Documentos de Académico
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EUROPREAN UNION
The originality of the European integration process
Our expectations will influence the way we see the EU. What kind of influence it had
on the integration of the EU process.
Sovereignty: linked to the emerge of the modern state. States have territory,
population and government. EN principio states have the legal power to decide their
own foreign policy, agreements, formats de gobierno… there is no power above.
DOS TIPOS DE SOBERNAIA:
De iure: sovereignty en teoria, se entiende como que no hay poder por encima de los
estados, estos pueden hacer lo q quieren, pero ellos dependen de los otros.
De facto: sovereignty en practica. Aunque el estado pueda hacer lo q quiera no esta en
libre, algunas competencias de la soberanía son delegadas a un poder superior para
cumplir algún objetivo, ya se cooperación o algo que el estado por si solo no puede
cumplir.
After WWII: number of states increased a lot, International Organization emerged
promoting peace and crated by states, because of these, the interdependence of
states have increased a lot.
ANTES: Aunque antes de la EU, España por ejemplo, de iure tenía más poder, no cedía
sobrenadad a nadie, no tenía tanto poder ni soberanía de facto, no era tan fuerte: por
ejemplo, hablando de política exterior, España no hubiese hecho mucho por ella sola,
cediendo el exercice of the competences de la soberanía (cedes la soberanía de
algunas competencias).
Ejemplo: UK, será mas fuerte ahora o después…
Ejemplo: vivir en una casa solitaria tiene ventajas, pero a lo mejor vivir en un piso y
compartir gastos, vecinos te da mas seguridad.
CLASSIC DEBATE:
INTERGOVERNMENTALISM: Cooperación: los estados se unen para conseguir un goal
especifico, ellos cooperan para conseguir una política exterior o lo q sea. los estados
pueden vetan any decisión que no quieren aplicar.
SUPRANATIONSLISM: Integration: maybe you must do some rule you do not like
because the decision making is transferred to other areas, in this case, the UE. Decision
is taken by the majority of states.
International organization: a body set up to promote cooperation between or among
states, based on the principles of – cooperacion voluntaria, - intereses communes and
-common management.
Integración process to the UE:
How does it work.
Some institutions get a more intergovernmental approach, some other get
supranational approach. Differential between supranational and intergovernmental:
Estas solo se aplican a las organizaciones internacionales. (las ONG no)
Intergovernmental organization cooperate with each other, they have the right
to veto, they have the same objective. They just cooperate, do not take
soveranity. State have to sign these agreements to be sujetos a ellos.
(completar)
Commissioners: even if they are citizens, they are independent from the government.
Even though the council of European union the decisions are taken by majority.
Government and governance difference: government is more formal and governance
is
UNIT 2: WHAT IS THE EUROPEAN UNION
Approach:
THE EU IS CONSIDERED:
1. An international organization (but today the EU is much more)
2. Regional integration association:
3. Unique
4. Political System In ITS OWN RIGHT
5. HYBRID (A mix of all above)
1/3/2021
Unit 2 (4 EN EL LIBRO)
ORGANIZING POSTWAR EUROPE
La Comisión Europea (CE) oficialmente considera como tales a Konrad Adenauer, Jean
Monnet, Winston Churchill, Robert Schuman, Alcide de Gasperi, Paul-Henri Spaak,
Walter Hallstein y Altiero Spinelli.2
Konrad Adenaue: ue un político alemán, primer canciller de la República Federal de
Alemania. Adenauer lideró a su país desde las ruinas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
hasta convertirse en una nación productiva y próspera que forjó fuertes relaciones con
Francia, Reino Unido y los Estados Unidos. Durante sus años en el poder, Alemania
Occidental consiguió la democracia, estabilidad, respeto internacional y prosperidad
económica
THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
La creation de European Coal and Steal Community was the first step for the European
integration process. After some filatures regarding political and economic cooperation
the 6 that formed part of the ECSC advocated for the creation of a European Defense
community (EDC), that seek for the rearming of west Germany for auto defense, but it
failed.
- Why? Because the cration of the EDC mean the cration of a common army y aun era
demasiado pronto como para dar poder militar a Alemania, aun habia miedo.
- At the same time it was proposed the European political community (EPC) to oversee
the ECSC and the EDC, but also failed in 1994.
- The western union was created in with Italy, Britain and France, para una mutual
assistance agreement was transformed in 1948 into the Western European union en
1954 con la union de almania en esta.
Seeing this failitures, the founding fathers (en ese momento los ministro exteriors de la ECSC)
realized that they needed a more realistic approach for integration, they were being too topic.
Estos se reúnen en la Messina Conference (1955) con la intención de logar una mayor
cooperaciones entre los países.
Decidieron dar un paso más y optar no solo por la cooperación política, sino también
económica, y estos crean The European Communities.
El Tratado de Roma, firmado en 1957 por los países miembros de la CECA. El tratado creó la
European Communites, with 3 organs:
2.The EEC
3.The EURATOM.
GOALS EEC:
-Creating a common and single market (to complete in 12 years) and promote development of
economic activities. HOW:
Institucional sistema: por consenso. El voto mayoritario fue pospuesto hasta 1966. El
paramenteo solo tenia un role de consejero, no tenia poder de enforcement.
The common market was supposed to be achieved by 1970, but actually was achieved on
1968.
Political contexts:
1969: volvieron a pedir y french aceptó. La entrada se aceptó cuando De gualle renunció.
Unitl 1965 decitions were taken by unanilmy but después querían ponerlo por mayoria, eso
haría que Francia perdiera su poder a veto. Así que los representantes franceses no asistían a
las reuniones ni comisiones de la EEC, para que así las decisiones no pudieran ser tomadas.
Esto fue provocado porqué De Gaulle no estaba de acuerdo con el nuevo sistema de votación
de la comisión, quería preservar la unanimidad, no la mayoría.
The Luxembourg Compromise (or "Luxembourg Accord") was an agreement reached in January
1966 to resolve the "Empty Chair Crisis"). It was agreed that the qualified majority (mayoría)
would not be unsed when members felt that “important interests” were taken. Luxemburgo:
por mayoría, pero excepcionalmente, menos en ámbitos concretos,
ECC POLICY AND COMMON MARKET:
To promote the same level of development between regionsn the EMU (economic and
monetary union) was created, to coordinate economic policies to switch into a single currency.
- Also in 1963 the CAP (PAC) Was formed, where the EU’s common agricultural policy
(CAP) is a partnership between agriculture and society, and between Europe and its
farmers. Se llevo mucho del prsupuesto de la UE.
For last, the common market was achieved July 1968 but…
THE 70S:
-The first enlargement was in 1973, Britain, Denmark, Ireland and Norway enter to the EEC,
and the six became the nine.
- (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. + Britain,
Dinamark, Irlenad and Norway)
Greece (who petitioned before but was not accepted because of the military cop) and Spain
(quien vivia una dictadura) petitiones y no fueron admitidos hasta que Franco murió y el
military cop was over en 1974, igual que Portugal . Even so, they becaome officially members
on the 80s.
-(recordation): the European council is composed by the heads of states and government, they
meet to stablish how the European communities should go and follow. They started meeting in
a non-official way on the 70s.
In the 70s, antes de la UEM, hay un plan europeo en el que se propone por primera vez la
creación de la moneda unica, el plan wester. Posteriormente proponen…
1979: The European Monetary System (EMS) was proposed, no created, porque la union
monetaria SOLO se da con el traado de la union europea, el tratado de mastrich.
THE 80S
- Spain and Portugal (Que estaban en una dictadura) se unen ahora, ya que necesitan
tener un sistema democrático para unirse.
- Y Grecee (que pasaba por una crisis anteriormente también).
It was an intense debate about widening and deepening: It was the fear that if the EEC was
bigger, the integration was not going to happen.
The Single European act (1986): (lo mas importante que hizo fue competar el mercado
interior, va antes del tratado de la UE, de Mastrich) was created, but it was not stablished
as a new treaty, it just modifies some aspects of the European Economic Treaty.
1. One of the main goals of this act was the completion of the single market (completer
el mercado común), pero ¿porque sentian que no estaba aun acabado? Esto es debido
a que aun Debian harmonizer todas las políticas, los products requirments, harmonize
the way the Goods are considered in the different countries, so they could be exanged.
2. New policies: Por primera vez el parlmaneto tenia mas poder, con la introduction del
cooperation procedure: if the council want to adopt any legislations, without the
consent of the European parliament, have to be generated by unanimity.
The European commission is the one who propose legislation. At the very beginning
that legislations were passed by the council of ministers. (la commission la proponia y
los ministros la aprobaban o no).
- Now, with this traty the European parliament have more power and can decide over
issues with unanimity.
- With the single European act also new policies were adopted such as Research,
development, environment, common foring policy…
- Subsidiarity principle: the EU just have the power that is explicit on the trearties.
Schengen Agreement (1985): fast-track removal of border controls (not within the EEC). ( it
was an agreement between some european union countries, quierian remove the
borders on 1995, los otros paises de la UE que no se unieron a este tratado no estaban
preparados), ahora los países nuevos q se unan a la UE deben aceptarlo, pero al
principio no.
(pag 91) (no entiendo que diferencia hay entre esto y la UE)
Most people agreed on the benefits of the economic integrations, but one it started to
querear abarcar mas areas como integracion del ciudadno, security policy etc los
paises empezar a presenter quejas. European union was accused of democratic deficit,
creian que la UE actuaba en demasiadas area.
Empezó como una cooperación económica y acabó abarcando más campos, fue
acusado de ser muy poco democrático
Generó debate:
Eurospiticism: es un movimiento político y social que se basa en el rechazo, en mayor
o menor medida, de la Unión Europea por parte de los ciudadanos europeos.
Until 1979, they were not elections of the European parliament, and it didn’t play a
real legislative role or power. After the EU treaty YES.
Democratic deficit: con la entrada en vigor de este tratado, la cooperación era mayor y
el parlmaneto tenia cada vez mas poderes, siendo esta tachada de antidemocrática.
(Ejercicio sobre que países pertenecen a los tratado anteriores)
El país es parte de…
5. European economic área: spain, Austria, Lithuania, Sweden, HUgnria
6. Euro zone: spain, Austria, Lithuania, Ireland, Ireland,
7. Schengen, : spain, Austria, Lithuania, Sweden, schitzlan, HUgnria
8. European unión: spain, Austria, Greece, Lithuania, Sweden, Ireland, HUgnria
9. Efta (pag 83): schitzlan
(si son parte de la EU no son parte de la efta)
Diferencia entre EFTA (european free trade asssociention), 1960 uk lo lanzó como
competencia de la CEE
Schengen ( it was an agreement between some european union countries, quierian
remove the borders on 1995, los otros paises de la ue que no se unieron a este tratado
no estaban preparados), ahora los países nuevos q se unan a la UE deben acpetarlo,
pero al principio no. (pag 91) (no entiendo que diferencia hay entre esto y la UE)
A que tratados pertenecen y no pertenecen los siguientes países:
Austria, Greece, Lithuania, Sweden, schitzlan, Norway, Malta, Iceland, HUgnria,
Denmark, Ireland, Bulgaria, Croatia.
AMEDMENTS TO THE TREATIES:
The treaty of the EU was amendment twice.
Article 2- EU
The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy,
equality, rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to
minorities. These values are common to the Member States (play a very important role),
these are condition to join the EU.
Article 49
Any European State which respects the values referred to in Article 2 and is committed to
promoting them may apply to become a member of the Union.
Y si alguien no los cumple… Article 7 says how to react to the violation of EU values.
Any European State which respects the values referred to in Article 2 and is committed
to promoting them may apply to become a member of the Union.
1- Preventing mesures: comisión avisa al estado, debe aclarar porque no ha
cumplido estos valores.
2- Sanction mechanism: If there is a bridge when there is a bridge to the values,
the council can decide to remove the member rights, including voting rights.
OBJETIVOS:
(These are not the same when they are internal, and when they are actin to the
internation world. For examen the
Saber que países forman parte de…
CUALES FORMAN PARTE DEL UE
CUALES DEL ESPACIO ECONOMICA EUROPEA
12/04/2021
UNIT 8
The legal order of the European Union
THE TREATIES
The main differences between the US and the EU is that the US began with a
constitution and the EU began with a treaty.
EU do not have a constitution, but the treaties of the European Union play a similar
role, they have a very real power. ( Is a process of constitunalization, in which states
had to deal the process of consensus with the EU by a treaty.)
(MIRAR GRABACION)
Hay competencies que se distibuyen between the European Union and the member
states, how do they know the competences and the thing they can or cant do… Como
se distribuyen estas competencias…
1. The conferral principle: la UE solo puede actuar en las zonas que pone los
traties, The treaty of Lisbon insist a lot oni t.
SI una competencia no ha sido trasferida a las UE siguen en manos de los
Member states. La UE NO debe actuar donde los objetivos puedan ser
alcanzados satisfactoriamente por los Estados miembros actuando
individualmente
2. shared competneces: (subisdiary Powers) (la UE tiene que mostar que la accion
es necesaria) las naciones tienen el derecho de revisar las acciones de la UE.
Algunas son: internal market, agriculture, social policy… Los estados pueden
actuar mientras la unión no lo haya hecho.
As the EU has adopted measures regarding the covid crisis, what do you think is the
name of the EU competence allowing it to act? (Exclusive, shared or supportive/
Coordinative):
2. Common health matters is a shared competence, it is not very clear that the EU
have the power to act but it. Requiere que la mayoria de los estados agreed on
the statements.
SECUNDARY SOURCES:
Legislation adopted by the European union institutions to accomplish the functions
that was agreed on the treaties.
- International agreements wich previle over the institutional legislation. The EU
has a role to play in the international arena.
Thus, the founding treaties include the competence of the EU to sign international
agreements:
Association agreements :EEA
Cooperation agreements: Euromediterranean, Former soviet countries
Trade agreements e.g.Canada
- Intitutional Legislation
Legal basis: the articulos of the treaties que da a la EU the competence to act on these
particular fields Institution: quien propone y adopta la legislación
PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN UNION LAW
These principles have evolved from the case law of the EU Court of Justice Direct effect Direct
applicability:
Primacy of EU law:
19/4/2021
(MIRAR PRIMERA MEDIA HORA)
UNIT 6 (NO SE CUAL ES EN EL LIBRO)
HOW AWARE ARE EUROPEAN CITIZENTS OF THEIR RIGHTS?
More than six in ten Europeans are aware of the term “Citizen of the European Union”, and
know what it means (ESO ES LO QUE CREEN)
Por ejmepl: comisión de las regiones es unión europea pero no es una institución.
CLARIFIYING CONCEPTS:
- Democratic deficit: the gap of the power of the EU and the ability of EU citizens
directly to influence the work of those institutions. If people do not know how
European union works, they cannot make comments about it
- Knowledge deficit: the gap between the powers of the EU institutions and the ability
of EU to make informed judgements about the exercise of European integration.
(chapter 17 en el libro)
Elitism: los lideres piensan bueno como la gente no sabe lo que hacer ni se inforan, vamos a
decidir por ellos. Las clases dirigentes tienen el poder.
And there are also differences between the countries: newer member states use to be more
informed than older members)
The public opinion is regultated and assessed by Eurobarometers (cuanto sabe la gente sobre
la UE)
EUROSCEPTICISM:
EUROPEANISM:
The common values shared by the Europeans and the confluence of opinion on some political,
economic and social ideas.
24/4/2021
La profe nos ha mandado un mial con video que debemos mirar-
1- THE EUROPEAN COMISSION
La comisión es un grupo de políticos (hombres y mujeres) who meet every wendesdey
in Brussels. Los llamamos “comissioners” juntos hacen el goberment de europe.
- Their task: to defend the interest of the citizens of the European union, the
interest of the EU as a whole
- They swear to not accept institutions of their own government.
- Formado por gente de todos los países de Europa.
- Each commissioner express an opinion about all subject and contribute to all
decisions.
ROLES:
1- Proponer legislacion al EU legislation (proponen leyes), propuso eliminar el
Roaming de Europa. (aunque no es el único)
4. Meeting are chaired (presididos) by the president of the European Council, who
is selected every 2,5 years.
ROLE:
- Decide sobre la dirección general y las prioridades políticas de la UE, pero no
aprueba leyes.
- Se ocupa de cuestiones complejas o delicadas que no pueden resolverse en
niveles inferiores de cooperación intergubernamental
- Establece la política exterior y de seguridad común de la UE, teniendo en
cuenta los intereses estratégicos de la UE y las implicaciones de defensa.
- Perfilar las funciones a nivel de la UE, como el BCE y la Comisión.
2.2 The Council of the Europan Union:
hace el Consejo?
1. Negocia y adopta la legislación de la UE, junto con el Parlamento Europeo, a
partir de las propuestas de la Comisión Europea.
2. Coordina las políticas de los Estados miembros.
3. Desarrolla la política exterior y de seguridad, siguiendo las directrices del
Consejo Europeo.
4. Celebra acuerdos entre la UE y otros países u organizaciones internacionales.
5. Junto con el Parlamento Europeo, aprueba el presupuesto de la UE.
2.3 DIFERENCIAS:
THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL sets the EU’s political agenda
THE COUNCIL OF THE EU negociates and votes LEGISLATION.
3. Each confederation deals with specific issues. Financial affairs are discussed by
the economic ministers.
4. The council in the EU meets in 10 different confederations. And there is no
hierearchi in council confederations (no hay ninguna por encima de la otra).
However the general and the foreign affair council tienen diferentes and
specific roles defined in the EU treaties.
7. Meetings are chair (presideidos) by the minister of the member states. Menos
el foreign affair council, which is chaired by the high representative of the
union for foreign affair and security policy
11. Meetings are also public when the minister discuss MAJOR ISSUES wich affects
citizents of the EU.
All the EU Member States take turns to hold the Council presidency. The
government of the member states preside el council, uno cada seis meses.
2. In the case of foreign affair is the EU representative for foreign and security
policy who shares meeting. has not a rotatory presidency but a permanent one.
3. Member states holding the presidency work on grupos of 3 called trios. Cada
presidencia coopera y con su predecesor y sucesor ,lo que hace que los
gobiernes cooperen y trabajen juntos mejor .
qué hace:
1. coordina el trabajo del council of ministers , setting the agendas for several
hundred annual meeting of ministers .
2. chairs most meetings of the Council of Ministers and represents the council in
dealing with other European Union institutions.
3. promote cooperation between member states .