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RESUMEN ABSTRACT
La base en la que se sustenta el tratamiento de la
obesidad descansa sobre los procedimientos encamina- The foundation on which the treatment of obesity
dos a desequilibrar la ecuación de balance energético a rests is made up of the procedures aimed at unbalancing
favor del consumo calórico. the equation of energy balance in favour of calorie con-
sumption.
El tratamiento farmacológico se dirige a favorecer
la reducción en la ingesta calórica o a estimular la pro- Pharmacological treatment is aimed at favouring a
ducción calórica. Dependiendo de su mecanismo de reduction of calorie intake or stimulating calorie pro-
acción los fármacos que se emplean en el tratamiento duction. Depending on their mechanism of action, the
de la obesidad pueden dividirse en inhibidores del ape- drugs that are used in the treatment of obesity can be
tito, bloqueadores de la absorción/digestión de alimen- divided into appetite inhibitors, inhibitors of food inta-
tos y estimuladores de la termogénesis. Entre los inhibi- ke or blockers of fat digestion and stimulators of ther-
dores del apetito, además de los fármacos de acción mogenesis. Amongst the appetite inhibitors, besides the
adrenérgica como los de tipo anfetamínico, que se adrenergic agents such as those of the amphetamine
encuentran proscritos por su efecto adictivo, destacan type, which are forbidden because of their addictive
los agonistas serotoninérgicos como dexfenfluramina effect, are the serotonin uptake inhibitors such as dex-
(retirado en 1997) y fluoxetina. La reciente comerciali- fenfluramine (withdrawn in 1997) and fluoxetine. The
zación de la sibutramina, un inhibidor de la recaptación recent commercialisation of sibutramine, a serotonin
de serotonina y noradrenalina con efecto inhibidor del and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with an appetite
apetito y estimulador de la termogénesis, ofrece nuevas inhibiting and thermogenesis stimulating effect, offer
perspectivas en este campo. Entre los fármacos inhibi- new perspectives in this field. Amongst inhibitors, men-
dores de la absorción merece mención el orlistat que tion is deserved by orlistat that inhibits the absorption
inhibe la absorción de hasta el 30% de grasa ingerida sin of upto 30% of ingested fat without causing secondary
ocasionar efectos secundarios de trascendencia. En el effects of significance. In the area of thermogenic drugs
terreno de los fármacos termogénicos se encuentra la there are the ephedrine-caffeine association, and the
asociación efedrina-cafeína, y los agonistas β-3 adrenér- adrenergic beta antagonists, which are still being rese-
gicos, que se encuentran aún en el campo de la investi- arched. There are numerous future perspectives
gación. Existen numerosas perspectivas futuras entre amongst which are leptin, analogs of GLP-1 and cho-
las que se figuran la leptina, análogos de GLP-1 y cole- lecystokinin and neuropeptide Y antagonists. It is neces-
cistoquinina y antagonistas de neuropéptido Y. Es nece- sary to have reliable predictive elements that make it
sario contar con elementos predictivos que permitan possible to know the most useful drugs, as well as the
conocer el fármaco más util y los pacientes que más se sort of patients who will benefit most from the different
van a beneficiar de los diferentes tratamientos farmaco- pharmacological treatments.
lógicos.
Palabras clave: Obesidad. Sibutramina. Orlistat. Key words: Obesity. Sibutramine. Orlistat. Adrener-
Agonistas β-3 adrenérgicos. GLP-1. Colecistoquinina. gic Beta-antagonists. GLP-1. Cholecystokinin.
son responsables del transporte de proto- receptores adrenérgicos β-1 y β-279. En cual-
nes a través de la membrana mitocondrial quier caso, son necesarios más estudios
interna que se produce independiente de clínicos para conocer las posibilidades
la síntesis de ATP. La expresión de UCPs se reales de este tipo de fármacos en el trata-
encuentra regulada por receptores β-3 miento de la obesidad.
adrenérgicos en tejido adiposo pardo,
músculo y tejido adiposo blanco. En el
hombre el tejido muscular es el de mayor OTROS FÁRMACOS
capacidad termogénica y de expresión de Existen otros compuestos cuya admi-
UCP-3. nistración se ha relacionado con un efecto
Desde que se describió que una muta- modulador de la evolución del peso y/o la
ción en el gen que codifica el receptor β-3 composición corporal. En este apartado
producía tendencia al aumento de peso70 merecen consideración algunas hormonas
se han investigado varios compuestos ago- como la hormona de crecimiento, gonado-
nistas de los receptores β-3 adrenérgicos tropina coriónica y andrógenos así como
(BRL 26830 A, BRL 35135, Ro 16-8714, Ro otros fármacos como metformina, piruva-
40-2148, CL 316243, ZD 7114). Además de to o hidroxicitrato.
aumentar la expresión de UCPs, los ago-
nistas β-3 adrenérgicos aumentan la oxida- Hormona de crecimiento
ción de glucosa y la liberación de ácidos
grasos libres de los depósitos de grasa vis- En pacientes con déficit de hormona de
ceral71. Estos fármacos pueden aumentar el crecimiento (GH), el tratamiento sustituti-
gasto energético en un 10% y se han mos- vo con GH exógena incrementa la lipolisis
trado eficaces en conseguir una reducción y el gasto metabólico, provocando cam-
poderal significativa frente a placebo en bios en la composición corporal caracteri-
estudios aislados72. Merced a su efecto esti- zados por una disminución del comparti-
mulador del transportador de glucosa mento graso y aumento de la masa
GLUT-4 en tejido adiposo pueden mejorar muscular. Sólo se ha publicado un estudio
la tolerancia hidrocarbonada73. Sin embar- randomizado con GH versus placebo en
go, en la mayoría de estudios realizados en tratamiento a largo plazo (9 meses), en el
humanos los resultados obtenidos hasta el cual se apreció una disminución de la
momento han sido poco alentadores. Pro- masa grasa a expensas fundamentalmente
bablemente es debido a la escasa cantidad del compartimento abdominal80. Snyder y
de tejido adiposo pardo existente en el col81 no observaron ventajas en la evolu-
hombre, especie en la que no hay expre- ción ponderal o de la masa muscular tras
sión de receptores β-3 en tejido adiposo tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento
blanco74. Como efecto adverso del BRL durante 11 semanas a un grupo de obesos.
26830 A destaca el temblor que se correla- Otros estudios han puesto de manifiesto
ciona con los picos de concentraciones de cambios significativos de la composición
los metabolitos activos, ocurre a los 30-60 corporal sin variaciones en el peso82. Las
minutos tras la administración, dura una connotaciones económicas y el riesgo de
hora y disminuye en severidad después de sobredosificación con sus posibles efectos
las primeras semanas de tratamiento. El deletéreos sobre la presión arterial y meta-
agonista BRL 35135 consiguió mejorar la bolismo hidrocarbonado ejercen un efecto
sensibilidad a la insulina en sujetos limitante de esta modalidad terapéutica.
sanos75, obesos76 y en pacientes con diabe-
tes mellitus tipo 277. Otro agonista (CL Gonadotropina coriónica
316243) aumentó la acción de la insulina y
la oxidación de grasas en pacientes sanos La inyección de gonadotropina corióni-
sin producir temblor ni taquicardia78. Las ca (HCG) se ha empleado como tratamien-
diferencias observadas en los efectos to coadyuvante para perder peso, si bien
secundarios probablemente se deben a la no existe evidencia científica que sustente
deficiente selectividad de los preparados que su efecto sea superior al obtenido por
que muestran diferentes afinidades por los la administración de placebo83,84.
Leptina Topiramato
La leptina es una proteína, emparentada Es un nuevo anticonvulsivante, cuya
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