THKEAMK <44

BMKVTGVM JKFJYJFXGA FH VTGDGOM KXNHTM YHJKVJFMR

EXJMK FMR NJA YHJKVJFMR (44-4<44)
NXKJBJ\GAJFGF FH RGAGNG, DGOG YHTG\G_.
Hk ha nukjbjpjm fh Rgagnç, Dgog Yhrgpgz ha trhjktg (2<) fh fjbjhndrh fha g÷m fms nja vhjktjukm (4<47), KMRMVTMR?
\mr
\mr uk
ukg
g pg
pgrth, xxxxxx, fh bugrhktg y bjkbm (88) g÷ms fh hfgf, bgsgfm, eugthngathbm, Ajbhkbjgfm hk Bjhkbjgs
rth,
Ourîfjbgs y Rmbjgahs, fh hsth fmnjbjajm, qujhk sh jfhktjijbg bmk Fmbunhktm \hrsmkga fh Jfhktjijbgbjòk -F\J- bmk Bòfjem
ßkjbm fh Jfhktjijbgbjòk ‒BXJ- kÿnhrm uk nja kmvhbjhktms fms hspgbjm shthktg y uk nja mb`mbjhktms bugrhktg y ukm
hspgbjm nja qujkjhktms ukm (7:<4 57067 78<7) hxthkfjfm pmr ha Thejstrm Kgbjmkga fh ags \hrsmkgs fha nukjbjpjm fh
Rgagnç, fha Fhpgrtgnhktm fh Dgog Yhrgpgz, hk nj bgajfgf fh GABGAFH NXKJBJ\GANXKJBJ\GA FH AG NXKJBJ\GAJFGF
NXKJBJ\GAJFGF FH
RGAGNG, DGOG YHTG\
RGAGNG, YHTG\G_, G_, jkstjtubjòk quh sh hkbuhktrg rhejstrgfg hk ag Bmktrgamrîg Ehkhrga fh Buhktgs bmk
kÿnhrm fh Buhktgfgkbjg V2-44-7, bgajfgf quh gbrhfjtm pmr nhfjm fha Gbuhrfm fh Gfoufjbgbjòk Kÿnhrm? mkbh eujmk
bhrm sjhth eujmk fms nja fjhbjkuhvh (77-<5-4<7:) y Gbtg fh Vmng fh \mshsjòk kÿnhrm bhrm shjs eujmk fms nja vhjkth
(<9-4<4<) fha ajdrm fh Gbtgs fh Rhsjmkhs mrfjkgrjgs y hxtrgmrfjkgrjgs kunhrm trhjktg y bjkbm (28) fha Bmkbhom
Nukjbjpga fh ag Nukjbjpgajfgf fh Rgagnç, Dgog Yhrgpgz, g qujhk hk am subhsjvm fha prhshkth bmktrgtm sh fhkmnjkgrç
ÿkjbgnhkth HA BMKVTGVGKVH3 sh÷gag auegr pgrg rhbjdjr kmtjijbgbjmkhs sh÷gag auegr pgrg rhbjdjr kmtjijbgbjmkhs m
bjtgbjmkhs, ag qujktg (8ª.) bgaah, sjhth eujmk shshktg ukm (5-97) fh ag zmkg ukm (7) fh hstg bjufgf y pmr ag mtrg pgrth
xxxxxxxx fh vhjkth (4<) g÷ms fh hfgf, smathrg, eugthngathbg, hstufjgkth, bmk fmnjbjajm hk Rgagnç, Dgog Yhrgpgz, sh
jfhktjijbg bmk Fmbunhktm \hrsmkga fh Jfhktjijbgbjòk bmk Bòfjem ßkjbm fh Jfhktjijbgbjòk Kÿnhrm txxxxxxxxx, nja
qujkjhktms ukm (<<<< <<<<< 78<7), hxthkfjfm pmr ha Thejstrm Kgbjmkga fh ags \hrsmkgs fh Rgagnç fha Fhpgrtgnhktm
fh Dgog Yhrgpgz, sh÷gam auegr pgrg rhbjdjr bjtgbjmkhs m kmtjijbgbjmkhs, Dgrrjm ha Bgavgrjm, Rgagnç, D.Y. Rgagnç, Dgog
Yhrgpgz
Yhrgp gz y g qujhk hk am subhs
subhsjvm
jvm fh hsth bmktrgt
bmktrgtm
m sh ah fhkmnjkgrç
fhkmnjkgrç bmnm HA BMKVTGVGFM. Ams bmnpgrhbjhkths
ngkjihstgnms quh kms hkbmktrgnms hk ha ajdrh hohrbjbjm fh kuhstrms fhrhb`ms bjvjahs y shr fh ags ehkhrgahs gkths
jkfjbgfgs, y fh ag bgajfgf bmk quh sh gbtÿg hs suijbjhkth fh bmkimrnjfgf bmk ag ahy pgrg ag bhahdrgbjòk fha prhshkth,
BMKVTGVM
BMKV TGVM JKFJY
JKFJYJFXG
JFXGA A FH VTGDGOM
VTGDGOM \GTG\GTG \HTRMKG
\HTRMKGA A VHN\
VHN\MTG A, fh bmkimr
MTGA, bmkimrnjf
njfgf
gf bmk ags sjeujh
sjeujhkth
kthss
baçusuags? \TJNHTG? DGRH A HEGA? Ha prhshkth
AHEGA prhshkth Bmktrgtm sh susbr
susbrjdh
jdh bmk iukfgnhktm
iukfgnhktm hk am quh pgrg ha hihbt
hihbtm
m
fhthrnjkgk ams grtîbuams? bjhktm sjhth (7<5) y bjhktm mb`m (7<0) fh ag Bmkstjtubjòk \maîtjbg fh ag Thpÿdajbg fh
Eugthngag, Grtîbuam bjkbuhktg y trhs (82) y mb`hktg (0<) fha Fhbrhtm fmbh eujmk fms nja fms (74-4<<4) fha Bmkerhsm
fh ag Thpÿdajbg fh Eugthngag3 Bòfjem Nukjbjpga, Fhbrhtm ukm eujòk mb`hktg y sjhth (7-05) fha Bmkerhsm fh ag
Thpÿdajbg fh Eugthngag, Ahy fh Rhrvjbjm Nukjbjpga y fhnçs kmrngtjvg jk`hrhkth. RHE RHEXKFG
XKFG,, \AG_M
\AG_M FHA
BMKVTGVM? ag rhagbjòk agdmrga jkjbjg ha ukm (7) fh hkhrm ga trhjktg y ukm (27) fh fjbjhndrh fha g÷m fms nja vhjktjfòs
(4<44), dgom ha hkthkfjfm quh ha bmktrgtm thrnjkg gutmnçtjbgnhkth sjk khbhsjfgf fh bmnukjbgbjòk gaeukg hktrh ags
pgrths bmk ha vhkbjnjhktm fha pagzm bmktrgbtuga hstgdahbjfm hk ag prhshkth baçusuag. VHTBHTG, MDOHVM FHA
BMKVTGVM
BMKV TGVM?? HA BMKVTGV
BMKVTGVGFM GFM sh bmnprmnhth
bmnprmnhth g prhstgr ams RHT RHTYJBJ
YJBJMR
MR BMNM xxxxxx
xxxxxx xxxxx
xxxxxx, x, pgrg am buga
fhdhrç
fhd hrç bunpa
bunpajrjr bmk ags iukbjm
iukbjmkhs
khs sjeujhkt
sjeujhkths?
hs? 7. Thg
Thgajz
ajzgr
gr hstufjm
hstufjmss fh rut rutgs
gs gathrk
gathrkgs
gs y rutrutgs
gs prjkbjpga
prjkbjpgahs
hs fh
trgksjtgdjajfgf. 7.7 Thgajzgr hstufjms f fh
h ags bgaahs y gvhkjfgs quh buhktgk bmk dgkquhtgs pgr pgrgg igbjajtgr ha trçksjtm
trçksjtm fh
phgtmk
phg tmkhs.
hs. 7.4 Thgajz
Thgajzgr
gr hstu
hstufjm
fjmss h jki
jkimrn
mrnhs
hs fh ams pgr
pgrquh
quhmsms y thrnjk
thrnjkgah
gahss hxjst
hxjsthkt
hkths
hs hk ha nukjbj
nukjbjpjm
pjm y sus
jnpajbgbjmkh
jnpajbgbjmkhss hk ha bmkehstj
bmkehstjmkgnj
mkgnjhktm
hktm fh ag bjufgf.
bjufgf. 7.2 Thgajzg
Thgajzgrr hstufjms fh ag udjbgbjòk fh ams shnçimrms y su
hihbtjvjfgf hk ha bmktrma fha trçijbm. 7.6 Hk dgsh g ams hstufjms fjsh÷gs hstrgthejgs y pr prmyhbtms
myhbtms bmkouktgnhkth bmk ha
phrsmkga fh MV y Bgtgstrm, quh bmktrjduygk g fjsnjkujr ha trçijbm y amergr ag sh sheurjfgf
eurjfgf vjga hk ha nukjbjpjm. 4. Vhkhr
fjspmkjdjajfg
fjspm kjdjajfgf
f pgrg sjtugbjmkhs
sjtugbjmkhs fh hn hnhrehk
hrehkbjg
bjg nukjb
nukjbjpga
jpga y fhpgrt
fhpgrtgnhkt
gnhktga,
ga, hk gprhstm
gprhstm ga aagngfm.
aagngfm. 2. ThgajzThgajzgr
gr ag
hvgaugbjòk trjnhstrga fh fhshnph÷m ouktgnhkth
ouktgnhkth bmk ha Fjrhbt
Fjrhbtmr
mr fh ag \NV, fha phrsmkga g su bgrem. 6. Bunpajr bmk
tmfm am hstjpuagfm
hstjpuagfm hk ha Theagnhkt
Theagnhktm m y Ahyhs. 8. Fhshnph÷gr
Fhshnph÷gr bug bugaqujhr
aqujhr iukbjòk
iukbjòk quh ah shg gsjekgfg
gsjekgfg pmr su ohi ohih
h
suphrjmr. BXGTVG, XDJBGBJÒK FH VTGDGOM? Ams shrvjbjms shrçk prhstgfms hk ag Nukjbjpgajfgf fh Rgagnç,
Dgog Yhrgpgz y hk ams auegrhs quh ah shgk gsjekgfms pmr ha ohih jknhfjgtm. WXJKVG, OMTKGFG FH VTGDGOM? Ag
omrkgfg mrfjkgrjg fh trgdgom shrç fh 0 `mrgs
`m rgs `çdjahs fjgrjgs, su `mrgrjm shrç nmfjijbgfm sgavm hk bgsms hk quh rhgajbh
gbtjvjfgfhs prmpjgs fha shrvjbjm quh prhsth iuhrg fh ag Jkstjtubjòk3 tmngkfm hk buhktg, sj iuhrg khbhsgrjm pmr ags
bgrgbthrîstjbgs fh sus shrvjbjms, fhdhrç prhstgr bmagdmrgbjòk hk `mrgrjm iuhrg fh am hstgdahbjfm. RHPVG, YGAMT
FHA BMKVTGVM Z IMTNG FH \GEM? AG NXKJBJ\GAJFGF FH RGAGNG DGOG YHTG\G_ bmkvjhkh hk pgegr ga
BMKVTG
BMK VTGVGF
VGFM,M, pmr ams shrvjb
shrvjbjms
jms quh prhprhsth
sth,, ag bgk
bgktjf gf fh VTHJKVG
tjfgf VTHJKVG Z MB@M
MB@M NJA WXJKJHK
WXJKJHKVMR
VMR YHJKVH
WXHV_GAHR (W.20,84<.<<) hk pgems fh VTHR NJA FMRBJHKVMR FMRBJHKVMR FJH_ WXHV_GAHR (W.2,47<.<<) NHKRXGA, quh
shrçk fhpmsjtgfms g Ru Buhktg fh Fhpòsjtms Nmkhtgrjms hk Dgkbm fh Fhsgrrmaam Turga (DGKTXTGA) ha uatjnm fîg fh
bgfg nhs, m pmr ha nhfjm quh ag Fjrhbbjòk fh Gfnjkjstrgbjòk Ijkgkbjhrg Nukjbjpga bmksjfhrh bmkvhkjhkth. \grtjfg
\rhsup
\rh supuhs
uhstgrjg 77777777777777777777777777777777777. RH\VJNG? VHTNJKGBJÒK FHA BMKVTGVM? ‑AG
tgrjg
NXKJBJ\
NXK JBJ\GAJF
GAJFGFGF FH RGAG
RGAGNGNG DGOG YHT YHTG\G
G\G_„,_„, sjk rhspmksgdjajfgf fh su pgrth, pmfrç fgr pmr thrnjkgfm
ukjagthrganhkth ha prhshkth bmktrgtm, pmr bugaqujhrg fh ags bgusgs sjeujhkths? G) Hk bgsm fh hvjfhkth kheajehkbjg fh
HA BMKVTGVGFM, hk ag prh prhstg
stgbjòk
bjòk fh ams shrvjb
shrvjbjms
jms bmktrg
bmktrgtgf
tgfms
ms m khe
khegtj
gtjvg
vg jkiukf
jkiukfgfg
gfg fh bunpajr
bunpajr bmk sus
mdajegbjmkhs bmktrgbtugahs3 D) \mr vhkbjnjhktm fh pagzm3 B) \mr
rhsbjsjòk gbmrfgfg nutugnhkth hktrh ags pgrths m pmr mburrhkbjg fh bgsm imrtujtm m iuhrzg ngymr u mtrg bgusg km
jnputgdah g HA BMKVTGVGFM 3 F) \mr jksuijbjhkbjg prhsupuhstgrjg3 H) Hk bgsm imrtujtm m iuhrzg ngymr quh jnpjfjhrh
g bugaqujhrg fh ags pgrths bunpajr bmk sus mdajegbjmkhs, sh bmkvjhkh hk fgr gvjsm pmr hsbrjtm g ag mtrg pgrth rhsphbtm
g tga jnpmsjdjajfgf tgk prmktm sh thkeg kmtjbjg fh ag bgusg, hk buym bgsm kjkeukg fh ags pgrths jkburrg hk
rhspmksgdjajfgf fh jkbunpajnjhktm fha prhshkth bmktrgtm. MBVGYG? BMKVTMYHTRJGR? Vmfg bmktrmvhrsjg rhagtjvg ga
bunpajnjhktm, jkthrprhtgbjòk, gpajbgbjòk y hihbtm fh hsth Bmktrgtm sh smavhktgrç fh bmkimrnjfgf bmk ag kmrngtjvg
jk`hrhkth
jk`hrh gpajbgdah. KMYHKG? GBH\VGBJ
kth gpajbgdah. GBH\VGBJÒK ÒK FHA BMKVTGVM? Hk ams têrn têrnjkms
jkms y bmkfjbjmkhs hstjp uagfms,, HA
hstjpuagfms
BMKVTGVGKVH Z HA BMKVTGVGFM prhvjg ahbturg fha prhshkth bmktrgtm y hkthrgfms fh su bmkthkjfm, mdohtm,
vgajfhz y fhnçs hihbtms ahegahs, am rgtjijbgnms, gbhptgnms y ijrngnms hk ukg (7) `mog fh pgpha nhndrhtgfm
nhndrhtgfm fh ag
NXKJBJ\GAJFGF FH RGAGNG, DGOG YHTG\G_,YHTG\G_ , ags bugahs hstçk jnprhsgs ÿkjbgnhkth hk su gkvhrsm.- -

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