnens yn quk jhs ridhs krnc ouy ridhs y jhs phmrks kxtrkonenokctk phmrks. Kctrk
jns dnusns phjïtidns sk kcdukctrn jn eidtneurn ek Rhrfirih Eïnz. Eïnz jjklh nj phekr kc
>7<6 dhc su jkon ek ch rkkjkddiôc pkrh phr supuksth quk ch duopjirïn
ksth, theh jh dhctrnrih, dhc kj pnsnr ek jhs nþhs musdnmn su rkkjkddiôc gnstn quk
jhlrh lhmkrcnr < pkrihehs.
 

Eurnctk su lhmikrch ch gumh oîs quk tirncïn, ic`ustidin y dhrrupdiôc1 ekmieh n theh
ksth sk kopkznrhc n fhronr lruphs kc musdn ek ekrrhdnrjh uc k`kopjh ek ksths fuk kj
Rnrtieh Jimkrnj Okxidnch kj dunj icditnmn nj pukmjh n rkvkjnrsk y n kxilir jhs ekrkdghs
quk jks dhrrks
dhrrksphceïn
phceïnc.
c. Kc >9>2 Eïnz onci oncifkstô
fkstô jn icnulicnulurndiô
urndiôcc ek uc
lhmikrch
lhmik rch ekohd
ekohdrîtid
rîtidhh y lrndi
lrndins
ns n ksth Frncd
Frncdisdh
isdh I. Onekr
Onekrhh kopkz
kopkzôô n gndkr 
dnopnþns pnrn njkctnr nj pukmjh n judgnr dhctrn jn tirncïn y hrlncizh kj pnrtieh Ncti
rkkjkddihcistn. Eïnz sk vhjviô n rkkjklir y Onekrh jnczh kj Rjnc ek Tnc Juis ek Rhthsï
kc kj dunj
dunj ekdjnrn
ekdjnrnmn
mn cujns
cujns jns kjkdd
kjkddihc
ihcks
ks y eks
eksdhc
dhchdï
hdïnn kj lhmikrc
lhmikrchh ek Eïnz,
Eïnz, jh
rkspnjenmnc pkrshcn`ks dhoh Rncdgh Vijjn y Koijinch Pnpntn. Eïnz dhcvkcdieh ek
quk kstnmn pkreikceh su phekr y nmncehch su onceh kj =; ek onyh ek >9>>,
phstkrihrokctk snjiô ekj pnïs y sk fuk n Kurhpn kc ehcek ouriô kc >9>;.
Onekrh triucfnctk rkstnurh jn dhcstitudiôc ek >7;<, kstnmjkdiô kj sufrnlih phpujnr y
prhgimiô jn rkkjkddiôc. Yn quk kj pukmjh skluïn icdhcfhrok dhc kj lhmikrch Koijinch
Pnpntn prhpush kj Rjnc ek Nynjn. Rkrh kj pukmjh skluïn icdhcfhrok, kj pukmjh qukrïn
uc dnomih ek réliokc y ek kstrudturn ekmieh n ksth Koijinch Pnpntn prhpush kj Rjnc
ek
ek Nynjn kj dunj
Pnpntn krn tkcïn kj prhpôsith
‚jn tikrrn ks pnrnekquikc
eistrimuir jn tikrrn kctrk
jn trnmn`n‟. jhs dnopksichs,
Onekrh kj jkon
tkcïn kc dhctrn n
dhcskrvnehrks, kj djkrh, jntifuceistns y n Vidthrinch Gukrtn quikc phstkrihrokctk jh
nsksicnrïn. Kj lhmikrch onekristn jhlrô ekfkcekrsk eurnctk ehs nþhs frkctk n jhs
icsurlkctks
icsurlkctks znpntistns,
znpntistns, hrhzquistns,
hrhzquistns, y htrhs lruphs oîs pkqukþ
pkqukþhs,
hs, dhc nphyh ek jns
trhpns ek Vijjn. Jns ou`krks, kc thehs jhs mncehs, tuvikrhc uc pnpkj ek fukrzn ek
nphyh n jhs rkvhjudihcnrihs k icdjush tuvikrhc pnrtidipndiôc nronen. Krnc dhchdiens
dhoh "Jns Nekjitns".
Kj == ek fkmrkrh ek >9>4, Frncdisdh I. Onekrh fuk nsksicneh phr jn kspnjen,
npjidîcehsk
npjid îcehskjk
jk jn ‚jky fuln‟ oikct
oikctrns
rns krn trnsjneneh n jn pkcitkcdinrïn
pkcitkcdinrïn ek Jkduom
Jkduomkrri.
krri.
Ekspués ek ksths ndhctkdioikcths, Gukrtn fuk chomrneh prksiekctk, pkrh ekmieh n
quk krn dhchdien jn fhron kc quk jjklô nj phekr, y n quk kstnmn jilneh n jhs ictkrksks
ek Kstnehs [ciehs, ch pueh drknr ucn ionlkc pðmjidn phsitivn y su nsdkcsiôc n jn
sijjn prksiekcdinj prhvhdô jn ucifidndiôc ek jhs rkvhjudihcnrihs kc su dhctrn.
Rhr kjjh, Gukrtn sk vk fhrzneh n nmncehcnr kj phekr kc >9>5. Rhr ksns fkdgns,
Vkcustinch Dnrrnczn sk jkvnctô kc nrons kc Dhnguijn y jhs rkvhjudihcnrihs jh
thonrhc dhoh dnueijjh dhc kj hm`ktivh ek rkstnurnr kj hrekc dhcstitudihcnj. Rhr kjjh,
Dnrr
Dn rrnc
nczn
zn sk kokopk
pkþô
þô kc dh dhcs
cshj
hjiien
enrr uc lh
lhmi
mikr
krch
ch ququkk gi
gidi
dikr
krnn ph
phsi
simj
mjks
ks jns
trncsfhrondihcks shdinjks y kdhcôoidns ekj ohokcth gistôridh quk kj pnïs vivïn y kc
uc dhrth jnpsh, jhlrô nuokctnr su prkstilih y phekr. Urntô ek jhlrnr jn uciene
 

rkvhjudihcnrin, ek fhrtnjkdkr jn ionlkc ek su lhmikrch kc kj kxtrnc`krh y ek ndnmnr dhc

jhs mrhtks ek icsurrkddiôc.
 Rnrn >9>< sk prhoujlô jn Dhcstitudiôc kc jn diuene ek ^ukrétnrh y kj prksiekctk
Dnrrnczn sk dhcvirtiô kc kj priokrh kc lhmkrcnr mn`h uc réliokc dhcstitudihcnj
Rnrn >9>9, ks nsksicneh Pnpntn y kc ksk oisoh nþh sk prhoujlô kj pjnc ek Nlun
Rriktn quk prhdjnonmn quk jn shmkrncïn rneidnmn kc kj pukmjh. Jhs rkvhjudihcnrihs
vhjvikrhc
vhjvikrhc n dghdnr kctrk sï y Dnrrnc
Dnrrncznzn fuk nsksicneh. Rnrn >9=2, ks ekdir, eikz nþhs
ekspués ek icidinen jn rkvhjudiôc, Onekrh, Pnpntn y Dnrrnczn, yn gnmïnc oukrth, pkrh
su jklneh, trnmn`neh nghrn phr jhs cukvhs dnueijjhs rkvhjudihcnrihs kstnmn prôxioh n
onrdnr kj ficnj ek jn rkvhjudiôc. Kj
K j Lkckrnj Îjvnrh Hmrklôc ks quikc dhokczô jn ktnpn
ficnj. Tic komnrlh, jns mnsks ekj Kstneh ohekrch okxidnch sk kstnmjkdkc dhc jn
cukvn Dnrtn Onlcn. Kj ehduokcth dhcsnlrn dnusns rkvhjudihcnrins dhoh kj ekrkdgh
nlrnrih, jhs ekrkdghs jnmhrnjks, jn keudndiôc y jn snjue lnrnctiznens phr kj Kstneh, jn
jimkrtne ek prkcsn y jhs ekrkdghs phjïtidhs vilkctks oîs ek uc siljh ekspués.

Kc rksuokc,
okxidncn kc kjy trns phckr
pkriheh ek kc jn mnjnczn ek
dhcshjiendiôc jhssuéxiths y frndnshs
ohvioikcth ek jn phjïtidn
rkvhjudihcnrih, ks kxtkrihr 
phsimjk
dhcdjuir quk ksn phjïtidn sirviô mikc nj ictkrés cndihcnj, kj dunj dhcsiluiô jjkvnr 
nekjnctk y pksk n jn rksistkcdin ek iophrtnctks fukrzns kc kj kxtkrihr, jhs dnomihs
prhpuksths phr jn dhcstitudiôc ek >9><.