Compendiode Class Notes L5

COMPENDIO DE
CLASS NOTES
APUNTES DEL
L E N G UA J E C L AV E D E
CADA UNIDAD:
• Diálogos en contexto
• Ta b l a s d e r e f e r e n c i a
5
Level
5
USE YOUR
VOICE
eClass / Level 5
Copyright eClass Ltda., 2018

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Primera edición 2018, Santiago de Chile

Impreso en Chile por Gràfhika Copy Center Ltda.
Imágenes / Fotografías de Portada: Shutterstock
Imágenes / Fotografías interiores: Shutterstock
Tipografías: My Fonts, Font Awesome ©Dave Gandy
Este libro fue desarrollado por el equipo eClass:
- Desarrollo de contenido: Polly Gant, Elizabeth Martin, Thea Jasper
- Edición de contenido: Polly Gant
- Diseño gráfico: Carla Chapiro, Carla Gutiérrez
- Con la ayuda de: María Inés Prado, Macarena Schmitt
ÍNDICE
07 Unidad 1 - Class Notes
59 Banco de frases
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NOTES
6 /
Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 1 / Class Summary
MY LUCKY DAY
Mi Día de Suerte
 While I was walking to the metro yesterday,  So, I decided to buy breakfast at my favorite coffee
I looked down and I saw ten dollars on the street. shop. I have loved that place since I started my job
near here six months ago. I hadn’t had a muffin for
 Remember months before that day, so I decided to buy myself
 Use the past continuous for ongoing past actions. a big muffin for breakfast.
 Use the past simple for actions that interupt the  since + specific time
continuous action.
 for + time periods
 I had already drunk my coffee before I started

 However, when I went to pay, the waiter said,
walking, but I hadn’t eaten anything yet.
“Your muffin is free because you have been a loyal
customer for six months!” What a lucky day!
 Use already for completed actions.
 Use the present perfect for actions that start
 Use yet for actions that aren’t completed,
in the past and continue to the present.
but soon will be.
 Use the past perfect to talk about an action that

occurred before another past action.
 Mientras estaba caminando al metro ayer, miré hacia abajo y ví diez dólares en la calle. / Yo ya me había tomado
mi café antes de empezar a caminar, pero no había comido nada aún. / Entonces decidí comprar desayuno en mi
café favorito. / Me ha encantado ese lugar desde que empecé mi trabajo cerca de aquí hace 6 meses. No me había
comido un muffin en meses antes de ese día, así es que decidí comprarme un muffin grande para el desayuno. / Sin
embargo cuando fui a pagar, el mesero dijo, ¡“Su muffin es gratis porque has sido un cliente fiel por 6 meses!” ¡Ese es
un día de suerte!
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MOVIE REVIEW
Crítica de Cine
Have you seen the new Superman movie yet? Yeah, I’ve just finished reading a
review about it and the critics only
gave it 3 stars.
Yes, I’ve already seen it. I saw it last night.
Well, it’s not going to win an

How was it?
award, but it was a fun action
movie. You’ll like it!
It was pretty good actually. I had read some
pretty bad reviews before I saw it, but I was
pleasantly surprised.
 ¿Has visto la nueva película de súperman ya? / Sí, ya le he visto. La vi anoche. / ¿Cómo estuvo? / En realidad
estuvo muy bien. Había leído unas críticas muy malas antes de verla pero estuve gratamente sorprendido. / Sí,
acabo de terminar de leer una crítica y los críticos sólo le dieron 3 estrellas. / Bueno, no va a ganar un premio, pero
fue una película de acción entretenida. ¡Te va a gustar!
8 /
Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 1 / Key Tables
Present Perfect and Past Simple Use LANGUAGE BUILDER
Present Perfect Past Simple
Use the present Use the present perfect Use the present perfect Use the past simple for
perfect for past events at to talk about unfinished when the time period is completed actions and for
unspecified times. actions that started in the not finished and we don’t actions at specific times.
past and continue now. know what more might
happen today, this week,
this month, or this year.
I’ve been to London four I’ve lived here for three He’s had three cups I traveled to Germany in
times. (We don’t know years. (I still live here.) of coffee today. (Maybe June because I worked
when I went.) he will have more.) with clients there.
Past Simple: Regular and Irregular Verbs LANGUAGE BUILDER
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
 I watched. He worked. She ate. We spoke.
 I didn’t watch. He didn’t work. She didn’t eat. We didn’t speak.
 Did I watch? Did he work? Did you eat? Did you speak?
Yes, I did. Yes he did. Yes, she did. Yes, we did.
No, I didn’t. No, he didn’t. No, she didn’t. No, we didn’t.
 Remember
 To form the negative and questions, use didn’t or did + the base form of the verb: I didn’t work. I didn’t worked.
Did you work? Did you worked?
 The past simple forms of to be are was and were: Was the food good? Were the children happy?
Telling a Story LANGUAGE BUILDER
Past Continuous Past Simple
Use to describe a background action that was in Use to describe the main action of the story.
progress at the time of the main action.
lightning  lights out 
 
raining reading
It was raining when the lightning started. When the lights went out, I was reading my book.
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Time Expressions LANGUAGE BUILDER
Already Yet Just Recently
A completed task Not completed Seconds ago Recent past
I’ve already seen that I haven’t seen it yet. He’s just walked by; Recently he’s worked
movie. Have you seen it yet? 10 seconds ago. at the other office.
For Since
Duration of activity for a period of time. Duration of activity since a specific time.
I’ve only been a fan for a few months. I’ve only watched baseball since April.
 Remember
 Use already in affirmative sentences. Use yet in negative sentences and questions.
 Already and just go between the parts of the present perfect verb: He’s already eaten lunch. They’ve just arrived.
 Yet goes at the end of the negative sentence or question: They haven’t eaten yet. Has she gone yet?
 Recently can go at the beginning or the end of a sentence: Recently, he’s driven a lot for work. He’s driven
a lot for work recently.
Past Perfect LANGUAGE BUILDER
Use the past perfect to talk about event that occured in the past before a certain time or before another event.
Form = had + past participle
 By the time he was 6, he had written several songs. Wrote songs 6th birthday
 
 He hadn’t started school before he turned 5. Not start school Turned 5
 
 Remember
 Phrases like by the time and before are commonly used with past perfect.
 The past perfect can go in the first half of the sentence or it can go in the second half: I hadn’t eaten before
I arrived. By the time I arrived, I hadn’t eaten.
10 /
Used To and Would LANGUAGE BUILDER
Used To Would
Use to describe past states and habits. Use to describe past habits. Do not use to describe
past states.
 I used to be timid. A year ago, I would eat fast food everyday.
 They didn’t use to play video games. A year ago, she wouldn’t go to the gym.
 Did you use to go to the beach on vacation? Would they eat fast food?
Yes, I did. Yes, they would.
No, they wouldn’t.
 Remember
 Verbs that are commonly used to express states include love, hate, like, be, live.
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NOTES
12 /
MY FAMILY
Mi Familia
 This is a picture of me and my family. If I hadn’t

done online dating, I wouldn’t have met Jared,
my husband.
 Remember
 Use the 3rd conditional for past hypothetical
situations that can’t be changed.
 If + subject + past perfect, subject + would +

have + past participle
 We have two beautiful children. Supposing I had

more time, I would have more children.
 Use the 2nd conditional for present hypothetical

situations that could possibly happen.
 If + subject + past simple, subject + would +

present simple
 I have a very demanding job. Unless I got a new

job, I wouldn’t be able to manage a third child.
 Unless = ‘if not’
 Esta es una foto de mi familia y yo. Si no hubiese hecho citas online no habría conocido a mi marido Jared. /
Tenemos dos lindos niños. Si tuviera más tiempo, hubiese tenido más niños. / Tengo un trabajo muy demandante. A
no ser que yo tuviera un nuevo trabajo, no sería capaz de manejar un tercer hijo.
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HIS WEEKEND
Su Fin de Semana
How was your weekend?
It was pretty boring. Megan was sick.
That’s too bad. What would you

have done if she hadn’t been sick?
We had great plans! We would have gone to

the beach. Her family is there for the week
and we wanted to visit on the weekend.
What if you could take a few vacation

days this week, would you go to the beach?
Honestly, I wouldn’t. I’m saving my

vacation days for our trip to Europe.
 ¿Cómo estuvo tu fin de semana? / Estuvo bastante aburrido. Megan estaba enferma. / Eso esta muy mal. ¿Qué
habrías hecho si ella no hubiese estado enferma? / ¡Teníamos planes geniales! Habríamos ido a la playa. Su familia
está allá por esta semana y queríamos visitarlos el fin de semana. / ¿Y si pudieras tomarte unos pocos días de
vacaciones esta semana, irías a la playa? / Honestamente, no. Estoy guardando mis días de vacaciones para
nuestro viaje a Europa.
14 /
Formal and Informal Alternatives to If PHRASES AND CONVERSATIONS
Formal Phrases
Were they to offer me a Should they call you Had we offered you the But for her help, I
job, what would the start back, you’d need to job, what would you wouldn’t have gotten
date be? come in. have done? the job.
Informal Phrases
What if I have Suppose you got Supposing I get a Imagine you have a
vacation planned? the job? call back? disagreement with me.
Alternatives to If PHRASES AND CONVERSATIONS
As Long As, Provided / Providing
These phrases are interchangeable with if.
As long as you work hard, you will Provided you work hard, you will Providing you work hard, you will
get a good job. get a good job. get a good job.
Unless and Otherwise In Case
= ‘if not’. Otherwise comes after the condition. = ‘if this situation occurs’
Unless you work hard, you won’t You need to work hard. Otherwise, Take your portfolio in case they
get a good job. you won’t get a good job. want to see it.
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Second Conditional vs. Third Conditional LANGUAGE BUILDER
Second Conditional Third Conditional
Hypothetical situations about the present Hypothetical situations about the past
if + subject + past simple + subject + would + verb if + subject + past perfect + subject + would +
present perfect
If I had more time, I would play soccer with my friends. If I had had more time, I would have finished
high school.
If I had more time in general, I’d see my girlfriend more. I would have taken your grandmother out on more
dates if I’d had time.
If you didn’t work so late, you wouldn’t be so tired. If you hadn’t worked so late last night, you wouldn’t
have been so tired in the morning.
 Remember
 The form is the same for all persons: If I had more time, I would play; If he had more time, he would play, etc.
 I’d = I would; he’d = he would; they’d = they would, etc.
 The if clause can start the conditional, or it can go in the second half of the sentence: If she’d had more time,
she would have gone on vacation. She would have gone on vacation if she’d had more time.
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HURRICANE BETHANY
Huracán Bethany
 The Caribbean islands were hit by hurricane  Fortunately, the islands had been prepared, as
Bethany last night. A lot of damage was done. residents had received notice of the hurricane
days before it arrived.
 Remember
 The hurricane is expected to hit Mexico
 Use the passive voice when emphasizing the action. tomorrow afternoon.
 Passive form = correct form of to be + past participle
 Passive past perfect = had been + past participle
 Passive past simple = was/were + past participle
 Passive present simple = is/am/are + past participle
 Past participles can be regular or irregular.
 Many suspect that electricity and water will be
 Wind speed was being measured at 180 km/hr cut for a few days and that people are going to
by local residents. be left without cell or internet service.
 Including the person or thing doing the  Use the passive with will for predictions and be
action (subject) is often optional in passive going to for plans or more certain future.
voice sentences.
 Use by to introduce the subject of the action.
 Las islas del Caribe fueron golpeadas por el huracán Bethany anoche. Mucho daño fue producido. / La velocidad del
viento estaba siendo medida 180 kms/h por residentes locales. / Afortunadamente las islas habían sido preparadas,
ya que los residentes habían sido avisado días antes de la llegada del huracán. / Se espera que el huracán golpee
México mañana en la tarde. / Muchos sospechan que la electricidad y el agua serán cortados por algunos días y
que la gente será dejada sin servicio de teléfono celular e internet.
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A FOREST FIRE
Un Incendio Forestal
Did you hear the news? The forest Many people were being interviewed by police
fire was started by some campers. to try and figure out who these campers are.
Really? I imagine the campers will be found.
I guess a match was left by the campers. I don’t think so… It’s more likely that the
The match hadn’t been put out entirely, so campers aren’t going to be discovered
when it was thrown on the ground, the trees because there is no video footage of them
caught fire. anywhere! The police don’t know who
they are looking for.
Gosh, that’s such a shame!
 ¿Escuchaste las noticias? El incendio forestal fue iniciado por unos campistas. / ¿En serio? / Creo que un fósforo
fue dejado por los campistas. El fósforo no había sido apagado completamente, entonces cuando fue arrojado al
suelo, los árboles se incendiaron. / Imagino que los campistas serán encontrados. / No creo… ¡Es más probable
que los campistas no sean descubiertos porque no hay grabación en video de ellos en ninguna parte! ¡La policía
no sabe a quiénes están buscando!
18 /
Passive Voice LANGUAGE BUILDER
Passive Voice = Object + To Be + Past Participle Active Voice
Present Simple
Object + is/are/am + past participle The company is considered the I consider the company the best
best place to work. place to work.
Present Continuous
Object + is/are/am being + Classes are being offered He is offering classes at lunchtime.
past participle at lunchtime.
Past Simple
Object + was/were + past participle The first soccer league was England created the first
created in England. soccer league.
Present Perfect
Object + has been/have been + The Superbowl has been The USA has held the Superbowl
past participle held every year since 1967. every year since 1967.
Past Continuous
Object + was being/were being + Google was being developed Larry Page and Sergey Brian
past participle under a different name. were developing Google under a
different name.
Present Perfect
Object + had been + past participle Company-wide layoffs had been They had considered company-
considered a possibility. wide layoffs a possibility.
Will
Object + will be + past participle Maybe construction workers will Maybe robots will replace
be replaced by robots. construction workers.
Be Going To
Object + is/are/am going to be + It’s likely that our electricity It’s likely that renewable sources
past participle is going to be supplied by are going to supply our electricity.
renewable sources.
 Remember
 The active voice emphasizes the person who does the action or the subject of the sentence. The passive
voice emphasizes the action rather than who performs it.
 If the person or subject is unknown, not very important, or the action is more important, then we use
the passive voice. In passive sentences we use the word by to show who does the action.
 The passive voice is more common in formal and academic writing.
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NOTES
20 /
GETTING FEEDBACK
Recibir Feedback
 My professor told me that I had to rewrite my paper.
 Remember
 Tell + person: He told that he was hungry.
 Reported speech goes back one tense from the

direct speech. Direct speech = present simple,
reported speech = past simple
 He said “It’s well-written, but it doesn’t answer

the question I gave you. You have to rewrite it.”
 Say + a sentence: He said me he was hungry.
PERFORMANCE REVIEW
Evaluación de Desempeño
"I am very pleased with your work! You have

surpassed my expectations!”
 My boss called me and said, “Could we have your

professional review now?” I was surprised, but I
told him it was fine to have it then.
 Remember
 Time phrases change from direct to reported:
now - then
 He told me that he has been very pleased with

my work.
 He said that I had surpassed his expectations.
 Mi profesor me dijo que tengo que reescribir mi trabajo de nuevo. / Él dijo “Está bien escrito pero no responde
la pregunta que te hice. Tienes que reescribirlo.”
 “¡Estoy muy complacido con tu trabajo! ¡Has superado mis expectativas!” / Mi jefe me llamó y dijo, “¿podríamos
hacer tu evaluación profesional ahora?” Yo estaba sorprendido pero le dije que estaba bien hacerla entonces. /
Me dijo que él había estado muy complacido con mi trabajo. Él dijo que yo había superado sus expectativas.
/ 21
FLIGHT ANNOUNCEMENT
Anuncio de Vuelo
“Unfortunately our departure time has been

delayed a bit."
What did she say?
She said that our departure time

had been delayed.
“We are waiting for the Captain to arrive.”
I didn’t hear her…
She told us that they were waiting for

the Captain to arrive.
“If any of you are concerned about making your

connection, you should come to talk to me here.”
Huh?
She said that if any of us were concerned

about making our connection, we should go
talk to her there.
 “Desafortunadamente nuestra hora de salida ha sido retrasada un poco.” / ¿Qué dijo? / Dijo que nuestra hora
de salida había sido retrasada. / “Estamos esperando que llegue el capitán.” / No la escuché… / Nos dijo que
ellos estaban esperando que llegara el capitán. / “Si alguno de ustedes está preocupado por su conexión, debe venir
a hablar conmigo aquí.” / ¿Ah? / Ella dijo que si alguno de nosotros estábamos preocupados por nuestra conexión,
deberíamos ir a hablar con ella allá.
22 /
Say vs. Tell LANGUAGE BUILDER
Tell Say
Tell + a person Tell us everything! Say + a sentence He called me and said

that he wanted to talk.
Tell + object pronoun I told her she is nice. Say + subject pronoun I said she is nice.
 Remember
 Never say + person: He say me he loves me. He said that he loves me. He said, “I love you.” He told me
he loves me.
 Sometimes say has a person. Don’t confuse it with tell + a person. Say uses subject pronouns to talk
about people. Tell uses object pronouns.
Direct and Reported Speech LANGUAGE BUILDER
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Use direct speech when someone is talking directly Use reported speech when you retell information.
to someone else.
Present Simple I have to stay at work. Past Simple I told John that I had to
stay at work.
Present Continuous I’m cooking dinner. Past Continuous He said that he was
cooking dinner.
Present Perfect I’ve planned a surprise. Past Perfect He told me that he had
planned a surprise.
Past Simple We were a bit sick. Past Perfect I said that we had been
a bit sick.
Will I will call you. Would He said that he would

call me.
Can/Could/Should/ She can come home at 8. Could/Should/ I said that she could come
Might/Ought to Might/Ought to home at 8.
When something I like playing tennis. Just the subject and She said that she likes
stays true in the object pronouns playing tennis.
past and in the change.
present, the verb
tense doesn't hange.
/ 23
Changes with Direct and Reported Speech LANGUAGE BUILDER
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Pronouns “When do you think you will get married?” Grandma asked me when we thought we
Grandma asked. would get married.
“When are you going home?” Jill asked Jill asked her when she was going home.
Marian.
Possessive “You should call your sister,” my mom told me. My mom told me that I should call my sister.
Adjectives “We need to sell our car,” Tom and Alice said. Tom and Alice said they needed to sell their car.
Time Phrases “The invitations were sent today,” I said. I told him the invitations were sent that day.
“We can have the party here,” Alex told me. Alex told me that we could have the
“The party is tomorrow,” said Matt. party there.
Matt said that the party was the next day.
 Remember
 The changes in time phrases, pronouns and possessive adjectives depend on the context. Think carefully
about: a) who is speaking b) about whom.
24 /
MESSAGING AND DRIVING

Chatear y Conducir
 Unfortunately, I crashed my car last night. I should  I wish I hadn’t written a message at that moment.
have driven more carefully. I shouldn’t have had Now my car is ruined!
my phone out while I was driving.
 Wish + past perfect
 Remember
 I wish, he/she wishes
 Use should to express regret.
 Should have/shouldn’t have + past participle  If only I hadn’t been so impatient. If only I had
waited until I got home to send that message.
 If only is used for stronger regrets than wish.
 If only + past perfect
 Desafortunadamente choqué mi auto anoche. Debería haber conducido más cuidadosamente. No debería haber
tenido mi teléfono afuera mientras estaba manejando. / Ojalá no hubiese escrito un mensaje en ese momento.
¡Ahora mi auto está arruinado! / Si solo no hubiese sido tan impaciente. Si solo hubiese esperado hasta llegar
a casa para enviar ese mensaje.
/ 25
FOOD POISONING
Intoxicación por Alimento
Are you okay?
Oh gosh, I shouldn’t have had sushi

for lunch.
Why? Are you sick?
I think I got food poisoning. I bought sushi

from a street vendor. I ought to have gone
to my normal place, but I was in a hurry.
I bet you wish you hadn’t done that! Sushi

from the street is never a good idea!
You’re telling me! Oh… my stomach hurts!

If only I hadn’t eaten it!
 ¿Estás bien? / Oh, no debería haber almorzado sushi. / ¿Por qué? ¿Estás enfermo? / Creo que me intoxiqué. Compré
sushi a un vendedor de la calle. Debería haber ido a mi lugar habitual, pero estaba apurado. / ¡Apuesto que desearías
no haber hecho eso! ¡Sushi de la calle nunca es una buena idea! / ¡Me lo vas a decir a mí! ¡Oh, me duele el estómago!
¡Si sólo no lo hubiese comido!
26 /
Expressing Past Wishes and Regret LANGUAGE BUILDER
Wish If Only
Use the verb wish to express regret. Use the phrase if only to express a very strong regret.
Subject + wish + subject + past perfect If only + subject + past perfect
 I wish I had gotten more qualifications. If only I had taken my dad's advice.
She wishes she had gone to university. If only she had studied more.
 I wish I hadn’t started working. If only she hadn’t started working.

She wishes she hadn’t focused on the short-term. If only I hadn’t given up my studies.
 Remember
 I/you/we/they = wish; He/she = wishes
Expressing Regret with Should and Ought To LANGUAGE BUILDER
Should Ought To
Subject + should have + past participle Subject + ought to have + past participle
 She should have gone to university. I ought to have taken my dad’s advice.
 She shouldn’t have started working. She oughtn’t to have started working.
 Should she have gone to university?
 Remember
 Should and ought to are the same for all persons: I should, she should, etc; We ought to, he ought to, etc.
 Contractions: shouldn’t = should not; oughtn’t = ought not
 You can’t ask a questions using ought to: Ought she to have started working?
 Shouldn’t have is more common than oughtn’t to have.
/ 27
NOTES
28 /
MY JOB INTERVIEW
Mi Entrevista de Trabajo
 I had applied to this company numerous times  In fact, the hiring manager even said, “We have
before they finally decided to give me an interview. realized that experience isn’t everything. Talent,
passion, and hard work are qualities we also value.”
 Remember
 Use say when including direct speech within
 Use the past perfect for an action that happened
quotation marks.
before another past action.
 Use the past perfect for the first past action and  He then continued to say, “We had the perfect
the past simple for the second past action. position for you last year. If only we had
interviewed you!”
 During my interview I asked them why they hadn’t
 If only = a very strong regret
contacted me sooner. They said that I didn’t have
enough experience.  If only + past perfect
 Say + a sentence
 I told them that while I wished they had contacted
me last year, I was happy to be there then, and
 I asked them why they had decided to contact me now
fortunately for me, they offered me the job!
and they told me that they realized they should have
interviewed me regardless of my lack of experience.
 Tell + a person
 Use should + present perfect for regrets
 Había postulado a esta empresa varias veces antes de que finalmente decidieran hacerme una entrevista. / Durante
mi entrevista les pregunté por qué no me habían contacta antes. Ellos dijeron que yo no tenía la suficiente experiencia /
Les pregunté por qué habían decidido contactarme ahora y me dijeron que se dieron cuenta de que deberían haberme
entrevistado a pesar de mi falta de experiencia. / De hecho, el gerente de contrataciones incluso dijo “nos hemos dado
cuenta de que la experiencia no lo es todo. / Talento, pasión y trabajo duro son características que también valoramos.” /
Luego continuó y dijo, “teníamos el puesto perfecto para ti el año pasado. ¡Si solo te hubiésemos entrevistado!” / ¡Les
dije que aunque hubiese deseado que me contactaran el año pasado, estaba feliz de estar ahí en ese momento, y
afortunadamente para mí, ¡me ofrecieron el trabajo!
/ 29
REVIEWING A PRESENTATION
Revisando una Presentación
Tell me what happened during yesterday’s meeting!
Jim was so angry with Kevin.
Why?
Jim told Kevin that he was tired of doing all

the work. He said, “You’re a lazy manager
who does nothing!”
Oh I wish I had been there to see it!
Then Kevin said that Jim hadn’t done anything

worthwhile for the company in years. They were
screaming for at least ten minutes!
Wow! Gosh I can’t believe I missed this! I shouldn’t

have scheduled a conference call at that time.
It got really intense. Someone had called security,

but by the time they arrived, Kevin had already left.
 ¡Cuéntame lo que pasó durante la reunión de ayer! / Jim estaba tan enojado con Kevin. / ¿Por qué? / Jim le dijo a Kevin que
estaba cansado de hacer todo el trabajo. El dijo, “¡Tú eres un jefe flojo que no hace nada!” / ¡Oh, ojalá hubiese estado ahí para
verlo! / Luego Kevin dijo que Jim no ha hecho nada que valga la pena por la compañía en años. ¡Estuvieron gritando por al menos
diez minutos! / ¡Wow! ¡No puedo creer que me perdiera esto! No debería haber agendado una conferencia telefónica en ese
momento. / Se puso súper intenso. Alguien había llamado a seguridad, pero cuando llegaron, Kevin ya se había ido.
30 /
Expressing Past Wishes and Regret LANGUAGE BUILDER
Wish If Only
Use the verb wish to express regret. Use the phrase if only to express a very strong regret.
Subject + wish + subject + past perfect If only + subject + past perfect
 I wish I had gotten more qualifications. If only I had taken my dad's advice.
She wishes she had gone to university. If only she had studied more.
 I wish I hadn’t started working. If only she hadn’t started working.

She wishes she hadn’t focused on the short-term. If only I hadn’t given up my studies.
 Remember
 I/you/we/they = wish; He/she = wishes
Expressing Regret with Should and Ought To LANGUAGE BUILDER
Should Ought To
Subject + should have + past participle Subject + ought to have + past participle
 She should have gone to university. I ought to have taken my dad’s advice.
 She shouldn’t have started working. She oughtn’t to have started working.
 Should she have gone to university?
 Remember
 Should and ought to are the same for all persons: I should, she should, etc; We ought to, he ought to, etc.
 Contractions: shouldn’t = should not; oughtn’t = ought not
 You can’t ask a questions using ought to: Ought she to have started working?
 Shouldn’t have is more common than oughtn’t to have.
/ 31
NOTES
32 /
AIRPORT PROBLEMS
Problemas en el Aeropuerto
 John and Sandra had been waiting at the airport

for 2 hours before someone finally helped them.
Their bags had gotten lost and they needed to
file a complaint.
 Remember
 When talking about past actions, use the past
perfect or the past perfect continuous to talk
about the first past action and the past simple
to talk about the second past action.
 The past perfect and past perfect continuous

can often be used interchangeably.
 Use the past perfect continuous when you want

to emphasize the duration of time an activity lasted.
A STRESSFUL JOB
Un Trabajo Estresante
 Colin recently retired, but he had worked in

airport security since he was 20 years old.
Before he finally stopped work, he’d been feeling
tired for years. Now, he’s feeling much happier
and more relaxed.
 Use since to talk about specific points of time:

He had worked in airport security since he was 20.
 Use for to talk about duration: They’d been

waiting for 2 hours.
 John y Sandra habían estado esperando en el aeropuerto por 2 horas antes de que alguien finalmente los ayudara.
Sus bolsos se habían perdido y ellos necesitaban poner un reclamo.
 Colin se jubiló recientemente, pero él había trabajado en la seguridad del aeropuerto desde que tenía 20 años. Antes
de que finalmente dejó de trabajar, se había estado sintiendo cansado por años. Ahora, él está mucho más feliz
y más relajado.
/ 33
KRAMER LAW FIRM

Firma de Abogados Kramer
What do you know about Kramer Law firm?
It’s a good place. I’d actually considered a

job there before I graduated from university.
Why didn’t you apply?
To be honest, I’d been traveling around

South America after I graduated for a while
and even though I knew I needed a job when
I got back, I just wasn’t ready to apply.
How long had you been traveling

for in South America?
For four months. It was awesome.
Have you been back since then?
No, I haven’t been back since I was 24 years

old. I’d love to go back some day. Anyway,
I’d recommend Kramer Law. Are you
thinking of applying?
 ¿Qué sabes acerca de la firma de abogados Kramer? / Es un buen lugar. Yo en realidad había considerado
trabajar ahí antes de graduarme de la universidad. / ¿Por qué no postulaste? / Para ser honesto, había estado
viajando por Sudamérica por un tiempo después de que me gradué y aún cuando sabía que necesitaba un
trabajo cuando regresara, simplemente no estaba listo para postular. / ¿Cuánto tiempo estuviste viajando por
Sudamérica? / Por cuatro meses. Fue increíble. / ¿Has vuelto desde entonces? / No, no he vuelto desde que tenía
24 años. Me encantaría volver algún día. En todo caso, recomiendo la Firma de Abogados Kramer. ¿Estás
pensando en postular?
34 /
For vs. Since ATTENTION!
For Since
Use for with periods of time. Use since with specific points of time.
Use for to talk about the duration of time you have Use since to refer to when you started
done something. doing something.
I’d been living in Liverpool for 3 months before I I’ve worked here since June.
moved to London.
for 6 days since Monday
for 5 years since 2013
for 2 hours since 1:50 p.m.
for 10 minutes since the morning
for decades
Past Perfect Continuous LANGUAGE BUILDER
Use the past perfect continuous to talk about an activity that was in progress over a period of time in the past,
up to a specific point in the past.
Jake had been waiting for almost an hour when the bus finally arrived.
(activity in progress) (period of time) (specific time in the past)
  
had been + verb -ing hadn’t been + verb -ing had + subject + been + verb -ing
Jake had been waiting for the bus We hadn’t been driving for very Had they been talking for a while
for almost an hour. long when we got a flat tire. when you arrived?
 Remember
 The first past action uses the past perfect continuous.
 The second past action uses the past simple.
 The form is the same for all persons: She had been working, they had been working, etc.
 hadn’t = had not
/ 35
Past Perfect vs. Past Perfect Continuous LANGUAGE BUILDER
Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

Use the past perfect to emphasize that an action Use the past perfect continuous to emphasize
is completed. the duration of a past activity.
had + past participle had been + verb -ing
I hadn’t driven very far, so my husband picked me up. I hadn’t been driving for more than 2 minutes when
I got a flat tire.
 Remember
 Many times either the past perfect or the past perfect continuous can be used: I’d worked there for
2 years when the new boss started. I’d been working there for 2 years when the new boss started.
 I’d = I had; you’d = you had; he’d = he had; she’d = she had; we’d = we had; they’d = they had
36 /
MY GOAL IS TO HAVE FUN

Mi Meta es Divertirme
 I signed up for a cooking class this month. My

goal is to do something different each month.
Last month I took a rock climbing class. Next
month I hope to try karate.
 Remember
 Use these phrases to express a wish to change
your current situation.
 Use phrases like my goal is to...; the aim is to...;

I hope to...; I plan to...; etc. to express future
plans and intentions.
 It’s been fun, but I wish I had a girlfriend to join

me at these classes. I mean, I meet nice people,
but I wish I was dating someone who wanted to
go to these classes with me.
 Use I wish + past simple to express hypothetical

situations in the present.
 My family is always telling me that I need to

meet someone and settle down. It’s annoying
to hear all the time. If only they would mind their
own business.
 Use if only to emphasize stronger wishes.
 Use I wish or If only with would/wouldn’t to

describe a situation you find frustrating or
annoying and would like to change.
 Me inscribí en una clase de cocina este mes. Mi meta es hacer algo diferente cada mes. El mes pasado tomé una
clase de escalada. / El próximo mes espero probar el karate. Ha sido entretenido, pero desearía tener una novia para
que me acompañe en estas clases. O sea, conozco a gente agradable pero desearía estar saliendo con alguien que
quisiera ir a estas clases conmigo. / Mi familia siempre me está diciendo que necesito conocer a alguien y sentar
cabeza. Es desagradable oír eso siempre. Si sólo se interesaran en sus propios asuntos.
/ 37
YELLOW FEVER OUTBREAK

Brote de Fiebre Amarilla
Did you see the news about the yellow That’s a smart idea. But, what should the
fever outbreak? government do about its own citizens?
How should they protect them?
Yeah, I did... it’s just terrible. If only

there was a way to limit people’s I think they hope to provide free vaccines,
exposure to mosquitoes. mosquito netting, and mosquito spray to
people living in affected areas.
Well, I wish people would take more

precautions! I mean, tourists who travel That’s good. Though, I wish they had more
to countries with yellow fever outbreaks foresight. Why didn’t they think of that before?
should get the vaccine.
Who knows?
I completely agree. I know the government’s
plan is to require vaccination cards for
tourists who enter the country.
 ¿Viste las noticias sobre el brote de fiebre amarilla? / Sí, las ví…es simplemente terrible. Si sólo hubiese
una manera de limitar la exposición de la gente a los mosquitos. / Bueno, ¡desearía que la gente tomara más
precauciones! O sea, los turistas que viajan a países que tienen brotes de fiebre amarilla deberían vacunarse. /
Estoy completamente de acuerdo. Sé que el plan del gobierno es pedir tarjetas de vacunación a los turistas que
ingresan al país. / Esa es una buena idea. ¿Pero qué debería hacer el gobierno acerca de sus propios
ciudadanos? ¿Cómo debería protegerlos? / Creo que esperan proveer vacunas gratuitas, redes de mosquitos y
repelentes de mosquitos a las personas que viven en las áreas afectadas. / Eso está bien. En todo caso, desearía
que fuesen capaces de prever. ¿Por qué no pensaron en eso antes? / Quién sabe.
38 /
Wishes about Present Situations LANGUAGE BUILDER
I Wish If Only I Wish / If Only + Would
I wish + subject + past simple verb If only + subject + past simple verb I wish/If only + subject + would +
base form verb
I wish I could spend more time If only we had more time! Then, I wish he would trust me.
with my family. we could finish the presentation. If only they wouldn’t play their
He wishes he didn’t have to go to If only I didn’t have so many music so loudly!
so many meetings. useless meetings!
 Remember
 Use these phrases to express a wish to change your current situation.
 Use I wish to express hypothetical situations in the present. I wish, you wish, he/she wishes, etc.
 Use if only to emphasize stronger wishes.
 Use I wish or If only with would/wouldn’t to describe a situation you find frustrating or annoying
and would like to change.
 We use the past simple with wish because there is no subjunctive tense in English, like there is in Spanish.
For example, in English we say, I wish I had more time, but in Spanish you can use the subjunctive tense
and say, ¡si solo tuviera más tiempo!
Wishes with Was and Were LANGUAGE BUILDER
You can use was or were with wish and if only. The meaning is very similar.
Was Were
Was is used more often in conversational English. Were is more correct and is used in formal writing.
I wish I was taller. = I wish I were thinner. If only she was nicer. = If only she were nicer.
 Remember
 Use was or were with I/he/she/it.
 Use only were with you/we/they: If only you was happier. If only you were happier.
/ 39
Hopes and Plans LANGUAGE BUILDER
verb + infinitive verb noun + to be + infinitive verb
We plan to buy a house at the end of this year. The goal is to earn more money.
We hope to save enough to buy a car. Our aim is to save money.
I aim to improve my performance at work. My target is to improve my English.
I’m going to study in New Zealand next year. The plan is to stay for 3 months.
 Remember
 Use these phrases to express future plans and intentions.
40 /
SPACE
Espacio Exterior
 NASA will be sending a space shuttle to the moon  Fortunately, there is going to be a solar eclipse
soon. No one has set foot on the moon since in July, and I’ll be living in Chile then. I’ll have
1972, which means a lot might have changed just relocated to the north of Chile for a research
by now. position in the Atacama desert.
 Remember  I’m probably not going to be able to see it from

there. Scientists say that people in certain parts
 Use the future continuous to talk about a of Chile and Argentina are going to be able to see
temporary activity that will be in progress at a it, but not everyone.
certain time in the future.
 Use be going to for predictions made
 Use the future perfect to say what we believe
with evidence.
is sure to have happened by now or in the past.
 Maybe I’ll ask my boss if we can travel as a team

 I’ll probably watch the spaceship take off, but I’m
for research purposes to see the eclipse.
not going to see it land on the moon. I’m traveling
to New York on business on the same day as the
scheduled moon landing. I’m so disappointed!
 Use will to make a prediction and use be going

to for future plans that were decided in the past.
 Use the present continuous for future arrangements.
 La NASA estará enviando un transbordador espacial a la luna pronto. Nadie ha puesto un pie en la luna desde
1972, lo que significa que mucho puede haber cambiado. / Yo probablemente veré a la nave despegar pero no
voy a verla aterrizar en la luna. / Viajo a Nueva York por negocios el mismo día del programado alunizaje. ¡Estoy
tan desilusionado! / Afortunadamente, va a haber un eclipse solar en julio y estaré viviendo en Chile en ese entonces.
Me habré recién mudado al norte de Chile para ocupar un puesto de investigación en el desierto de Atacama. /
Probablemente no voy a poder verlo desde allí. Los científicos dicen que la gente en ciertos lugares de Chile y
Argentina van a poder verlo, pero no todos. / Quizás le preguntaré a mi jefe si podemos viajar como equipo a ver el
eclipse con propósitos investigativos.
/ 41
A BIKE ACCIDENT
Un Accidente en Bicicleta
Ouch!
Oh no! Here, I’ll help you!
Thanks! Geeze I can’t believe I fell off my bike!
You look pretty cut up. Shall I take

you to the hospital?
No, no, no, that won’t be necessary.
Your cuts aren’t going to heal on their own.

I really think you should go to the doctor’s.
Oh, don’t worry. I’ll be fine!
At the very least, you shouldn’t ride your

bike for a while. I’ll call you a taxi.
Thanks. Honestly, I’m sure that by Monday

I’ll have healed completely, and I’ll be doing
great. In fact, I’ll probably be riding my
bike to work again!
Well, I certainly hope so, but please take care!
 ¡Áuch! / ¡Oh no! ¡Yo te ayudaré! / ¡Gracias! ¡Dios, no puedo creer que me cayera de mi bicicleta! / Te ves bastante
cortada. ¿Te llevo a un hospital? / No, no, no, eso no será necesario. / Tus cortes no van a sanar solos. Realmente
creo que deberías ir al doctor. / Oh, no te preocupes. ¡Estaré bien! / Por lo menos, no deberías andar en tu
bicicleta por un tiempo. Te llamaré un taxi. / Gracias. De verdad, estoy segura de que para el lunes ya habré
sanado completamente y estaré bien. ¡De hecho probablemente voy a estar yendo en bicicleta al trabajo de
nuevo! / Bueno, en serio espero que así sea, pero por favor ¡cuídate!
42 /
Future Tenses LANGUAGE BUILDER
Predictions Predictions with Evidence Promises Offers
will + simple verb be going to + simple verb will + simple verb will/shall + simple verb
Next year will be tough. Based on figures, next year I’ll talk to you soon. I’ll help you!
I probably won’t have is going to be tough. I won’t tell anyone! Shall I choose any
a job. I saw the other team. It’s vineyard or do you have
not going to be an easy win. a favorite?
Decisions Made at the Plans Decided on
Requests Arrangements
Moment of Speaking in the Past
will + simple verb will + simple verb be going to + simple verb present continuous
Will you buy a me a good (The phone is ringing) I’ll Do you have new clients In fact, I’m traveling next
bottle of Malbec wine? get it! you’re going to visit? week to Buenos Aires.
Will you tell Susan I’d like “I need some help.” “I’ll She isn’t going to attend We’re meeting Carlos
to speak with her? do it!” the event tonight. later today.
 Remember
 When making a prediction, will and be going to are often interchangeable.
 Shall is often used in formal questions.
Future Perfect LANGUAGE BUILDER
Use the future perfect to say/predict that something Use the future perfect to say what we believe is sure
will be completed at or before a specific moment to have happened by now or in the past.
in the future.
I’ll have gone skydiving by the time I’m 20. He will have finished his homework by now.
  
will + have + past participle won’t + have + past participle What + will + subject + have +
past participle
I will have gone skydiving. He won’t have gotten married What will you have done by the
by then. time you’re 20?
 Remember
 The form is the same for all persons: I will have arrived, he will have arrived, they will have arrived, etc.
 We often use time expressions: by the time, by the end, before, in x years’ time, until.
 We can also use the modals may, might, and should instead of will: Oh you never know… you might have
found the right girl by the time you’re 40.
/ 43
Future Continuous LANGUAGE BUILDER
Use the future continuous to talk about an activity that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.
My family and I will be moving next weekend.
  
will + be + verbing won’t + be + verbing (Question word) + will + subject +
be + verbing
I’ll be shopping tomorrow He won’t be working this Friday. Will you be going to John’s house
afternoon. for dinner?
We can also use may/might/should/be going to instead of will:
I may be working at 9 p.m. He might be meeting a We should be discussing He is going to be

friend near his office. our progress as usual. traveling at that time.
 Remember
 The form is the same for all persons: I will be working, he will be eating, they will be arriving, etc.
 We usually don’t use stative verbs (be, know, love, like, etc.) in the future continuous.
 The future continuous is commonly used for future arrangements: I’ll be working with John tomorrow.
 We also use it for things that happen as part of a routine: I’ll be having lunch with my father on Sunday as usual.
Future Simple vs. Future Continuous LANGUAGE BUILDER
Future Simple Future Continuous
will + base verb will + be + verb -ing
Use the future simple to describe general Use the future continuous to focus on ongoing
future actions. actions in the future.
In the future simple, a specific time is used to show In the future continuous, a specific time interrupts
the time an action will begin or end. the ongoing, continuous action.
Tomorrow I will give a presentation at 10 a.m. I’ll be giving my presentation tomorrow at 10:30 a.m.
(My presentation starts at 10 a.m.) (I’ll be in the middle of my presentation at 10:30 a.m.
because it started at 10 a.m.)
44 /
SPRING CLEANING
Limpieza de Primavera
 There is so much in my house that needs cleaning.

This weekend I should organize my garage and try
planting some flowers in my yard.
 Remember
 There are three alternatives to use when talking
about needs: thing + need + verb-ing; subject +
need to/should + verb; try + verb-ing
 The last time I did a deep clean in my house

must’ve been 9 months ago. Oh wait, no... I can’t
have done it then because I was traveling for work
9 months ago!
 Wow... could it really have been nearly a year

ago since I cleaned out the house and garage?
 Use must when speculating about something and

you’re very certain it’s true.
 Use can’t or mustn’t when you’re 100% certain

about something negative.
 Use could or might when speculating about

something and you’re 50% certain it’s true.
 Hay tanto en mi casa que necesita limpieza. Este fin de semana debería organizar mi garaje y tratar de plantar
algunas plantas en mi jardín. / La última vez que hice una limpieza profunda en mi casa debe de haber sido hace
9 meses. Oh no espera… ¡no puedo haberla hecho entonces porque estaba viajando por trabajo hace nueve meses! /
Wow… ¿puede realmente haber sido casi hace un año que limpié la casa y el garaje?
/ 45
CONCERNED COWORKERS
Trabajadores Preocupados
Hey, could Kyle have been sick today? That would be wonderful.
He didn’t seem like himself today.
Try calling Sharon first. I know her

Yeah, I agree. He might have felt children do a lot of babysitting.
tired... with a new baby, he probably
isn’t getting much sleep.
Also, I know their house needs
cleaning. I’ll call John and Mark to see
He mentioned his son was sick, so he if they’ll help us clean.
can’t have gotten much sleep.
Good idea.
We should help him and his wife out.
Could you get one of the teens from your
neighborhood to babysit for them?
 Oye, ¿puede que Kyle haya estado enfermo hoy? No parecía él mismo hoy día. / Sí, estoy de acuerdo. Puede que
se haya sentido cansado… con un bebé recién nacido, probablemente no duerme mucho. / Mencionó que su hijo
estaba enfermo, así es que no puede haber dormido mucho. / Deberíamos ayudarlo a él y a su esposa. ¿Podrías
conseguir que uno de los jóvenes adolescentes de tu barrio cuide a su bebé? / Eso sería fantástico. / Intenta
llamar a Sharon primero. Sé que sus hijos trabajan mucho como babysitters. / También, se que su casa necesita
que la limpien. Llamaré a John y a Mark para ver si ellos nos ayudarían a limpiar. / Buena idea.
46 /
Modals of Deduction LANGUAGE BUILDER
Use modal + have + past participle to speculate about the past.
100% Certain 50% Certain
 She must’ve turned off her phone. She might’ve gotten stuck in traffic.
She could’ve gone to a different cafe.
 She can’t have forgotten! She might not have set her alarm.
Asking about the Past
 Could she have forgotten the meeting?

Might she have gone to a different cafe?
 Remember
 Must’ve = must have, might’ve = might have, could’ve = could have, should’ve = should have
 Do not use can have: She can have forgotten the meeting. She could’ve forgotten the meeting.
 Only use can in the negative when you are very sure about something: She can’t have gone to a different
cafe; I sent her the address last night.
Describing Needs ATTENTION!
To talk about things that you need to do or should do, you can use the following three forms:
Person + Need to / Should + Thing(s) + Need + Verb-ing Try + Verb-ing + Thing(s)

Verb + Thing(s)
I need to paint the house. The house needs painting. Try painting the house, it might look better!
He should fix the window. The windows need fixing. It’s cold in here. Try fixing the window.
/ 47
Phrases for Solving Problems PHRASES AND CONVERSATIONS
Asking For Help Offering Help Asking About a Problem
Could you get someone to take I’ll ask Andy to check it out. What sort of problem are
a look at it? I’ll call the help desk for you. you having?
Could you send a technician? I can do that for you now. What seems to be the problem?
Can you check if it’s correct? Could you explain the problem in
more detail, please?
Explaining a Problem Offering Solutions Accepting Help
I’m having a problem with You need to restart it. That sounds great.
my computer. You should call the technical That would be wonderful.
There seems to be a problem support area. That’s great, thanks.
with my bill. Try turning it off and on.
I’m having some issues with my
wifi connection.
48 /
MUDSLIDES
Deslizamiento de Barro
 There was a mudslide last night and  That’s why the supermarkets are so crowded
consequently, the drinking water has been today and there are no water bottles available.
contaminated. Because of heavy rain that fell This is the second time this year that this has
high in the mountains, the dirt wasn’t able to happened. I think the government should find
absorb the water fast enough and this caused a solution to this problem ASAP. Frankly, the
the mudslide. city can’t handle so many water cuts.
 Remember  Use phrases like I think the government should

and frankly to express an opinion.
 To describe cause and effect, use because, since,
given that, seeing as, as + subject + verb.
 Use because of and due to + noun.
 Hubo un deslizamiento de barro anoche y como consecuencia, el agua potable ha sido contaminada. Debido a
la lluvia intensa que cayó alto en las montañas, la tierra no pudo absorber el agua tan rápidamente y esto causó
el deslizamiento/avalancha de barro. / Es por eso que los supermercados están tan colapsados hoy y no hay agua
embotellada disponible. Esta es la segunda vez este año que esto ha ocurrido. Creo que el gobierno debería
encontrar una solución a este problema lo más pronto posible. Francamente, la ciudad no puede lidiar con
tantos cortes de agua.
/ 49
SLACKING AT WORK
Holgazanear en el Trabajo
Don’t you think that Ronnie or Jimmy should Yes, it’s terrible. However, due to my
review everything before we launch our new position as IT director, I have to stay and
website tomorrow? review everything even though, to be
honest, it’s not my responsibility.
As far as I know, I think they are

reviewing everything. I’d stay and help you, but seeing
as I have a dinner meeting with
Charlie, I can’t.
Believe it or not, they aren’t!
Because they are lazy, I have to stay
late and review everything. Don’t worry about it. I just wish
people would do what they’re
supposed to do, you know?
Oh wow, I didn’t realize that.
Ugh, that’s for sure!
 ¿No crees que Ronnie o Jimmy deberían revisar todo antes de que lancemos nuestro nuevo sitio web mañana? /
En cuanto yo sé, están revisando todo. / ¡Lo creas o no, no lo están haciendo! Porque son holgazanes, yo tengo
que quedarme hasta tarde y revisar todo. / Oh wow, no me había dado cuenta de eso. / Sí, es terrible. En todo
caso, debido a mi posición como director de IT, tengo que quedarme y revisar todo a pesar de que, para ser
honesto, no es mi responsabilidad. / Me quedaría a ayudarte pero ya que tengo una reunión comida con
Charlie, no puedo. / No te preocupes. Solo desearía que la gente hiciera lo que se supone que tienen que hacer,
¿me entiendes? / ¡Uf, seguro!
50 /
Cause and Effect LANGUAGE BUILDER
Cause = the reason something occurs / Effect = the result of the cause
Because of bad weather, Karen got into a car accident. I couldn’t stop the car in time due to the ice on the road.
Since it had been snowing all night, the roads were icy. I called the police because I couldn’t move the car.
 Remember
 The cause can come at the beginning or the end of a sentence: Due to bad weather, she got into
an accident. Or: She got into a car accident due to bad weather.
Showing Cause and Effect LANGUAGE BUILDER
Show Cause
Because/Since/Given That/Seeing As/As + Subject + Verb Because Of/Due To + Noun
My son Chris was so grouchy because we didn’t do anything. Due to the heavy rain, on the road, I
Since it was a holiday, we couldn’t get into another cabin or get a hotel room. crashed into a tree.
I’m waiting for a new bus to come given that the bus I was on broke down. Because of bad weather, we never
went to the beach.
Seeing as I left in a hurry this morning, I forgot my wallet.
I was able to ride today as I left my bus pass in my coat pocket and not
my wallet.
Show Effect
Phrases + Effect
Jack’s bus broke down and As a result, we can’t push the ...and as a result I’ll need a few extra
consequently he is running late. meeting back by much. minutes to...
Therefore, we’ll be in my office… ...changes to the presentation last ...who drove this project, that’s why
night, so I need at least 20 minutes... I feel a little uncomfortable getting
started without him.
/ 51
Opinions PHRASES AND CONVERSATIONS
Asking for Opinions Giving an Opinion Agreeing Completely Agreeing, but

not Completely
What do you think... ? I don’t think... I agree.. That’s true, but...

Don’t you think that... ? I think they should... I couldn’t agree more. Hmm, I’m not sure
Do you agree? If you ask me... Good point / idea. about that.
(I didn’t think of that.) Yes, but...
That’s a good point, but...
I suppose so.
I see what you mean.
Attitude Phrases PHRASES AND CONVERSATIONS
Phrases Fact
As far as I know,
I’m afraid
As I said,
You know,  it’s always hard to have a change in management.
As you know,
The fact is that
Believe it or not
Phrases Opinion
To be honest,
All things considered,
Speaking from memory,  he seems to be okay.
To put it another way,
Strictly speaking,
More Attitude Phrases
As a matter of fact, Frankly, By and large, Understandably,
Hopefully, Funnily enough, In fact,
52 /
A THAI FOOD TRUCK

Un Camión de Comida Thai
 My favorite restaurant, Chameleon, closed last  I had been thinking about opening a Mexican
week. The owners must have gotten tired of restaurant for years.
running a restaurant. It’s a lot of work.
 Use past perfect continuous to talk about an
 Remember activity that was in progress over a period of
time, up to a specific point in the past.
 Use modals + have + past participle for speculating
about the past.  Past perfect continuous = had + been + verb-ing
 Modals include: must, might, can, could, mustn’t,

 However, due to the delicious Thai food served
can’t, should.
at Chameleon, I changed my mind.
 I wish they were still open. And I wish they had  Use due to and because of + noun and since or
told us they were going to close; I would have because + clause to show cause and effect.
gone more often!
 Hopefully, by this time next year I will have
 Use wish + past simple to express present wishes.
bought the food truck and started my business.
 Use wish + past perfect to express wishes about
 Use the future perfect to talk about something
the past.
that will be done before a certain time in the future.
 My goal is to open a food truck that serves  Future perfect = will + have + past participle
Thai food.
 Use the nouns goal, aim, hope, plan, etc. + to be +

verb to talk about future hopes and intentions.
 Mi restaurant favorito, Chameleon, cerró la semana pasada. Los dueños deben haberse cansado de dirigir un
restaurant. Es mucho trabajo. / Desearía que estuvieran abiertos todavía. Y desearía que nos hubiesen dicho que
iban a cerrar; ¡habría ido más seguido! / Mi meta es abrir un camión de comida que sirva comida Thai. / He estado
pensando acerca de abrir un restaurant de comida mexicana por años. / Sin embargo, debido a la deliciosa comida
Thai servida en el Chameleon, cambié de opinión. / Ojalá que para esta época el próximo año, habré comprado el
camión de comida y comenzado mi negocio.
/ 53
FINALIZING A PRESENTATION
Terminando una Presentación
Since my alarm didn’t go off today, I didn’t

wake up on time.
There was a lot of rain and wind last

night, so it must have cut the electricity.
If only I hadn’t arrived so late to work! I’m

behind on my presentation and the goal is to have
everything done by 2 p.m. today. The videos still
need editing and I should upload the images.
I’ll be finishing up a report in

the next hour, so I can help you.
Thank you! By the time you finish your

report, I will have uploaded everything.
Could you review it all?
Of course. I had planned to review everything

before sending it to George, so don’t worry.
 Debido a que mi alarma no sonó hoy, no me levanté a tiempo. / Había mucha lluvia y viento anoche, así es que
debe haberse cortado la electricidad. / ¡Si solo no hubiese llegado tan tarde a trabajar! Estoy atrasada en
mi presentación y la meta es tener todo listo para las 2 de la tarde hoy. Los videos todavía necesitan edición
y yo debería subir las imágenes. / Estaré terminando un informe en la próxima hora, para poder ayudarte. /
¡Gracias! Para cuando termines el informe, yo habré subido todo. ¿Podrías tú revisarlo todo? / Por supuesto.
Había planificado revisar todo antes de mandárselo a George, así es que no te preocupes.
54 /
Modals of Deduction LANGUAGE BUILDER
Use modal + have + past participle to speculate about the past.
100% Certain 50% Certain
 She must’ve turned off her phone. She might’ve gotten stuck in traffic.
She could’ve gone to a different cafe.
 She can’t have forgotten! She might not have set her alarm.
Asking about the Past
 Could she have forgotten the meeting?

Might she have gone to a different cafe?
 Remember
 Must’ve = must have, might’ve = might have, could’ve = could have, should’ve = should have
 Do not use can have: She can have forgotten the meeting. She could’ve forgotten the meeting.
 Only use can in the negative when you are very sure about something: She can’t have gone to a different
cafe; I sent her the address last night.
Past Perfect vs. Past Perfect Continuous LANGUAGE BUILDER
Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

Use the past perfect to emphasize that an action Use the past perfect continuous to emphasize the
is completed. duration of a past activity.
had + past participle had been + verb -ing
I hadn’t driven very far, so my husband picked me up. I hadn’t been driving for more than 2 minutes when
I got a flat tire.
 Remember
 Many times either the past perfect or the past perfect continuous can be used: I’d worked there for
2 years when the new boss started. I’d been working there for 2 years when the new boss started.
 I’d = I had; you’d = you had; he’d = he had; she’d = she had; we’d = we had; they’d = they had
/ 55
Future Tenses LANGUAGE BUILDER
Predictions Predictions with Evidence Promises Offers
will + simple verb be going to + simple verb will + simple verb will/shall + simple verb
Next year will be tough. Based on figures, next year I’ll talk to you soon. I’ll help you!
I probably won’t have is going to be tough. I won’t tell anyone! Shall I choose any
a job. I saw the other team. It’s vineyard or do you have
not going to be an easy win. a favorite?
Requests Decisions Made at the Plans Decided on Arrangements
Moment of Speaking in the Past
will + simple verb will + simple verb be going to + simple verb present continuous
Will you buy a me a good (The phone is ringing) I’ll Do you have new clients In fact, I’m traveling next
bottle of Malbec wine? get it! you’re going to visit? week to Buenos Aires.
Will you tell Susan I’d like “I need some help.” “I’ll She isn’t going to attend We’re meeting Carlos
to speak with her? do it!” the event tonight. later today.
 Remember
 When making a prediction, will and be going to are often interchangeable.
 Shall is often used in formal questions.
Future Simple vs. Future Continuous LANGUAGE BUILDER
Future Simple Future Continuous
will + base verb will + be + verb -ing
Use the future simple to describe general Use the future continuous to focus on ongoing
future actions. actions in the future.
In the future simple, a specific time is used to show In the future continuous, a specific time interrupts
the time an action will begin or end. the ongoing, continuous action.
Tomorrow I will give a presentation at 10 a.m. I’ll be giving my presentation tomorrow at 10:30 a.m.
(My presentation starts at 10 a.m.) (I’ll be in the middle of my presentation at 10:30 a.m.
because it started at 10 a.m.)
56 /
Showing Cause and Effect LANGUAGE BUILDER
Show Cause
Because/Since/Given that/Seeing As/As + Subject + Verb Because Of/Due To + Noun
My son Chris was so grouchy because we didn’t do anything. Due to the heavy rain, on the road, I
Since it was a holiday, we couldn’t get into another cabin or get a hotel room. crashed into a tree.
I’m waiting for a new bus to come given that the bus I was on broke down. Because of bad weather, we never
went to the beach.
Seeing as I left in a hurry this morning, I forgot my wallet.
I was able to ride today as I left my bus pass in my coat pocket and
not my wallet.
Show Effect
Phrases + Effect
Jack’s bus broke down and As a result, we can’t push the ...and as a result I’ll need a few extra
consequently he is running late. meeting back by much. minutes to...
Therefore, we’ll be in my office… ...changes to the presentation last ...who drove this project, that’s why
night, so I need at least 20 minutes... I feel a little uncomfortable getting
started without him.
Opinions PHRASES AND CONVERSATIONS
Asking for Opinions Giving an Opinion Agreeing Completely Agreeing, but

not Completely
What do you think... ? I don’t think... I agree.. That’s true, but...

Don’t you think that... ? I think they should... I couldn’t agree more. Hmm, I’m not sure
Do you agree? If you ask me... Good point / idea. about that.
(I didn’t think of that.) Yes, but...
That’s a good point, but...
I suppose so.
I see what you mean.
/ 57
NOTES
58 /
BANCO DE FRASES
starting a conversation checking that someone understands you
 I’m not sure if you remember me.  Are you with me?
 Hi, it’s (Anna), right?  Is that clear?
 Nice to see you again.  Does that make sense?
showing interest showing you understand

 Really?  Yeah, I follow you.
 I see.  That’s clear.
 That sounds interesting.  Okay, I’ve got that.
 Oh, I’m sorry to hear that.
asking for clarification

keeping a conversation going  What exactly do you mean by... ?
 By the way, ...  So you’re saying... ?
 Apparently...  Could you give an example of what you mean?
 Don’t you... ?  If I understand you correctly…
 I’ve heard... , is that true?  So what you’re getting at is…
ending a conversation politely clarifying

 It’s been nice talking to you.  In other words…
 Look, I have to go. Catch you later.  What I mean is…
 You don’t mind if I go and get myself (a coffee)?  What I’m saying is…
 See you later.
checking spelling
making small talk  C as in Charlie.
 How’s (the new job) going?  P as in Paris.
 Are you still (working at )?
 How was your trip to (Bern)? being negative diplomatically
 Anyway, how are things with you?  I don’t fully agree with the idea.
 We had a lovely time, thanks.  It sounds interesting, but I have some reservations.
 I can see both sides of the argument.
exchanging contact info  I’m not convinced.
 Let me take your name and number.
 What’s the best way to contact you? offering other solutions
 Here’s my business card.  What we could do…
 How about… ?
 If we were able to… then…
 If I were you, I’d…
/ 59
leading a discussion explaining (a process)
 First, we’re going to look at…  Basically, …
 What we need to decide on today is…  What happens is…
 I don’t want to spend too long on this point.  Due to…
 Let’s look at the next item.  Because of…
 Moving on…
asking
facts vs. opinions  What’s the timescale for this?
 Research confirms that…  I don’t quite understand. Can you explain… ?
 According to expert ,…  How long will it take to… ?
 It depends on…
 Data shows…
updating
 According to research/the numbers, …
 How are things going?
 I feel that…
 What’s happening with… ?
 As far as I’m concerned…
 So far, we’ve…
 It is my belief that…
 We’re doing…
 We haven’t… yet.
repeating information you’ve heard  We’re already… .
 According to (the news)...
 Apparently, ...
in time vs. on time
 I spoke with (Robin), and she said that...
 I’ll be there in time for the meeting.
 Kim is always on time.
offering to do something
 Why don’t I… ?
preference for scheduling
 I can…
 Tuesday would be better.
 I’ll…
 I’d prefer Tuesday.
 Would it help if I… ?
 Does Tuesday suit you?
making suggestions rescheduling

 Let’s…  I can’t make it on Tuesday. How about Thursday?
 How about (doing)… ?  I’m afraid I can’t then. What about… ?
 What about (doing)… ?  This afternoon is convenient.
60 /
NOTES
/ 61
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Primera edición 2018, Santiago de Chile

07 Unidad 1 - Class Notes

13 Unidad 2 - Class Notes

17 Unidad 3 - Class Notes

21 Unidad 4 - Class Notes

25 Unidad 5 - Class Notes

29 Unidad 6 - Class Notes

33 Unidad 7 - Class Notes

37 Unidad 8 - Class Notes

41 Unidad 9 - Class Notes

45 Unidad 10 - Class Notes

49 Unidad 11 - Class Notes

53 Unidad 12 - Class Notes

 I had already drunk my coffee before I started

 Use the past perfect to talk about an action that

Well, it’s not going to win an

Present Perfect and Past Simple Use LANGUAGE BUILDER

Present Perfect Past Simple

Past Simple: Regular and Irregular Verbs LANGUAGE BUILDER

Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs

 I watched. He worked. She ate. We spoke.

 I didn’t watch. He didn’t work. She didn’t eat. We didn’t speak.

Telling a Story LANGUAGE BUILDER

Past Continuous Past Simple

lightning  lights out 

Time Expressions LANGUAGE BUILDER

Already Yet Just Recently

A completed task Not completed Seconds ago Recent past

Past Perfect LANGUAGE BUILDER

Form = had + past participle

 He hadn’t started school before he turned 5. Not start school Turned 5

Used To and Would LANGUAGE BUILDER

 I used to be timid. A year ago, I would eat fast food everyday.

 This is a picture of me and my family. If I hadn’t

 If + subject + past perfect, subject + would +

 We have two beautiful children. Supposing I had

 Use the 2nd conditional for present hypothetical

 If + subject + past simple, subject + would +

 I have a very demanding job. Unless I got a new

 Unless = ‘if not’

How was your weekend?

It was pretty boring. Megan was sick.

That’s too bad. What would you

We had great plans! We would have gone to

What if you could take a few vacation

Honestly, I wouldn’t. I’m saving my

Formal and Informal Alternatives to If PHRASES AND CONVERSATIONS

Alternatives to If PHRASES AND CONVERSATIONS

As Long As, Provided / Providing

These phrases are interchangeable with if.

Unless and Otherwise In Case

Second Conditional vs. Third Conditional LANGUAGE BUILDER

Second Conditional Third Conditional

 I’d = I would; he’d = he would; they’d = they would, etc.

 Use by to introduce the subject of the action.

Really? I imagine the campers will be found.

Gosh, that’s such a shame!

Passive Voice LANGUAGE BUILDER

Passive Voice = Object + To Be + Past Participle Active Voice

 The passive voice is more common in formal and academic writing.

 My professor told me that I had to rewrite my paper.