Weo`b` 2 Cbsg 8< Mjetgxtubiozbmoýe

Bpjrtg Oe`ovo`ubi

Putjr<
@obeb Vbtromob Hjtnob

Vrgsgetb`j pjr 
Mibu`ob Vbtromob Vuio`j Ebrbelj
Vuio`j Ebrbelj ” Mý`odj 78.030.80>

Drupj< 2686=?Z?6

Weovgrso`b` Ebmojebi Bhogrtb y b @ostbemob ” WEB@

Gsmugib `g Mogemobs B`aoeostrbtovbs, Mjetbhigs y Gmjeýaombs
B`aoeostrbmoýe `g Gaprgsbs
Hjdjtâ, @.M. Jmtuhrg `g 8686
 

Pgjrábs `g Ijmbiozbmoýe
 @gceg mb`b ueb `g ibs sgos (3) ibs tgjrábs `g ijmbiozbmoýe.
O`gecmb mje muâi sgmtjr `g ib gmjejaáb gstâ rgibmojeb`b mb`b tg jráb.  O`gecmb muâigs bmtjrgs `g ijmbiozbmoýe sg agemojebe ge ijs
pjstuib`js `g mb`b tgjráb.
 Gxpiomb ib oapjrtbemob `g mb`b uej `g g sjs bmtjrgs `g ijmbiozbmoýe o`gecmb`js mjaj `gtgraoebetgs `g ib ijmbiozbmoýe `g ibs ueo`b`gs
prj`umvbs ge ueb rgdoýe.

Ejahrg `gi gstu`obetg< Mibu`ob Vbtromob Vuio`j Ebrbelj

]gmtjr gmjeýaomj
Ejahrg `g ib Pgjráb `g Cbmtjrgs `g ijmbiozbmoýe o`getocomb`js ge
@gceomoýe rgibmojeb`j mje ib
ijmbiozbmoýe y butjr ib tgjráb
tgjráb

Pgjráb `gi iudbr mgetrbi `g Vjr iudbr mgetrbi sg getoge`g b ib rgbdrupbmoýe ]gmtjr Gmjeýaomj< Gi gspbmoj mjeso`grb`j gs ueb iibeurb

Tbitgr Mnrostbiigr (j mjemgetrbmoýe) ge ue aosaj iudbr,

bhbstgmgr gstb pjhibmoýe, `ostrohuor gi prj`umtj
Ib lgrbrquáb `g ibs
mou`b`gs
osjtrýpomb (ârgb iibeb, `g cgrtoio`b`
ueocjrag, mje rgpbrtj ueocjrag `g rgmursjs
 pjr tj`j gi tgrrotjroj, ýsgb ue gspbmoj ebturbigs, mje gquovbigetgs pj`grgs
osjtrýpomj ge gsg getjrej. b`quosotovjs y mje ue cuemojebaogetj
gquoiohrb`j `gi trbespjrtg)
Mjeso`grbe`j ibs mje`omojegs `g prj`ummoýe y
`g mjesuaj `g ijs ’`ocgrgetgs‑ hogegs y  Mb`b mou`b` gs mjemgho`b mjaj ue
sgrvomojs, gs mjaj sg mjestruyg ib lgrbrquáb `g iudbr mgetrbi , qug pug`g bhbstgmgr `g
 hogegs y sgrvomojs.  hogegs y sgrvomojs b su getjrej
(jhvoâe`jsg ib cuemoýe oe`ustrobi);
Gi mjemgptj `g lgrbrquáb sg bpiomb sjhrg tj`j  Ibs mou`b`gs sg jrdbeozbe
bi sgmtjr tgrmobroj. @g gstb abegrb, ib tgjráb `g  lgrârquombagetg (ibs
 lgrârquombagetg  (ibs `g eovgi aâs hblj
ijs iudbrgs mgetrbigs sg prgsgetb mjaj ueb togege cuemojegs agejs gspgmobiozb`bs;
tgjráb `g ijmbiozbmoýe `g bmtovo`b`gs tgrmobrobs ibs `g ijs eovgigs aâs bitjs, ibs
ge jpjsomoýe b ibs tgjrábs `g ijmbiozbmoýe cuemojegs `g ijs gsmbijegs oecgrojrgs
oe`ustrobi. aâs ibs prjpobs `g su eovgi lgrârquomj);
 Ijs hogegs y sgrvomojs sg `ostrohuyge
Gapigb `js mjemgptjs cue`bagetbigs< gi `gs`g mb`b mou`b` nbmob ibs `g eovgi
bimbemg cásomj `gi agrmb`j y gi uahrbi `g ib oecgrojr sotub`bs ge su ârgb `g
`gabe`b. Gi proagrj mjesostg ge mubetj gstâ oeciugemob;
`ospugstj gi mjesuao`jr pbrb mjaprbr ue  Gi noetgribe`   j
j ârgb `g oeciugemob `g
oeciugemob `g
 prj`umtj, mje rgibmoýe b ib `ostbemob ge qug sg mb`b mou`b` vogeg `gtgraoeb`j pjr gi

gemugetrb, pjr su pbrtg sg getoge`g pjr uahrbi
`g `gabe`b b ibs vgetbs aáeoabs qug
 pgraotge b ueb gaprgsb pbrb pgrabegmgr
`getrj `g ue egdjmoj,
Ge gstb tgjráb gi pbosblg gmjeýaomj aâs
gcomogetg sg mbrbmtgromg pjrqug gi abyjr
eüagrj `g gaprgsbs sg ijmbiozb ge ue aosaj
mgetrj b coe `g dgegrbr gmjejaábs `g
bdijagrbmoýe y gecrgetbr ijs mjstjs `g
Pgjráb `g ijmbiozbmoýe gspbmobi `g
trbespjrtg. Vjr ij qug ge p proemopoj
roemopoj gi sostgab
Ijsmn Xgoiiy
`g rg`gs `g ngxâdjejs sg mbrbmtgrozb pjr ue
sostgab butjsucomogetg `g ârgbs `g agrmb`j,
mje su prjpoj
ue mgetrj mgetrj,qug
ge mjaüe, qugprj`umg
b`gaâs tj`js
`gpge`ge
ijs `g
 hogegs, `gho`j b ibs vgetblbs `g ibs gmjejaábs
`g bdijagrbmoýe y `g ib `gabe`b ijmbi.
Pgjráb `g ijmbiozbmoýe
Tghgr mjeso`grb qug ijs mjstgs `g prj`ummoýe
oe`ustrobi, `g Bicrg` sje odubigs ge tj`bs pbrtgs, pjr ij qug sýij gs
Tghgr  pjsohig ueb vbrobmoýe `gi prgmoj ueotbroj
ueotbroj
`gho`j b ijs mjstgs `g trbespjrtg.
Mjeso`grb `js topjs `g abtgrobigs `g
 prj`ummoýe< ijs uhomujs,
uhomujs, mjaj gi bdub, ib
brgeb j mubiquogrb qug pug`b gemjetrbrsg ge
mubiquogr pbrtg; y ijs rgmursjs ijmbiozb`js, qug
sýij sg gemugetrbe ge ue `gtgraoeb`j puetj y
sje gsgemobigs pbrb ib gibhjrbmoýe.
Tghgr oetrj`umg mbahojs ge cuemoýe `gi mjstg
`g ib abej `g jhrb y `g ibs gmjejaábs `g
bdijagrbmoýe.
 proemopoj `g agrmb`j.
agrmb`j.
Ib gmjejaáb bhstrbmtb `g Ijsmn, sg
mbrbmtgrozb pjr ueb sgrog `g gaprgsbs qug
 prj`umge ueb vbrog`b` `g hogegs, bsodebe`j
bsodebe`j
]gmtjr Gmjeýaomj sus rgmursjs gspbmobiagetg `g abegrb
Mjagrmobigs y `g gcomogetg, hbsb`js ge ueb gmjejaáb
sgrvomojs mjapgtotovb, bsuaoge`j qug hblj gstbs
mje`omojegs sg prjpomob ue pbtrýe gspbmobi
nbmob gi mubi mjevgrdge ibs gaprgsbs
]gmtjr Gmjeýaomj<
Oe`ustrobi. Mjeso`grb iibb `ostbemob mmj
jaj cbmtjr hâsomj
`g ib ijmbiozbmoýe, pgrj ge gstg mbsj
oetrj`umg mjaj cbmtjr `gmosovj, ej sjij ib
`ostbemob bi agrmb`j, soej tbahoïe bi jrodge
`g ibs abtgrobs proabs.
@b`js ijs puetjs `g mjesuaj y `g
jhtgemoýe `g abtgrobs proabs, sg husmb
gemjetrbr gi puetj ge gi qug sg ijmbiozbrâ ib
ueo`b` `g prj`ummoýe qug aoeoaomg ijs
mjstgs `g trbespjrtg.
Ijs bdgetgs gmjeýaomjs sje prgmojs
bmgptbetgs, ib `ostbemob `gi mjesuao`jr bi
vge`g`jr pjtgemobi oetrj`umg ue rbsdj `g
o`ojsoemrbsob tbi qug rjapg gi supugstj
mjapgtotovj `g njajdgego`b` `gi hoge,

Vibetgb qug ib ijmbiozbmoýe `g ibs ueo`b`gs
 prj`umtovbs gs oe`gpge`ogetg mjeso`grbe`j
mjeso`grbe`j
qug, so ib `gabe`b gs ueocjrag, ib ijmbiozbmoýe
`gi jcgrgetg y ib bmmgsohoio`b` `g ijs
mjesuao`jrgs gs `gtgraoebetg ge ib
Pgjráb `g ib `ostrohumoýe `g ibs vgetbs.
oetgr`gpge`gemob ]g mjeso`grb qug ijs bdgetgs gmjeýaomjs sje
Ijmbmojebi `g Njtgiioed
 prgmojs rgmgptjrgs, ib `ostbemob `gi mjesuao`jr  `ostrohumoýe `g ibs vgetbs.
bi vge`g`jr pjtgemobi oapibetb ue sgahibetg
`g pgrsjebio`b`
mjapgtotovj tbi qug rjapg
`g ueocjrao`b` `gigihoge,
supugstj
pugstj
qug ib `ostbemob bi puetj `g vgetb gs `g pjr sá
ue rbsdj `ostoetovj `gi hoge mjaprb`j.
Pgjráb Aj`gij `g rgetb Ijs bdromuitjrgs sg augvge, getrg jtrbs
rbzjegs, pjr mugstojegs `g rgetbhoio`b`
bdrámjib, `g Ljnbee Sje gmjeýaomb. ]gdüe ïstb, jptbe pjr
Pnùege `gtgraoeb`js usjs `gi sugij. Gsb rgetbhoio`b`
`g ib bmtovo`b` gstâ ge cuemoýe `gi trbespjrtg.
 pugstj qug ib `ostbemob bi puetj `g vgetb gs
`g pjr sá ue rbsdj `ostoetovj `gi hoge
mjaprb`j
]g mjeso`grb qug, so ib `gabe`b gstâ
o`ïetombagetg `ostrohuo`b ge gi gspbmoj, ib
]gmtjr Gmjeýaomj<
ijmbiozbmoýe `gi jcgrgetg y ib bmmgsohoio`b`
Bdrbroj. @ostrohumoýe
`g ijs mjesuao`jrgs gs `gtgraoebetg ge ib
gmjeýaomb gspbmobi
]gmtjr Gmjeýaomj<
Bdrjpgmubroj Pnùege gibhjrý ue aj`gij `g
Ljnbe Sje Pnùege gibhjrý
ijmbiozbmoýe `g ijs sostgabs bdrbrojs y ij
rgmjdoý ge su jhrb Gi
jhrb Gi gstb`j bosib`j (2>83).
bosib`j (2>83).
Gi butjr bebiozý ge giib mýaj sg `ospjege
ijs muitovjs ge tjrej b ijs agrmb`js
urhbejs, bosibe`j ib vbrobhig mjstj `g
trbespjrtg y `glbe`j mjestbetgs ijs `gaâs
cbmtjrgs. Ib tgjráb pbrtg `g ijs soduogetgs
supugstjs<
 Gxostgemob `gi ’gstb`j bosib`j‑
mjestotuo`j pjr ueb sjib mou`b` y su
’noetgribe`‑ bdrámjib.
 Gsg ’gstb`j bosib`j‑ gs ueb iibeurb
osjtrýpomb, gs `gmor, ue ag`oj cásomj
njajdïegj.

Ib Eugvb Dgjdrbcáb gmjeýaomb, jmupb
bmtubiagetg ue iudbr rgigvbetg getrg ibs
mjrrogetgs `g pgesbaogetj ge ibs qug sg
bpjybe ijs beâiosos tgrrotjrobigs. Biduebs `g
ibs o`gbs y proemopojs ge qug sg hbsb grbe yb
auy mjejmo`js pjr dgýdrbcjs y gmjejaostbs
Eugvb dgjdrbcáb `gs`g nbmg biduebs `ïmb`bs, buequg ijs
gmjeýaomb `g Vbui oapuisjrgs `g gstb mjrrogetg prâmtombagetg ijs
odejrbrje. Ib proemopbi bpjrtbmoýe `g ib EDG
Krudabe
rgso`g ge ib pjsomoýe qug sg b`jptb betg ijs
tgabs tgrrotjrobigs, ue oetgetj `g aj`giozbr y
gemblbr ibs oetgrrgibmojegs getrg gmjejaáb y
tgrrotjroj ge gsqugabs tgýromjs soaoibrgs b ijs
qug utoiozb gi Beâiosos Gmjeýaomj.
Hohiojdrbcáb mjesuitb`b<
 Nby ue üeomj sostgab `g trbespjrtg
tgrrgstrg, `je`g ijs mjstgs sje
 prjpjrmojebigs b ib `ostbemob.
  Ijs bdromuitjrgs `g gstg gstb`j sg
`ostrohuyge ge gi gspbmoj `g aj`j
njajdïegj, prbmtombe`j ueb gmjejaáb
mjagrmobi y tjtbiagetg rbmojebi.
Wej `g ijs tgabs mgetrbigs `g ib EDG gs,
mjaj yb sg nb oe`omb`j, gi `g ibs gmjejaábs
`g bdijagrbmoýe.
 Gi gcgmtj `gi agrmb`j prjpoj ge ib
mjemgetrbmoýe/`ospgrsoýe.

Ib mbusbmoýe mormuibr `gi gsqugab
mgetrj-pgrocgrob, bi jpgrbr ibs cugrzbs `g
bdijagrbmoýe y `g `ospgrsoýe,
 proemopbiagetg váb aodrbmojegs.
 Ib bsoagtráb ge`ýdgeb (mube`j ibs
cugrzbs `g bdijagrbmoýe `jaoebe b ibs
`g `ospgrsoýe).
 Ib bdijagrbmoýe mbtbstrýcomb, b pbrtor `g
ib o`gb `g ijs mjstgs "omghgrd" `g
]baugisje y `g ib rgetbhoio`b`
mjestbetg `gi cbmtjr trbhblj.
 Ib supgrpjsomoýe `g gxpgmtbtovbs y sus
gcgmtjs.
 Ib nostïrgsos `g ijmbiozbmoýe.
 Ib bdijagrbmoýe/bmuauibmoýe `g
oedrgsjs j rgetbs ge cuemoýe `g ijs
mjstgs, y `g ijs oapugstjs, mje y soe
ajvoaogetjs `g mbpotbigs j `g
`gsoe`ustrobiozbmoýe ge gi mgetrj.
 

 Mjetrgrbs, L. I. (866=). @gsbrrjiij, dgjdrbcáb gmjeýaomb y rggstrumturbmoýe oe`ustrobi< mjemgptubiozbmoýe y


rgsuitb`js pbrb Baïromb Ibtoeb. Pgrrotjrojs< Xgvostb `g Gstu`ojs Xgdojebigs y Wrhbejs, 26/22, 24”06.
Mjstb, A. P. (2??7), Gmjejaábs gxtgrebs y ijmbiozbmoýe, Gmjejaáb Oe`ustrobi =67.

 Dbrrjmnj X, Mbrijs. (866=) Gmjejaáb, ]jmog`b` y Pgrrotjroj. Sji. OS, E¶ 20. Vâdoebs 86= - 872. Xgmupgrb`j `g<
nttp<//www.rg`biym.jrd/brtomuij.jb:o`122262068
 Dbvorob Xájs, A. B. (8628). Bpuetgs `g gmjejaáb rgdojebi. Xgtrogvg` crja nttp<//www.ghrbry.mja
nttp<//www.ghrbry.mja pp.70-22>.
 Xgmupgrb`j `g< nttps<//ghjjkmgetrbi-prjqugst
nttps<//ghjjkmgetrbi-prjqugst mja.hohiojtgmbvortu
mja.hohiojtgmbvortubi.ueb`.g`u.mj/i
bi.ueb`.g`u.mj/ioh/ueb`sp/rgb`gr.bmtoje
oh/ueb`sp/rgb`gr.bmtoje:
:
`jmO@1=2????2&p
`jmO@1=2? ???2&ppd12
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