LAR]HPAK M D J K N×RABK

VKPK BHERDPSK]HPAHR

KVTE]DR

J.Vkgkrds Kjhesh
Ph`drthJ.Vkgkrds
Ph`drth
 VPDRDE]KBAÒE
Jk aebjusaòe m d jk ksa
ksaoek
oektuturk
rk md Lasthrak m d jk N÷sabk de jhsjh s ÷jtanhs burshs m d jkjkss Desdûkezks
prhcdsahekjds m d N÷sabk taded bhnh h`gdtavh praebapkj bhnpjdtkr y knpjakr jk chrnkbaòe kmqua-
ramk lkstk d sd nhndeth p h r d j kjunekmh de ht rkss nktdraks m d j burrîbujh. Bksa thmh d j rdpdrthrah
htrk
k aetdrprdtkr p h r d j kjuneh pdrtdedbd k j pkskmh lastòrabh, p h r d sh md`d sk`dr quadeds sh e jhs jh s
kuthrds m d dsks h`rks, jks jk s qu d cudrhe bhebd`amks d aetdrprdtkmks, mòemd,
jk s barbuestkebaks d e jks
buëemh y pkrk q u á sd thbk`ke, bh e q u aestrundreths, k qu d oáedrh pdrtdedbde, bònh sd lk e

trkesnatamh,
n÷sabk y d j krtd,
rdojks bhnphsatavks
q u á dtb. d aetdrprdtktavks lk`îk d e jk áphbk, bònh s d detdemîk jk

Jh s bhetdeamhs sd l k e mavamamh de = tdnks, bkmk ue h jh

jhss bukjds sd bhrrdsphemd bh e ue kspdbth
m dj jde
jdeoukg
oukgdd nusa
nusabkj
bkj77

Dnasaòe Bhetdeamh Bkekj-Bòmaoh Pdbdpbaòe

]dnk ; ]dnk 0 ]dnk 2 ]dnk =
BHE]D\]H, N×RABHR OÁEDPHR, CHPNKR MACTRAÒE, DRBPA]TPK RHEAMH, Á]ABK
AER]PTNDE]HR DR]AJHR AE]DPVPD]KBAÒE DR]D]ABK
[uade, mòemd, bònh, [ u d taph md n÷sabkBònh sd trkesnatd, sd [ u á dcdbths y q u á
pkrk qu d sd dnatd jk sd dnatd8 dsbra`d y sd aetdrprdtk jk vkjhrds ds t tabhs sd jd
n÷sabk8 n÷sabk8 ktra`uyde8
Bkmk tdnk sd mavamd d e 3 ìphbks, sdo÷e jk ch
chrnk
rnk kbhstu ueavdrskjndetd de
n`rkmkk y kbdptkmk
kbhstun`rkm
jk lasthrak m d jk n÷sabk y m d j krtd d e odedrkj7 Dmkm Ndmak, Pdekbanadeth, @krrhbh, Bjksabasnh,
Phnketabasnh y saojhs \\-\\A.
Dstd ds dj hrmde prhpudsth pdrh sd p uudd mmdd e vd jhss bhetdeamhs md bukjquadr htrk chrnk. R a s d
vdrr jh
prd﬋drd sd pudmd bhndezkr p h r dj ]dnk d e jk Dmkm Ndmak y pkskr k j ]dnk 0 de jk Dmkm Ndmak,
;

udohh ]dnk 2 y ]dnk = , p h r dgdnpjh.

judo
Jk s jk s kumabaheds md dstd ja`rh dstëe masphea`jds d e lasthrakmdjknusabk.edt.
anëodeds y jks
ANVHP]KE]D7 jh q u d dstë detrd pkráetdsas e h l k y q u d kprdemdrjh. J ks ÷ea
÷eabks cdblkss q u d l k y
bks cdblk

jk s m d @kbl, Nhzkrt y @ddtlhvde, d j rdsth dstëe detrd p k r etdsas. Jh s tatujhs

jkskprdemdr
qm du djk sh e jks
s kumabaheds q u d e h dstëe detrd pkráetdsas l k y q ud kprdemdrjhs, de buyh bksh pudmd sd r
d e d j amahnk hraoaekj h de su trkmubbaòe kj bkstdjbkstdjjkeh
jkeh (detrd
(detrd pkráetdsas). D e jhs
jh s dsqu
dsqudnk
dnkss md jk
jkss
kumabaheds jks jk s jdtrks nae÷s
nae÷sbuj
bujks
ks ae
aema bke nhtavhs h crksds, jk
mabke jkss nky÷sbujks aemabke sdbbaheds.

> lkbdr d e bjksd

> lkbdr d e bksk

K`rdvakturks dnpjdkmks
nhv. > nhvanadeth
K B ] Kbtavamkm hp.> hpus
B. >Bhnpës V o. pëoaek
bk . > barbk p.d. p h r dgdnpjh
J K N > Jënaek R. > Raojh
 ]D\]TPK NTRABKJ
De n÷sabk sd detademd phr tdxturk jk chrnk md detrdtdgdr jhs djdndeths ndjòmabhs y rîatnabhs. Vraebapkjds
taphs7
;- NHEHMAK7 uek shjk jaedk ndjòmabk. Vhr d npjh dj bketh ordohrakeh7
ordohrakeh7

K-
K-vd
vd,, Nk-r
Nk-raa , ork--k pjd- ek Mh-na-eus td - bun..

0-VHJACHEÎK7 vkr
vkraks
aks jîe
jîedks ndjòmabks k jk vdz. ]aphs7
dks
k-@hrmòe7 uek jîedk ndjòmabk nës uek ehtk pdmkj orkvd (h vkr
vkraks). Ds crdbudetd de
aks). jk Dmkm Ndmak7

K-vd, Nk-ra , ork-

ork-ta
ta -k pjdX ek Mh-na-eus td - bun..

`-Lhnhcheîk u lhnhrratnak7 vkraks jaedks ndjòmabks bhe aoukj ratnh. Vudmd lk`dr nhvanadeth pkrkjd-
jh h eh. Ekbd de jk Dmkm Ndmak7

K-vd, Nk-ra k, ork-ú-k pjd. ek Mh-na-eus td-bun

-Bhetrkpueth7 vkr
vkraks
aks jaedks ndjòmabks bhe macdrdetd ratnh. Nuy utajazkmk de dj Pdekbanadeth (s. \S-\SA).
jaedks
Jks vhbds pud
pudmde
mde detrkr
detrkr anatëe
anatëemhsd md chrnk dsbkjhekmk, jh qud sd bhehbd bhnh bhetrkpueth anatktavh7
mhsd
Kvd Nkrak, B. md Nhrkjds (s. \SA)

ork - ta-k pjd..

K - vd Nk- ra K
vdNkra k,ork-t pjd

vd Nk - ra

Nk
K SdNk e - k

m- Ndjhmîk kbhnpkûkmk7 uek jîedk ndjòmabk praebapkj kbhnpkûkmk phr kbhrmds, yk sdk
sdke
e pjkbk
pjkbkmhs
mhs,, kr-
pdoakmhs, dtb. Nuy utajazkmk mdsmd dj @krrhbh (s. \SA)7

Kvd Nkrak, C. Rblu`drt (;<04)

vd Nk-ra ork t-k pjd.

 (]DNK ;)

BHE]D\]H
N×RABHR
AER]PTNDE]HR

H`gdtavhs
Bhehbdr dj bhetdxth de dj qud sd lk odedrkmh jk n÷sabk7 hrokeazkbaòe md jk shbadmkm, aestatubaheds
qud pkokeh prhtdode jk n÷sabk, dbhehnak md jk áphbk, jk rdjaoaòe, jk tdbehjhoîk, dtb.

Mastaeouar jhs praeb

praebapkjds
apkjds taphs md n÷sabhs md bkm
bkmk
k ìphbk, su chrnkbaòe, su kbtavamkm, su rdnuedrk
ìphbk,
baòe dbheònabk, su bhesamdrkbaòe shbakj, dtb.

Bhehbdr k jhs praebapkjds n÷sabhs md bkmk áphbk y sus mkths `ahorë﬋bhs nës rdjdvketds.
Bhehbdr jhs praebapkjds aestrundeths qud thbke jhs n÷sabhs de bkbkmmk áphbk, jks trkeschrnkbaheds
hrokehjòoabks hpdrkmks de djjhs y su aeffudebak de jk dvhjubaòe md jk n÷sabk.
 =66-;=46 (DmkmNdmak)

Ndmak)
=66-;=46 (Dmkm

BHE]D\]6
;.Aojdsak
Dj jh s eudvhs dstkmhs `ër`krhs q u d surode
brastakeasnh sd bhevadrtd de jk rdjaoaòe h﬋bakj md jhs
trks jk bkîmk m d j Anpdrah rhnkeh (odrnkehs, vasaohmhs, crkebhs, hstrhohmhs, dtb). J hs nhekstdrahs d
ao
aojd
jdsa
saks jh s ÷eabhs bdetrhs m d kjck`dtazkbaòe y bhehbanadeth.
ks she jhs
K j aoukj q u d lk`îk ldblh dj bujth pkokeh de Phnk, d j bujth bra
brasta
stakeh
keh uta zk jk n÷sabk bhnh
utajajazk
dn`djjdbanadeth pdrh prhla`d jh jhss aestrundeths p h r su bhedxaòe bh e dj pkokeasnh y p h r td- td -
n hr k q u d bhetknaede jk purdzk m d jk n÷sabk. Dj krtd vhbkj m d jk Dmkm Ndmak ds , p h r tketh, n ë s
rd﬋ekmh y kvkezkmh q u d d j krtd aestrundetkj.
jh s prandrhs saojhs lk`îk macdrdetds jaturoaks, bkmk u e k bh e su n÷sabk7 d j bketh rhnkeh
Murketd jhs
d e Phnk, dj okjabkeh de jk Okjak (k Crkebak kbtukj), dj nhzërk`d (h laspkeh h vasaohmh) de jk pdeîesujk
jhss rdyds crkebhs, sh`rd thmh Bkrjhnkoeh, aetdetke rdbhestruar d j Anpd-
a`ìrabk, dtb. De dj s. A\ jh

ra h rhnkeh d anphede jk jaturoak rhnkek d e su s knpjahs mhnaeahs. JKN; Dstk eudvk jaturoak
rah
bhejjd
bhej jdvk eudvhs tdxths y eudvks ndjhmaks, pkrk jh bukj sd devîke nublhs ja`rhs y bkethrds m d
vk eudvhs
Phnk k jk Okjak. Vdrh jks jh s bkethrds okjhs y k q u d md`de kprde-
jk s ma﬋bujtkmds sh e orkemds pkrk jhs
m d r badeths md ndjhmaks eudvks md ndnhrak (k÷e eh sd lk`ak aevdetkmh jk dsbr dsbrataturk nusabkj)j) y d e u e
urk nusabk
dstajh tkn`aáe eudvh. Jk bhesdbudebak ds q u d sd cuemde jk jkss ndjhmîks rhnkeks bhe bh e jk
jkss okjabk-
ek s y m d ds k cusaòe surod d j bketh ordohrakeh(KB];)
JK N 0Kjdjuak Vksblk ehstrun, keòeanh), Dmkm Ndmak (s. (s . SA-SA)
T e k md jk
jkss padzks md j bketh rhnk
rhnkeh
eh ketaouh, bhnpjdgh y bh e kmhrehs.
ketaouh,

JKN 2 Kjjdjuak Vksblk ehstrun, (s.. S A)

keòeanh), Dmkm Ndmak (s
T ek m d jk s padzks md j bketh ordohrakeh , rdsujtkmh m d jk cusaòe md j bketh r hn he dj okjabkeh, ndehs
hn k eehh b he
bhnpjdgk q ud jk nasnk padzk md j bketh rhnk
rhnkeh
eh ketao
ketaouh.
uh.

Kj bketh ordohrakeh sd jd jjknk ks î phrqud ds k anphsabaòe m d eudvhs tdxths y eu

eudv ks ndjh
dvks
maks edbdsatk`k ue k gusta﬋bkbaòe, dj cuemkndeth m d u ek kuthramkm, y sd debhetrò d e jk ﬋ourk
md Ordohrah Nkoeh, ue pkpk m d n ës m d 06 6 kûhs ktrës q u d de rdkjamkm lk`îk samh arrdjdvketd
de n÷sabk. K pkrtar m d j s. A\ sd jkss ndjhmaks m d j eudvh rdpdrthrah
dxtademd jk jdydemk m d q u d jk
lk`ake samh bhnpudstks p h r kqudj pkpk aesparkmh phrdj Dspîratu Rketh.
JKN=-3KB] 0 )
Dj bketh 'ordohrakeh s d l k sdouamh bketkemh d e jk aojdsak lkstk eudstrhs mîks. Dj bketh
bke th okj
okjaa-

bkeh y dj rhnkeh ketaouh mdskpkrdbadrhe bksa p h r bhnpjdth. Dj bketh nhzërk`d sd rdsastaò k

jk a nphsa
nphsaba
baòe jh s rdyds m d Bkstajjk y m d Krkoòe
òe mdj bketh ordohrakeh lkstk dj s. \Aj, bukemh jhs
bdmadrhe k jkjkss prdsaheds m d jh
jhss pkpks.
 ]DNK
=66-;=46 (Dmkm Ndmak)

Dj bketh o rdohrakeh
rdohrakeh d s ue bketh jjkeh, ds mdbar, sd bketk k u eekk s hhjjk v hhzz . D j bke
bketth jjkeh
jjkeh s d d n -
jh s maks ehrnkjds m d j kûh9 d e jhs
p jjdd k d e jhs jh s mîks cdstavhs jk jaturoak sd dn`djjdbd bkmk v d z n ës
ndmaketd d j bketh phjacòeabh, bhnpudsth bksa sadnprd k pkrtar m d j bketh jjkeh.

0 . Krasthbrkbak
Pdyds y eh`jds (muquds, nkrqudsds, dtb) chrnke ue pdqudûh oruph shbakj pravajdoakmh. Mascrutke
m d hbah, raqudzks nktdrakjds y dmubkbaòe, jh q u d jdsjd s bhevadrtd de jhjhss pktrheds n ës anphrtke-
tds jh s n÷sabhs p h r mdtrës md jk aojdsak. Nublhs m d d sstt h s eh`jds, dspdbakjndetd d e jk
td s pkrk jhs jkss
rdoaheds n ës rabks md Crkebak y Cjkemds (ue (u e mubkmh qu d pdrtdedbd k Crkebak) nketadede anphrtke-
td s hrokeazkbaheds nusabkjds prhpaks. Kmdnës m d n÷sabk rdjaoahsk, de su s bhrtds l ky n÷sabk
tds
prhckek, odedrkjndetd bkebaheds bhrtdskeks md knhr, d e jk q u d k vdbds pkrtabapke jh jhss prhpahs
krastòbrktks. J KN ? -<

NTRABHR
D e jk Dmkm ndmak jk nkyhr pkrtd m d jh
jhss n÷sabhs y bhnphsathrds sh e bjáraohs y su bkrrdrk bhnh
n÷sabhs ds k ndeumh sdbuemkrak. Vkrk djjhs jk n÷sabk d s ue k chrnk md dx kjttkr k Mahs. Nublhs
dxkj
m d djjhs tadede u e bkroh dbjdsaëstabh anphrtketd, jh q u d bhejjdvk ue `ded﬋bah h prd`demk, ds
mdbar, u e k rdetk q u d bhesastd d e u e k rkbaòe m d jhs
jh s aeordshs m d jk maòbdsas (pke, vaeh, lhrtkjazks,
nkmdrk, dtb).

J hs kuthrds ndmadvkjds md﬋ede kj 'nusabus' bhnh dj tdòrabh qud pudmdd guzokr bhnphsabaheds,
qud pudm
jk s aetdrprdtk. Jh s aestrundetastks sh e bhesamdrkmhs sanpjds krtdskehs, pdhr vasths
e h dj q ud jks
k u e q ud jhs
jh s bkethrds.
D e dstk áphbk bhnphsathr d ae
aett rprdtd eh sd mastaeoude d j u eh dj htrh, d j bhnphsathr m d u ek
eh m dj
h`rk d s odedrkjndetd su prhpah aetáprdtd.

; . N÷sa
N÷sabh bhss md aojdsak
; .; Bkethrds
Mdsmd d j s. \ , sa e h ketds, jk n÷sabk jat÷roabk sd bhe﬋k k bjáraohs dspdbakjazkmhs y mdgk m d sd r
u e k dxprdsaòe ja`rd m d jh
jhss ﬋djds. R he sadnprd lhn`rds9 jk dxbjusaòe md jk jkss nugdrds bhnh bketh-
rk s de jk aojdsak murketd nublhs saojhs (skjvh de jhs
rks jh s nhekstdrahs cdndeaehs) eh rdsp hemdd k nhtavhs
rdsphem
nusabkjds saeh k rkzheds nhrkjds y tdhjòoabks. Dj e÷ndrh ehrnkj md bkethrds d s md =64y,
kuequd pudmde pkrtabapkr de dj bketh jkeh, sh e jh jhss debkrokmhs md jk n÷sabk phjacòeabk. D e jh jhss
ja`rhs jat÷roabhs m d dstk áphbk sh e n u y crdbudetds jk jkss ajustrkbaheds m d u e pdqudûh oruph m d
bkethrds kjrdmdmhr m d u e ktraj. J KN 1-;=

2
 LNd]NK =66-;=46 (DmkmNdmak)

Chrnkbaòe7 jh nës crdbudetd ds qud ue bkethr dnpadbd bhnh eaûh mdj bhrh de jk dsbudjk md
bketh md uek aestatubaòe rdjaoahsk (bktdmrkj, nhekstdrah, dtb). Jk nkyhr pkrtd md jk desdûkezk nusa-
bkj sd `ksk de jk ndnhrak, kj ndehs lkstk qud dj nhe
nhegd
gd atkj
atkjakeh Ouamh m'Krdzzh,
akeh s. \A, aevdetk
dj sa
sast
stdnk md shjnaskbaòe sajë`abk (jknkr k bkmk sh
dnk shea
eamh
mh bh
bhe
e ue
uek
k sa
sajk
jk`k). Md dstk chrnk jhs bkethrds
`k).

pudmde jddr y bketkr uek ndjhmîk qud eh lke hamh euebk y, sdo÷e dj prhpah Ouamh, ' bhesdouar
ue bkethr de dj dspkbah md ue kûh h, k jh nës, md mhs, nadetrks qud ketds sd rdqudrîke
pdrcdbth
;6 kûhs md dstumahs pkrk jhorkr ue bhehbanadeth anpdrcdbth mdj bketh8

Bhesamdrkbaòe shbakj7 dj keheankth de dstk áphbk lkbd suphedr qud jhs bkethrds she mdsbh-
ehbamhs nës kjjë md su aojdsak h md su maò
maòbdsas. Eh tadede eaeouek aetdebaòe md aenhrtkjazkr su
bdsas.
ehn`rd bhnh brdkmhrds h bhnh aetárprdtds. Ròjh bhehbdnhs dj ehn`rd prhpah md uehs ph-
bhs, p.d.mhs bkethrds md jk eudvk bktdmrkj md Ehtrd Mknd md Vkrîs md jk sdouemk natkm mdj s. \aj
qud sdrëe bhehbamhs de jk phstdramkm phr sus kphmhs, kn`hs manaeutavhs, Jdheae (dj pdqudûh

Jdh) y Vdrhtae (dj pdqudûh Vadrrd).

Md jhs s. \ASy\S yk bhehbdnhs dj ehn`rd md nublhs bkethrds. Mdstkbke mhs7

O.@aeblhas (bk.;=66-;=36), ; natkm s. \S7 kmdnës md bkethr ds sdbrdtkrah lhehra﬋bh de jk
bhrtd md Cjkemds. JKN ;4

O. Mucky (h Mu Cky, bk.;21?-;=?=), ;k natkm s. \S7 ekbd bdrbk md @rusdjks (C

(Cjk
jkem
emds
ds).
). Ds eaûh md
bhrh de uek bktdmrkj (Bkn`rka) y, phstdrahrndetd, bjáraoh bkethr. ]rk`kgk de vkraks bhrtds atk-
jakeks y ds bkethr mdj bhrh pkpkj. Nudrd rdjktavkndetd rabh, kjo
kjoh phbh crdbudetd detrd jhs
phbh
nusabhs md jk áphbk. JKN ;3

;.0 Hrokeastks
Ru rkeoh dstë kj nasnh ea
eavd
vdjj qu
qud
d dj md jhs bkethrds y, kj aoukj qud djjhs, she bksa sadnprd bjá

raohs. Ru cuebaòe ds kbhnpkûkr kj bketh jat÷roabh. De jhs prandrhs saojhs thbke odedrkjndetd
òrokehs md tkn
tknkûh
kûh ndm
ndmakeh jjknkmhs òrokehs phsatavhs phrqud sd md
akeh md`d
`dee ph
phsk
skrr sh`rd uek
supdr﬋bad. Te kyumketd kbbahek dj cudjjd h jhs cudjjds. JKN ;?-;1

Dj hrokeastk ndmadvkj nës bhehbamh ds C. Jkemaea (bk.;204-;21?), 0 natkm s. \AS. Badoh mdsmd
eaûh k bhesdbudebak md jk varudjk, ds hrokeastk de mhs aojdsaks md Cjhrdebak (eh sdrë dj ÷eabh bad-
oh detrd jhs hrokeastks). Kuequd phr jhs mhbundeths dxast
dxastdetds
detds sk`dnhs qud bhnpush h`rks
sk`dnhs
rdjaoahsks, sòjh lke sh`rdvavamh h`rks sdbujkrds. JKN 06

Mdsmd ﬋ekjds mdj s. \AS yk debhetrknhs de nublks aojdsaks md Durhpk ue òrokeh orkemd, bh
jhbkmh de uek tra`uek. Rd bhestruyd bhnh ue
uek
k ndzbjk77 kj prdsahekr uek tdbjk
ndzbjk tdbjk sude
sudeke
ke k jk vdz

vkrahs tu`hs k﬋ekmhs bhnh ueîsheh, < y 4d. Jh nës crdbudetd ds qud dsths òrokehs sdke md <
pads (<), ds mdbar, qud dj tu`h nës orkemd, bhrrdsphemadetd k Mh, namk < pa
pads
ds.. JKN 0;-02

=
 LDNK =66-;=46 (DmkmNdmak)

0.N÷sabhs md bhrtd
0.; ]rhvkmhrds
Dj nhvanadeth trhvkmhrdsbh surod de jks bhrtds mdj sur md Crkebak de dj s. \A, de orke pkrtd
md`amh k jk rdjktavk pkz y prhspdramkm md jk rdoaòe. De dstks bhrtds eh sd lk
lk`j
`jk
k crkeb s saeh jk
crkeb

bhehbamk bhnh jdeouk hbbatkek (h jdeouk m'hb h prhvdezk). Mdsmd dj sur md Crkebak, dj krtd md bke
tkr phdsîk sd dxtademdk htr
htrks
ks bhr
bhrtds
tds durhpdks.

Cuebaheds7 jhs trhvkmhrds she phdtks-bketketds qud pdrtdedbde h sarvde de uek bhrtd md chr-
nk nës h ndehs dstk`jd. Rhe bujths, sk`de jddr y dsbra`arr, jh qud djdvk su bhemabaòe phr deban
dsbra`a debank
k
md jk md ndrhs aetárprdtds. Dj t rnaeh trhvkmhr vadred mdj hbbatkeh 'trh`kr' dthpkr,debhetrkr,bhnph
edr vdrshs), yk qud brdke jk n÷sabk, jk 'debudetrke' k nd
ndma
mamk
mk qud bketke bkmk vdrsh. Rus ndjhmîks
qud
sudeke k anprhvaskbaheds sh`rd ueks prë
prëbta
btabks
bks bhn
bhnueds y vaodetds de jk áphbk. Kj bketkr
ueds sus

vdrshs sd pudmde kbhnpkûkr md kjo÷e aestrundeth md budrmk, thbk

thbkmh phr djjhs nasnhs h phr
mh phr
htrk pdrshek.KB] 2)
JKN 0= (Bke vda
vda jk jkuzdtk nhvdr, @drekrmt md Sdetkmhre), Dmkm Ndmak (s. \aj)

Dgdnpjh md bkebaòe md trhvkmhr, k uek shjk vhz, de dstk aetdrprdtkbaòe kbhnpkûkmk phr uek vahjk qud
qud lk
lkbd
bd
`hrmheds, ds mdbar, ehtks
ehtks jkroks phr md`kgh md jk edjhmîk.
jkroks

Vrhbdmdebak7 jk nk
nkyh
yhrîk md jhs trhvkmhrds she nadn`rhs md jk `kgk eh`jdzk, kuequd kjouehs
rîk
rdyds tkn`aáe bhqudtdke bhe dj krtd md dsbra`ar y bketkr phdsîk. Te dgdnpjh ds dj rdy md Bkstajjk
Kjchesh \ dj sk`ah (s. \A),
\A), qu
quade pkrtabapk de dj prhbdsh md brdkbaòe y bhpak md jks bketaoks qud
ade
sd bketke de su bhrtd kuequd dj e÷ndrh md h`
h`rks qud sd jd pudmde ktra`uar,
rks thtkj h pkrbakjnde
td, sd rdmubde k ue
ueks
ks ma
madz
dz.. JKN 04 ]kn`aáe lky trhvkmhrds md hraode lunajmd qud, orkbaks kj
tkjdeth, ksbademde de dsk shbad
shbadmkm
mkm krasth
krasthbrëtab
brëtabk.
k.
De jks bhrtds mdj sur md Crkebak y md Dspkûk sd jds mdehnaek trhvkmhrds (sd bhehbd dj ehn`rd md
uehs =36), de jks mdj ehrtd md Crkebak sd bhehbde bhnh trhvdrhs (uehs 046, de tadrrks odrnëeabks Nae
Na e

edsaeodr, uehs 066).

Jhsphdtks-bhnphsathrds (trhvkmhrds, trhvdrhs, Naeedsaeodr) mdskpkrdbde de dj s. \Av. Jks brdbadetds

bhnpjdgamkmds tábeabks de jk bhnphsabaòe nusabkj phjacòeabk bhrtdskek lkbde qud jk phdsîk
bhnadebd k sdpkrkrsd md jk n÷sabk. Jhs n÷s
n÷sabh
abhss bhn
bhnadez
adezke
ke k bhevdrtarsd de prhcdsahekjds, ds
mdbar, she sh`rd thmh aestrundetastks y bketketds y mdgke md sdr phdtks.
O. md Nkblkut (bk.;266-;2??), ndmakmhs mdj s. \AS, pudmd sdr bhesamdrkmh dj ÷jtanh trhvdrh.
Ds bjáraoh de uek bktdmrkj (Pdans) pdrh tkn`a e cuebahekrah bavaj md kjoueks bhrtds crkebdsks.

Ds pkrk dsths pktrheds eh`jds pkrk jhs qud dsbra`d bkebaheds. Ru aeffudebak y rdehn`rd ae-
tdrekbahekj sd md`de k su n÷sabk sdbujkr, nës qud k su n÷sabk rdjaoahsk (qud tkn`ade dsbra`d).
JKN 03
 LD]DNK =66-;=46 (Dmkmdmak)
d mak)

0. 0 Guojkrds
D e jhs
jh s prandrhs saojhs m d jk Dmkm Ndmak bketke y thbke aestrundeths pdrh tkn`aáe `kajke,
Budetke lasthraks, lkbde kbrh`kb
kbrh`kbaks,
aks, nkjk`krds, dtb. Mavadrtde de jk
nkjk`krds, jkss cdraks, pjkzks, nhekstdrahs
jh s pkjkbahs md eh`jds y rdyds, mhemd pudmde kbhnpkûkr k jhs
h de jhs jh s trhvkmhrds. K ﬋ekjds m d jk
Dmkm Ndmak sd jds jd s mdsbra`d shjkndetd bhnh aetárprdtds nusabkjds. Rkjde m d j juokr n ës ës ` k gh
m d jk dsbkjk shbakj y sh e aebujths bksa sadnprd, tkn`aáe d e n÷sabk. L k y guojkrdsks. ( ; KB])
Detrd jh s AER]PTNDE]HR qu d pudmde thbkr jh
jhss guojkrds mdstkbke7

skjtdrah7 macdrdetds chrnks, budrmks md ndtkj puetdkmks b he ue pjdbtrh m d pjunk md k vd h bh e

jh s mdmhs. J K N 0?-01
jhs
JKN 26(Md Rketk Nkrak Raekj, keòeanh), Dmkm Ndmak (s(s.. \ A)
Bketaok. Rudek ue skjtdrah thbkmh bh e pjdbtrhs.

J K N 2;

krpk7 ds pdqudûk pdrh v k kundetkemh m d tknkûh. R d pujsk bh e trds mdmhs. K N 20-2=

-bathjk h quatkrrk7 h `ade mdsbademd m d jk 'iatlkrk' oradok y jk batkrk rhnkek jJKN 2423 trks kû k
marsdjd ue nkeoh, h `ade jjdok k tadrrks
tadrrks brasta
brastakeks
keks k trkvás md jh jhss ërk`ds. Jk bkgk taded chrnk
rd mmhh eemm ddkk mmkk h m d lhgk md kbd`h. R d thbk bh e pjdbtrh. K N 2?-=6
-Gk÷m7 md hraode ërk`d, mdsmd Dspkûk sd macuemd k thmk Durhpk (k pkrtar md j s. \) , bjkvagdrh aebjaek-
mh lkbak ktrës. Rd puetdk bh e u e pjdbtrh, d s mdbar, thbk sh`rd thmh ndjhmîks. JK N = ;
-﬋mujk h vahjk7 d s u e k bîthjk k jk qu d sd kpj
kpjaabk ue krbh. K praebapahs m d j s. \ jjjj y k dstë pjdekndetd
macuemamk ph hmk Durhpk. ]aded detrd 2 y 3 budrmks, kjoueks m d jkjkss bukjds pudmde dstkr cudrk
phrr thmk
m d j nëstaj (`hrmheds). Dj pudetd ds pjkeh, jh qud ckbaj
ckbajatatkk thbkr
thbkr vkraks budrmks k jk v d z (edbdskrah pkrk
kbhnpkûkr dj bke
bketh ). Rd thbk de 0 phsabaheds7 kphyëemhsd de dj lhn`rh-pdblh h sh`rd jk
th). jkss padreks,
de buyh bksh jk nkeh q u d sugdtk dj krbh sudjd dst kr bhe jk pkjnk lkbak kra`k. JK N =0-4; K B ] 4 )
dstkr
JKN 40(Sarok md Gdssd, keòeanh), Dmkm Ndmak (s. \ A)
Bketaok. Rudeke vahjks y ue jk÷m, kmdnës md jk vhz. Ndjhmîk y `hrmòe.

rk`dj7 kpk
kpkrd bd de jk Durhpk brastakek k ﬋ekjds m d j s. \Aj,
rdbd aetrhmubamh p h r jh
jhss ërk
ërk`ds. Rudjdd tdedr
`ds. Rudj
m h s budrmks pkrk thbkrk jk vd z ndjhmîk y ehtks jkroks, d s mdbar, `hrmheds. R d thbk d e jk
jkss nasnks
m h s phsabaheds q ud jk ﬋mujk.
JKN 42 (s.. \ A)
de k hnkode mk Sarode, keòeanh), Dmkm Ndmak (s
( [ u de
Bketaok. Rudek u e rk`dj. Ndjhmîk y `hrmòe.

cjkutk7 taded u e kougdrh mdtrës y ? mdjketd. JK N 4=

yk Jk trkvd
trkvdsdr jjdok k Durhpk murketd dj
sdrkk jjdok
s.\Ajj mdsmd @azkebah k trkvás m d jh
jhss pkîsds odrnëeabhs (mdd kl î su ketaouh ehn`rd md ffkutk kjdnkek).
(m
JK N 44

3
 DNK ;) =66-;=46 (Dmkm Ndmak)

blaranîk7 prhbdmd md Hradetd pròxanh y jjdok k Durhpk hbbamdetkj phr jks bruzkmks (s. \Aj y \u).
]aded uek mh`jd jdeoúdtk md bkûk. JKN 43-4?

okatk h bhreknusk7 ds aet

aetrhm
rhmubamk phr jhs pud`jhs eòrmabhs. Dj hmrd h `hjsk sd lkbd bhe jk padj
ubamk
detdrk md ue
uek
k hv
hvdgk h bk`rk. De jh qud drk dj budjjh md
dgk mdjj ke
keankj sd aetrhmubd dj tu`h ndjòmabh,
ankj
sanajkr k uek bla
blaranak, y de jh qud drke jks pktks mdjketdrks sd aetrhmubd dj shpjdtd pkrk aesuffkr
ranak,
kard y ue tu`h `hrmòe, kuequd k vdbds eh lky `hrmòe. JKN 4<-41
trhnpdtk7 sd vudjvd k macuemar phr jk aeffudebak md jks bruzkmks y k trkv s md Kj-Kemkjus. KN 36
òrokeh
òrokeh phrtkt
phrtktavh
avh (de Atkjak 'hrokedtth)7 ds ue òrokeh tke pdqudûh qud sd jjdvk mdj `rkzh h sd
kphyk sh`rd jhs nusjhsy bhe uek nkeh sd pujske jks ehtks mdj tdbjkmh y bhe jk htrk sd kbbahek
dj cudjjd. Ds ue aestrundeth ndjòmabh, eh phjacòeabh. JKN 3;-3=

zkechek7 taded 2 h = budrmks, uek h mhs ndjòmabks y mhs `hrmheds, ue

uek
k rudmk md nk
rudmk nkmdrk qud
mdrk
sd kbbahek bhe uek nkeavdjk y ue tdbjkmh. JKN 34-3<

JKN 31 (Vkjdstaekjadm, _kjtldr vh

vhe mdr Shodjwdamd), Dmkm Ndmak (s. \Aj)
e mdr
Bkebaòe md trhvkmhr (de rdkjamkm aeedsaeodr). Tek zkechek thbk ndjhmak y `hrmòe y kbhnpkûk.

KB] 3 JKN ?6-<6 KB] ?)

0.2 Naeastrajds
Mdsmd ﬋ekjds mdj s. \jj sd mdsaoek ksî k jhsguojkrds qu
qud
d de
debu
bude
detrke ue pudsth dstk`jd de jk bhr
trke
td kj sdr
sdrvab
vabah
ah md rdy ds y eh`jds. K pdskr md qud kjouehs jdoke k ohzkr md orke prdstaoah, euebk
dyds
skjde md su ds
dstk
tktus md sarvadetds. Rus cuebaheds mdpdemde mdj taph md aestrundeth7
tus

Naeastrajds `kghs 7 thb

thbke
ke aes
aestru
trunde
ndeths
ths qud sudeke phbh, chrnkemh bhegueths md 0 k = aes
trundeths7 skjtdrah, krpk, bathjk, cîmujk, jk÷
jk÷m, rk`dj, ffkutk, òrokeh phrtktavh, dtb. Rus praebapkjds
m, rk`dj,
cuebaheds she kbhnpkûkr jk mkezk de dj gkrmae h de dj skjòey kndeazkr jhs `kequdtds, mhemd
jk n÷sabk sukvd sd rdsdrvk pkrk dj ﬋ekj. JKN <;-<=

Naeastrajds kjths 7 thbke detrd 0 y = aestrundeths cudrtds md vadeth, lk`atukjndetd blaranîks

y okatks. ]kn`
kn`açe
açe phede n÷sabk k jk mkezky jhs `kequdtds, keuebakemh jhs pjkths.JkN <4-10
phede
JKN 12 (Bld ta ïhvk eksbhemdr, keòeanh), Dmkm Ndmak (s. \AS)
Mkezk thbkmk ph
phrr ok
okat
atk
k (bhe `hrmòe) y bla
blaran
ranîk, tîpabh bhegueth md naeastrajds kjths.
îk, tîpabh

N÷sabhs md bk`kjjdrîk7 thbke trhnpdtks de jk `ktkjjk, de gustks y thredhs, pkrk keuebakr jk

detrkmk h skjamk md su sdûhr de jk baumkm, pkrk keuebakr vabthraks h mdbrdths y tkn`a e de `ke-
skjamk
qudtds. JKN1=-;64 Vkrk sk`dr nës JKN;63KB] < JKN ;63) ( KB] 1 JKN;6?-;;;)

De jk Dmkm Ndmak lky phbhs bhestrubthrds md aestrundeths prhcdsahekjds, she jhs prhpahs gu-
ojkrds y naeastrajds quadeds jhs bhestruyde, phr dsh macdrde tketh detrd sa. KB] ;6)

?
 D]DNK ;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)

;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)
BHE]D\]H
;. Vhjatabk-dbhehnîk
Jk shbadmkm durhpdk d e d j Pdekbanadeth saoud sademh dstkndetkj y gdrërquabk. L ky mh s ehvd-
mkmds anphrtketds7 d j mdsbu`ranadeth m d Knárabk y jk anprdetk, q u d phed d j bhehbanadeth y
jk n÷sabk de nkehs md n ë s odetd m d chrnk n ë s rëpamk y `krktk.
Vhjîtabk y dbheònabkndetd l k y trds orkemds phtdebaks7 Crkebak, Aeojktdrrk (sh`rd thmh de dj s.N s. N
bh e jk rdaek Ask`dj) y Dspkûk, trks jk ueaòe m d Bkstajjk y Krkoòe y jk jjdokmk m d h rh y pjktk md j
Eudvh Nuemh. J hs tdrrathrahs m d j Rkbrh Anpdrah Phnkeh Odrnëeabh dstëe oh`drekmhs ph r ue
dnpdrkmhr pdrh de rdkjamkm sh e n u y aemdpdemadetds. D j bhem bhemkm kmhh md Cjkemds, pdrtdedbadetd
k Crkebak y judoh kj Anpdrah odrnëeabh, J K N ; ; 0 dxphrtk orke bketamkm m d paethrds, n÷sabhs,
dtb. k htrks bhrtds d aojdsaks. Dstk aevksaòe md n÷sa bhss jjknkmhs crkebh-ffkndebhs taded bhnh
n÷sabh
bhesdbudebak jk brdkbaòe md ue dstajh nusabkj aetdrekbahekj de Durhpk.
L h y sd l kk`` jk
jk m d = odedrkbaheds subdsavks m d n÷sabhs crkebh-ffkndebhs7
;k-(;=06-;=36)9 jk md Mucky, @aeblha
@aeblhas,
s, dtb.
0-(;=36-;=169 jk md G. Hbidoldn, dtb.
2-(;=16-;406)7 jk md Ghsquae Mdsprdz, dtb. Ghsquae Mdsprdz.
Ork`kmh (;431), bh
=k-(;406-;436)7 jk md K . _ajjkdrt, dtb. pj k m d u e bukmrh pdrmamh.

De jk pdeîesujk atëjabk K N ;; 2 jk rdjktavk trkequajamkm detrd jk jkss eundrhsks baumkmds-dstkmh

bhetra`uyd k jk orke prhspdramkm y kj ffhrdbanadeth mdj krt krtd. Kuequd de htrks krtds ds d j pkas
jamdr, de n÷sabk Atkjak dstë aevkmamk p h r crcrkebh
kebh-ffk ndebhs, bhe u e ffugh bhestketd m d h`rks y
-ffkndebhs,
bhnphsathrds k Phnk, Cdrrkrk y htrhs bdetrhs m d jk vamk nusabkj atkjakek. Dstk satukbaòe bkn`ak
k ndmakmhs m d j s. \SA, bukemh d s d e Atkjak jk qud bhna dezkk k dxphrtkr n÷sabhs.
bhnadez
T e k bkusky dcdbth m d dstk prhspdramkm krtîstabk sh e jk jkss Kbbkmdnad, rdueaheds m d rabhs ` u r
oudsds y krastòbrktks, u e k dspdbad m d bju`s m d krtd, ﬋jhshcîk, dtb. K ndm
ndmaakmhs
kmhs mdj
mdj s. \ S A yk lk y
de Atkjak ueks 0 6 6 kbkmdnaks, kjoueks dspdbakjazkmks d e n÷sabk.

0 . Aojdsak
D e dstk áphbk thmkvîk bhetrhjk u e k phrbaòe nuy bhe bhesasamdr k`jdd mdj phmdr dbheònabh y bujturkj.
mdrk`j
Raoud sademh
sademh pktpktrh
rhek
ek m d n÷sabhs pdrh de bjkrk bhnpdtdebak bhe bh e jk
jkss bhrtds.
Jk praebapkj budstaòe rdj rdjaoahsk md dstk áphbk d s jk rupturk bh e Phnk m d Jutdrh, Bkjvaeh y De
aoahsk
raqud Sajj md Ae
Aeoj
ojktd
ktdrr
rrkk k bhnadezhs m d j s. \ S A (d
(djj =6 % m d jk ph`jkbaòe durhpdk mdgk md sd r bktòmjabk ysd
ys d
bhevadrtd de prhtdstketd). J k n÷sabk sd vd n u y anpjabkmk d e d s t d bheffabth phrqud mdsdnpdûk u e

de jk jaturoak. Dj jut sustatuyd orke pkrtd m d j bketh 'ordohrakeh ph r

lanehsanphrtketd
pkpdj jutdrkeasnh
drkeasnh sustatuyd
pudmke sd r detdemamhs p h r jhs
d e kjdnëe pkrk qud pudmke jh s ﬋djds. Jh nasnh subdmd bh e dj keoja
 D]DNK
;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)

bkeasnh (lanehs de aeojds). Dj bkjvaeasnh prhla`d jk n÷sabk de jks aojdsaks, aebjush jk md òrokeh, jh
qud dxpjabk de pkrtd jk mdbkmdebak md jk n÷sabk de Cjkemds y Vkîsds @kghs.

Bhnh bhetrkrrdchrnk, Phnk hrokeazk ue jkrouasanh bhebajah (;4=4-;432) de jk baumkm atkjakek md

]rdeth. De jh rdjktavh k jk n÷sabk, dj bhebajah uea﬋bk jhs tdxths y jk n÷sabk mdj bke
bketh
th ordo
ordohra
hrak-
k-
eh y br
brat
atab
abk
k qud eh sd detademk dj tdxth de jk n÷sabk phjacòeabk md jk áphbk, rdbhndemkemh dj
qud
bketh jjkeh h uek phjacheak lhnhrîatnabk. Rae dn`kroh, mdspuás md thmhs jhs md`ktds y bhna-
saheds, jhs mabtëndeds mdj bhebajah kpdeks sd lkbde eht
ehtkr
kr.. Kuequd jhs bhnphsathrds bktòjabhs
Kuequd
bhnphede k vdbds de dsd dstajh rdbhndemkmh, bksa sadnprd saoude dsbra`ademh de ue mdesh
bhetrkpueth.(KB] ;;)

2. Krasthbrkbak
Jks lhrks md hbah md krastòbrktks y rabhs baumkmkehs sd jjdeke md n÷sabk, phdsîk y htrks kbta-
vamkmds aetdjdbtukjds. Pdyds y eh`jds saoude nketdeademh n÷sabhs de sus bhrtds, tketh pkrk
jk n÷sabk rdjaoahsk bhnh pkrk jk prhckek Vhr qu tketh aetdrás md jhs praebapds de aevdrtar de
dsths bhegueths nusabkjds8 De nublhs bkshs sd trktk md aevdrtar de jk skjvkbaòe md su kjnk (de-
bkroke nasks y hcebahs bketkmhs), de htrhs bkshs sd trktk md sdr bhesamdrkmh ajustrd, yk qud jk n÷sabk
ds uek nkeacdstkbaòe vasa`jd md rd﬋eknadeth y dspjdemhr bujturkj.

Kmdnës, kjouehs rdyds y eh`jds sad

sadetd
etde
e vdr
vdrmkmdrk pksaòe phr jk n÷sabk. Rd phed md nhmk jk
mkmdrk
ankode md
mdjj eh
eh`jd, lhn`rd h nugdr, prhvasth md uek bhnpjdtk dmubkbaòe krtîstabk, bkpkz md
`jd,
aetdrprdtkr n÷sabk bhbhee dj
djdo
doke
kebak y md `kajkr. Te dgdnpjh ds Ask`dj m Dstd (;=3=-;421), lagk mdj
bak
muqud md Cd
Cdrr
rrkr
krk
k y bk
bksk mk bhe dj muqud md Nketuk. Jd kpksahek jk phdsîk, nketaded k n÷sabhs
skmk
y taded ue
uek
k bënkrk pravkmk (stumahjh') de jk qud djjk nasnk bketk y thbk dj jk÷m d aestrundeths
bënkrk
md tdbjk.KB] ;0)

JKN ;;= H (Hanì aj bhr hanì jk tdstk, N. Bkrk), Pdekbanadeth (;46;)

Bkebaòe bhnpudstk pkrk jk bënkrk md Ask`dj m Dstd d aetdrprdtkmk bhe vhz, vahjks, jk÷m y pdrbusaòe.

Jk orke rdaek Ask`dj A md Aeojktdrrk (;422-;362) ds k﬋bahekmk k jk mkezk y thbk bhe lk`ajamkm dj
jk÷m y dj varoaekj. JKN;;4

N×RABHR
Skjhrkbaòe7 de dj Pdekbanadeth jhs krtastks saoude sae budstahekrsd su dstktus md sdrvamhrds y
bunpjde bhe jks dxaodebaks md su bkro
bkroh
h pdrh de kjouehs juokrds y bhe badrths krtastks jks rdjk
pdrh
baheds gdrërquabks bhe sus pktrhehs dnpadzkek bkn`akr. Kpkrdbd jk cknk y jk bh
bhtaz
tazkb
kbaò
aòe
e md
mdjj
tkjdeth (Jdhekrmh mk Saeba, Naoudj Ëeodj, Pkckdj, Ghsquae mds Vrds, Vkjdstraek, ]hnës Juas md Sabthrak.. Lky

n÷sabhs knpjakndetd bhehbamhs phr thmh ue pkîs h ae

aebj
bjush aetdrekbahekjndetd y kjouehs sd
ush
ktrdvde k aebjuar ue rdtrkth suyh de jks dmabaheds md su n÷sabk. JKN ;;3-;;?
 D(]DNK ; ) ;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)

;. N÷s bhss md bkpajjk

N÷saabh
De dstk áphbk sd dstkemkrazk de thmk Durhpk d j nhmdjh md bkp bkpajajjjk nusabkj. Jk s bkpajjks she, d e
praebapah, pdqudûhs dspkbahs de jh jhss jktdrkjds m d u e k aojdsak, bhestruamhs h kjquajkmhs p h r rabks
cknajaks, ordnahs h bhcrkmîks. D e dstks bkpajjks s d bdjd`rke sdrvabahs jat÷roabhs d e jhs jh s qud pkr
pkrtata--
bapke jhs jhss q u d sd tdrnaek bhehbademh bhnh bkpajjk .
jh s n÷sabhs m d jk aojdsak, k jh

Pdyds y eh`jds t kn`a

kn`aáe áe taded
dedee bkpajjks pkrk jk n÷sabk rdjaoahsk md su s bhrtds, bhnpatademh
detrd djjhs y bh e jks
jk s bkpaj
bkpajjks
jks bktdmrkja baks p h r lkbdrsd b h e jh
bktdmrkjabaks jhss ndghrds n÷sabhs. Jk s bkpajjks m d
jhss praebapkjds y, d e nublks hbksaheds, jhs
n÷sabk (dbjdsaëstabks h krasthbrëtabks) sdrëe jh jh s ÷eabhs bde-
trhs md prhmubbaòe y desdûkezk nusa nusabkj
bkj mdsmd
mdsmd dj s. \ S lkstk dj s. \A\.

; .; Bkethrds
Cuebaheds7 sd dspdbakjazke d e phjacheîk. J h n ës crdbudetd d s q u d bketde 0 h 2 p h r bkmk vhz,
kuequd su e÷ndrh kundetk k jh jkroh md dstd pdrahmh. Qk s d macdrdebake d e = rdoastrhs7
-tapjds7 lhn`rds d e ckjsdtd (ckjsdtth) y eaûhs
kjths7 lhn`rds bh e v hz ekturkj koumk y eaûhs
tdehrds
- bhetrk`kghs
Chrnkbaòe7 jhs jh s eaûhs (vkrheds) detrke d e jksjk s bkpa ks de threh k jh
bkpajjjjks ek prud`k m d
jhss < kûhs, t r k s u ek
v h z y kptatumds nusabkjds. D e Dspkûk sd jds jd s jjknk 'nhzhs md bhr 'h 'eaûhs bkethrbaths7 Vudmde
bhrhh 'h
jjdokr k sd r nublhs pdrh jh jhss q u d bketke sh e 3 , jjknkmhs d e D sspp kkûû k sdasds7 ]rks jk numk m d jk
v hz kjouehs bhetae÷ke sademh bkethrds h sd mdmabke k kjo÷e aest aestrundeth9
rundeth9 htrhs qu qudmdmke
ke bhnh
bhnh
bhpas
bhp tkss md n÷sabk, dethekmhrds m d j òrokeh (jhs qu d kbbaheke jhjhss cudjjds), dtb.
astk
Ratukbaòe dbheònabk7 u e bkethr pudmd okekr nublh maedr h, sh`rd thmh d e jk
maedrh, jkss bhrtds atkjakeks.
Kmdnës, sh e crdbudetds jh jhss rdokjhs bhnh orkegks y bksks, `ded﬋bahs dbjdsaëstabhs (d s mdba
mdbarr, pkrt
pkrtdd
md jh
jhss a eor
eords hs md jk aojdsak), oksths m d vakg
dshs vakgd,
d, bk`kjjhs, `krrajds md vaeh, orkeh, rhpk, dtb. JK N ;;<-;02
bk`kjjhs,
(KB] ;2

J K N ;0 = (Nasdrdrd n da Mdus, H . m a Pdekbanadeth (;4<=)

Jkssh),

N÷sabk rdjaoahsk dsbratk pkrk jk bkpajjk m d jk bhrtd m d @kvadrk (N÷eabl).

; .0 Hrokeastks
Cuebaheds7 anpr
anprhva
hvaske
ske phjacheîk k pkrtar m d j bketh jjkeh, p h r d s h lk sh`rdvavamh tke
phjacheîk tk e phbk n ÷ -
sabk m d òrokeh md dstk áphbk. Vudmde anpkrtar bjksds de su tadnph ja`rd, sadnprd q u d eh sd jh
jkss bkpajjks orkemds pud
prhla`k d j rdojkndeth m d jk bkpajjk. K N ;04-;03 D e jk pudmd
md lk`
lk`dr
dr m h s h n ë s
hrokeastks q u d sd kjtdreke de su sdrvabah p h r sdnkeks. Ds d j bksh m d jk 'Blkpdj Phykj' aeojdsk,

jh s hrokeastks d s _. @yrm (bk.;4=6-;302), ketdrahrndetd eaûh md bhrh

mhemd u e h m d jhs bhrh.. JK N ;0 ?
Dj tdbjkmh m d j òrokeh y m d j rdsth md aestrundeths m d tdbjk detrd d j s. \ Sy d j s. \SAjj sudjd sd r m d

;6
 eD]DNK ;) ;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)

= hbtkvks, aebjuamk uek

uek hb kvkk bhrtk7 jk hbtkvk n ës orkvd eh taded th-
hbtt kv th -
jkss ehtks brhnëtabks, yk q u d Ck # y Rhj# euebk sh e ehtks orkvds md
mk s jk
ue kbhr
kbhrmdmd.. M d dstd nhmh sd klhrrk dspkbah, trk`kgh y maedrh (jk hbtkvk
bhrtk n ës bhn÷e ds jk mdehnaekmk kbtukjndetd Mh/Na, phrqud jk ehtk n ës orkvd
ds M h de ue k tdbjk qu d ehrnkjndetd sdrîk Na).

Jk nkyhr ehvdmkm d e d j òrokeh md dstk áphbk ds jk aetrhmubbaòe md rd

H b tk
tk vvkk b h rrtt k Mh/Na
oastrhs7 dj hrokeastk pudmd lkb lkbdr
dr she
shekr jhss tu`hs qu d quadrk phr ndma
kr jh ndmahh
md uehs tatarkmhrds,
rkmhrds, lkbademh shekr shjkndetd dj ueasheh (jjknkmh k ndeumh Vtaebapkj) h jk 'hbtkvk',
(dee rdkjamkm < + 4 ¶ jknkmk de Dspkûk Mhbdek ), dtb. ]kn`ade lk y rdoastrhs p h r jh
jk 'quaetk' (d jhss taphs
macdr
macdrdet ds md tu`hs y, p h r jh tketh, md she
detds sheaamh, lk`ademh m h s cknajaks praebapkjds7
-Cjkutkmh7 tu`hs m d `asdj. R u tan`rd ds bjkrh, purh. Ra dj tu`h ds n ës dstrdblh kundetk jk bketa-
m k m m d krnòeabhs bh e u e tan`rd q u d rdbudrmk k jk budrmk (Okn`k', Sahjòe', dtb). ]kn`aáe jh
jhss l k y
tkpkmhs h ndmah tkpkmhs (Ekskrmh', bh e sheamh ekskj).
Jdeoúdtdrîk7 tu`hs bh e u e k jë n aaee k m d n dt
dt k j q ud
ud dstë mdetrh md jk dn`hbkmurk. Dj sheamh
jh s aestrundeths m d vadeth (]rhnpdtk, 'Bhredtk', dtb.). JK N ;0<-;26
anatk k jhs
JK N ;2 ; Rdrpdetaek, S. Vdjjdoraea), Pdekbanadeth (;4=1)
B jk
Rudek ue òrokeh orkemd bh e rdoastrhs md cjkutkmh. Bhnadezh de bhetrkpueth anatktavh.

J hsòrokehs tadede k vdbds mhs tdbj kmhss pkrk bhetrkstkr m h s rdoastrhs macdrdetds detrd vhbds
tdbjkmh
h detrd sdbbaheds. D e Dspkûk, de juokr md jhs jh s mh s tdbjkmhs, sd mdskrrhjjk dj tdbjkmh pkrtamh7 k
pkrtar m dj M h bdetrkj l ky rdoa
rdoastr
strhs
hs mac
macdrdetds pkrk bkmk nkeh.(Vkrk sk`dr n ës JK N ;20)
drdetds

; .2 Naeastrajds m d bkpajjk
D e dj s. \ S jk aojdsak pdrnatd de mdtdrnaekmks hbksaheds q u d lkyk htrhs aestrundetastks k m d
n ës mdj hrokea
hrokeast k. K bhnadezhs m d j s. \ S A dsths aestrundetastks bhnadezke k sd r bhetrktkmhs
stk.
m d chrnk pdrnkedetd de jks jk s bkpajjks y sd jds
jd s jjknk naeastrajds.

Ru cuebaòe praebapkj ds thbkr de jks

jk s prhbdsaheds y de jh
jhss sdrvabahs jat÷roabhs md mhnaeohs y ﬋ds-
tks. Mh`jke h sustatuyde k jh
jhss bkethrds, p h r ds h nublhs aestrundeths sd bhestruyde de cknajaks
md 2 h = tknkûhs. Kuequd pudmd lk`dr md budrmk, prdmhnaeke jh jhss naeastrajds md vadeth7

knkûhs,, shprkeh y td
blaranîk7 l k y mhs t knkûhs td--
ehr. Jk blaranîk tdehr h `hn`krmk (jjknkmk
ks î phrqud rdbudrmk k u e k r n k md oudr
oudrrk
rk mdj
mdj nasnh
nasnh
R`kjndy `hn`krht
ehn`rd) taded u e k jjkvd pkrk dj ÷jtanh kougd-
blaranîk,, k`kgh ue k `hn`krmk.
Krra`k uek blaranîk
rh,, prh
rh prhtdo
tdoam
amkk phr u ek
ek b ke
ke kj rk h bu`adrtk m d
kjd rk justrkbaòe md j trktkmh Nusabk Odtutsblt (@ksajdk, ;4;;)
nkmdrk pdrchrkmk. J KN ;22-;2=
md R. Sarmueo

;;

D]DNK ;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)

 - mujbaëe h ` kg
kgò ee77 sudjd thbkr jk v hz m d `kgh d e jk bkpajjk. Ds uek padzkk m d
uek padz
nkmdrk b hehe m h s tkjkmrhs pkrkjdjhs bhedbtkmhs d e d j dxtrdnh aecdrahr m d j
aestrundeth. ]aded u e tumdj md bh `rdd b he chrnk burvk d e d j q u d sd debkgk
bh`r
u e k jdeoúdtk mh`jd. L ky m h s jjkvds pkrk ckbajatkr jk maoatkbaòe. R d bhestru-
2
yd de macdrdetds tknkûhs. K jh jhss n ës pdqudûhs sd jd jdss mdehnaek de Dspkûk
`kghebajjhs7 J K N ;24-;23

brhnhreh (hrjh de bkstdjjkeh)7 chrnk m d bkblk`k, taded u e k mh`jd jdeoúdtk

mdetrh md u e k bëpsujk m d nkmdrk b h e u e k pdqudûk k`drturk. Vrhmubd u e
sheamh ekskj bh e u e vhjunde `kstketd cudrt thbkmh d e bhegueth.
cudrtdd thbkmh

Cknajk md brhnhrehs.
jju
jjustr
strkbaòe mdj Nusab odtusblt
kbaòe
(@ksajdk, ;4;;), trktkmh md
R. Sarmueo
uwwwwua wasu
Mujbaëe. Ajustrkbaòe md j

]ldktrun Aestrundethrun
(_hjcde`úttdj, ;3;1),
ue trktkmh md N . Vrkdthraus.

J K N ;2 ? ]dmdsbk, O. Nkaedarh), Pdekbanadeth (;42<)

Rudeke brhnhrehs y ue `kgòe.

-'bhredtth (bhredtk de dspkûhj)7 md nkm drkk rdbu`adrtk m d budrh, chrnk burvk

nkmdr hrdbtk, sd bhestruyd
d e macdrdetds tknkûhs. ]aded u e k `hquajjk d e chrnk md bhpk, taph trhnpdtk, y 3 kougdrhs n ës
htrh pkrk d j pujokr, ds mdbar, e h sd janatk k jks
jk s ehtks m d jk sdrad ekturkj md krnòeabhs. JK N ;2<-;=6
skbk`ubld (trhn`hed' de atkjakeh)7 ekbd k ﬋ekjds m d j s. \ S k pkrtar md jk trhnpdtk mdsjazketd m d
ndmakmhs m d j s. \ S (d(djj trhnpdtastk sugdtk`k jk `hquajjk bh e jk n keh
keh az qua
quadr
drmk
mk y b he
he jk mdrdblk mdsjazk`k dj
rdsth mdj aes
aestr
trundet h). JK N ;=;-;=0 Dj skbk`ubld sd mdsjazk d e = phsabaheds macdrdetds maktòeabks.
undeth).
R d lkbd d e 2 tknkûhs (kjth, tdehr y `kgh). Ru sheamh ds n ës sukvd qu d su s dquavkjdetds kbtukjds.
JK N ;=2-;=< (KB] ;= )
JK N ;= 1 (Dxkjtktkdst Rkebtk Mda, B. md Nhrkjds), Pdekbanadeth (bk.;4=6)
Nusabk
Nusabk rd
rdjajaoa
oahsk
hsk aetdrprdtkmk bh e aestrundeths7 skbk`ublds, blaranîks y `kgòe, bhetrkpueth anatktavh.

K B ] ;4)
; .= Nkdstrh m d bkpajjk
Jk s bkpajjks, bkmk v d z n ës orkemds, edbdsatke u e nkdstrh
nkdstrh . Cueba
Cuebaheds
heds77
; k- Desdûkr bketh jjkehk jh jhss n ës kvdetkgkmhs, phjacheîk.
jhss eaûhs md jk bkpajjk y, k jh

;0

ld]DNK ;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)

 0-Bhnphedr h kmquarar jks h`rks k aetdrprdtkr, sh`rd thmh phjacheîk pkrk jks ﬋dstks (Ekvamkm,

Rdnkek Rketk, Bhrpus Blrasta, dtb). Jhs nkdstrhs md jks bkpajjks krasthbrëtabks sd debkroke tkn`aáe
md jk n÷sabk prhckek md jk bhrtd.
2k- Deskykr, djdoar k jhs shjastks edbdskrahs, mdbamar dj kbhnpkûknadeth y maraoar (de Dspkûk rdoare
shjastks
jjdvkemh dj bhnpës.
=6- Cuebaheds kmnaeastrktavks7 nketdedr jk pkz detrd jhs nadn`rhs md jk bkp
bkpajj
ajjk, mkrjds pdrnash
k, mkrjds
pkrk kusdetkrsd, djdoar dj tdgamh md jk rhpk, debkrokrsd md jks budetks, dtb. De kjo
kjoueh
uehss bkshs
bkshs
md`d debkrokrsd tkn`ade md jk dmubkbaòe odedrkj md jhs eaûhs y kjhgkrjhs de su bksk, vdstarjhs
bhe maoeamkm y mdbhrh y kjandetkrjhs bhevdeadetdndetd. JKN ;46-;4;

Djprhbdmanadeth lk`atukj pkrk prhvddr uek pjkzk md nkds

nkdstr
trh
h md bkpa
bkpajjk ds ndmaketd uek prud-
jjk
`k sdjdbtavk, kuequd k vdbds sd hcrdbd jk pjkzk k ue n÷sabh md rdbhehbamh prdstaoah.

Jhs praebapkjds bhnphsathrds md dstk áphbk she nkdstrhs md bkpajjk de kjo÷e nhndeth7

Brastò`kj md Nhrkjds (bk.;466-;442), natkm s. xSA7 nhz

; nhzh h mdj
mdj bhrh de jk bktdmrkj md Rdvajjk,
bhrh
bkethr de jk Bkpajjk pkpkj y nkdstrh md bkpajjk md jks bktdmrkjds md ]hjdmh y Nëjkok. JKN ;40
Oahvkeea J. mk Vk
Vkjds
jdstra
traek
ek (;404 h ;403-;41=), 0 natkm s. \SA7 'nkdstrh ma bkppdjjk de R. Vdmrh
mdj Sktabkeh md Phnk.JKN ;42
Crkebasbh Oudrrdrh (;40<-;411), 0 natkm s. \S7 nhzh mdj bhrh , bkethr bhetrkjthy nkdstrh
md bkpajjk de jk bktdmrkj md Rdvajjk. JKN;4=
]hnës Juas md Sabthrak (;4=<-;3;;), 0 natkm s. \SA7 nhzh mdj bhrh md jk bktdmrkj md Kvajk,
bhe ;< kûhs nkrblk k Phnk y k su vudjtk k Dspkûk jks bktdmrkjds nës anphrtketds jd hcrd-
bde su pjkzk md nkdstrh md bk
bkpa
pajjk
jjk pdrh mdbamd kbd
pdrh ptkrr ue pudsth nës nhmdsth bhnh hrok
kbdptk
eastk y nkdstrh md bkpajjk de ue bhevdeth md Nkmram (jks Mdsbkjzks Pdkjds md Rd Bjkrk).
(KB] ;3) (KB] ;?) (Vkrk skt`dr nës JKN ;44

0. N÷sabhs md bhrtd
Rhe jhs n÷sabhs pravkmhs md rdyds y orkemds eh`jds (tkn`aáe mdj pkpky kjouehs bkrmdekjds). Vudmde
mavamarsd k÷e de trds oruphs praebapkjds, sdo÷e su aestrundeth y sus cuebaheds7

0.; N÷sabhs md bënkrk

Qk eh sd jds sudjd jjknkr naeastr
naeastrajds.
ajds. Odedrkjndetd she lhn`rds, kuequd tkn`aáe lky nugdrds,
Odedrkjndetd
sh`rd thmh de jks bhrtds atkjakeks. Jhs qud thbke aestrundeths md tdbjk sudjde sdr jhs nasnhs
qud thbke dj òrokeh de jk bkpajjk md jk bhrtd, p.d. Ketheah md Bk`dzòe (bk.;4;6-;433) de jk bhrtd
md Cdjapd jj. JKN ;43 Ds ue h﬋bah qud sud
sudjd pkskr md pkmrds k laghs (p.d. Ldrekemh md Bk`dzò
jd pkskr e ldrdmk
Bk`dzòe
dj pudsth md su pkmrd Ketheah). Rhe bketketds d aetárprdtds md AER]PTNDE]HR sukvds7

;2

LAD]DNK ;
;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)

krpk7 pkrk kmkptkrsd k jk n÷sabk bkmk vdz nës brhnëtabk, dnpadzk k lkbdrsd bhe mhs ﬋jks md
budrmks, uek pkrk jks ehtks maktòeabks, htrk pkrk jks brhnëtabks (de Atkjak sd jk bhehbd bhnh 'krpk
 mhppak, de Dspkûk krpk md mhs òrmdeds ). JKN ;4?

jk÷m7 ds dj aestrundeth nës phpujkr y dxtdemamh, amdkj pkrk jk n÷sabk md bënkrk, pdrcdbth
pkrk kbhnpkûkr dj bkethy djh
djhbud
budetd
etd bhn
bhnh
h shjastk, pkrk
krk jh bukj
bukj sucrd ue bkn`ah trksbdemdetkj7
sucrd
sd dnpadzke k pujskr jks budrmks bhe dj mdmh de vdz md bhe ue pjdbtrh, jh qud phsa`ajatk thbkr
vkraks vhbds k jk vdz. De dj s. \SA sd dstkemkrazk dj jk÷m md 3 òrmdeds. JKN ;4<-;32

valudjk7 aestrundeth dspkûhj, sdndgketd kj jk÷m pdrh bhe chemh pjkeh (h bksa pjkeh) y chrnk md
ouatkrrk. JKN ;3=-;33

]ark mk `rkbbah'7 ds ueh md jhs trds taphs de jhs qud mdravk jk vahjk h ﬋mujk ndmadvkj y qud kpk
rdbde bjkrk
bjkrkndetd
ndetd macdr
macdrdebakmhs de Atkjak de jks prandrks mábkmks mdj s. \SA. Rae trkstds, chemh
debakmhs
pjkeh, ? budrmks, 0 md djjks `hrmheds jktdrkjds, masdûkmk pkrk thbkr kbhrmds ksî qud dj pudetd
ds `kstketd pjkeh y dj krbh ds nuy jkroh. Rd usk sh`rd thmh pkrk kbhnpkûkr dj bketh h jk rdba-
tkbaòe md phdsak. JKN ;3?

-vahjk md okn`k'7 sd sugdtk detrd jks padreks h sh`rd jks padreks ('okn`k' > padrek de atkjakeh), md-
pdemademh mdj tknkûh mdj aestrundeth. Rd mdskrrhjjk de jk 0 natkm mdj s. \S
\S,, nuy prh`k`jd-
ndetd de jk zhek md Skjdebak bukemh jhs valudjastks trktke md thbkr sus aestrundeths bhe dj
krbh. Nketaded kjoueks bkrkbtdrasta-
bks md jk valudjk7 taded trkstds, chemh
pjkeh y 4 h 3 budrmks. Rd thbk bhe jk
pkjnk lkbak krra`k (jk nkeh qud sugdtk

dj krbh). Vhr jk jaodrdzk md su bhestrub

baòe y jk phbk tdesaòe md sus budrmks,
su sheamh ds sukvd y rdsheketd. Ds

crdbudetd qud sd thqud de bhegueths

ahjjks md macdrdetd rdoastrh,
md 2 h = vah
anatkemh jk phjacheîk rdjaoahsk. K jhs
tknkûhs nës orkvds sd jds mdehnaek
vahjòe. JKN ;3<-;?0

Sahjks md okn`k, thmks bhe 3 budrmks.

;7 shprkeh. 07 kjth-tdehr. 27 `kgh.

justrkbaòe mdj ]ldktrun Aestrundethrun

(_hjade`úttdj, ;3;1), trktkmh md N. Vrkdthraus.

JKN ;?2 H(Jk Mkezk, S. Pucch), Pdekbanadeth (;43=)

Mkezk aetdrprdtkmk bhe trds va

vahjks md okn`k7 shprkeh, tdehr y `kgh.
hjks

;=

]DNK ;) ;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)

-vahjae (knajak)7 ds dj ÷jtanh taph de jhs qud mdravk jk vah

vahjk
jk ndmadvkj. ]aded 2 h = budrmks, sae trks-
ndmadvkj.
tds y chemh jaodrkndetd k`hn`kmh. Rd thbk de bhegueths md 2 h = aestrundeths md macdrdetd
rdoastrh pkrk jk mkezk. Vkrdbd suroar de jk bh
bhrt
rtd
d md Cdrrkrk k bhnadezhs mdj s. \SA, JKN ;?=-;??
 - ffkutk rdbtk7 dj ÷jt
÷jtanh
anh kougdr
kougdrh
h ds mh`jd pkrk thbkr bhe dj ndûaqud (dj qud eh sd thbk sd tkpk bhe
bdrk), Ds crdbudetd qud sd thqud de bhegueths md 2 6= ffkutks md macdrdetd rdoastrh.JKN ;?<-;<6
Madr
Mytketus.

Jdehr

Mkcus.

www.w.

Jks mhs chr

hrn
nks md thbkr jk cjkutk, pk
pkrk
rk zu
zurm
rmhs
hs y pkrk madstrhs. Cknajk md = cjkutks.
Ajustrkbaòe md
mdjj Nusab odtusblt
Nusab justrkbaòe mdj Nusabk aestrundetkjas mdumsbl

(@ksajdk, ;4;;), trktkmh md R. Sarmueo (@

(@ks
ksaj
ajdk
dk,, ;4
;401), tr
01), trkt
ktkm
kmh
h md N. Korabhjk.

cjkutk trkvdsdrk7 de dj s. \SA vudjvdk bh`rkr su ketaouk kbdptkbaòe. Vudmd ndzbjkrsd bhe jk÷m,
kr
krpk dtb. pdrh tkn`aìe dscrdbudetd qud sd thqud de bhegueths md
pk,, dtb. 26= ffkutks md macdrdetd
ffkutks
tknkûh. ]kn`açe sd usk bhnh aestrundeth najatkr (packeh). JKN ;<;-;<0
JKN ;<2 Thysskebd vhus mheedrky, B. Rdrnasy), Pdekbanadeth (bk.;406)
Bkebaòe aetdrprdtkmk bhe vhz, cjkutk trkvdsdrk y jk÷m.

bjkvabhrmah7 ds dj rdsujtkmh md kpja-

bkr ue tdbjkmh kj nhehbhrmah k ﬋ Vktd va`rketd budrmk sa
krtd va`rk
va`rketd budrmk Mh
etd budrmk

ekjds mdj s. \AS. Rus budrmks dstëe

de pdrpdemabujkr k jks tdbjks. Kj

]keodetd
keod
keodetd .
etd Mh -

prdsahekr jk tdbjk su`d uek vkra-

Ajk ndtëjabk jjknkmk tkeodetd qud Aksa
Vude
ohjpdk jk budrmk, bksa sadnprd mhs dv.
]K Mh Obahe

pkrk qud suded nës. Ds, phr tketh, Ndbkeasnh mdj bjkvabhrmah

ue aestrundeth md budrmk pdrbuta-

mk. Dj sheamh taded phbh vhjunde pdrh badrth rkeoh maeënabh. Ds ue aestrundeth pdqudûh,

kmdbukmh pkrk qud jhs tdbjastks prkbtaqude de bksk h md vakgd. JKN ;<=
JKN ;<4 (Macdrdebaks sh`rd jks vkbks, K. md Bk`dzòe), Pdekbanadeth (;44?)

Vadzk aetdrprdtkmk bhe ue bjkvabhrmah, vhj

vhjund
unde sukvd pdrh pdrnatd mdstkbkr kjouek
e sukvd v6.

A4

KD]DNK ;) ;=46-;366 (Pdekbanadeth)

- bjkvd h bjkvabdn`kjh7 ekbd de jk nasnk áphbk qud dj bjk

bjkvab
vabhrm
hrmah
ah pdrh
pdrh su ndbkeasnh ds macd-
adzk md nkmdrk jjknkmk nkrtaedtd de buyh dx-
rdetd7 bukemh sd prdsahek jk tdbjk su`d uek padz
trdnh lky ue pd
pdqu
qudû
dûh
h pjdbtrh md bkûòe md pjunk md kvd qud pujsk jk budrmk.JKN ;<3
pjdbtrh Ds, phr
 tketh, ue aestrundeth md budrmk pujskmk. Rus budrmks sd dxtademde de pkrkjdjh k jks tdbjks. Ru
budrmk
sheamh ds ndtëjabh, bjkrh, nës cudrtd qud dj mdj bjkvab
bjkvabhrmah pdrh, kj bhetrkrah qud de ástd, eh sd
hrmah
pudmd bkn`akr jk maeënabk ndmaketd jk vkrakbaòe md jk prdsaòe sh`rd jk tdbjk. JKN ;<?

JKN;<<
JKN ;<< (Macdrdebaks sh`rd jk okjkrmk najkedsk, K. md Bk`dzòe), Pdekbanadeth (;44?)
H`rk aetdrprdtkmk bhe ue bjkvd. Rheamh ndtëjabh, rh`usth.

-varoaekjh dspaedtk7 she aestrundeths mdj nasnh taph qud dj bjkvd pdrh nës pdqudûhs y `k-
rkths. Rus budrmks dstëe de pdrpdemabujkr k jks tdbjks. Jk bkgk pudmd sdr rdbtkeoujkr (jh qud lhy
sd amdeta﬋bk bhnh varoaekj) h phjaohekj (mh qud lhy sd amdeta﬋bk bhnh dspaedtk). De jk áphbk, mk aoukj su
chrnk, rdba`de dj ehn`rd md varoaekj de Aeojktdrrk y Vkîsds @kghs (quazë phrqud jh thbke jks mknks
gòvdeds y varodeds ) y md dspaedtk de dj rdst
rdsth
h md pkîsds. JKN ;<1-;10

0.0 N÷sabhs md bk`kjjdrîk

Raoude san`hjazkemh dj phmdrîh mdj sh`drkeh bhe su sheamh `rajjketd y cudrtd y saoude jjdvke-
dj dsbumh md krnks md jk bhrtd. Chrnke pkrtd mdj sdrvabah pdrshekj mdj rdy h eh`jd vdbds
mh yk
dstëe `kgh su mardbtk gurasmabbaòe (p.d. Bkrjhs S pu`jabk ue mdbrdth pkrk djjh de ;4=<). Ru e÷ndrh ds
vkrak`jd pdrh sudjd dstkr de threhk 06 (Nktlaks Bhrvaeus, rdy md Lueorak y md @hldnak, taded 0= k ﬋ekjds
\S,, de jk bhrtd md jhs Rchrzk lky ;< de ;=<0).
mdj s. \S

Jh nës lk`atukj ds qud thqude trhnpdtks. Kj praebapah md dstk áphbk saoude sademh rdbtks pdrh
kbk`ke sademh derhjjkmks. Gueth k djjks sudjd lk`dr tkn`hrds h tan`kjds, ásths ÷jtanhs tkn`h-
rds orkemds (uehs 46-36 bn md maëndtrh) md bh`rd y chemh rdmhemdkmh qud
h`rd k ndma
ndmakm
kmhs
hs md
mdjj s. \S
sdanphrtke mdsmd dj Anpdrah Hthnkeh. Tehs threajjhs nudvde ue krh md ladrrh qud tdesk jk
ndn`rkek pkrk phmdr k﬋ekr. Ru bhestrubbaòe eh vkrakrë murketd uehs 066 kûhs. JKN ;12-;1?

2. N÷sabhs md baumkm
Kjouehs
Kjouehs kyuet
kyuetknadeths, sh`rd thmh de dj Anpdrah odrnëeabh, Aeojktdrrk d tkjak, dnpjdke k ueh
knadeths,
h nës oruphs md nae
naeast
astrajds. Rd hrokeazke de or
rajds. ordn
dnah
ahs,
s, bh
bhe
e nk
nkds
dstrhs y kprdemabds de ueh h vk-
trhs
rahs aestrundeths. Rus cuebaheds he prëbtabkndetd jks nasnks qud de jk bhrtd y bksa sadnprd
hbke aestrundeths md vadeth. JKN ;1<-066( B] ;<)( KB] ;1)

=. Bhestrubthrds md aestrundeths
Jk dxpjhsaòe md n÷sabk aestrundetkj de jks bkpajjks y de jks bhrtds lkbd qud kundetd dj e÷-
ndrh md prh
prhcds
cdsahe
ahekjds. Vudmde tdedr ue tkjjdr aemdpdemadetd h dstkr jaokmhs k ue
kjds. uek
k bh
bhrt
rtd.
d. De

bukjquadr bksh, ds uek prhcdsaòe ordnakj, pkskemh md pk

pkmrds k laghs.(KB] 06)
mrds

;3

(]DNK ;
;366-;?46 (@krrhbh)

;366-;?46 (@krrhbh)
bHE]D\]h
 ; . Vhjîtabk-dbhehnîk
D e d j s. \SAj d j pkas n ës rabhy phmdrhsh m d Durhpk ds Crkebak, sh`rd thmh murketd d j jkroh rdaek
m h m d Juas \AS, d j rd y Rhj. R u s dednastkmds phja bks lkbde q u d jk n÷sabk y dj krtd dstáe bdrrkmhs
phjatatabks
k aeffudebaks dxtrkegdrks.
De dj s. \SAAj thnk dj rdjdvh d j Pdaeh ueamh, bh e Jhemrds bhnh orke baumkm bhndrbakj y rdbjknh
pkrk n÷sabhs m d thmk Durhpk, sh`rd thmh atkjakehs.
Jk pdeîesujk atëjabk saoud dstkemh mavamamk d e dstkmhs aem
aemdpdema
dpdemadetd
detdss qud ravkjazke detrd sî
p h r tdedr jhs
jh s ndghrds pkjkbahs, mdbhrkrjhs bh e jks jk s ndghrds paeturks y dsbuaturks y hrokeazkr
jh s dspdbtëbujhs n ës anprdsaheketds, de jhs
jhs jh s q u d jk n÷sabk bhetra`uyd mdbasavkndetd k m k r ds -
pjdemhr y shjdneamkm. Atkjak ds dj tdrrathrah n ë s aeffuydetd d e thmks jkjkss krtds, aebjuamk jk n÷sabk.
Dj Rkbrh Anpdrah Phnkeh Odrnëeabh JK N 06 ; ds mdsndn`rkmh k ÷ e n ës p h r jk oudrrk rdjaoahsk
jh s 26 kûhs (;3;<-;3=<) q u d krruaek jk vamk bujturkj. R us pdqudûks bhrtds sd eutrde m dj krtd y
m d jhs
m d jkjkss nhmks md Atkjak y, sh`rd thmh, md Crkebak9 Sdrskjjds ds ue nhmdjh k sdouar. Jk s rdoaheds
n ës anphrtketds s h e Kustrak, Rkgheak, Lkn`uroh, @kvadrk y Vrusak, sh`rd thmh bh e d j rd rdyy Cdmd
rabh jj 'dj
'd j Orkemd
pd skrr md jk mdbkmdebak dbheònabk, d j s. \Sjj ds ue sdouemh saojh m d h rh d e jk
pdsk
D e Dspkûk, k jkss k r-
tds, tkn`aáe d e n÷sabk. De dj s. \SAjj jhs
jh s @hr`heds (Cdjapd S) aetrhmubde d j sastdnk bdetrkjazkmhr
crkebás pdrh tkn`a e l k y aeffudebaks atkjakeks (jk 0 n u gd r md Cdjapd S ds atkjakek jsk`djjk Ckredsd),
jk

de bhetrkstd b he dj dstajh nusabkj kutòbtheh dspkû hj mdj s. \SA, mdpdemadetd m d j aetdrbkn`ah

dspkûhj
detrd jh phpujkr y jh bhrtdskeh.

0. Krasthbrkbak
std d s u e pdrahmh md oh`adrehs k`shjutastks d e Durhpk, bh e thmh dj phmdr bhebdetrkmh d e jk
D st
bhrtd y de dj rdy, tkn`aáe d e jh bujturkj y de jh nusabkj. De jk bhrtd lk y badeths md pdrsheks pkrk
d j sdrvabah (d s jh q u d sd mdehnaek bksk bhesdgdrhs, námabhs, krquatdbths, phdtks, paethrds, bhbaedr
bhbaedrhs,
hs, debkr-
okmhs md jk
jkss bk`kjj
bk`kjjdrazks, n÷sabhs, dtb. p.d. jk
drazks, bksk rdyy aeojás Gkbh`h jj taded n ës md ;.466 nadn`rhs). Bkmk
md j rd
vd z l ky ue `hkth n ës krta﬋bakj d e jks
jk s chrnks y de jk vdstandetk, aebjuamk jk pdjubk. Jk s krtds sd
bhevadrtde d e u e k v ak cuemkndetkj pkrk jk ojhra﬋bkbaòe m dj rdy. K N 06 0
jkss Kbkmdnaks rdkjds, detrd djjks jk md mkezk (;33;) y jk md
B hhee J uuaas \ AS md Crkebak sd brdke jk n÷
sabk (;331). nhmdjh sh e jks
Dj jk s kbkm
kbkmdnak
dnakss atkj
atkjak eks pdrh kquî sh e aestatubaheds h﬋bakjds. Jk amdk
akeks
hraoaekj m d jk 'Kb
Kbkm dnadd md nusaqud' ds hrokeazkr òpdrks de Vkrîs y htrk
kmdna htrkss ba
baumk
umkmds
mds m d j rdaeh
y bhetrhjkr k s î d j tdktrh nusabkj. De htrks bhrtds sd saoud dstd nhmdjh m d kbkmdnaks skjvh d e
Jhemrds, mhemd jk Phy Phykj
kj Kbkmd
Kbkmdny ny h c Nusab' sdrë sadnprd pravkmkd aemdpdemadetd.

;?

D]DNK) ;366-;?46 (@krhbh)

Jk Kbkmdnad md nusaqud' crkebdsk ds maraoamk (mdsmd ;3?0) phrG-@. Jujjy (;320-;3<?), ndmakmhs
s. \SAj, JKN 062 quade brdk uek hrqudstk y jk detrdek pkrk aetdrprdtkr sus h`rks. Ds ksbdemamh