Poesía

Matria
ANTONIO SILVA

Matria

E D I T O R I A L

CUARTO PROPIO
 Matria
© ANTONIO SILVA

Inscripción Nº 162.236
I.S.B.N. 978-956-260-423-9

© Editorial Cuarto Propio

Valenzuela Castillo 990, Providencia, Santiago
Fono/fax: (56-2) 2 7926520
Web: www.cuartopropio.cl

Diseño de portada: Eugenia Prado

Fotografía de portada: Diana Duhalde
Fotografía de solapa: Manuel Rojas Aguayo
Producción general: Rosana Espino
Impresión: Dimacofi

IMPRESO EN CHILE / PRINTED IN CHILE

1ª edición, diciembre de 2007

Queda prohibida la reproducción de este libro en Chile

y en el exterior sin autorización previa de la Editorial.
$JUDGH]FRD0DULVRO9HUDSRUHVWDQXHYDDSXHVWD
\FRQÀDQ]DHQPLWUDEDMR
DPLPDGUH&DUPHQ)XHQWHV
D6DPXHO,EDUUD\5REHUWR5LYHUD
D+pFWRU+HUQiQGH]SRUVXFRQWLQXRDSR\R\
GLIXVLyQGHPLWUDEDMR
D)HOLSH5XL]7DQLD(QFLQD\&DPLOR%URGVN\SRU
VXDSR\RHQODUHFWDÀQDOGHHVWDHGLFLyQ
D5RVDQD(VSLQR\0DXUL]LR0HGR
0DWULD

ODySHUDIXHHQVD\DGDGtD\QRFKHXQDSLH]D
VHQWLPHQWDOSDUDORVFRPHQVDOHV
XQDSHTXHxDYHQWDQLWDGHFKROJXiQ\YLVLOOR
FRORUPXHUWRSHUPLWHDOOHFWRUÀVJRQHDU²\SRUTXp
QRUHtUGHODLQGLDWUDYHVWLGDGHVHOYDOtULFD

<RQRHOHJtHORSHUiWLFRGHFRUDGRGHODFRUGLOOHUD
SHUR
SLQWpGHVDO\URVDORV$QGHV
SDUDFRQWHPSODUHQpOHOEODQFRUGHXQDSDWULD
0HYHVWtFRQORVDWDYtRVGHPLPDGUH
0HVDTXpORVRMRVSDUDQRPEUDU
(GLSDVDQWLÀFDGDGHFRURQDV
(QODFHJXHUDYLDODLQGLDTXHFXHOJDGHPLVYpUWHEUDV
ORFDTXHHMHUFLWDHQPDSXxRO
HOFHOXODUFRUURGHODVVROHGDGHV

¢&yPRFRPSUHQGHUHOSDMDUDOFDQWRGHWXERFDHQHO
QtYHRDQRQLPDWRGHODVSDODEUDV"

¢$TXLpQSUHJXQWDUOHSRUHOVXURHOQRUWH"

+HLQYHQWDGRXQDSDWULDSDUDORVGHVSDWULDGRV
PLSHTXHxDtWDFDPLIXWXUDOHQJXD
3DUDHOLJQRWRIXOJRUTXHYLEUDHQYHQWDQDVWDSLDGDV
3DUDHOKHFKL]RTXHXQDPXMHUGHVSOLHJDHQODÀQLWXG
GHODVWLHQGDV
3DUDODFDUFDMDGDFHVDQWHHQODIXJDFLGDGGHXQ
DWDUGHFHUDOFRKyOLFR
HQXQWHPSRiIRQR\iIDVLFR

9
Matria

3DUDHOFXHQFRGRQGHODVFRVDVFDHQ\
GRQGHFDGDVHQWLGRUL]DODFRQFDYLGDGGHXQFXHUSR
3DUDODSHTXHxDGLVWDQFLDGHWXVKXHVRV
TXHLPLWDXQIXWXURGtDEODQFR%ODQFR
GHPLPHPRULD
3DUDHOHVSHMDOJHVWRGHWXPDQR
HQODWUHQ]DGHODVHOYD
3DUDODGLVSRVLFLyQGHOREHOOR
HOR[tJHQRGHWXERFDVREUH
HOSHODMHGHPLVGHGRV
3DUDWXFDEH]DLQGLD

5DPHUD$PDQFHEDGDGHVRO$]WHFD
2QD0D\D=DSRWHFDDUDXFDQLWD
4XHFKXD$LPDUi1DJXDWO
'HVDQJUHPLYHVWLGRMDPiVDPHULFDQD
 
+XN,QGLDSD0LQXHWR 
7URPSDQQH*DSDFKDFXQ7]D\,FKLVDM
6HOYDSLWD8FKNXQNDM

10
 Antonio Silva

=DSDWRVGHFDPSHVLQD

$GRUQDGDFRQODSREUH]D
GHVXYHVWLGR
&RPRHQXQÀOP,WDOLDQR
(QVRQRUDEDQGDGHKDPEUXQD
8QDWUHQ]DGHDPRUTXHHQUXIXORLQGLDMH
'HYLHQH$%(&('$5,2

(QHOIRVIRUHVFHQWHDPDQHFHUGHXQDSOD]D
7RGDVWXVLQGLDVWRGDVWXVPDGUHV
8QDOXPEUHKLVSDQD
VRPEUHDGDGHEDQGHULWDVGHORV$QGHV

8QDPXVLTXLOODGHFUtRVHQHOSOLHJXHGHORV]DSDWRV
/DFRVPpWLFDGHXQGtDFDQVDGR

<RIXLHOHJLGD0LVV(VSHUDQ]D
HQODSULPDYHUDGH
$ODPDxDQDVLJXLHQWHPLFRUD]yQ
HVXQFKDUFR

7XQRPEUHHVXQDKXHOODGDFWLODU
HQODYHQWDQLOODGHXQEDQFR
  
/DPRONDERUUyPLFXHUSR

&RPLOODVDOiPEULFDV
HQODFULQD]DEDFKH
7XSHTXHxRQRPEUH
HQOD~QLFDFDOOHTXHDPDVWH

   >DOFRVWDGRGHXQDFDUUHWHUD
   PLV]DSDWRVVRQXQDMLWDQMiIRUD@

11
Matria

&XDUWRVGH(VFULWXUD
SDUDXQDFRQVWLWXFLyQGHJXLyQ
 

´ODQXHVWUDHVXQDHUDGHVLPXODFURVQRGH
GRFXPHQWRVDQWHVGHVX´YHUGDGµODFLWDHVXQ
HIHFWRGHOWH[WRµ
2PDU&DODEUHVVH


,QW&XDUWRGHHVFULWXUD0DxDQD

/DDpUHDVRPEUDGHXQSiMDURFRUWDHQGRVHOYLVLOOR
PDWXWLQR/DVVRODUHVDJXMHWDVUXEHDQD~QPiVHO
GHWDOOHFDSLODUGHODVPHQLQDVXELFDGDVDOQRUWH\TXH
SRUH[WHQVLyQGHVXVPLUDGDVWRGRVHUiXQVXU(Q
HOVXUXQHVSHMRGHOHQJXDVDFDUDPHODGDVDWUDSDHQ
VXGREOHDOUH\\ODUHLQDHQWULQDOPXVLTXHR6REUH
XQDPHVD&KLQDPDSDVSODQRVUDGLRJUDItDVHWF\
HQHOERUGHHQODRUODGXUDGHOPDQWHOQDFDUDGRGH
JRUULRQHVTXHHQODFDEH]DGHFKLOHQREDLOHWULQDQXQ
VREUHODFUDGR3ULPHUSODQR'HVGHHOH[WHULRU$QJpOLFD
0DUtDHQPH[LFDQRSDODGDUWHQVLRQDODHVFULWXUDIDFLDO
GHODLQIDQWD0DUJDULWD&RUWH$

,QW&XDUWRGHHVFULWXUD$WDUGHFHU

(QFDOLSVROHQWHDQJXODUXQDVRPEUDLQWHUUXPSHHO
JHPHODUSDQRUDPDGHORVPRQDUFDV(OFXDUWRHVXQ
LQFHQGLR%RUHDO(OGHWDOOHGHXQDPDQRXQDWULQLGDG
TXL]iJLUDHQGHFLEHOHVWHUHRDOWLHPSRTXH+D\GQ
UHFRPSRQHODPXHFDS~EHUGHODLQIDQWD$OJXLHQ
DEUHXQDSXHUWD\FRQHOORHOWURSHOGHXQSURJUDPD
GHWHOHYLVLyQ0LVV8QLYHUVRTXHHQEURFDWWRLQJOpV

12
 Antonio Silva

GRPLQDODHVFHQDXQJHVWRHQÀORVRODPHQWRKDFH
GHOLQVWDQWHXQFKURQRVGHSXHUWD\]DSDWRV6REUHOD
PHVD&KLQDTXHDKRUDHVPiVTXHDPDULOODXQHVSHMR
GHPDQR\PiVGRFXPHQWRVVHUSHQWHDQHQODYpUWHEUD
VRPEUDGHXQDOiPSDUD7DLODQGHVD+D\GQ
DXQJLUDVREUHVXHMH/DYLRODGDFDUWDGHMDYHUHQHO
DKRUDHVFDUODWDHVFHQDULRVXPHQVDMH

>>SRHPD@@

FRUWH$

([W&DOOHGH6DQWLDJR1RFKH

/HQWHHQ7UDYHOOLQJ8QVHPiIRURYHUGHHVSHUDQ]DHQ
ODFDEHOOHUDUDODTXHPLUD\HVSDQWDHQPHWiOLFRSHLQH
HOGLEXMRFURFDQWHGHXQDPDQ]DQDHQSHUSOHMRVLOHQFLR
XQDFLHJDFDQWD3ULPHUSODQRHOPLVHURFRUGRRMRGHO
3DGUH+XUWDGRHQERUHDOHVWRQDOLGDGHVGHMDYHUXQ
FLHORGHDQJHOLFDOLQGLDMHXQDHVFHQDDOR0HOWRQ3ULRU
(O~OWLPRGHFRUDGRRULHQWDOWDSL]DGHFyUQHDVHODVIDOWR
SRSXODU]DUFLOORVDOÀOHUHVHVSHMHWRVPRVWDFLOODV\
SHUIXPHVURVHWRQHVQXGLOORVÁRWDQWHVJDVDV\HQODFHV
SROYRV\FKDSHV\DFDQWRVKHOpQLFRVHQSOiVWLFD
IDFWXUDGHFDOOHMRFRFNWDLO6KDNLUDHQWULQLFRFURVV
RYHUPXGDQDOJDVGHWLHQGDHQWLHQGDGHVGHXQOHQWH
DQJXODU(OWDJOLRGHXQURVWURPDTXLOODGRHVFRQGHXQD
YDURQtDDOPHQGUHRGHVRPEUDVHQHJLSFLRUDELOORRMDO
\GRVOXQDVTXHHQQtYHRSyPXOR²3KRERV\'HLPRV²
HFOLSVDQODYR]GHXQDFLXGDG4XL]iHOSRHPDD~Q
HVWpDKt

FRUWH$

13
Matria

,QW6XSHUPHUFDGR1RFKH

1XHYDPHQWHDQJXODU\VXEMHWLYD]DSDWRVWDFRUHLQD
MHDQVHODVWLFDGRVWHQVLRQDQWHVGHDUWLÀFLDODOXPEUDGR
XQFLQWXUyQGHPDULSRVD(VÀQJHTXHHQVLPXODFUR
YXHORUREDUSUHWHQGHHORYLOORGH/iTXHVLV¢LPLWDXG
DODVRVDPHQWDV"$OJXLHQGLItFLOGHSUHFLVDUWDJOLR
SHUÀOIUDQJHUqXQSLQFHODMHGHHVPDOWHHVWHULOL]DFDGD
SDVRVRTXLHWFRQVHUYDVGHWLHPSRDODHVSHUDGHVX
IUXLFLyQ\GHJOXWHWUDQVJpQLFRV\VDWXUDGRVJOXFRVR
VLODEHRGHSHUVDHQDQJDUTXHVDOYRHORMRGH$OiHQ
QDGDHQYLGLDDOSRSXODUODEHULQWRGHXQPHUFDGR,UDQt
¢$ULDGQDTXpYHVHQHORMRGHOPLQRWDXUR"$QJXODU
(QYLWULQDVROHGDG3KyERV\'HLPRVSURJUHVDQVX
FUHFLHQWH\TXHDJXGDRWDOYH]PHQJXDQWHHVXQD
QXEHGHOORLFDVRUTXHVWDGDHQXQ>HDV\OLVWHQLQJ@
´EpVDPHPXFKRµHOOD\VXVOXQDVGHUXIXODQRFWXUQD
GHVDORMDQODRSHUHWDTXHIXHVDOLGD\HQWUDGDHQVX
WUDQVIXJRPLUDU

&RUWH$

,QW&XDUWRGHHVFULWXUD0DGUXJDGD

/DYHQWDQDGHMDRtUHOSURVWLEXODUWLPEUHGHODV
OXFLpUQDJDV\TXHHQHOSOXJRGHVXVFDUFDMDGDVTXH
HVFDUQDGDGHVSLGHQYXOYHRVDURPDVHQHOWULDQJXODU
EXOWRGHORVMRYHQHWRV²TXHHVEHUPXGDVHQGHVHR²
&XPELD\IDUUDHQVRSUDQRHVWHUWRU$OJXLHQHQFLHQGH
XQPtQLPRVROWDLODQGpV>TXHSRUHOSLQFHODUGH
VXVXxDV\TXHHQJyWLFRFDUPHVtHPHUJHQFLDOD
FXWtFXODDELVDOVHDGYLHUWHTXHHVXQDYDURQDXQD
VD[tIUDJDXPEUtDODGHVHVSHUDFLyQGHOSLQWRU@TXH
HQÁXYLDOHOHFWULFLGDGHVVHFXHQFLDGHXxDPDQR\

14
 Antonio Silva

GHGRHQFROLEUtSDUSDGHDU(OSRHPDKDDGTXLULGR
LQGHSHQGHQFLDRTXL]iDXQSHUPDQH]FDDKt

(QÀHURMXHJRODLQIDQWDRFXOWyHQHOHVSHMRODV
DODVGHOSRHPD&RQWHPSODGFRQWHPSODG
/DHQDQDVRVWLHQHXQDFDUWD

15
Matria

XQDLQGLDVHxDODVXDUWHVDQtDPHQRUDXQJUXSR
GHMDSRQHVHV\JULQJRV

0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ
0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXNLQGLDSDPLQXHWR
iPLQLXHWIRUDQtQGLDQ

75,É/2*2

16
 Antonio Silva

 'HVDQJUHPLYHVWLGR
  MDPiVDPHULFDQD
 PDLGUpVLQEORGQHYHU
  DPpULFDQ
 'HVDQJUHPLYHVWLGR
  MDPiVDPHULFDQD
 PDLGUpVLQEORGQHYHU
  DPpULFDQ
 'HVDQJUHPLYHVWLGR
  MDPiVDPHULFDQD
 PDLGUpVLQEORGQHYHU
  DPpULFDQ

  

   

17
Matria

3LH]D;9,GHXQ+RWHO

´1RPRGHUQRDUWLÀFLR
ERUUyGHVLJQLRVERVTXHMyPRGHORV
DOFyQFDYRDMXVWDQGRGHORVFLHORV
HOVXEOLPHHGLÀFLRµ
   *yQJRUD

3ULYDGDGHWRGDGXGDDSDUHFHDQWHWLFRPRXQGRUDGR
VSRWGHWHOHYLVLyQODKDOyJHQDVRQULVDGHXQDWRUUHFLWDGH
%DEHOOXJDUGHOHQJXDVVDQJUH\´SHTXHxDVPXHUWHVµ/D
QRFKHUHGREODVXQLJUHGRSDUDTXHHOUXEHGRGHWDQPtQLPR
SDODFHWHGHMHHQWLODHVWDPSLGDQXFOHDUGHKLHQDV\FHEUDVHQ
HOJODQGHGHWXEHVR(OFXULRVRDVHGLRGHOiPSDUDVMDSRQHVDV
TXHGLVSXHVWDVFRPREDUDWRVUXEtHVPiVELHQSDUHFHODFRÀD
IUXWDOGHXQDIHULDHQ&XUHSWR(VWDFLyQSRUQR/DVOODYHVGHO
FXDUWRFXHOJDQGHWXDQXODU\HQVXFKDVTXLGRUHFXHUGDXQ
GLiORJRGHDURV\OHQJXDV

>FRUWHD1(*52@

(OLQWHULRUGHXQFXHUSRIXHHOLQWHULRUGHRWURFXHUSRHQOD
UHVLGXDOLGDGGHORH[WHUQR
$SHQDVHOURSDMHGHODQRFKH
$SHQDVQXHVWURVEHVRVTXHHQOXQDUGLVSDUR
IXHDPRUHQRWURFXDUWR

&XDQGRHOWRURVHSUHVHQWH
HQODFDVDGHODVERGDV\VHDIHUUH
FRPRQ~ELOJLJDQWHDODVFLQWDVGHOFRUD]yQ
(QItVWXODFDUDYDQD
ODPLQXFLDGHWXERFDJXLQGDQHJUD
VREUHXQFXHUSRTXHQRKDOOy
HQDOTXLPLDVVXOLQDMH

18
 Antonio Silva

3DUDHOWRURODYLJLOLDHVPDOGLFLHQWH
SDUDWLXQOLQFHRUHIRFLODU
HQHODGRUQRGHXQDFRSD
(QWUD\VDOHODEDEXFOD
PDQFKDTXHGHJOXWHWXFRUD]yQ
TXHHVXQSiMDUR
TXHHVXQSpWDOR
WXMDUGtQ

HOVDKDPDLWKXQDHVLQWHUUXPSLGRSRU
DUWLÀFLRGHXQOHFWRU

19
HOPXVHRGHODSREUH]D
%XQJDORZ

     
>*HRPHWUtDVGHXQVXHxR@

 
´&8$1'21,f$62f$%$&216(5
/$6,59,(17$'(81$7(/(6(5,(0(;,&$1$

²PXFKDFKDLWDOLDQDYLHQHDFDVDUVH²

$48Ì/265(6726
3$5$'$(1&8$7527$%/$6
(1&8$752%2&$6&8$752
48(35(),*85$181$&$6$
81$0(025,$

&$5'80(1'(&+2=$6
(1'(8'$'$6+$67$(/%5$6(52'(/$/0$
',*1263(52',*126

6(59,8(6/$&$7('5$/'(0,6
+(50$1$6

/$'20,1*$7(50,1Ð&21(/&25$=Ð1
+(&+2*5('$
/$0,.$(/$'(6$3$5(&,Ð%$-2/$
'(17$'85$'(/$6%$/$6

7$125*8//26$
12)5(*$5e(181$$57(6$02'(512
)5(*$'(52'(&(0(172
/$6$1'5$7(1'5É68Ô1,&$62/$(1/$
3,(=$62/$/$6$1'5$

23
Matria

7$17272'20(&8(67$7$172
25$38('26(17$50(75$148,/$$5,=$5
*8$,3(

/$7(/(6(5,(
/$(;7(16$*(20(75Ì$'(8168(f2

7$125*8//26$

/$&2&,1$;
/$3,(=$'(6$1'5,7$;
;(//,9,1*&20('25
/$0$548(=$0(&$%(-8672(1;
(/%$f2;£<&217$=$'(/2=$
(/3$,6$-(/23,17e(1(/&$//$03(5Ì2

/$&$6$0,%(//$<)8*$=(67$'Ì$

6(59,8(6/$&$7('5$/'(0,6
+(50$1$6µ

24
 Antonio Silva

7HPSRUHUD

,
$OWDTXLFiUGLFRSXOVDUGHXQDHVWUHOOD
DEUHVHOFRUWLQDMHLPLWDQGRODDEHUWXUDGHWXVH[R
²OHQWDPHQWHDOQDXVHDEXQGRKHGRUGHODFRPSOLFLGDG²
/DRTXHGDGGHXQPtVHURSDVDMH
8QWHUULWRULRVLHPSUHDMHQR

,,
%DMRXQDOXQDLJXDOGHKRFLFRQDYXHOYHVFRQHOD]RWH
GHOWDFRUHLQD
VXFKDVTXLGRHQFLHQGHHOOHQJXDMHGHODPXHUWH
$OJRPiVGHODVGHODPDGUXJDGDXQED]DUDELHUWR
VyORSDUDODYHQWDGHFLJDUULOORVVXHOWRV
8QDGpELOP~VLFDÀOWUDODRUODGXUDGHODQRFKH
(OTXHMLGRGHXQDUHMDGHWDEODV
/DDPSROOHWDHVXQRMRDWyPLFR
TXHWRGRORWLxHGHDPDULOORVLQLHVWUR

,,,
8QODULQVFULWRHQHOGREOHPHQWHWHUFHUPXQGRHO
WUDVWHUtRGHROODVHVSHMHDHQODIDWXD
OXPEUHODDJRQtDGHXQDFDVWDHQGHVLQWHJUDFLyQWRWDO
6HSDUDGRSRUXQDViEDQDJUDVLHQWDWXSHGHVWUH
HLQJHQXRPXQGR
XQSyVWHUGH(PPDQXHOXQHVWXFKHTXHLUyQLFDPHQWH
WHGLFH´PLVFRVDVµ
(QFLHQGHVXQFLJDUULOOR\DOYROXPHQGHOD
SURPLVFXLGDG
7HLQWHUQDVHQHOGLDOGHODVDEDQGRQDGDVJXLxDVSHUOD

25
Matria

\SHVWDxD\WXODELRHVXQWHQGLGRHOpFWULFR
%DOEXFHDVHOQRPEUHGHWXKLMRHOGHXQKRPEUH

,9
0,+8$&+,720,&$%5,720,1,f,720,$025&,72
0,&$%5,720,1,f,720,$025&,720,+8$&+,72

$/)21'20,*5,72'(/$61$/*$6'(/$
7,(55$<(5%$027258'$3$/72
-$5'Ì1'(3Ô$6<20$5Ì$/(9,7$1'26,1
&$/=Ð1
6,1$025/$0,5$'$),-$(18125*$602
/$&$6$7,(0%/$9$&$3$7(·9$&$0$5$&$
/$&+$68(/7$
5$0(5$$0$1&(%$'$7(0325(5$
(/,1&(1',2(/$0256(7()8(
<2/$08(57$/$0(6(5$/$0$021$/$
&$5$3$57,'$

9
(QYXHOWRHQHOWtVLFRVXGRUGHXQDSUHxH]
HOFXHUSRGHXQDQLxDEDEHDQWH
3XSLODKRQGDVDO\WLHPSRHQODFLFDWUL]GHXQ~WHUR
/DUDGLRPDVWLFDHOHYDQJHOLRD]RWHSHUIHFWR/DFXOSD

9,
7XVROOR]RVHFRQIXQGH
HQHORUHRGHORViODPRV
'HVFDO]DFRQXQDWLULOOXGDHQDJXD
WHSDVHDVHQHOSHTXHxRSDWLRLQWHULRU
\XQWDVWXURVWURHQHODJXDHVWDQFDGDGHXQDDUWHVD
TXHSDUHFHFDOPDUODVHGGHXQFRUD]yQIDEULFDGRD
SDWDGDV

26
 Antonio Silva

SDUHFHVXQDEUXMDLQWHQWDQGRVDOYDUDOJR
TXL]iVyORDWLPLVPD

9,,
7UHVRFXDWURSDODEUDV
ODJHVWXDOLGDGGHXQDFUX]
HOKLSQyWLFRFRMHRGHXQDPXMHU
LQWHUQiQGRVHHQODÀQLWXGGHODQRFKH
KDEODQGRVRODRFRQORVJDWRV²TXHHVWDQRFKH
SDVHOXHJR²
(OSDVRGHXQWUHQ\HOODGULGRGHORLUUDFLRQDO
DQXQFLDQFRQKRFLFRPHWiOLFRHOIXWXURGHYHQLU
HQODIUiJLORUDFLyQGHXQDPXMHU

9,,,
´6R\0DUtD-RUTXHUD0HOHQDRSHUWHQH]FRDHVDUDOHDGH
PXMHUHVHQODVFXDOHVVHGHSRVLWDWRGDODDQLPDGYHU
VLyQGHXQDPRUDOUXGLPHQWDULDVRVWHQLGDHQHOHMHUFL
FLRGHODSLGDFLyQ\H[LOLRGHODFRQFXELQDµ
(OPtVHURPRQyORJRYROWHDORVRMRVGHODQRFKH
WUDQVSDUHQWDQGRHOyVHROXQDU
/D~QLFDHEULDHVODPXHUWH\VyORHOODGHMDÁRUHV\EH
VRVIUHQWHDODSHTXHxDSXHUWDGHODVYHQJDQ]DV
8QDSROLOODDQXODHOIDUROGHWXFDVD
(OUXLGRGHOPDUVHLQWHUQDHQODFLXGDG
KDFLDSRWUHURV\HULDOHV

27
Matria

,;
/É03$5$(&/26,21$0,&$6$0,&$0$0,
+(50$1$
6$/7(5Ì2'(5$1&+$6
0,3$'5(0,0$'5(0,(1$*8$0,/(1*8$
/$/2&$/$3$6&8$/$/$0(125/$
',(=0$'$
'$0(81+20%5(81+,-281$0$f$1$

;
/DQRFKHKXQGHWXFXHUSR
KDFLDODFDOOHPiVLQKyVSLWDGHODWULVWH]D
'HODPLVHULDVLHPSUHKD\RMRViYLGRV²HOERWtQ
GHODLQVLJQLÀFDQFLD²

;,
(QODQDYDMDGHXQDPDxDQDGLEXMDVXQDFDVD
\FXHQWDVORVQXGRVGHWXWUHQ]D
(OVROIHUPHQWDODVERIHWDGDVGHXQDFDWiVWURIH
\HQWXSHORJUDVRDOJXLHQLPSULPHXQEHVR
PLHQWUDVORVHYDQJpOLFRVFDQWDQXQTXHMXPEURVR
KLPQRGHDPRU
\XQDURQGDGHQLxDVWHREVHTXLDXQD

/$1,f$0$5Ì$+$6$/,'2$/%$,/(
%$,/(48(%$,/(48(%$,/(
<6,12/2%$,/$&$67,*2/('$5É1

28
 Antonio Silva

3DUDXQPXFKDFKRSHULIpULFR
      
      
eOTXHQDFLySDUDVHU
FRQWHPSODGRXQ$GRQLVDOyJHQR
\SREODFLRQDO

9LWXFDEH]DURGDUHQHOYRFDEOR
   GHODQRFKH²PXFKDFKLWR²
 7XHVSXUHRWDOHQWRGHQHyQVXGDFD
   IRWRPRQWDMHOLQJXDO²PDSXxRO²
 HOSHVRGH'LRVVREUH
     WXSiUSDGR
 7HYLFDPLQDUHQODYLWULQDGH
    ORLQHYLWDEOHPHQWHGLDULR

 >+R\²DORVWUHLQWD²QRWHIDOWDXQYDURQFLWR
 TXHVLOEHDOiQJHOGHRMRVPXHUWRVHQFDGD
HVTXLQD@

  'HÀQHVXQDFDQFLyQ
  HQODYHVWLGXUDGHODULVD
  8QDSULPDYHUDDWUDSDGD
  HQODSREUH]DGHWXVRMRV

 8QKRPEUHFD\yVREUHWXFXHUSR²WDPELpQFDOOy²
 /DGLFWDGXUDGHO'(6(2
 (OFDUQDYDOHVFRLGLRPDGHXQGtDGHIHULD

   7HYLFDPLQDUHQRVDPHQWDLQYLHUQR
   FRQOOXYLDHQHOKRPEUR
   HQEXVFDGHXQGtDFODUR

KDFLDXQOXPtQLFRIXWXURpORWRUJDGLHFLVLHWH
YHQJDQ]DVHQSUHIRUPDWLYRSDODGDU

29
Matria

3UHWH[WR

(QHOPXVHRGHSHWLFLRQHV
²&RDWOLFXHERUGDXQHVWUHOOD²

0XVHR\PDXVROHRVRQSDODEUDVFRQHFWDGDVSRU
DOJRPiVTXHODDVRFLDFLyQIRQpWLFD
/RVPXVHRVVRQORVVHSXOFURVIDPLOLDUHVGHODV
REUDVGHDUWH
  7KHRGRU:$GRUQR

8QDULVDGHQLxDV8QDDYLVSDEODQFDTXHHQVXVHWHR
DWUDSDHOQHJURDPRUGHORVOLULRV²XQSXxDOGHYLGDHQ
HOFRUD]yQGHXQ'XDW²
3HTXHxRVDSDUWDPHQWRVTXHPXVLFDOL]DGRV\ODFUDGRV
KDFHQGHOSDLVDMHFXULRVDPHQWHXQFDGiYHUH[TXLVLWR

&DODVURVDVFODYHOHVLOXVLRQHV\X\RVFDSDFKLWRV
RUTXtGHDVWXOLSDQHV
\XQJRUULRQFLOORFRQHFWDQODHVFHQDFRQXQQLUYDQD
PHQWDO

/DYLGHQWHVHOODPD&RDWOLFXH

8QGLDPDQWLQRWHPEORUODOiPSDUDGHGLRV
DVHVLQDHQÁRUDOPHUFDQFtDHOUHODWR

(QPHGLRGHOFROODJHODHVFULWXUDUHFXHUGDXQSRHPD

6R\ODYLUJHQTXHDSDUHFHGHYH]HQFXDQGRVR\ODQLxD
VLOEDQGR$OÀQDOGHOFHPHQWHULRODPDOQDFLGDPHGHFtDQOD
VROLWDULD\ODORFD

30
 Antonio Silva

>'HDUR\FLHOR\HQPXMHULODUWLÀFLRXQFROLEUtGHFDSLWD
HSLWDÀRV\MDFLQWRV@

$VtFRPRXQ0DOOH[SRQHVXVJUDVDV\FDUERKLGUDWRV
(OQLJURPDQWHPHUFDGRDYLVDHQVXUHFRUULGRRWURXVR
SDUDWDUURV\ODWLWDVGHEHELGDVVRVWHQHUHODJXDGHWX
ÁRUGHPLÁRU
&UX]DVHOSyUWLFRGHXQD~OWLPDEHOOH]DRUQDPHQWDO
8QSHTXHxRSXHQWHSDUDWULQLGDGHVPD\RUHV
8QEDUXOORERWiQLFRVLOHQFLDGRHQVXDXVWHULGDG

 &LULRVYXOJDUHVViQGDOR\VROHGDG
 8QJDWRGHOR]DVLHPSUHYLYDVLHPSUHPXHUWD
 /DXULWD9LFXxDHQXQYHUJHOGHQ\ORQ
 3HOXFKHV\WUDSRV
 $QJHOLWRVGHXQGRUDGRPXHUWR
 <HQHOFHQWURODLQGLDPLUDGDGHXQDKXpUIDQD
 8QDSHTXHxD*XDGDOXSHiSDWULGD\FRURQDGD
 TXHGLVSXHVWDFRPRLQPDFXODGRWHDWUR
 GHODPDxDQDKDFHXQGHVDVWUHXQPLODJUR

 &RDWOLFXHYLJLODSpWDORV\FDGiYHUHV

8QDFDUWDVHOODGDVHGHVFXHOJD
GHVGHHOURMRQXGRGHXQDURVD
&LUFXQGDGDGHLOXVLRQHV/DVQXHVWUDV

 &RDWOLFXHDGRSWDODÀJXUDGHOPHGLR
      'tD

31
Matria

%HDWLWXG

&DUWDVKDOODGDVHQXQFHPHQWHULR-XDQD,ULVQRSXGR
HYLWDUFOHSWyPDQDFRPXQLyQ

0DOYLQLWDWHHVFULERHVWRSDSHGLUWHXQSHTXHxRIDYRUTXH
PLSDSiEXHOEDDTXtFRQPLJRSRUTXHpOHVWDHQ9DOSDUDtVR
HVSHURTXHPHDJDVHVHIDYRU\DODRWUDEHVOHYLQHDEHUFRPR
XVWHHVSRGHURVD\RVHTXHXVWHPHEDDFHUHVHIDYRU\TXLHUR
TXHHOKRPEUHTXHHVWDHQPLFDVDVHYDOOD\TXHGHPRVFRQ
PLPDPDRWUDJHQWHHVFXFKDGRGHWLTXLHURSHGLUWHRWURIDYRU
TXHHVWHFRQHOQLxRTXHPHJXVWDSRUTXHHOQRPHTXLHUH\
\RPHPXHURSRUHOJUDFLDV
.DWKHULQH$

7HHVFULERHVWDFDUWDSDUDGHFLUWH\GDUWHXQPLOOyQGHJUDFLDV
SRUHOIDYRUFRQFHGLGRDKRUDTXHHVWR\FRQHO
eOVHOODPD-XDQ)UDQFLVFR6HJXQGR'tD]/HyQSRUIDYRU
VHORVXSOLFRGHWRGRFRUD]yQTXHPHTXLHUDPXFKR\TXH
QXQFDPHGHMHVROD\DQRTXLHURVXIULUGHQXHYRSRUTXH
VLHPSUHSLHUGR\RODTXLHURPXFKR
0DUtD7HUHVD$=


32
 Antonio Silva

&RQWRGRUHVSHWRTXHXVWHGVHPHUHFH\ROHHVFULERHVWR\RQR
VHTXLHQDEUDOHtGRODFDUWDSHURHVR\RVXSRQJRTXHHVPDOR
DFXpUGHVHGHPL$OH[DKRUDTXHVHYDDOVHUYLFLRFXtGHPHOR
TXHVHDFXHUGHGHPLVLHPSUH\TXHQRYD\DDHQFRQWUDUD
RWUDSRUTXHDHO\RORTXLHURPXFKR*UDFLDV
<HQQ\0DULEHO08


0DOYLQLWDD\~GDPHSRUIDYRUWHORUXHJRTXHODELRVLD
VDOJDQHJDWLYDTXHQRWHQJDQORTXHGLFHQSRUIDYRUTXH
WDPELpQSDSDQLFRODRVDOJDEXHQR\TXHHOVLWLRTXHHVWDPRV
YHQGLHQGRVHYHQGDSRUIDYRUHVSHURFRQÀDGDHQWL
/HWWLFLD03

+RODPDOYLQLWDVR\.DWW\QRVHVLWXPHFRQRFHVSHUR\RD
WLVtVR\UDUDHVWR\FRQIXQGLGDQRVpTXHKDFHUWHFXHQWRQR
VHORVKRPEUHVQRPHUHFHQSHURODFXHVWLyQHVDVtD\~GDPH
PDOYLQLWDTXHHO&ODXGLRGHOFXDUWR)VHÀMHHQPL\PH
TXLHUD\TXHOD-XDQDSDVHGHFXUVRSRUIDYRUJUDFLDV
.DWW\


33
Matria

/DLQVLJQLÀFDQFLDGHOJHVWR

,
&RPRXQDQRYLH]XHOD
HQODQRFWXUQDVROHGDGGHXQDSOD]D
HODPRUVHSHLQDHQXQDVLOOD
FDO]RQHVUDtGRV\]DSDWRVGHSROYRGHGLDPDQWHV
GHMDQRtUHOPXVLTXHRGHXQDFDPSHVLQD

6HYHHQODVERFDV\HQODVFDPDV
HQORVOXPLQRVRVHQODVOtQHDVGHXQDPDQRHQODV
LJOHVLDV
HQODJXHUUD\HQODSD]HQODVYLWULQDVGHPRGDHQOD
OX]GHXQDSULPDYHUD
HQODSHVWDxDGHXQDDYLVSDHQHOSiUSDGRGHXQFLHJR
HQODFRQIHFFLyQGHXQYHVWXDULRHQXQDPHVDMXQWRD
XQUtR
HQHODQLOORGHPXHUWHGHWXPDGUHHQXQDSLVWROD
HTXLOLEUDGDHQODVDJXMHWDVGHOVRO
HQODLQPDFXODGDFRURQDGHXQWUDYHVWL
HQHOPXVHDOODEHULQWRGHXQVXSHUPHUFDGR
HQXQDSOD]DLPLWDQGRODVRQULVDGHORVVROLWDULRV
HQXQEDxRS~EOLFRHQXQDPtQLPDWHOHVHULH
HQODPLUDGDGHXQDSREODGRUD
HQHODUHWHGHOPDULFDTXHPLUDHQSL]FD
RHQHOGHVWHOORGHXQDJRWDDOÀQDOGHXQDUDPD
RHODJXMHURHQHOFRUD]yQGHXQQLxR$IJDQR 
HQODFRMHUDGHOVROVREUHODSD]GHXQGtDGHFDPSR
HQHOWUD\HFWRGHXQDOHQJXD
RHQXQDFLXGDGSLQWDGDVREUHODSLHOGHODVDUQD

(ODPRUFRQWHPSODVXJHVWRVXLQVLJQLÀFDQFLD
(ODPRUHVXQQLFKRVLQWDSDQLQRPEUH

34
 Antonio Silva

,,
 8QDSDUWtFXODGHDPRU

4XHHVXQSiMDURXQDDPDWLVWDXQIRQHPDXQD
FDMLWDPXVLFDO
XQSUHQGHGRUODVDOLYDGHWXPDGUHXQDUPRQLRXQ
DGDJJLR
HQODSLHOGHWXHQDPRUDGRXQURMRFDUGHQDOHQHO
KLORPXHUWRGH
WXVBBBBBBBBBXQDSpUJRODXQGLVIUD]XQDJXLUQDOGD
HQHODWDUGHFHU
GHXQYHUDQR

HOFOtPD[GHVYDQHFHHOGHFRUDGR\FRPRHQXQDySHUD
&KLQDWHHQWUHJDVDORPLVWHULRVR

 (QODPHQGLJDÁRUTXHQRDPDPRVHQ
NXQGDOLQL\ODDQWLJXDHVSHUDQ]DHQODFDVFDGDPDWLQDO
HQODDQGURJLQLDHQODFHJXHUDGHWXFDQWR
VtLQFUHVFHQGR

 HQXQÀOPGH*RGDUGR$QWRQLRQL
 HQXQMDFDUDQGiLOXPLQDGRSRUXQKRPEUH
 HQ-XDQD,ULVODPDWULDODKXpUIDQD\ORV
PLODJURV
 HQHORURVHPLQDOGHXQMRYHQ]XHOR
 HQWXFXORKHULGR
 HQWXVSDUWRV
 HQODEODQFDP~VLFDGHXQDPRUJXH
 HQODWUDQVXEWDQFLDFLyQGHODUWHPDQLFXUH
FRVPpWLFD\SLQFHODMH
 HQODSREUH]DHVSLULWXDO
 HQXQFRUD]yQGRQGHKHFDYDGRODWXPEDGH
PLSDGUH
PLPDGUH

35
Matria

 +HDTXtPLVLJQR
 +HDTXtPLGLDPDQWHLQYHUWLGR

1RWD/XHJRGHHWtOLFRWUDQFHFDHVGHVPD\DGDVREUHXQ
UDPLOOHWHGHVROGDGRV/D,ULVQRSXHGHH[SOLFDUTXHVX
FRUD]yQKDPXHUWR

&XDQGRXQKRPEUHSHQHWUDDXQDPXMHU²GLFHQORV
EHOODFRV²IRUPDXQDFUX]
FXDQGRXQKRPEUHSHQHWUDDRWURKRPEUH²GLFHWX
SDGUH²GLVHxDODLQYHUVLyQGH
XQDFUX]
FXDQGRXQDPXMHUIURWDVXHVSHMXHORFRQRWUR
HVSHMXHOR²GLFHQODV(ULQQLDV²VHKHFKL]D
 DVtPLVPD\SLHQVDHQODJHRPHWUtDGHXQDFUX]

   SHQHWUDU\VHUSHQHWUDGR²GLJR²
   HVODOH\GHOXQLYHUVR

36
 Antonio Silva

*UDQ$YHQLGD

XQDQRFWXUQDYHORFLGDG

*UDQDYHQLGDDSDUHFHFRPRXQSHTXHxR&KLOH
XQLQWHUPLQDEOHGtDGHIHULD
    HQVXEHOOH]D\KHULGD
8QDWUDQVSDUHQWHFRVWLOODGHKDPEUXQD
GLVHFFLRQDGDSRUWLHQGDV\EXVHV
XQPtQLPRFROODUGH
SHUVDVWRSOHVV\GLVFRWHFDVXQEDULWRQDOVRXYHQLU
GHVRUGDVSDODEUDV


6yORH[SHULPHQWDVDOJRSDUHFLGRDDTXHO
FRQIXVRVHQWLPLHQWRHQODQRFKHGHDxRQXHYR
GRQGHHO+LPQR1DFLRQDOQRVDEHGHÀQLU
VLRGLDVRDPDVHVWDSDWULD


*UDQDYHQLGDHVXQKRPEUH
TXHFRUWDHQP~OWLSOHVPLWDGHV
XQDFDQFLyQQRHOHJLGD
HQHOGLDOGHWXOHQJXD
    EDVWDUGD



37
Matria

)LQLWXG

¢4XpKRPEUHGHMXLFLRSXHGHHIHFWLYDPHQWHVHUSDUWLGDULRGH
XQDGRFWULQDWDQULGtFXOD"%DVWDPLUDUODPXOWLWXGTXHODDFRJH
SDUDGHVSUHFLDUOD6XVPDHVWURVQREXVFDQQL
HQFXHQWUDQPiVGLVFtSXORVTXHKRPEUHVVLQLQWHOLJHQFLD\GH
XQHVStULWXJURVHUR
   &HOVR

  
(QXQWHPSORHGLÀFDGRSRUODGHPHQFLD
/RVHYDQJpOLFRVEUDPDQSRUXQWLHPSRSHUGLGR
$]RWDQOHSUDHQJXLWDUUDVTXHMDPiVOHVSHUWHQHFLHURQ

8QKRPEUHVHPDVWXUEDHQOHQWDFiPDUD
%DOEXFHDHOQRPEUHGHXQDPXMHUGHVÀJXUDGD
8QDOiJULPDGHpOHVXQRFpDQRGHDPRUHQRWUR
PXQGR

 (QXQSDWLRLQWHULRU
 8QQLxROORUDSRUTXHXQSiMDURKDPXHUWR

(OPXFKDFKRGHODGHPiQVHLQWHUQD
(QHOFLUFXLWRGHSXxDOHV\WD[LV
    UXPERDODÀHVWD
8QDEDLODULQDERUGDÁRUHVGHJXDLSH
    HQHOWHQGLGRHOpFWULFR
<VXVGHVWHOORVVRQXQDFRURQDLQ~WLOGHVDQWRV\
FULVWRV

 1DGLHR\HDORVHYDQJpOLFRV
 &XDQGRXQQLxROORUDSRUTXHXQSiMDURKD
PXHUWR

38
OORLFDVHQHODEUHYDGHUR
/RV0DULFDV

(ODQGUyJLQRHVFRQVLGHUDGRVXSHULRUDDPERVVH[RV
3RUTXHHQFDUQDODWRWDOLGDG\SRUORWDQWRODSHUIHFFLyQ
     0LUFHD(OLDGH

  
&UX]DGRVHQXQSDUTXH
(QHOÀODPHQWRGHODVVRPEUDV
(QWUHGHVWLHUUR\IDURO
+DFHQVXHQWUDGDFRMDORVPDULFDV
/DVEHVWLDVGHiJDWDWRUFLGRVHLQPXQGRV
7URQFKDQGRFRQVXVJHVWRV
(OGHFRUDGRVLHPSUHEDVWDUGRGHXQDFLXGDGIHOLQD
/RVPDULFDV\VXVFLWDV
'HSiUSDGRHQSiUSDGRVXOHQJXDMHELQDULR
&RPRSROLOODVVLHPSUHDWHQWRVDXQDQXHYDDQWRUFKD
TXHVXUMDHQHOYHUJHOQRFWXUQR

8QRHVODRWUDODRWUDHVHOODHQPt\HQHORWUR

6XVSHTXHxRV\YLROHQWRVDFWRV
3DULGRVHQHVWHUWRUGHXQFLUFRSREUH
(QXQDOXPLQDULDVHHPERUUDFKDQORVPDULFDV
<UHODWDQVLHPSUHXQDPLVPDKLVWRULD
'HVSDWULDGRVORVPDULFDVOHYDQWDQXQDEDQGHUDXQ
SDxROHWHL]DGR
   HQODIHWLGH]GHODVPXHODV

'HODPDQRYDQORVLQYHUWLGRV
$OHQFXHQWURGHPDWDULIHVOXPSHQDMH\VROGDGRV
$OHQFXHQWURGHPLFDQWR
$OHQFXHQWURGHXQSOXPDMHDEDQLFDO

41
Matria

/RFRV\WULVWHVORVPDULFDV
&RQGHQDGDPHQWHDOHJUHV
,QGHFLEOHPHQWHEHOORVEHOORV

42
 Antonio Silva

/LQJXDO

QRFRQRFHPRVHOXVRGHODVSDODEUDV²IXHVXJUDYH
VHQWHQFLD²\FRPRFROLEUtVXOHQJXDVHSRVyHQXQMXHJR
GHDODV\VtODEDV²VHJ~QHOOD:LWWJHVWHLQ\/H]DPDWDUGHR
WHPSUDQRDSDUHFHUtDQ²

/LDGDHQHOOtPLWHGHXQOXQDUYHQXVWR
/HHVHOOXSDQDUODWLGRGHWXQRPEUH
/DFUDGD\ORFDKDFHVGHWXYR]XQ
/iWH[OLQJXDOHQHOURVDOGHODVYRFDOHV

/DFDUFDMDGDGHOLPRHQODYHUJDGHODQRFKH
/LEpOXODOXVWURVDVLPXODFURHQHOPXHFDO
  -DFLQWRGHWXSDGUH
/HYLWDQWHODQDUGHOLHQGUHVRUTXtGHDQHIDVWD
  HQHOXOXODUGHWXVPLHPEURVHQHO
/LQFHRSDUSDGHRVLOELFRRULQDOGHORVKRPEUHV
/DELDOOLJRVRGHWXFXHOORDOMyIDUHVTXHKDFHQGHWXERFD
   XQDFXHYDGHGHVHRV

/HQJXDSHUGLGDHQHOOXPLQRVROHWUDOGHXQ&KLOHTXH
GHYLHQH
/iJULPDSHQH\KHULGD

43
Matria

-XDQD,ULVHQDOFRKyOLFRWUDQFH
UHFLWDEDDWRGRVXQDSHTXHxDFDQFLyQGHXQGHVDSDUHFLGR
SRHWD´PDULFyQHVXQDSDODEUDTXHLQYHQWyPLSDGUHSDUD
EXUODUWXYLGDµUHOLQFKDEDHQD\HV\GHOLFDGRVPRPHQWRV
EODQFRVGRQGHHOGXO]RUGHVXPXHFDDOFDQ]DEDLQVWDQWHVGH
EHDWLWXG/D,ULVVHGHWHQtDFRPRXQDOHFKX]DTXHSRVDGDHQ
HOEDOFyQGHODQRFKHDSUHWDEDVXSHFKR\VXYR]HUDRWUD/D
UHYLVWDQRFWXUQDVHWRUQDEDHQVHSHOLRGHPRQMDV
(QWRQFHVHOSRHPDHVXQDFDVFDGDGH.RDQV

/DVUD]RQHVSDUDHOHVStULWXVRQODVPLVPDVSDUDOD
FDUQH

(QWRQFHV\RGLIXQWR
3URQXQFLRODVPLVPDVSDODEUDV
&XDWURYHFHVFXDWUR

+D\DVDQDVLQFOXVR
3DUDROYLGDUDORVGLRVHV

0LFRORUSDUDORVFLHJRVHVHOQHJUR

1RUHFXHUGRVXOHQJXD
3HURVXYHUERDJRELDED
/RVSLODUHVGHODQWHULRUULWR

(VWHSHVDU
1RGHMDDPDUDOTXHPHDPD
/DQLHYHPDWDJRORQGULQDV
<\RQRSXHGRKDFHUQDGD

44
 Antonio Silva

/DQRFKHHVXQDMDXOD\ODGHVQXGDSOD]DXQDLQLFLiWLFD
FKR]DDWHVWDGDGH/ORLFDV-XDQDRÀFLDGH6LELODFRQVtODEDV
HQJXDQWDGDVGHEODQFR\WHUURU
$ODPDQHFHU-XDQD,ULVHV-RQDWKDQ5LTXHOPH0HOHQDR

45
Matria

>SULPHUHVFiQGDORIHEULO(OOD
DVLVWHDODQtYHDHLQTXLHWDQWHSD]
GHXQPRQLWRU@

'HFyPROOHJXpDRtU(QODVtHVLQYHUWLGDV
GHOFRUD]yQ$DTXHORSKDQLPQRFWXUQR\
FDOOHMHUR'HFyPRYLURGDUVXSHTXHxDERFD
%DMRODOOXYLD²TXHKLHUH\SXULÀFD²
'HFyPRWLHPEODHOKXHVDOGHORVGtDV7XV
GtDVTXHVRQWUHVRUTXtGHDVHQHORMRGH
XQSiMDUR'HFyPRWXFDEH]DVHVHSDUy
WRWDOPHQWHGHODVFRVDV<VRODSDUWLyHQ
EXVFDGHXQDSDWULD'HFyPRWUHSDVWHDO
QRFWXUQRGHORViUEROHV<HQKRMDOVLOHQFLR
DVHVLQDVWHDXQMRYHQYHUDQR'HFyPR
WXYHVWLGRVHHQUHGy(QORVVyWDQRVGH
ODQRFKH<WXYR]IXHXQUHFXHUGR(QOD
PRUWHFLQDOX]GHXQFXDUWR

46
 Antonio Silva

PLHQWUDVFRQWHPSODVXQD
HVWDPSLWDGHOD9LUJHQGHO&DUPHQ
FLUFXQGDGDGHQHRQHVHVWDODFWLWD
HOPHWDIRUyQGHXQDPXHFDVHSXOWD
EDUDWLMDVHQMR\DGDVGHPLVHULDV

(QWXMDUGtQXQDURVD

6REUHODURVDXQDDEHMDFDQFLRQLO
6REUHODDEHMDXQGLDPDQWHGHVRO
(QHOGLDPDQWHHOPRÁHWXGRGHGR
GHXQTXHUXEtQ
(QHOTXHUXEtQHOÁRUDOSHODMHGHXQFRUD]yQ
(QHOFRUD]yQXQDPXMHUDWUDSDGD
HQPXHFDUHOLFDULDO
(QODPXMHUXQDVRQULVDTXHSUHWH[WDODSD]\
 HQVXSD]XQSDLVDMH
(QHOSDLVDMHXQDDQWLJXDHGDG
(QODHGDGXQDFDVDJULV
(QODFDVDXQDOPLGRQDGRFXDUWRGHKXPR\P~VLFD
(QHOFXDUWRW~DWUDYHVDQGRXQYHQWDQDO
(QODWUDQVSDUHQFLDWXVRPEUD
(QWXVRPEUDFRPLHQ]DXQMDUGtQWXMDUGtQ
(QWXMDUGtQXQDURVD
6REUHODURVDWXRMRTXHKX\HHQODDEHMDWUDJDGD
3RUXQFROLEUt
(QHOFROLEUtODPDxDQDHOSOXPDMH
HQODPDxDQDWXFXHUSRHQWXPHFLGR
     SRUDOJR

47
Matria

HQXQFLUFRGHREUHUDIDPDODWtVLFD
VHEDxDEDHQJiUJDUDVGH
DPRU²VDODJXDDUGLHQWH\XQDV
JRWDVGHFRFDFRODTXHHQVyQLFR
JRUMHRGDEDDVXVROHGDGOD
LPSURQWDGHXQFDOHQGDULR
WULFRORU²

    (OURFHDODURVD
    <ORFDODURVDVHGHVKRMD

6XDFXDUHODHQHOHVSHMR
/DSHGUHUtDSOXPDMHHQRORURVROHQJXDMH
+LOYDQDGHYRFHFLOODVHOPDUFRGHVWHFXDGUR
 8QVROELFpIDORDOXQtVRQR

8QFLHUYRGHVSLVWDGRHQXQROHDMHGHOXFHV
  ´VL\RHQFRQWUDUiXQDOPDFRPRODPtDµ
  ²GHVGHXQFDPHULQRLQWHULRU²

7RGDHOOD
GHODHVFHQDKDFHXQD-XDQDGH$UFR
6XVSHQGLGDHLQFRQWURODGD

  ²8QDFUX]HQFUXFH²

*XLOORWLQDGHXQODPHQWRTXH
2IUHFHGRVPLWDGHV\XQVDQWRSRUWDOHQWR

<YXHOYHDOPXVLTXHRGHORVUH]RV
²6DQ6HEDVWLiQ6DQ$QWRQLR6DQ-XGDV7DGHR²
ODUHFRQVWUXFFLyQTXL]iGHXQDRSHUHWD

48
 Antonio Silva

  2UR\HVPHUDOGD
  8QDOLUDGHSOiVWLFRSDUDHOGLYHUWLPHQWR
  8QDRVFXUDSHUODHQJDUJDQWLOODV\
SDODEUDV


6XRGLR\VXP~VLFD
8QPLQXHWDWUHVYRFHVDWUHVLUDV

49
Matria

  HOLQFDQGHVFHQWHDSDUHFHUGHXQDEHDWD

-XDQD,ULV

2WUDODPHUiHOSROHQGHWXVODELRV
$TXHOPDULSRVHRGHSDODEUDV
/DVQHJUDV\ODVHVFDUODWDV
2WUDOHHUiXQPDQWUDGHDPRU
HQHOIRVIRUHVFHQWHHQPXGHFHUGHWXERFD

 /DFRVWUDHOVLJLORODGHFDSLWDFLyQHOYHQGDMH
 /DEXUODHODOTXLWUiQXQDEDQGHULWD
 (OSRVWL]RODSOHQLWXGHOWHUURU
 0LQDWXUDOH]DWXQDWXUDOH]D
 (ODQGDPLDMHODKXLGDHOGHVSRMR


7HSDUHFHVDDOJXLHQTXHYLPRULUDQRFKH
7DOYH]HUD\R,ULVHQXQDFROFKDGHVDQJUH
'LH]DxRVPHQRVXQDVROHULWDQHJUD
$JXMHWDVWDIHWiQHVSHMHDQWH\
XQDMLOJHURQDULVDDPRGRGHDXUD
7DOYH]
 HUD\R
VXPHUJLGD
HQXQMDUGtQGHS~DV\HVSHUDQ]DV

2WUDFRQIHFFLRQDUiODEDQGHUD
4XHW~\\RKHPRVSLQWDGRHQODKHULGDGHODQRFKH

50
 Antonio Silva

9LHQHVGHXQDFLXGDG

PiVDQWLJXDTXHHOFLHORDPHULFDQR
GHDTXHOODSDODEUDUHFXSHUDGDHQODVDQJUH  
TXHQRHVPiVTXHXQGHVHRÁRUDO
XQDYXOJDULPLWDFLyQGHRUTXtGHDV\QRPHROYLGHV
D~QFXDQGRHVWX\RHOGRQGH3ROLGHFWHV

8QDOLHQWRGHJXLUQDOGDV\QDYDMDV
XQD+pFDWHHQHOPROLQRGHWXVODELRV
9LHQHVGHXQDFLXGDG
PiVDQWLJXDTXHHOFLHORDPHULFDQR
1tYHD\OLQJXDOFDHDTXHOODSDODEUD
WDQFRP~QSDUDRWURV
\TXHSDUDWLHVXQDMR\DDWUDSDGDHQODPXVLTXLOODGH
WXQRPEUH
VLHPSUHDMHQD
DXQEHVRTXHROYLGDV
HQODQHyQLFDYpUWHEUDGHXQiUERO
LUUHVLVWLEOHPHQWHVROR\EHOOR

9LHQHVGHXQDFLXGDG
GHDTXHOVROTXHWLxH
HOSRHPDGHWXFXHUSR
<VROR
GHFLGHV
TXHHODPRUHVXQDKHEUDGHDOFRKROHQODDYHQLGDGH
XQSXHEOR

51
Matria

'RV(VFULWXUDV

,
'HODFRVWLOODGHXQiQJHO
SXHGHVGHGXFLUHOtQÀPRWUD]RGHWXVODELRV
FRPRWDPELpQODSXOVLyQGHWXKtEULGRRMRVHxDODQGR
XQDGLUHFFLyQLQHIDEOHHQHOVDQWRVDWpQVDQWRGHXQ
EUHYHLFRQR
UXGLPHQWDULDPHQWHEHOOR\SXHULO
3iMDUDTXHDSDVRVGHKDGDFUHHYHQFHUHODELVPR
\TXHFRQOLJHURFDQWRGHVSHLQDHOVDOYDMHDOHWHRGH
XQDYHGHOSDUDtVR
XQDSOXPDGHpOHVXQDJXLUQDOGDHQWXFXHUSR
PDVWXGHVQXGH]HVODGHXQDSLHGUD
TXHVXHxDODPXHUWHHORUR\XQQLxR

,,
&ULVWDOLQRHVWDGRGHSRVHHUFDQFLRQHV\PDSDVHQHO
JODQGH
6XPHUJLGDHQHOSROOHUDOGHODKHUPDQDPDULFD
3tIDQR\DQRGLQRHOGLDEORTXHWHPLPD

&UX]DGRHLQYHUWLGRHQHOJRWHRGHWXPLHPEUR
$YHGHOSDUDtVRDPyFXDQWRTXLVRHQHVSHMRVDOLQR
HQHOUL]RUHVRQDQWHGHXQDPRU

0LWDGYDUyQPLWDGKHPEUD
'HVROODFDEH]DGHOXQDODVYpUWHEUDV

52
 Antonio Silva

(QHVWHFXHUSRHQHOFXDO
ODYLGD\DDQRFKHFH
9LYR\R
   5D~O*yPH]-DWWLQ


4XpYDVKDFHUFRQHVWDOHQJXDGLIXQWD
FRQHVWDGLDGHPDVRQRUDFRQHVWDFDEHOOHUDGHDPRU
TXHSHLQDHOGHVHR
FRQHVWHKDVPDOLQVLOHQR\SHULIpULFR
4XpYDVKDFHUDYHFLOODHVFDUODWDFRQDTXHOUHFDGRGHVRO
FRQODPHOLQGURVDPHORGtDVHSXOWDGDHQODEHOOD
DQVLHGDGGHXQDGROHVFHQWH
4XpYDVKDFHUEDUtWRQRLQFRORURFRQHOMXHJRGHWXV
YRFHVWXVYRFHVTXHDQLGDURQ
HQODJHRPHWUtDGHXQHQMDPEUH
£RKPXxHTXLWDGHKXHVRVGHFRUDGDGHDFDQWRV\
PDGUHVHOYDV
6DEHVODLPSRVLELOLGDGGHWXYLDMH$OJXLHQWH
VRUSUHQGHUi
EDMRXQIDUROEDMRWXSHLQH

6DEHVTXHXQDEtSHGDJRWDGHDPRUWHHVSHUDHQXQ
GHVLHUWR
6DEHVTXHORVWXOLSDQHVWHVRQUtHQHVWDQRFKH
6LQHPEDUJRWDPELpQVDEHVTXHDTXHOORHVXQO~GLFR
SDUORWHRHQODUDPD
PiVDOWD
GHODORFXUD

53
Matria

3DVVDUR

DYHSO~PEHD
HQHOSyUWLFRGHWXVSHVWDxDV

8QSiMDURVRQUtHHQWXYHQWDQD
VXDOHWHRHVXQDVHFXHQFLDGHOX]\iUERO
3iOLGDODPDxDQDFDH
HQODLULGLVFHQWHSLHOGHXQODJDUWR

8QYHUDQRRFXOWRGHWUiVGHXQVRO

/DFHUWH]DHVXQGLEXMRyVHR
WDQJLEOHVyOR
DOYDKRGHXQDVRPEUD
WDQJLEOHVyORDODE\HFWRSRHPDGH'LRV

&XDQGRXQSiMDURVRQUtHHQWXYHQWDQD
FDOODODPDxDQDFDOOD

54
XQEHVRSDUDSDSi
 GLJDPRVTXHHUDQHVW~SLGDV\IHDVDOELQDV
\RMHURVDV²XQDV9HQXVGHOVLJOR9²7RGDV
HOODVODVQLxDVGHODPRGD(Q-XDQD,ULV
GHVSHUWDEDXQDSURWDJyQLFD\SDVDUHOD
IDQWDVtDPDVHQODWHPSRUHUDHOyVHRFUXMLGR
GHVXVSyPXORVGDEDDOSURJUDPDGH
YDULHGDGHVXQDO~GLFDFRPELQDFLyQGHUHDOLW\
VKRZ\GRFXPHQWDOVXGDFD

   9HVWXDULR  


HVWDKLJXHUDTXHGDFLUXHODV

&RQIHFFLRQDVXQYHVWXDULR
8QDPDQWDSDUDODQLxD
4XHDWUDYLHVDHOSURVWLEXODU
&RUD]yQHQEXVFDGHXQSDGUH

+LOYDQDVXQLGLRPDFDQWDWUL]GHORVUtRV\ODVDQJUH
&DQWDWUL]GHWRGDVODVSDODEUDVTXHWHPHQORVKRPEUHV

9HDSLQWDUODVRPEUDGHWXOHQJXDHQODRUIDQGDGGHO
PHGLRGtD
9HDRtUHOKLPQRTXHJRUMHDHQORVDUHWHVGHOYHUDQR
<WRPDFDGDULVDKHUEDOFRPRVLJQRGHXQIXWXURYLDMH

(VFULEHHOQRPEUHTXHWHGLRODSDWULD
$TXHOODYRFDOEDVWDUGD²SLHOORGRD\HV²
<EHOOD
 GHFDSLWD
HOQRPEUHGHWX3DGUH

57
Matria

3DVLyQ\PXHUWHGHOQRYLFLRPiVDPDGRGH
QXHVWUDUHOLJLyQ

eOTXHWRGDVXYLGDIXHHOODGHVFRQVRODGRHQHOFDUDPHORGH

VXHQFDUQDFLyQSDUHFtDLQWXLUGHVGHVXySWLFDHQWULVWtVLPD
WtVLTXH]HODPDUJRSDVDMHHQDTXHOWHPSORODSUHxH]GHO
LQVWDQWHSUHVDJLDEDHODJRELR\ODPLVHULDTXHHOSHTXHxR
PDUXFKR\ODPRQMDFKLQDXUGtDQFXDOHVVDVWUHVGHXQ
GHVSUHFLRPD\~VFXORHQVXRURSHODGRFXHUSRGHVLHUWR
GLDPDQWLQRGLVSXHVWRDOFRQYLWHGHQXHYRVLQIRUWXQLRV

/DPRQMDFKLQDUHQGtDKRPHQDMHVHVGU~MXORVDXQSDVDGR
XQDSHTXHxDHGDGGHRURFRQVDJUDGRDXQGLiFRQRDXVHQWH
GHWRGDUHOLJLyQHQFDPELRHOPDUXFKRSDUHFtDVHUVyORXQD
VRPEUDHQHOWHDWURGH3HNtQXQDJDWDVLDPHVDGREOHPHQWH
PDODHQODRUWLJDUHLQDGHVXOHQJXD

8QDQRFKHeOTXHWRGDVXYLGDIXHHOODROYLGyODHVFULWXUD

HQHOHMHUFLFLRGHVXWUDQVFULSFLyQ$GHFLUYHUGDGVXRWUD
EHOOH]DRIHQGtDHOGHVWHOORGHXQDFUX]TXHHQVXPXWLODFLyQ
KDFtDGHOSyUWLFRGRVVRUWLMDVHQHOGHGRGHPDUtDHQHORMR
GHOFRQYHQWR´HVWR\GHVDSDUHFLHQGRHQODSXHUWDGHPL
FDVDPHYHRFRQVDQGDOLDV\URVWURGH&ULVWRFRQHOFXHUYR
HQHOKRPEURKDEOiQGRPHGHODPXHUWH\VXVSURGLJLRV
HVWR\GHVDSDUHFLHQGRFRPRXQDHVWUHOODGHFDEDUHW
KDPEULHQWDµ~OWLPRVXHxRVLJQDGRHQHOPXURVXUGHVX
FHOGD

58
 Antonio Silva

ORHVFXFKyGHXQDPXMHUTXHQRGLVWLQJXtDFOLHQWHOD\
TXHFRPRXQDOLEpOXODQHJUDVHGDEDDOURERODLQWULJD
\FODURDOIHOODWLR8QDSXWtIXODÉWURSRVTXHGHKLORV
RUR\VHGDFRUWDUQRHVWLODEDPDVELHQVXVDVWUHUtD
>TXHGLEXMDEDHQJUDQSDUWHGHVXPHQWyQXQFDOtJUDPD
RVFXURLOXPLQDGRSRUVHOHQLWDSHUODHQHOSDEHOOyQGHVX
P~VLFDXQWUREDUFOXV@HUDXQTXLU~UJLFRDUJRWYHQDEORV
IUHVQRVFXHUQRV\GDUGRVTXHRSHUDEDHQIRWRPRQWDMHOD
ULGtFXODOtQHDGHODPRU$OJXQDYH]<RODQGD6XOWDQD
OHPLQWLy

1RUWH6XU

<RQRVpDTXHOHWHPHQODVDQJUH\ODQRFKH
VRSUDQRVGHWXÐSHUD
6LWX\RHVHOHVSHMR\ODFDUFDMDGD
TXHXUGHQORVPXFKDFKLWRV\
TXHDVRPDGRVFRPRMDJXDUHVQRQDWRV
RIUHFHQVXHVWUHOODSRUP~VLFD\PDQ]DQDV
<RQRVpTXpPXUPXUDQODKLHUED\ODVUDWDVTXH
OXFLHQWHVGHHQYLGLDURHQODSLHOGHXQDVRQiPEXOD
<RQRVpVLHVDPDULOORRURRDPDULOORKRMDO
HOPXFKDFKRTXHHQODXxDGHXQFKDUFRFDQWD

'HEHVHUODVDQJUH\ODQRFKH
0HUHWULFHVDVXVWDGDV     
 TXHYLRODQXQWD[L\ROYLGDQWXQRPEUH

²\RGLEXMRHOPDSDGH&KLOHHQODVROHGDGGHXQD
JDULWD²

<RQRVpDTXpOHWHPHQORVKRPEUHV
VLWXOHQJXDGHVDSDUHFHHQODHVJULPDOXQDU
     GHXQDFDUUHWHUD

59
Matria

6tGHEHQVHUODVUDWDV\VXSUHVDJLRIpWLGR\PLVHUHUH
ODVTXHWRPDQGHPLERFDHOEUHYHEHVRGHXQDQRFKH

60
 Antonio Silva

@&RUWRPHWUDMH>

0iVDOOiGHODQHFHVLGDGHOREMHWRGHOGHVHRHV
KXPDQDPHQWHHO´PLODJURµHVODYLGDVREHUDQDPiV
DOOiGHORQHFHVDULRTXHHOVXIULPLHQWRGHÀQH(VWH
HOHPHQWR´PLODJURVRµ´TXHQRVHQFDQWDµSXHGHVHU
VLPSOHPHQWHHOEULOORGHOVROTXHHQXQDPDxDQDGH
SULPDYHUDWUDQVÀJXUDXQDFDOOHPLVHUDEOHORTXH
LQFOXVRHQGXUHFLGRSRUODQHFHVLGDGHOPiVSREUH
H[SHULPHQWDDYHFHV
   *HRUJHV%DWDLOOH

4XL]iHQDTXHOODFDQFLyQTXHGHWLHQHDODVDQJUH
2HQHOFRQIXVRVHQWLPHQWDOLVPRGHORVHQFXHQWURV
+DOOHVODOHQJXDTXHRFXOWDQ
ODVJXLUQDOGDVGHODQRFKH
$XQFXDQGRHQWXERFD
/DVSDODEUDVVHSDUHFHQDORVSiUSDGRV
<ORVSiUSDGRVDXQIHOLQRPXHUWRHQHOIROODMH

4XL]iHQHOFHORIiQLFRVHFUHWRGHORVDPDQWHV
(QODFDEHOOHUDHQHOROHDMH
0HOLQGUHKXPRVRSOXPDUGHD]RWHV
    /HQWHMXHOD\FDULiWLGH

4XL]iHQHOHTXtYRFRGHVXVQRPEUHV
RHQHODUHWHGHYLGDHQORVRMRVGHODPXHUWH
KDOOHVHOGLDPDQWH\ODP~VLFD
3DUDXQMDUGtQTXHÁRUHFH
VyORGHQRFKH
   
@WUDVHOYHQH]RODQRFXOHEUyQHOOHFWRUGHEHUi
VRSRUWDUHOFDWyGLFRODJULPHRGH0DUtD-RUTXHUD0HOHQDR
WHPSRUHUD\EDWDFODQD>

61
Matria

XQH[WUDxRVXHxRUHODWDGRSRU-XDQD,ULVDXQ
JUXSRGHFROHFWLYHURVHQQDWUHQRFKH\GyFLO
VLODEHR(QWUDGDVXUGH6DQWLDJR

3RVWDO

3LHQVDVHQRWURFDPLQR

8QKRPEUHPHGLDQDPHQWHIHOL]
7DOYH]HQXQSXHEORFRQQRPEUHGHVDQWR
SUDGHUDUHEDxRVFXOWLYRV
8QDSHTXHxDSRVWDOFRQXQIRQGRGHVDEOHV
   8QDEUHYHEHOOH]DPXHUWD

8QDPXMHUDWLHQGHWXVFDEHOORV
 ²XQPDUWLOORGHOX]HQODYHQWDQDTXHPLUR
FDGDPDxDQD
GHVSXpVGHWDQWRGHVSHUWDUGHVSXpVGHWDQWRV
GHVSHUWDUHV²


8QDUDOLPJRUMHR
3DUWHHQGRVWULJDOHV\ERVTXHV
*UDQGHVWUR]RVGHSDQ
    3HTXHxRVWUR]RVGH
IHOLFLGDG


3LHQVDVHQRWURFDPLQR
7XDPDQWHXQFDUUXDMH
(QPDWLQDOVLOHQFLR
   8QDEUHYHEHOOH]DPXHUWD

62
 Antonio Silva

OXHJRGHXQDÀHVWDSHULIpULFDODOXQDTXHHQWUH
WHTXLODV\YRGNDVKDDGTXLULGRXQDPDUHD
QRWRULHGDGVHUPRQHDDVXVLQYLWDGRV

-XYHQWXG

7HGLMHURQÁRUHV\P~VLFD
WRGDODQRFKH
3HURHOODVyORWUDHIUiJLOHVULVDV
ODELRVGHPXFKDFKRVHQLQGHVFULSWLEOHVROHGDG

8QPRQyORJRDQJHOLFDOGLVHFWDHOEDUULR
 ODYDQJXDUGLDGHODVFRVDVODH[WUDxDFRQÀDQ]D
HQHOHVStULWX
7XDPDQWHHQVDQJXtQHRHMHUFLFLR
  GHFRUDHODVIDOWR

 GHVGHDJXDVRVFXUDVKDVWDHOUtRGHODYLGD

(QODS~EOLFDVROHGDGGHXQDSOD]D
ORVPXUFLpODJRVDVHGLDQDXQDOORLFD

1RGHVSLHUWHVDODVRQiPEXOD
(OODDWUDSDDOGLDEOR\ORGHYXHOYHDODQRFKH

7HGLMHURQÁRUHV\P~VLFD
SHURVyOREHEHVXQIUtRWp
DXQFXDQGROOHYDVVRPEUHURGHVRO
\XQDMXYHQWXGMDPiVHQWUHJDGD

63
Matria

&RWLGLDQR

8QDVHUSLHQWH
8QDWUHQ]DGHVROODELDOXPEURVDHQODHVFDPD
8QDWHUUD]DHQ%DELORQLDXQMDUGtQEHOODPHQWH
GHVSUHFLDGRHQODEUXPDPDWLQDOGHODVFRVDV
/DGHVQXGH]GHXQPXFKDFKRHQXQYLOORUULR
HVSHMHDQWH

(OGtDHVXQDPXHUWHFRQVWDQWH
TXHUHVHFDORVWULXQIRVDQWHULRUHV

/DFHJXHUD\ORVQDUDQMRV
  ODVFDOOHV\ODVSURPHVDV
+X\HDQWHVGHTXHWXDXUDVHDREMHWRGHDQWURSRORJtD
EDUDWD
  XQDPtQLPDFROHFFLyQGHVRQLGRVXQ
FDOLGRVFRSLRSDUODQWH

8QDVHUSLHQWH
SHUODHQVRUWLMDGDHQHORUHRGHWXVODELRV
HQHOSOXPDMHGHODVSDODEUDV

64
 Antonio Silva

$FFLGHQWDOLGDG

8QGpELOSDVHRSRUORVPROLQRVGHODFLXGDG
     XQDVHxDOGHYLGD
8QPXFKDFKRGHD]XOGLYRUFLDHOFDQWRGHOVRQLGR
\VXFDEHOOHUDHVXQDSROLOOD
 XQGLDPDQWHDWUDSDGRHQHOPXHEOHGHODV
RVDPHQWDV
<GHORS~EOLFRDORSULYDGR
QRKD\PiVTXHXQJHQWLOMRYHQ]XHORTXHWHOOHYD
DFXDUWRVGRQGHHODURPDQRHVHOGHODVURVDV
VLQRODDFFLGHQWDOLGDGGHXQDKHULGD

8QDFLXGDGKXQGHWXOHQJXDHQODYHUGHViEDQDGHOD
QRFKH
8QDDYHQLGDGHSHUFDOHV\JXLQGDVHVOR~QLFRWHUUHVWUH

<WHDEDQGRQDVDOGHVWLQRGHXQDPDQR
DODYR]GHXQFDEDOORVRUGR
DODYR]GHXQFDGiYHU
URGHDGRGHLQ~WLOHVSDODEUDV

65
Matria

8QD3DWULD

7RGDEDQGHUDHVXQUtRGHVDQJUH
   6WHOOD'tD]9DUtQ

'HODPDQRGHXQSRHWD
MXQWRDODVDYHVGHODQRFKH
KDFLDHOTXHMXPEURVRDPDQHFHUGHXQDODJDUWLMD
KDFLDHOGLHVWUR\PDQFRGHXQFRUD]yQ
HOOXPLQRVR6DQWLDJRVXFRMHUDVXP~VLFD
XQDGURJDHVSLULWXDOLQGHFRURVD
      
8QOXQDUSDVHRHQODQRFKH]DODPHUD
'HWXYLDMH\HOPtRDPRUPtRVRPEUD\SOXPD
'HMDVFDHUXQDOLHQGUHGHSODWD
,QVWDODVWXGHGRHQXQDQXEHGHPRVFDV
GRQGHODVDODVVRQSXHUWDV\YHQWDQDV

7~\PLJXDLSHFRVPHWyORJDGHXQDGHUURWD
HQHVWDSUHWHQVLyQGHYLDMH
+XPHGHFHHOIXWXURHQODERFDGHXQPXFKDFKR
\QRWRTXHVDOTXHFDQWD

(UHVXQDUXLQDGHDURPDV\DPRUHVHQHOLQFHQGLDGR
SDVLOORGHXQDSDWULD
8QDLQGLDYLROHQWDGDSRUXQDFLXGDGGHEDOFRQHV\
DODPHGDV
3RUODVXxDVGH6DQWLDJR3RUORVPXVORVGH(VSDxD
3RUHOJODQGHGH6DQWLDJR3RUHORPEOLJRGH(VSDxD
3RUODVFDGHUDVODVDUWHULDVHOKtJDGR
<ODEURQTXLDOGHXQUHODWR
    SLVWD\GRUVDO

66
 Antonio Silva

'yQGHHVWiWXFDVD
'yQGHHVWiQWXVSiMDURVGHSROHQ
'yQGHHVWiWXIRWRWDOYH]HQDTXHOODYLWULQDSLQWDGD
HQODRUIDQGDGGHXQDFDOOH

6XELUSRUODGRUVDO
%DMDUSRUODKLSyÀVLV
    SHULIHULDGHWXFDQWR

67
Matria

([LOLR

XQDFDQFLyQPHQRUTXHDOJXQDYH]WtPLGDPHQWH
EDOEXFHRHQHODQLYHUVDULRGHXQFROHJLRGH
PDFKLWRVHQXQSXHEORPLVHUDEOH
     

&RQWHPRUKDVOOHJDGRDRtUHOSDVRGHORVWUHQHV
6DQ%HUQDUGRPLRGLRPLDQWLJXDSDWULD

   QXQFDVDOtGHWXKRUURU

8QKRPEUHDJLWDXQSDxXHOR
\FUHHHVSDQWDUDODPXHUWD
TXHUtHGHWUiVGHODVRUWLJDV
HOPLVPRTXHXQDYH]FDQWy
HQODWXUEDGHORVHYDQJpOLFRV

   HQHOWUHQGHODVGLH]QRYLHQH'LRV

&RQWHPRUDEDQGRQDVHVWHSXHEOR
$OJXLHQGLFH´VHYDORFDµ
8QDWRUPHQWDGHULVDVGLOX\HXQEHVR
\DJXGL]DXQDWULVWH]D
TXHQXQFDVDEHVGHGyQGHYLHQH
    WXWUHQ

68
VLPXODQGRDSUHQGtDVHUYHUGDGHUR
 (VFULWDVHQGRVVHUYLOOHWDV\DQWHODSDFDOPLUDGD
GHORVVXEDOWHUQRV²VLQFRPSUHQGHUQDGD²OD
PHQVDMHUtDGHOD,ULVEURWyFRPRXQDJRWDPiV
GHVDQJUHÔQLFRVGRFXPHQWRV²FXDOWHVRURV²
KDOODGRVHQFDOLSVDFDUWHUD

/DSUHFLRVDFDMDFRQWHQtDLQHVWLPDEOHVSDSHOHVDVtFRPRWUHVKRMLWDV
GHQRWDVPDQXVFULWDV7RGRVHVWRVYHQHUDEOHVGRFXPHQWRVHUDQ
H[WUHPDGDPHQWHIUiJLOHVSXHVODDQWLJHGDGORVKDEtDUHVHFDGR\KHFKR
TXHEUDGL]RV(OKHUPDQR)UDQFLVVHSXVRDGHVFLIUDUORVOHQWDPHQWH
UHFRQRFLHQGRODVSDODEUDVSHURVLQDFDEDUGHFRPSUHQGHUVXVLJQLÀFDGR
(QXQDGHODVKRMLWDVSRGtDOHHUVHOLEUDGHVDOFKLFKDVODWDFKRXURWH
SDUD(PPD/DVHJXQGDKRMDGHFtDSHQVDUHQUHFRJHULPSUHVR
SDUDGHFODUDFLyQGHLPSXHVWRV/DWHUFHUDHQÀQVyORFRQWHQtDFLIUDV
\XQDODUJDVXPD\GHVSXpVXQQ~PHURTXHHYLGHQWHPHQWHUHSUHVHQWDED
XQSRUFHQWDMHVXVWUDLGRGHOWRWDODQWHULRU\VHJXLGRGHODSDODEUD´XIIµ
,QFDSD]GHFRPSUHQGHUXQDSDODEUDGHWDOHVGRFXPHQWRVHOPRQMHVH
OLPLWyDFRPSUREDUORVFiOFXORV\ORVHQFRQWUyH[DFWRV
 
:DOWHU00LOOHU&iQWLFRD6DQ/HLERZLW]

(OSHFDGRFRQVLVWHHQPLRSLQLyQHQODYROXQWDGGHSHQHWUDUGHPDQHUD
SURKLELGDHQRWUDHVIHUDPiVDOWD(VWRH[SOLFDTXHVHDWDQUDUR(Q
UHDOLGDGSRFRVKRPEUHVGHVHDQSHQHWUDUHQRWUDVHVIHUDVVHDQDOWDV
REDMDV\GHPDQHUDDXWRUL]DGDRSURKLELGD+D\SRFRVVDQWRV<ORV
SHFDGRUHVVRQWRGDYtDPiVUDURV<ORVKRPEUHVGHJHQLRTXHDYHFHV
SDUWLFLSDQGHDTXHOODVGRVWDPELpQHVFDVHDQPXFKR3HURSXHGHVHUPiV
GLItFLOFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQJUDQSHFDGRUTXHHQXQJUDQVDQWR

   $UWKXU0DFKHQ(O*UDQ'LRV3DQ
/DYLGDVXEMHWLYD

&XDQGRHUDVXQKRPEUH
ODVPDQ]DQDVHUDQDPDGDVSRUODVDQJUH
<HOSiMDURDOHWHRGHODYLGD
WHQtDHOFRORUTXHRWRUJDQORVVDQWRVDODVFRVDV
7XFRUD]yQPXWDED

5HFXUUtDODKHFKLFHUtD
DORVÁXLGRVFRUSRUDOHV
$SUHQGtDH\DFXODUKDFLDDGHQWUR
 OOHYRODPXHUWHFROJDQGRGHPLVXxDV
   
  UXELRFiQFHUHQSODWLQDGRHVFRUSLR

&XDQGRHUDVXQKRPEUH
HOVROHUDXQSXQWRDPDULOOR
XQDDPSROOHWDGHIRQGD
HQWXVFyUQHDVGHYLGULR
<ODOXQDXQGLVIUD]PHQRU
SDUDFDQWDUOHDKXpUIDQRV\VHUDÀWXV

8QDWDUGHPHHQFRQWUp
FRQODYLGD
<OHDUUDQTXpVXVDURVGHFDPSHVLQDFKLQD
'LVHxpXQRVRMRVSDUDFRQWHPSODU
     ODQXHYDYLKGD

&XDQGR\RHUDXQKRPEUH
7HQtDXQSDGUH\XQDPDGUH
2UD\RVR\PLPDGUH
<PLSDGUHXQDIRWRVLQERFD
FODYDGDHQHOSHFKRGH&ULVWR

73
Matria

/RPXWDQWH

0iVFDOYDHQVXPDGUHGLVSRQHFXDOTXLHU
HVWUHOODPHQRUDQWHVDODGHXQPXWDQWHHQOD
SOD]DGHORVDFDQWLODGRVIUDQTXHD\URPSH
FROODUGHSDODEUDVODVQXHVWUDVHQGHOHLWH(O
PiVPtQLPRWHUURUHQFDEHOOHUDSODWLQDGD
HQGHVDVWUH7RPDHODJXMHURHQGRQGHSRU
PLQXFLDVMXHJDDHQIHUPHUDHQWURSHOORV
GHODQWDOHV\DORGLMR8GHOODHVPDOYDGD
FRPRP~VLFDHQIXFVLRDQRQLPDWRRSHUiWLFD
GHD\HVUHYLHQWDHOVLJQRKLSpUWHOLFDHQVX
XOWUDMH0iVTXHODVSDODEUDVHVFULWDVWRGDV
HQODEDOGtD]RQDGHODVLGHQWLGDGHV0iV
TXHVXWHOHVHULHQHJUDPRUHQDWUDQVOXFLGD
HOHQFDMHGHODVYRFDOHV(OOD\HOPXWDQWHHQ
VRSOLGRVKLHUHQODSD]KHFKDVDQJUHHQWRGR
DOWLSODQRVXQRPEUH0LVV$QGHV8GGLEXMD
ODJHRPHWUtDGHXQSHQHHQHODJXMHULWRGH
XQiQJHOVHOODPDEDODYtFWLPDHQPDOLQFKHV
PLUDGDV0iVDFiHQHOFXDUWRGHVXHVFULWXUD
HOPXWDQWHWUD]D\FKLOODXQO~GLFRWHMLGRHQOD
OHQJXDJODQGHGHVXYXOYD<GHSXV\ULVDOD
EHOOD\HOPXWDQWHDKRUFDMDGDVGHVDSDUHFHQ
HQODKRMDTXHDQWHVIXHVRQDPEXODUGH
ERVTXHVRQDPEXODUSLHOGH6DPRWUDFLD
VRQDPEXODUFyUQHDHQYLWULQDORFDO

74
 Antonio Silva

FXDWURYRFHVLQWHQFLRQDOPHQWHGHVQXGDV\
H[SXHVWDVHQHOIRVVDODULRGHODQRFKH

<RPHFRPSUpXQYHVWLGROLQGRSHUROLQGRFXDQGR
WHQtDFDWRUFHDxRVORRFXOWpSRUXQDxRFRPRWDPELpQ
\RDODxRVLJXLHQWHPLSDGUHPHH[LOLy3HURPLYHVWLGR
PLVSLQWXUDVGHVFR\DURQHQXQDTXLQWDGHUHFUHRHQ
%XLQ$KtFRQRFtODYLGDDQWHV\RHVWDEDPXHUWD
   /D*DE\*DEULHO5LFDUGR

&XDQGRHVWXYHHQFDQDFRQRFtDO0DULRPLPDULGR
FUHRTXHHVRIXHKDFHQXHYHDxRVpOVDEtDTXH\RHUD
ODGURQD\PDUDFD0HVRVHJy$KRUDHVWR\MXQWDQGR
SODWDSDRSHUDUPH\YLYLUWUDQTXLODFRQHO0DULR/R
TXLHURWDQWR
    'HQLVVH5DIDHO-LPpQH]

(OMXHYHVPDWDURQDOD0DULyQHQODSDQDPHULFDQD
8QFDPLRQHURMDODROHSXVRGRVWXQD]RVHQODFDUDHO
FXOLDRGLFHTXHOHTXHUtDQUREDUSHURHVWiFDJDR0L
SULPRHVSDFR\\R\DOHFRQWpWRGR$OIXQHUDOGHOD
0DULyQQRIXHQDGLHGHVXIDPLOLDOORUDPRVWRGDV(Q
HODWD~GOHGHMDPRVVXPiVEHOORRGLR4XL]iPDxDQD
VHD\R
    /D0XxHFD/XLV9LGDO

$ORVGLH]DxRVPHDUUDQTXpGH7HPXFR\PLIDPLOLD
3DVDEDKDPEUH$FiHQ6DQWLDJRFRQRFtDOD*DE\
\OD-XDQD,ULVKHPRVSHOHDGRDPDGUHVSHURQRV
QHFHVLWDPRV
    5DFKHO-RVp0HOHQDR

75
Matria

.RDQV

&DQWDUHQXQDPDxDQDFXDOTXLHUD
$ODEULJRGHXQPXFKDFKRSHQGHQFLHUR

-XDQDLULVHVWHOpSDWDFRVPHWyORJD
'HVXFXHUSRKL]RXQKRJDUSDUDODVYLGHQFLDV

<RSLQWpGHFRiJXORVORVRMRVGHPLSDGUH

'LRVWHVDOYH0DUtDGHUURWDGD

+DFtDVGHOSDLVDMHXQHVSHMXHORXQRUQDPHQWR
WHDWUDOSHURVLQWXYR]

(QODVDQJUHHVHJUDYHGXO]RUGHOD9,+'$

8108&+$&+2,1752'8-2680$12(10,
%2&$<'((//$$55(%$7Ð(/&$'É9(5'(
0,3$'5(

3tGHOHXQDFDQFLyQDORVJXLQGRV\WDOYH]VyORWDO
YH]\RVHDXQSRHPD

76
 Antonio Silva

9HRDPLPDGUHVHQWDGDVREUHOD7WHGHODPXHUWH\
TXHDQHFGyWLFDPHQWHIRUPDXQDFUX]
6XV]DSDWLWRVGHQLxDKXHVDOGHVHDQWRFDUOD
(GHOHQFDQWRGHODPXHUWH
/DHQYLGLDGHOD5UHEDQDHQVXGREOHPXWLODFLyQXQ
WHUULWRULR
9HRDPLPDGUHKX\HQGRKDFLDOD8TXHHOODVXSRQH
PXGDHQDQDOIDEHWRYLDMH
6HQWDGDHQHOLOXVRULRFROXPSLRGHXQDPXGH]
<RODHVStRGHVGHOD0HPHGH0DWULD0LHGR
SDUDQRPDOGHFLU\GHFLUTXHOD0WDPELpQRFXOWDVX
PDGUH\VXPXHUWH

 

77
3RQHUDFXELHUWRWRGDVODVLPiJHQHVGHOOHQJXDMH\XWLOL]DUODVSXHVHVWiQ
HQHOGHVLHUWRDGRQGHKD\TXHLUDEXVFDUODV
   -HDQ*HQHW
 EUHYHDSDULFLyQHQXQHVWHODU
WHOHYLVLYRGHODPiVUDUDFRQIHVLyQGH
VXHOHFWUyQLFRVHFUHWR

$YHFHVTXLVLHUDVGHVSHUWDU
FUXHOPHQWH
0RULUHQVtPLVPRGHVSHUWDUHQRWUR
DYHFHVTXLVLHUDVOORUDUWDPELpQ
SRUDTXHOODSRVLELOLGDGGHKRPEUH
TXHWUDLFLRQDV
DFDGDLQVWDQWH

&RPRWDPELpQWUDLFLRQDV
DXQDKHPEUDGRUPLGD
FRQURVWURGHiVSLG

$YHFHVTXLVLHUDVGREODUHOGREOH
    GHWXQRPEUH
\WRPDGRDODPDQRGHWXFRSLDVHU
XQIHOLQRHQODVFHMDVGHWXPDGUH

$YHFHVTXLVLHUDVGHVSHUWDU
FUXHOPHQWH
'HVSHUWDU

81
Matria

SHUSOHMRVLQJOHLQWHUSUHWDGRSRU´0DWULD 
WKH)DVKLRQV4XHHUµEDQGDIDQWDVPDGH
DSDULFLyQ\PXHUWHIXJD]TXHDOJXQDYH]
FRQWyFRQ,ULVHQYLROHQWRUROYRFDO

1RWXYHSLHGDGGHVXVRVDPHQWDV
SDUDSRUHOODVXVDUORVFXHUYRV
REOLJDURQDODQRFKH
1RWXYHSLHGDGGHVXVURSDVRMRV
SDUDSRUHOODVXVDUHOUD\R
DOLPHQWyHOLQFHQGLRGHODVDQJUH
1RWXYHSLHGDGGHVXOHJXD
SDUDSRUHOODVXVDUODVKLHQDV
FDOLSVDURQHOGHVDVWUH

82
 Antonio Silva

SULPHUtVLPRSULPHUSODQR
HQODFRPLVXUDODELDO
%ORRG\PDU\GHVXPHQVWUXDFLyQ

&DIp(XURSD

&RPRVLVXFXHUSRIXHUDXQOXFHURGH&UDQDFK'HEXWy
HQORVMDUGLQHVFROJDQWHVGHOOXPSHQDMH7UD]DED
SDLVDMHVXQDFKLOHDQSRVWDO¢DOR9DOHQ]XHOD/ODQRV
GLUiXG"
1RWDQVyORXQMRYHQGLRVODWLQRDPHULFDQR2TXL]iXQ
YLROHQWRNRXURVVXGDFD
6XDFWLWXGSRUODYLGDLEDPiVDOOiGHXQPDULDQR
GRORUPiVELHQGLUtD\RPLHVWLPDGRFRPHQVDO(UD
XQD.LULRWLVVDSHULIpULFD6XSHTXHxRSDQGHRUR
IXHGHYRUDGRHQODPHVDGHORVFUtPHQHV\VDQWRV
LQYHUWLGRV7HFRQWDUpKDEODEDGHDUWHWDQOLYLDQDPHQWH
&RPRGHWLQWHVSDUDHOFDEHOOR<VHJ~QHOODVXPDGUH
KDEtDVLGRHPSOHDGDHQFDVDGH-XDQ'RZQH\<TXH
HOOD\VXPXFKDFKRSUHUUDIDHOLVWDHUDQXQDHVSHFLH
GH'DYLG%RZLHGHODSRHVtD(QPLRSLQLyQHVWRV
PLQHVVLQJHUXUEDQRVVHGXFtDQQRVyORHOEXOWRGHVXV
FOLHQWHVVLQRWDPELpQVXVDOPDV\EROVLOORV

1RFUHD8G4XHODHQYLGLRHVVyORODDSUHFLDFLyQGH
VXDPLJD\FRQÀGHQWH
0HGLVFXOSDXQPRPHQWRYHUpVLHQFXHQWURDOJR
3DUDHOHVStULWX¢TXpWDO&HVDU)UDQN"

83
Matria

(OHQXQFLDGR

  9iQLGDWURQFKDHQWURSHOHVYLRODQWHV
  3DMDULOORHVWHUWRUHQVDHWDQRFWiPEXOD
  &ORUDGDGHHVFRUSLRVPDTXLOODGHVHG
  /DHVFULWXUDGHODPDGUH

  'LDOFDOLSVRHQYHQWDQLOODPRULEXQGD
  6RUWHDGDGHUHQFRUHV
  $PDUUD\VLOHQFLDHOHFWUyQLFDRUWRSHGLD
  1LHYHGLRV
  9HORVDDERUWDODHPEDUD]DGD
,GHODSUHJXQWD

    ¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢

  \QRWHPDVDODVSDODEUDV
  SXHVHOODVVyORHVWiQGHSDVR
  VREUHWXOHQJXD

  

  %DUUyQLFDODIHVWDHQOD2
  'DQDGH$ULHVGRPHxRGH9LUJR
  3UHFLSLWDODIDXQDQLxD
  0D]DWOiQODLQGLHFLWD\VXGRPLQJR
  *ULOODODFULQDGHYLRODV
  (QSiSXGRWiQDFLRGH8
  ¢8GGRPLQDODDQGURJLQLD"
  ,DREDQFODUDSHUSLDIXORMDFWDULQR
  9LVD\YHJDIHQHFLOORMRSDO
  )LROHFLHQWH1XJHUWURPSH
   'HOD,RFXOWDBBBBBBBBBB

84
 Antonio Silva

 'DUDyFXODVDUQHPLQMXIHWR
 7URSD\WUXIIDORQJR,DR

 0LQWURVRIHFLHVHODSXxDUDGtR
 'HDOIDFLDOXHQQHDSUpV

 /HYDUODFXLWDTXHREOLGp
 2UDFRQWH]FDOD]HULRHQDOERUÀQDU

     

 \QRWHPDVDODVSDODEUDV
 SXHVHOODVVyORHVWiQGHSDVR
 VREUHWXOHQJXD

85
Matria

$SpQGLFHDYLVRVSXEOLFLWDULRV

2WURVSHTXHxRVPDWHULDOHVVRQRURV\HQFDWDWRULRVKDOODGRVHQ
XQFRIUHFDUPHVt(OOHFWRUSRGUiH[DPLQDU\YLROHQWDUFDGDYRFDO
PDVVLQRFRPSUHQGHSDUWHDOJXQDVHOHUHFRPLHQGDPDQWHQHUVHD
GLVWDQFLDSRUVXLQWHJULGDGItVLFD\HVSLULWXDO

8QRGHORVQRPEUHVGHODSLHGUDÀORVRIDOHV
5HELV´HOVHUGREOHµOLWHUDOPHQWHODVGRVFRVDV

0DLWKXQD 'HWHQFLyQHLQPRYLOL]DFLyQGHODVWUHV
SULQFLSDOHVIXQFLRQHVGHXQVHUKXPDQRUHVSLUDFLyQ
HPLVLyQVHPLQDO\HOSHQVDPLHQWR

'yQGHHVWiQYXHVWURVVHFUHWRVYXHVWUDVSDODEUDV

      $QyQLPR

(OKRPEUHGHOIXWXURVHUi$QGUyJLQR

    $SyFULIRGH-XDQD,ULV

,Gi\SLQJDOiBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(OVRO\ODOXQD

(OKRPEUHEXHQRVHUiMX]JDGRFRPRXQFULPLQDO

¢4XpSUHWHQGHVGHFLURK7ULPHJLVWRTXH'LRVSRVHHORV
GRVVH[RV"6t$VFOHSLR<QRVyOR'LRVVLQRWRGRVORVVHUHV
DQLPDGRV\YHJHWDOHV
    
&RUSXV+HUPHWLFXP

86
 Antonio Silva

$OUHVXFLWDUQRHUDQLYDUyQQLKHPEUDDXQTXHQDFLy\
PXULyFRPRYDUyQ

$QyQLPR

<R-XDQD,ULVGHDUFRFLHOR<R$QGURJ\QXV
+LSHUWHOLFXV

7UHVPRPHQWRVURPiQWLFRV

0HGLWHHQORVLJXLHQWH


&RLQFLGHQFLD2SSRVLWRUXP
 $QLPD&DUQLV&RQWUD1DWXUDP  
  /RÁDPtJHURHQHO)XHJR\HQOD6DQJUH

%DVWDQFLHUWDVGLVSRVLFLRQHVJHRPpWULFDVGH
PDWHULDOHVH[WUHPDGDPHQWHSXURVSDUDGHVHQFDGHQDU
ODVIXHU]DVDWyPLFDVVLQQHFHVLGDGGHODHOHFWULFLGDGR
ODWpFQLFDGHOYDFtR

0DWDDWX3DGUH\PDOGLFHDWX0DGUHWRPDORTXH
UHVWDGHWXFRUD]yQ\VtJXHPH

    $SyFULIRGH-XDQD,ULV

DYHFHVYR\GRQGHUHLQDHOPDO
HVPLOXJDUOOHJRVLQGLVIUD]

     )0RXUD

87
Matria

/RVHVWDWXWRVGHPL2UGHQPHSURKtEHQUHYHODUORV
VHFUHWRVGHODPXWDFLyQDORVVHUHVVLPSOHV\YXOJDUHV
DORVKHWHURVH[XDOHV
     
    $SyFULIRGH-XDQD,ULV

$KRUDTXHHOWLHPSRVHKDPXHUWR
GHVHDUtDGHFLUDORVSUy[LPRVTXHYLHQHQ
TXHHQHVWDFDVDPLVHUDEOH
1XQFDKXERUXWDQLVHxDODOJXQD
\GHHVWDYLGDDOÀQKHSHUGLGRWRGDHVSHUDQ]D

     -/0

1RWD6LHOOHFWRUVHRIXVFDHQHOWUiQVLWRGHHVWRVPDWHULDOHV
VHOHUHFRPLHQGDUHSHWLUHOVLJXLHQWH.RDQ´VLWRGR
VHUHGXFHDODXQLGDGDTXpVHUHGXFHODXQLGDGµQR
REWHQGUiVDELGXUtDSHURVXPDQWUDOL]DFLyQOHRWRUJDUiXQ
LOXVRULRHVWDGRGHELHQHVWDU\ORFXUD6LVHGHVYDQHFHVH
OHUHFRPLHQGDWRPDUXQEDxRGHVDOTXHPDUVXVOLEURV\
GRUPLUWUHVGtDVFRQVXVUHVSHFWLYDVQRFKHV$OFXDUWRGtD
8GVHUiXQDÁRUPDTXLOODGDHQRUR

(VWDQRWDVHHQFRQWUDEDHQXQVREUHPDJHQWDTXHYHUVDED
´PLVFRVDVµMXQWRDORVGRFXPHQWRV\DFLWDGRV

88
/$0$'5('(0,3$'5(
6(//Ð'(6$/
/262-26'(0,1$785$/
0(17(
0$'5(
Ì1',&(

0DWULD 
=DSDWRVGHFDPSHVLQD 
&XDUWRVGH(VFULWXUDSDUDXQDFRQVWLWXFLyQGHJXLyQ 
>0LQXHWRSDUDXQDLQGLDKXN@ 
>'HVDQJUHPLYHVWLGR@ 
3LH]D;9,GHXQ+RWHO 
%XQJDORZ 
7HPSRUHUD 
3DUDXQPXFKDFKRSHULIpULFR 
3UHWH[WR 
%HDWLWXG 
/DLQVLJQLÀFDQFLDGHOJHVWR 
*UDQ$YHQLGD 
)LQLWXG 
/RV0DULFDV 
/LQJXDO 
>'HFyPROOHJXpDRtU(QODVtHVLQYHUWLGDV@ 
(QWXMDUGtQXQDURVD 
>6XDFXDUHODHQHOHVSHMR@ 
-XDQD,ULV 
9LHQHVGHXQDFLXGDG 
'RV(VFULWXUDV 
>4XpYDVDKDFHUFRQHVWDOHQJXDGLIXQWD@ 
3DVVDUR 
9HVWXDULR 
3DVLyQ\PXHUWHGHOQRYLFLRPiVDPDGR
GHQXHVWUDUHOLJLyQ 
1RUWH6XU 
@&RUWRPHWUDMH> 
3RVWDO 
-XYHQWXG 
&RWLGLDQR 
$FFLGHQWDOLGDG 

91
8QD3DWULD 
([LOLR 
/DYLGDVXEMHWLYD 
/R0XWDQWH 
>FXDWURYRFHVLQWHQFLRQDOPHQWHGHVQXGDV@ 
.RDQV 
>9HRDPLPDGUHVHQWDGDVREUHOD7@ 
>$YHFHVTXLVLHUDVGHVSHUWDU@ 
>1RWXYHSLHGDGGHVXVRVDPHQWDV@ 
>&RPRVLVXFXHUSRIXHUDXQOXFHURGH&UDQDFK@ 
(OHQXQFLDGR 
$SpQGLFHDYLVRVSXEOLFLWDULRV 
>/$0$'5('(0,3$'5(@ 

92