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ǼĚ ĚİĪĠĒĮĔĠÎÌ ĖĘ ĪĘĬĨÍÌĬĚĒĠĦĠĖĚĖ ĨĘÌĚĦ ĖĘ ĦĚĬ ĨĘĪĬÍÌĚĬ Ř

ĤĮĪĢĖĠĔĚĬ K ĦÍĬ IÍĖĘĦÍĬ ĖĘ ĨĪĘJĘÌĔĠÎÌ ĖĘĦ ĖĘĦĠİÍM Ń


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K ĖĘĦ ĨĪĠÌĔĠĨĠÍ ĖĘ ĔĮĦĨĚĒĠĦĠĖĚĖ ĨĘÌĚĦ

Ą ĈĎÃ À DǼĈĎ CĀÐǼĈ Ċ ĈDĐĈÀ DDÂDĈ

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ŐN CĚİĮĪĚĦĘĶĚ K ĖĠĬĔĮĬĠÎÌ ĚĔİĮĚĦN
ØN BÍĖĘĦÍĬ ĖĘ ĠIĨĮİĚĔĠÎÌ ĖĘ ĪĘĬĨÍÌĬĚĒĠĦĠĖĚĖ ĨĘÌĚĦ Ě ĘÌİĘĬ ĔÍĦĘĔİĠJÍĬN
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ĨÍĪ ĘĦ ĞĘĔĞÍ ĨĪÍĨĠÍ ĖĘ ĦĚ ĘIĨĪĘĬĚM ĬĨĘĔİÍĬ ĨĪÍĒĦĘIËİĠĔÍĬN


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mqa d]j ]`klp]`k ah ik`ahk `ah _kilhe]j_a ^e~joa]jej_hqe`]ou`a^e`]iajpa`aheiep]`]o,

0., EdZ <^i)

0/, ISBJGAF* F]jo, ~<dbea^VcXZ bZY^VciZ aV ejc^W^a^YVY YZ VhdX^VX^dcZh9 ) Cj8KZk^hiV IZgjVcV YZ <^ZcX^Vh IZcVaZh' LÖ
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020 Hko~ A]nhko ?jcqhk N k n pk _ ] n n a n k


Akj naola_pk ] h] j]pqn]hav] fq nÄ` e_]  `a h] r]he`]_eÇj `a hko lnkcn]i]o `a _qi lhei eajpk :
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`a^]pa `k_pnej]nek8 e' Akik _en_qjop]j_e] ]pa+ `ah Cop]`k `ajpnk `ah lnk_aok `a nacqh]_eÇj
jq]jpa aj ah ]j}heoeo `a _qhl]^ehe`]`9 ee' _kik `ah iqj`kailnao]ne]h,Cjao]hÄja]*aolkoe^ha
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]jpefqne`e_e`]`03, jerahao`apa_jebg]_eÇju`ao]nnkhhkajah}i^epk
`a knc]jev]_eÇj ailnao]ne]h u* ok^na pk`k* aj
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lhe_]jqj_kjfqjpk`aYZWZgZhYZVXijVX^vcmqa okiapanoa ] nach]o `apaniej]`]o `a i]jan]
peajaj ah `a^an`a nabhaf]n h] `a^e`] `ehecaj_e] ] qpk _ki lk oeper] 8 aop]iko d]^h]j`k* lqao*
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02, EdZ)<^i)

03, R]h_ki koan}k ^ fa pk`a`ao]nnkhhkaj ah_]lÄpqhkoecqeajpa* d]^naiko`anabanenjko] hko i k`ahko`alnaraj_eÇj


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: = O H < : M N L  /11

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_Çik ao mqa ah haceoh]`kn bej]hi ajpa oa a_dÇ h]ieoi]*`aik`kp]hmqajkoacajanaj_kjbhe_+
P a r eo p]  a ` ep] ` ]  l k n  ] hq i j k o  ` a  h] D ] _ q hp] `  ` a  B a na _ d k  ` a  h] S j er a no e` ] `  ` a  J ei ]

d]_e] ]pn}o _kj h] j]pqn]hav] `a h] naolkjo]^e+ pkoajh]hq_d]_kjpn]bajÇiajko`ahe_perkomqa


he`]` `a h]o lanokj]ofqnÄ`e_]o mqabej]hiajpa `ai]j`]j aola_e]h _qe`]`k u `ajk`]`ko ao+
bqalh]oi]`kajh]Jau1.202*oeilhaiajpa`a+ bqanvko*ajahi]n_kjkni]perk`ahko_kjrajeko
cdbTgTrgTvdTd gZhedchVW^a^YVYVYb^c^higVi^kV a Td ejpanj]_ekj]hao ]oqie`ko lkn ah Cop]`k*u mqa
_q]h*jkk^op]jpa*reaja]oanqjoeilha`eobn]v] ^qo_]jaop]^ha_anl]qp]o`a]__eÇj_h]n]o_kjpn]
h]ran`]`an]j]pqn]hav]mqaateopa`apn}o`ah]o ah h]r]`k `a ]_perko k _kjpn] hko `ahepko `a _k+
lnareoekjao hac]hao na_kce`]o lkn`e_dk`eolk+ nnql_eÇj*okhklkniaj_ekj]n]hcqjkoafailhko,
: = O H < : M N L  /11

03. Hko~ A]n h ko ?jcqh k Nk n p k _ ] n n a n k

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