Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Inon astén saus astumns a prãteic> tepn ma crta. [niâ mava traegcr jcstcgta!
Asparcons qua ouetn jao! ]cojåo gastc culc oces uo icpïtuln mc
Gaa s t c q u c r t c c u l c , e g e i e c r a o n s a s t u m n a
G `estùrec ma suc crta a oces uoc leæén ma frcknlnfec,
axariïiens gc jalc iclefrckec ZNGMA KZCGIAYC. ino nutrcs 9 cgãlesas alaoagtcras.
Mameicraons c alc cs culcs = a 1. Oces quctrn legmcs sufastñas ma trcjcl`ns
Inoaæcons cque n traegn ino n lãpes ma prãtei
prã teins!
ns! ]aons iar
iartaz
tazcc qua vniâ vce cmnr
cmnrcr!
cr!
icrpegtaern a ns jeins ma pagc prùprens pcrc asta Egeiecraons gnssc gnvc kcsa ma cpragmezcmn.
C Iclefrckec
Makegeæñas a Egstruæñas l[
C iclefrckec ZNGMA KZCGIAYC, sucs C asiretc ZNGMA å uoc crta ma iclefrckec
nrefags a usns prãteins a crtïsteins, sén axpleicmns crramngmcmc,
crramn gmcmc, GÉN-EGILEGCMC
GÉN-EGILEGCMC a crtïsteic. Mekara
ao gnssns icpïtulns ma `estùrec. mc ocgusiretc inoariecl pregiepcloagta gc kcltc ma
egilegcæén ä meraetc a pnr saus trcæns masiagmagtas
oces frnssns. Astas mnes kctnras bã ireco, pnr se sù,
mnes kctnras crtïsteins.
Gc elelust
ustrc
rcæén
æén : sésénn ons
onstrc
trcmcs
mcs cs pns
pnseæ
eæñas
ñas
pcrc ute
utelez
lezcron
cronss n lãp
lãpes
es ma icrp
icrpegta
egtaern
ern a c pagc
pagc.. N
trcæn csiagmagta prnmuz uoc leg`c kegc, n
ELQY]ZCÆÉN 3 - Zngma Krcgiasc. masiagmagta prnmuz uoc leg`c oces aginrpcmc.
Tcrc ieoc a pcrc jcexn8 oumcons
ELQY]ZCÆÉN :
-]rcæns. (cltargcons) c meraæén mc icgatc
nu mn lãpes, ocs gén oumcons c
suc pnseæén. Estn, gasta tepn ma
axariïien.
Cgtas ma egeiecr c prãteic ino
n jein ma pagc a n gcgqueo nu tegtc
inouo, inoaia n traegn ino n lãpes
ma icicrp
rpeg
egta
taer
ern,
n, pcpcrc
rc qu
quaa vn
vniâ
iâ
cmquerc `cjelemcma ino oces
kcielemcma. Asta tepn ma lãpes, ino c
pngtc
png tc kae
kaetc
tc ino
inonn ons
onstrtrcon
conss gc
elustrcæén 9, prnmuz ns mnes tepns ma
trcæcmns qua praiescons gc axa-
iuæén mc Zngma Krcgiasc.
Iursn ma Iclefrckec - Culc = 50 Egstetutn Qgevarscl Jrcselaern
Asscs oamemcs sén2
Tagcs rngma ino 3 jein, g²
3 c 3,1 jein nu pagcs ma pngtcs
inrtcmcs 3,1 c : oo.
Tagcs rngma : nu :,1 nu
pagcss ma pngt
pagc pngtcs
cs inrt
inrtcmc
cmcss ino 3
ELQY]ZCÆÉN 9 - Lãpes ma
ma icrpegtaern. c 3,: oo
Tagcs rngma 9 nu pagcs ma
pngtcs
png tcs inr
inrtcm
tcmcs
cs ino 4,0 c 4,5
4,5 oo.
oo.
Tnseienga-n inon onstrcmn gc elustrcæén Tagcs rngma 9,1 c = nu pagcs ma pngtcs
cgtarenr, qucgmn axaiutcr ns axariïiens. inrtcmcs ino 4,= c 4,; oo
C iclefrckec Zngma å uoc asiretc ramngmc, Tagcs rngma
rngma =,1 nu 1 nu pagcs ma pngtcs
tagmn inon jcsa uo iïriuln kaetn ao uo aspcæn inrtcmcs oagnras qua 4,= oo.
eocfegãren qucmrcmn. Gcc el us tr
G trcæ
cæ én cj
cjce
ce xn pn
pnma
ma o sa r ve
vess tc s cs
pnse
pn seæñ
æñas
as a tr
trcæ
cæcm
cmnsns pc
pcrc
rc c Zn
Zngm
gmaa Kr
Krcg
cgia
iasc
sc..
Tcutcs a Tagcs
Bã scjaons qua qucgtn oagnras ns gòoarns
mns jeins ma pagcs, oces aginrpcmns sarén ns saus
trcæcmns. Sucgtn ocenras ns gòoarns mcs pagcs
(ao rngma ino 3 sù jein), oces kegns sarén ns
trcæcmns.
Gn icmar
i cmargn
gn ma
m a axari
a xariïie
ïiens,
ns, vniâ aginagingtrc
gtrcrã
rã cs
cs
pcutcs
pcu tcs gai
gaiass
assãre
ãrecs
cs c asta
a sta tep
tepnn ma
m a crta
c rta.. Tnra
T nrao,
o, vni
vniââ
pnmarã
pnm arã pra
praies
iescr
cr nu qua
quarar
rar trc
trcæcr
æcr oce
ocess knl
knl`cs
`cs pcr
pcrcc
nutrns axariïiens a crtas. Tcrc estn å qua gc
elustrcæénn = onstrcon
elustrcæé onstrconss cs oamemcs oces uscmcs.
ratcs nu trcæcmns kegns, sén njtemns palns onveoagtns ELQY]ZCÆÉN 6 - Tagcs ino pngtcs inrtcmcs
mc pagc, qucgmn fercons c icgatc, “sujeons‟ nu
“masiaons‟ ns trcæns (elustrcæén 5).
N clkcjatn ao latrcs oegòsiulcs ao iclefrckec
ZNGMA KZCGIAYC, pnma sar vestn gc elustrcæén 34.
Bã n clclkc
kcja
jatn
tn ao la latr
trcs
cs oc
oceòeòsi
siul
ulcs
cs ao
iclefrckec ZNGMA KZCGIAYC å oal`nr njsarvcmn
gc elustrcæén 33.
Guoarces icrmegces ao iclefrcke
iclefrckecc ZNGMA
KZCGIAYC sén astumcmns ctrcvås mc elustrcæén 3:. 3:. ELQY]ZCÆÉN 5 - ]rcæcmn Zngma.
C @estùrec mc Iclefrckec
(Icpïtuln =)
Ao 3;94 a gns cgns safuegtas, ns oastras “YIZET]‟ (latrc ma kýroc), gc ingkaiæén ma gntcs a
iclïfrckns egflasas pnssuïco uo crta qua sù kne kcturcs inoarieces.
prnbat
prn batcmc
cmc gc Asp
Aspcg`
cg`c,
c, gn såi
såiuln
uln saf
safueg
uegta,
ta, cpa
cpasc
scr
r C gcturazc
gcturazc prãteic a seoplas mn inoårien
mn inoarien farcl inoaæcr c cmntcr c ocgusiretc egflâs, gén inlnicvc ao usn c crta mns oastras, gén
Iursn ma Iclefrckec - Culc = 343 Egstetutn Qgevarscl Jrcselaern
prn pnrie
prnpnr iengc
ngcgmngmn cscsse
seoo uoc me mevul
vulfc
fcæén
æén,, prã
prãte
teic
ic a lãpemas m tòoulns a nutrcs frcvcæñas, arco csse o
ingsaqüagta aspaieclezcæén a gnvcs irecæñas pcrc c kaetcs. C asiretc arc jãseic a gcmc crtïsteic.
iclefrckec. Ao åpnics pnstarenras, gc Fråiec a ao Znoc,
Ns preoaerns inlngezcmnras gc Coåreic, cs egsireæñas arco kaetcs ao prcgi`cs ma iarc. N
prcte
prc teic
icvco
vco suc sucss as asir
iret
etcs
cs nrenrefeg
fegces
ces.. Ja Jagb
gbcoe
coegg njbatn uscmn inon frcvcmnr ma asiretc, pnssuïc uoc
Krcghleg utelezcvc c ocgusiretc inoariecl egflasc. pngtc ao uoc ma sucs axtraoemcma
axtraoemcmass a gc nutrc uo
C pcrter malc knrco frcvcmns ns preoaerns tepns cplcegcmnr
cplceg cmnr pcrc gevalcr c iarc lavcgtcmc lavcgtcmc ino c
coareicgns ma eoprassén. asiretc.
Ao 3045, gc Coåreic, Bnsap` Icrstcers, ma Cpùs astc åpnic, kne egvagtcmc uoc pngtc ma
onmn egåmetn, mevulfnu uo trctcmn ckerocgmn qua i`uojn ino astcg`n qua trcæcvc ns segces frãkeins
crta mc iclefrckec arc ingtrnlcmc paln cgtajrcæn, cgtas ma suc frcvcæén. Asta kne n praiursnr mn lãpes
gc farâgiec mns onveoagtns a gén palns mamns. frcketa ma gnssns taopns.
Yau trcjcl`n kne trcmuzemn trcmuzemn pcrc n krcgiâs a n Gn Af Afetetnn Cg
Cgte
tefn
fn,, ususcv
cvc-c-sa
sa n ic iclc
lc on
on,, uo
uocc
aspcg`nl tcocg`c suc eopnrtêgiec ao astumn icgatc ma jcoju, pngtecfumc pcrc cs asiretcs ao
egåmetn. I`afnu ctå sar magnoegcmn YEY]AOC pcperns
pcper ns a parfco
parfcoeg`ns
eg`ns,, sagmn
sa gmn cs c s tegtc
t egtcss kaetcs
ka etcs ä jcsa
jc sa
COAZEICGN. ma inrcgtas gcturces.
C iclefrckec coareicgc kne, pnrtcgtn, uoc Cgtas mc egvagæén mcs pagcs oatãleics (Vesa,
ugeén masta trctcmn, ino c iclefrckec ocgusiretc uo iclïfrckn egflâs, ingstrueu cs preoaercs, pnr
inoariecl. vnltc ma 3049), arco uscmcs pagcs ma cvas a cs
Ao 30 3011
11 n pr preo
eoaeaern
rn axaxao
aopl
plnn mc tï tïpe
peic
ic oasocs arc cpngtcmcs ingknroa icmc gaiassemcma
i c le
l e f rc
r c k ec
e c c o ar
a r e ic
i c g c,
c , k n e r a fe
f e s t rc
rc m n p n r a usn.
Ga gh
gheg egss . N as te ln pa me mecc uo je jein
in ma pa pagc
gc jajao o Cs pagcs ma pctns arco cs oces cpraiecmcs cpraiecmcs
kegc, ino trcæcmns masiagmagtas mc leg`c oason gc prasagæc mcs oatãleics. Tnråo, pnr vnltc
suparenr ctå clicgæcr c egkarenr. Qoc tagmâgiec c ma 30::, asscs òlteocs inoaæcrco c kczar suiassn
prnm
pr nmuz uz er iu rv rvcs
cs a t araroe
oe gcgcæñ
æñas
as kl nr
nrac
ac mcmcss a uo gc Aurnpc cpascr mc rasestâgiec mns oastras
axtraon frcu ma ingmagscæén (cflnoarcæén) ma iclïfrckns.
latrcs. N ingsuon ma pagcs, snoagta gn tarretùren
Gn inoainoaæn æn ma suc mev mevulfc
ulfcæén,
æén, gén cli clicgæ
cgænunu krcgiâs kne asteocmn ao :44 oel`ñas ma ugemcmas!
ouetn suiassn, pnråo Ypagiar c agsegnu ao asinlcs Estn mùe mevulfcmn gc axpnseæén Ougmecl ma Tcres
a ao oåtnmns aoprafcmns ao tnmn n pcïs, n qua ao 3013. Gastc åpnic, cs latrcs arco trcæcmcs ao
pnpulc
pnp ulcre reznu
znu as astc
tc ic
iclelefrc
frckekec.
c. Ctå c susucc onr
onrtata,, ao pa q u a g c s t ã ju c s a a s s c s a r c o s u i a s s n r c s mn s
30;3, asta asteln kne agsegcmn ao == iemcmas pcpe
pc pern
rnss (ã
(ãrvrvnr
nraa qu
quaa gc
gcsi
siaa sn
snoaoagt gtaa ä ja
jaerercc mn re
renn
coareicgcs. Asta asteln å ctå `nba ing`aiemn inon Geln
Ge ln,, gn AfAfetetnn a gc Ye
Yeiï
iïlelec,
c, gc EtEtãl
ãlec
ec).
).
Yestaoc Ypagiarecgn. N pcpern kne uscmn masma c åpnic mc 1ª
[cons cfnrc vnltcr uo pnuin gn taopn pcrc Megcstec mns Kcrcùs, gn Afetn a ouetn pnpulcr gn
gcrrcrons ns preoùrmens mc asiretc a axpleicr cs parï
pa rïnm
nmnn ma :34:3400 c 3;3;05
05 c. c.I.
I.
icrcitarïsteics egmevemuces ma icmc uoc mcs oces Tagcs a pcpåes cgtefns pnmao sar vestns gc
kconscs crtas ao asiretc. elustrcæén 39.
Inon vniâ scja astcons agsegcgmn trâs crtas Ns parfcoeg`ns arco kaetns ao pala ma
iclefrãkeics
iclefr ãkeics ao gnssn iursn. Cs trâs oces uscmcs. cgeoces a suc kcjreicæén arc ouetn alcjnrcmc a
Tnråo, axestao nutrcs a pratagmaons ingtcr uo snkesteicmc.
snkest eicmc. Ctå `nba n parf parfcoeg`
coeg`nn å uscmn ao
pnuin
pnu in snjsnjra ra icm
icmcc uoc
uoc,, pcr pcrcc qua vni
vniââ pnspnsscsc ta
tar
r eopnrtcgtas a ilãsseins mniuoagtns, inon ns
ciassn c tnmcs cs pregiepces egknrocæñas gn qua sa meplnocs mcs pregiepces ugevarsemcmas mn ougmn.
rakara c Iclefrckec, ma uo onmn farcl. Yau gnoa å nrefegãren mc iemcma ma Tarfcous
(iemcma mc Ãsec Oagnr).
Inon n parfcoeg`n saopra kne uo “pcpal‟
Treoaercs Asiretcs ouetn icrn, ouetcs vazas ns taxtns arco rcspcmns a
Gc Cgtefuemcma
C gtefuemcma,, cs preoaercs egsireæña
egsireæñass arco n parfcoeg`n rautelezcmn pcrc nutrcs egsireæñas.
kaetcs gcs pamrcs, ino pamcæns pngtecfumns ma karrn. Csseo, mniuoagtns a iùmefns knrco parmemns pcrc n
]ãjucs ino laes a ocgmcoagtns, egsireæñas ao rafestrn `estùrein ma gnssc ievelezcæén.
Iursn ma Iclefrckec - Culc = 34: Egstetutn Qgevarscl Jrcselaern
ELQY]ZCÆÉN 39 - Tcpal a pagc cgtefns.
Iclefrckec Trãteic
ELQY]ZCÆÉN 36 - Iclefrckec
Yirept (saxn ocsiulegn - 91
cgns)
ELQY]ZCÆÉN :4 -
Iclefrckec ocgusiretc
(saxn kaoegegn - 3= cgns).
]rcjcl`ns
Trãteins
Yafugmc Tcrta
Gas tc cul
Gastc culcc cpr
cprasa
asagtc
gtcraon
raonss oces = sufa
sufastñ
stñas
as
ao trcjcl`ns prãteins ouetn irectevns, ao qua vniâ
pnmarã
pnma rã cmc
cmcptcr
ptcr c suc prùp
prùprec
rec crt
crta.
a.
Onmaln g² =
Octarecl
- Icrtnlegc, inlc, oege-
cmasevns.
Onmn ma Kczar.
Å kãiel! Inrta n agvalnpa a n
icrt
icrtén
én sa
safu
fueg
egmn
mn ns ononlm
lmas
as mc
mcmn
mns!
s!
Mnjra n icrtén gc leg`c pngtel`cmc,
mnjra cs cjcs a inla. Aspara saicr.
Inrta n saoe-iïriuln pcrc n aspcæn ma
agtrcm
agtrcmcc mn agv
agvaln
alnpa,
pa, pcr
pcrcc pux
puxcr
cr n
ingveteg`n. [niâ asinl`a c oagscfao
qua pnma sar2
KN]N 3 - Ingveteg`ns pcrc kastcs egkcgtes.
Astc å cpag
cpagcscs uoc sufas
sufastén.
tén. Irea suc oag-
scfao asiravc ao ocgusiretc inoariecl. Gn agva- ELQY]ZCÆÉN :: - Onmaln.
lnpa, ao tcocg`n ocenr a gn ingveta
ao tcocg`n oagnr. [niâ [niâ pnma inpecr
cs latrcs mn clkcjatn mcmn gc culc : a
9. Inla n cmaseveg`n gn ingveta.
Yufast
Yuf astén
én ire
irecte
ctevc
vc - Kcæ
Kcæcc agv
agvaln
alnpas
pas
a icr
icrtña
tñass ao inr
inras
as mek
mekara
aragta
gtas.
s. Kei
Keicc
legmn!
Jnc kastc!
Onmaln g² 1
Octarecl
3 icmargn frcgma pcrc crta
3 knl`c ma pcpal pcrc prasagta
3 pamcæn ma pcpal irapno
3 atequatc jrcgic cutn-inlcgta
Jein ma pagc pcrc Zngma 3,1 nu :.
Onmn ma kczar
Agicpa n icmargn a kcæc uoc
trcbc muplc ao pcpal irapno pcrc c
quegc mn icmargn, inon onstrc c kntn,
nu gn knroctn qua vniâ quesar.
Inpecgmn cs latrcs mn clkcjatn
Zngma, mcmcs gatc culc, asiravc n
tïtuln qua masabcr.
Cque
Cq ue mc
mcon
onss n on
onmal
malnn MAY
MAYAG@
AG@N.
N.
Kcæc c egsireæén masabcmc gc
atequatc. KN]N 9 - [abc qua jalazc ma trcjcl`n.
Onmaln g² ;
Jlnin mainrcmn
Qo jlnin pcrc icrtcs nu
cgntcæñas. Qo icmargn ino jngetc
icpc, tnmc klnremc. Å legmn a kaoe-
gegn gén>
[cons kczar vãrens>
Octarecl
Jlnin mainrcmn nu icmargn.
Atequatc inlnremn nu jrcgic
cutninlcgta.
Jein ma pagc = nu =,1.
Jctno varoal`n
Onmn ma kczar
Ao icliclefr
efrcke
ckecc ocg
ocgusi
usiret
retcc
inoari
ino ariecl
ecl asiasirav
ravcc “IC
“ICZ Z]CY,
MEÃZEN, ICMAZGN‟, nu n sau
gnoa nu cegmc n gnoa mc passnc
c sar prasagtacmc. Ya quesar, inpea
gnssn onmaln nu cs latrcs masta
tepn ma iclefrckec, bã mcmcs ao
culcs cgtarenras.
Tcssa jctno gns lãjens a
jaeba
jae ba la
lavao
vaoagtagtaa c at
atequ
equatc
atc cut
cutn-
n-
inlcgta, lngfa mc asiretc. Inla c
atequatc ngma masabcr.
Ao mctcs inoao inoaonrcte
nrctevcs,
vcs,
cgevarsãrens a Gctcl, tnrgco-sa
prasagta
pras agtass kegns
ke gns a icreg`
ic reg`nsn
nsnss a qua
iartco
iar tcoagt
agtaa eréerénn kcz
kczar
ar sui
suiass
assn,
n,
saopra! KN]N 1 - Qo prasagta pcrc saopra sar laojrcmn.
Onmaln g² 6
Octarecl
Onmn ma kczar