Bibliografía 8044

SOLICITADO POR: Natalia Martínez Parraga
PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD: Ciencias / Biología

BIBLIOTECA ALFONSO BORRERO ELABORADO POR: Hernán Morales Devia
CABAL, S.J. CORREO: caceres.david@javeriana.edu.co / caceritosd@hotmail.com
BÚSQUEDA BIBLIOGRÁFICA
TEMA: Evolución del veneno
FECHA: 19-05-2017
CÓDIGO: 8044
TEMAS RELACIONADOS:
Aparición del veneno / Evolución del veneno en animales / veneno como estrategia
evolutiva
PALABRAS CLAVE:
Español Inglés
Veneno Venom
Venom Evolution
Evolución Evolution
Venom Evolution
Animals
Animal Venomous animals
animal venom evolution
FECHA: 1980 - 2017
FUENTES: Revistas / Tesis
IDIOMA: Español - Inglés
Declaracion de Búsqueda:
("Venom Evolution" or “evolution of venom” or “animal venom evolution” or

“Venomous animals”)
BIBLIOTECA ALFONSO BORRERO CABAL, S.J. - BÚSQUEDA BIBLIOGRÁFICA 1/65

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Referencia 1
Tipo de publicación: Generic

Autor: Axel Barlow
Autor: Reyes-Velasco,J.
Autor: Card,D. C.
Autor: Andrew,A. L.
Autor: Shaney,K. J.
Autor: Adams,R. H.
Autor: Schield,D. R.
Autor: Casewell,N. R.
Autor: Mackessy,S. P.
Autor: Castoe,T. A.
Autor: Duryea,M. C.
Autor: Calsbeek,R.
Autor: Kern,A. D.
Título: Coevolution of diet and prey-specific venom activity supports the role of selection in snake
venom evolution
Título de publicación: INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY
Año de publicación: 2014
Fecha de publicación: 07/07
Número: 1666; 1
Volúmen: 276; 32; 54
Páginas: 2443; 173; E55
Tema: SNAKE venom
Tema: COEVOLUTION
Tema: VARIATION (Biology)
Tema: FEEDING behavior in animals
Tema: PREDATION (Biology)
Tema: GENE mapping
Tema: TOXICOLOGY
Tema: origin of venom
Tema: preadaptation
Tema: ancestral expression
Tema: selective gene recruitment
Tema: toxicofera
Tema: BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Tema: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Tema: GENETICS & HEREDITY
Tema: ZOOLOGY
Resumen: The processes that drive the evolution of snake venom variability, particularly the role of diet,
have been a topic of intense recent research interest. Here, we test whether extensive variation in venom
composition in the medically important viper genus Echis is associated with shifts in diet. Examination of
stomach and hindgut contents revealed extreme variation between the major clades of Echis in the
proportion of arthropod prey consumed. The toxicity (median lethal dose, LD50) of representative Echis
venoms to a natural scorpion prey species was found to be strongly associated with the degree of arthropod
feeding. Mapping the results onto a novel Echis phylogeny generated from nuclear and mitochondrial
sequence data revealed two independent instances of coevolution of venom toxicity and diet. Unlike venom

LD50, the speed with which venoms incapacitated and killed scorpions was not associated with the degree of
arthropod feeding. The prey-specific venom toxicity of arthropod-feeding Echis may thus be adaptive
primarily by reducing venom expenditure. Overall, our results provide strong evidence that variation in
snake venom composition results from adaptive evolution driven by natural selection for different diets, and
underscores the need for a multi-faceted, integrative approach to the study of the causes of venom
evolution. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
is the property of Royal Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a
listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or
email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of
the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright
applies to all Abstracts.); Snake venom gene evolution has been studied intensively over the past several
decades, yet most previous studies have lacked the context of complete snake genomes and the full context
of gene expression across diverse snake tissues. We took a novel approach to studying snake venom
evolution by leveraging the complete genome of the Burmese python, including information from tissue-
specific patterns of gene expression. We identified the orthologs of snake venom genes in the python
genome, and conducted detailed analysis of gene expression of these venom homologs to identify patterns
that differ between snake venom gene families and all other genes. We found that venom gene homologs in
the python are expressed in many different tissues outside of oral glands, which illustrates the pitfalls of
using transcriptomic data alone to define "venom toxins." We hypothesize that the python may represent an
ancestral state prior to major venom development, which is supported by our finding that the expansion of
venom gene families is largely restricted to highly venomous caenophidian snakes. Therefore, the python
provides insight into biases in which genes were recruited for snake venom systems. Python venom
homologs are generally expressed at lower levels, have higher variance among tissues, and are expressed in
fewer organs compared with all other python genes. We propose a model for the evolution of snake venoms
in which venom genes are recruited preferentially from genes with particular expression profile
characteristics, which facilitate a nearly neutral transition toward specialized venom system expression.
ISSN/ISBN: 09628452; 07374038; 15407063
Enlaces: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=a9h&AN=40417832&lang=es&site=eds-live; http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.javeriana
.edu.co:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edswsc&AN=000350050200016&lang=es&site=eds-
live;http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edswsc&AN=000333049500220&lang=es&site=eds-live
Referencia 2
Tipo de publicación: Journal Article

Idioma: English
Autor: Barlow,A. (. 1. ).
Autor: Pook,C. E. (. 1. ).
Autor: Wüster, W. ( 1 )
Autor: Harrison,R. A. (. 2. ).
Título: Coevolution of diet and prey-specific venom activity supports the role of selection in snake
venom evolution
Título de publicación: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Fecha de publicación: / 07 / 07 /
Número: 1666
Volúmen: 276
Páginas: 2443
Tema: Adaptation
Tema: Coevolution
Tema: Diet

Tema: Echis
Tema: Snake venom
ISSN/ISBN: 09628452; 14712970
direct=true&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-66749139721&lang=es&site=eds-live
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0048
Referencia 3

Autor: Calvete,J. J.
Autor: Folinsbee,K. E.
Título: Towards an integrated omics approach to understand venom evolution
Título de publicación: COMPTES RENDUS PALEVOL
Editorial: Elsevier Ltd
Número: 7-8
Volúmen: 75; 12
Páginas: 208; 531
Tema: Evolution
Tema: Eulipotyphla
Tema: Phylogeny
Tema: Shrew
Tema: Venom
Tema: PALEONTOLOGY
Resumen: Orally delivered venom in animals is found in distantly related invertebrate and vertebrate taxa,
but is relatively rare in overall abundance. The trait would appear to be highly adaptive for prey capture and
defence, and has been suggested to be a key innovation that led to the diversification of the venomous
snakes. In extant mammals, oral venom is only found in the Eulipotyphla (which includes solenodons,
shrews, moles and hedgehogs), and is only known to be present in four species. The phylogenetic
distribution of venom across extant mammals suggests that venom evolved independently three times in the
Eulipotyphla. In extant shrews, grooved teeth are not associated with venomousness; only the solenodon
has both grooved lower incisors and salivary venom. Given these data, recent inferences of widespread
venomous abilities in extinct eulipotyphlans on the basis of grooved teeth are not justified. (C) 2012
Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
ISSN/ISBN: 0041-0101; 16310683
direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S0041010113002894&lang=es&site=eds-live; http://search.ebscohost.com.ezp
roxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edswsc&AN=000329563000013&lang=es&site=eds-
live
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.08.011
Referencia 4

Idioma: English
Autor: Casewell, N.R. ( 1,2 )
Autor: Wüster, W. ( 2 )
Autor: Huttley,G. A. (. 3. ).
Título: Dynamic evolution of venom proteins in squamate reptiles
Título de publicación: Nature Communications

Volúmen: 3
ISSN/ISBN: 20411723
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2065
Referencia 5

Idioma: English
Autor: Daltry,J. C.
Autor: Wüster,W.
Autor: Thorpe,R. S.
Autor: Dutertre,S.
Título: Diet and snake venom evolution
Título de publicación: TOXICON
Número: 6565
Volúmen: 379; 91
Páginas: 537; 167
Tema: PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY
Tema: TOXICOLOGY
ISSN/ISBN: 00280836; 00410101
direct=true&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-0030030033&lang=es&site=eds-live; http://search.ebscohost.co
m.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/login.aspx?
Referencia 6

Autor: Drabeck,Danielle H.
Autor: Dean,Antony M.
Autor: Jansa,Sharon A.
Título: Why the honey badger don't care: Convergent evolution of venom-targeted nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors in mammals that survive venomous snake bites
Título de publicación: Toxicon
Volúmen: 99
Páginas: 68
Resumen: Honey badgers (Mellivora capensis) prey upon and survive bites from venomous snakes (Family:
Elapidae), but the molecular basis of their venom resistance is unknown. The muscular nicotinic cholinergic
receptor (nAChR), targeted by snake α-neurotoxins, has evolved in some venom-resistant mammals to no
longer bind these toxins. Through phylogenetic analysis of mammalian nAChR sequences, we show that
honey badgers, hedgehogs, and pigs have independently acquired functionally equivalent amino acid
replacements in the toxin-binding site of this receptor. These convergent amino acid changes impede toxin
binding by introducing a positively charged amino acid in place of an uncharged aromatic residue. In venom-
resistant mongooses, different replacements at these same sites are glycosylated, which is thought to
disrupt binding through steric effects. Thus, it appears that resistance to snake venom α-neurotoxin has

evolved at least four times among mammals through two distinct biochemical mechanisms operating at the
same sites on the same receptor.; •We investigate the molecular basis of resistance to elapid venoms in
honey badgers.•We used a phylogenetic approach to infer the molecular evolution of nAChR for a wide range
of mammals.•Resistance to snake venom α-neurotoxin has evolved at least four times among
mammals.•Honey badgers, hedgehogs, and pigs have nearly equivalent amino acid replacements.•Two
distinct biochemical mechanisms confer α-neurotoxin resistance on mammal nAChRs.
ISSN/ISBN: 0041-0101
direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S0041010115000690&lang=es&site=eds-live
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.03.007
Referencia 8

Idioma: English
Autor: Duda Jr., T.F. ( 1,2 )
Autor: Lee,T. (. 1. ).
Título: Ecological release and venom evolution of a predatory marine snail at Easter Island
Título de publicación: PLoS ONE
Número: 5
Volúmen: 4
ISSN/ISBN: 19326203
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005558
Referencia 9

Autor: Dutertre,S.
Título: 7. The messiness of cone snail venom evolution
Volúmen: 91
Páginas: 167
direct=true&db=edselp&AN=S004101011400244X&lang=es&site=eds-live
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.015
Referencia 10

Idioma: English
Autor: Egge,J. J. D. (. 1. ).
Autor: Simons,A. M. (. 2. ).
Título: Evolution of venom delivery structures in madtom catfishes (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae)
Título de publicación: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society


Número: 1
Volúmen: 102
Páginas: 115
Tema: Ancestral state reconstruction
Tema: Bayesian
Tema: Complexity
Tema: Noturus
Tema: Spines
ISSN/ISBN: 00244066; 10958312
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01578.x
Referencia 11

Autor: Folinsbee,Kaila E.
Título: General palaeontology, systematics and evolution: Evolution of venom across extant and
extinct eulipotyphlans
Título de publicación: Comptes rendus - Palevol
Editorial: Elsevier SAS
Volúmen: 12
Páginas: 531
Resumen: Orally delivered venom in animals is found in distantly related invertebrate and vertebrate taxa,
but is relatively rare in overall abundance. The trait would appear to be highly adaptive for prey capture and
defence, and has been suggested to be a key innovation that led to the diversification of the venomous
snakes. In extant mammals, oral venom is only found in the Eulipotyphla (which includes solenodons,
shrews, moles and hedgehogs), and is only known to be present in four species. The phylogenetic
distribution of venom across extant mammals suggests that venom evolved independently three times in the
Eulipotyphla. In extant shrews, grooved teeth are not associated with venomousness; only the solenodon
has both grooved lower incisors and salivary venom. Given these data, recent inferences of widespread
venomous abilities in extinct eulipotyphlans on the basis of grooved teeth are not justified.; Le venin
administré avec les dents est un caractère relativement rare chez les vertébrés. Le caractère semble être
hautement adaptif pour la capture de proie ou la défense ; il a été considéré comme une innovation majeure
qui a conduit à la diversification des serpents venimeux. Chez les mammifères modernes, le venin oral n’est
connu que chez quatre espèces d’Eulipotyphla (qui comprend les solénodontes ou almiquis, les musaraignes,
les taupes et les hérissons). La distribution phylogénétique de venin chez les mammifères modernes suggère
que l’acquisition de venin a évolué de façon indépendante, trois fois, chez les eulipotyphles. Chez les
musaraignes, les dents rainurées ne sont pas associées à la présence de venin, et seul la solénodonte
comporte à la fois des dents cannelées et de la salive venimeuse. Compte tenu de ces données, les
inférences récentes de capacités venimeuses chez des eulipotyphles éteints sur la base de la présence de
dents cannelées ne sont pas justifiées.
DOI: 10.1016/j.crpv.2013.05.004

Referencia 12

Idioma: English
Autor: Gorson, J. ( 1,2 )
Autor: Ramrattan,G. (. 1. ).
Autor: Verdes, A. ( 1,2 )
Autor: Wright, E.M. ( 1,2 )
Autor: Packer,D. (. 1. ).
Autor: Qiu,W. -G (. 1. ).
Autor: Holford, M. ( 1,2 )
Autor: Kantor, Y. ( 3,4 )
Autor: Srinivasan,R. R. (. 5. ).
Autor: Musunuri,R. (. 5. ).
Autor: Albano,G. (. 6. ).
Título: Molecular diversity and gene evolution of the venom arsenal of terebridae predatory
marine snails
Título de publicación: Genome Biology and Evolution
Editorial: Oxford University Press
Número: 6
Volúmen: 7
Páginas: 1761
Tema: Conoidea
Tema: Terebridae
Tema: Teretoxins
Tema: Transcriptomics
Tema: Venom evolution
Tema: Venomics
ISSN/ISBN: 17596653
DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv104
Referencia 13

Autor: Haney,Robert A.
Autor: Clarke,Thomas H.
Autor: Gadgil,Rujuta
Autor: Fitzpatrick,Ryan
Autor: Hayashi,Cheryl Y.
Autor: Ayoub,Nadia A.
Autor: Garb,Jessica E.
Título: Effects of Gene Duplication, Positive Selection, and Shifts in Gene Expression on the
Evolution of the Venom Gland Transcriptome in Widow Spiders
Título de publicación: Genome Biology & Evolution
Fecha de publicación: 01
Número: 1
Volúmen: 8

Páginas: 228
Tema: WIDOW spiders
Tema: CHROMOSOME duplication
Tema: GENE expression
Tema: GENE families
Tema: VENOM glands
Tema: black widow
Tema: comparative transcriptomics
Tema: gene family evolution
Tema: Latrodectus
Tema: venomics
Resumen: Gene duplication and positive selection can be important determinants of the evolution of venom,
a protein-rich secretion used in prey capture and defense. In a typical model of venom evolution, gene
duplicates switch to venom gland expression and change function under the action of positive selection,
which together with further duplication produces large gene families encoding diverse toxins. Although these
processes have been demonstrated for individual toxin families, high-throughput multitissue sequencing of
closely related venomous species can provide insights into evolutionary dynamics at the scale of the entire
venom gland transcriptome. By assembling and analyzing multitissue transcriptomes from the Western black
widow spider and two closely related species with distinct venom toxicity phenotypes, we do not find that
gene duplication and duplicate retention is greater in gene families with venom gland biased expression in
comparison with broadly expressed families. Positive selection has acted on some venom toxin families, but
does not appear to be in excess for families with venom gland biased expression. Moreover, we find 309
distinct gene families that have single transcripts with venom gland biased expression, suggesting that the
switching of genes to venom gland expression in numerous unrelated gene families has been a dominant
mode of evolution. We also find ample variation in protein sequences of venom gland-specific transcripts,
lineage-specific family sizes, and ortholog expression among species. This variation might contribute to the
variable venom toxicity of these species. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Genome Biology &
Evolution is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to
multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However,
users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty
is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material
for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
ISSN/ISBN: 17596653
direct=true&db=edb&AN=112950398&lang=es&site=eds-live
Referencia 14

Autor: He,Yawen
Autor: Zhao,Ruiming
Autor: Di,Zhiyong
Autor: Li,Zhongjie
Autor: Xu,Xiaobo
Autor: Hong,Wei
Autor: Wu,Yingliang
Autor: Zhao,Huabin
Autor: Li,Wenxin
Autor: Cao,Zhijian
Título: Molecular diversity of Chaerilidae venom peptides reveals the dynamic evolution of
scorpion venom components from Buthidae to non-Buthidae
Título de publicación: Journal of Proteomics

Editorial: Elsevier B.V

Volúmen: 89
Páginas: 1
Resumen: The scorpion family Chaerilidae is phylogenetically differentiated from Buthidae. Their venom
components are not known, and the evolution of the venom components is not well understood. Here, we
performed a transcriptome analysis of the venom glands from two scorpion species, Chaerilus tricostatus
and Chaerilus tryznai. Fourteen types of venom peptides were discovered from two species, 10 of which
were shared by both C. tricostatus and C. tryznai. Notably, the venom components of Chaerilidae were also
found to contain four toxin types (NaTx, β-KTx, Scamp and bpp-like peptides), previously considered to be
specific to Buthidae. Moreover, cytolytic peptides were the most abundant toxin type in C. tricostatus, C.
tryznai and the family Euscorpiidae. Furthermore, 39 and 35 novel atypical venom molecules were identified
from C. tricostatus and C. tryznai, respectively. Finally, the evolutionary analysis showed that the NaTx, β-
KTx, and bpp-like toxin types were recruited into the venom before the lineage split between Buthidae and
non-Buthidae families. This study provides an integrated understanding of the venom components of the
scorpion family Chaerilidae. The family Chaerilidae has a specific venom arsenal that is intermediate between
Buthidae and non-Buthidae, which suggests the dynamic evolution of scorpion venom components from
Buthidae to non-Buthidae species.; Biological Significance This work gave a first overview of the venom
components of Chaerilidae scorpions, and discovered large numbers of new toxin molecules, which
significantly enriches the molecular diversity of scorpion venom peptides/proteins components. Based on
phylogenetic analysis we speculated that the NaTx, β-KTx and bpp-like toxin type genes were recruited into
venom before the lineage split between Buthidae and non-Buthidae. By Comparing the toxin types and
abundance of the Buthidae, Chaerilidae and non-Buthidae families, we found that the family Chaerilidae has
a specific venom arsenal that is intermediate Buthidae and non-Buthidae, which suggests the dynamic
evolution of scorpion venom components from Buthidae to non-Buthidae species.; •14 toxin types and 75
new molecules were found from Chaerilidae scorpion species.•Chaerilidae has a specific venom arsenal
intervened Buthidae and non-Buthidae.•Three toxin types (NaTx, β-KTx and bpp-like) were recruited into the
venom peptidome.•We provide an integrated view on the venom peptidome of Chaerilidae scorpions.•We
reveal the dynamic evolution of venom peptidome between scorpion families.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.007
Referencia 15

Idioma: English
Autor: Jackson,K.
Título: The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes
Título de publicación: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
Número: 3
Volúmen: 137
Páginas: 337
Tema: Colubroidea
Tema: Fangs
Tema: Glands
Tema: Morphology
Tema: Muscles
Tema: Serpentes

Tema: Systematics
ISSN/ISBN: 00244082
DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00052.x
Referencia 16

Idioma: English
Autor: Li,M. (. 1. ).
Autor: Kini, R.M. ( 1,4 )
Autor: Fry, B.G. ( 2,3 )
Título: Putting the brakes on snake venom evolution: The unique molecular evolutionary patterns
of Aipysurus eydouxii (marbled sea snake) phospholipase A 2 toxins
Título de publicación: Molecular biology and evolution
Número: 4
Volúmen: 22
Páginas: 934
Tema: Evolution of toxins
Tema: Gene duplication
Tema: Phospholipase A 2
Tema: Sea snake
Tema: Venom gland
ISSN/ISBN: 07374038
DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msi077
Referencia 17

Autor: Li,Min
Autor: Fry,Bryan G.
Autor: Kini,R. M.
Título: Putting the Brakes on Snake Venom Evolution: The Unique Molecular Evolutionary Patterns
of Aipysurus eydouxii (Marbled Sea Snake) Phospholipase A2 Toxins
Título de publicación: Molecular Biology & Evolution
Número: 4
Volúmen: 22
Páginas: 934
ISSN/ISBN: 07374038
direct=true&db=edb&AN=45228058&lang=es&site=eds-live

Referencia 18

Autor: Morais,Victor
Autor: Negrín,Alba
Autor: Tortorella,María Noel
Autor: Massaldi,Hugo
Título: Evolution of venom antigenaemia and antivenom concentration in patients bitten by
snakes in Uruguay
Volúmen: 60
Páginas: 990
Resumen: In this work we describe the first study carried out in Uruguay of venom antigenaemia and
antivenom concentration in patients bitten by snakes. Between 50 and 70 snake bite accidents per year are
caused in Uruguay by 2 species: Rhinocerophis alternatus and Bothropoides pubescens. The patients are
treated with a specific polyvalent antivenom. Gaining insight on the evolution of venom antigenaemia and
antivenom concentration in patients is important to improve treatment protocols. Blood samples of 29
patients were analysed to determine venom and antivenom concentrations at different times. Venom was
detected in 18 of 19 samples before antivenom administration, with a mean concentration of 57 ng/mL. Most
of the patients received 4 or 8 vials to neutralize the venom effects. Only one patient needed a total of 16
vials. He showed a severe envenomation and needed supplementary amounts of antivenom after the fifth
day of the snake bite accident to reach normal clotting parameters. Antivenom concentrations were
determined at 12 h, 24 h and 15 days after antivenom administration. It was found a faster antivenom
decrease between 12 and 24 h than to 24 h to 15 days. This was explained by a different clearance
mechanism in each period. In the first phase, the cause would be the neutralization of venom present in the
blood whereas in the second phase it would be due to unbound antivenom elimination.
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.07.001
Referencia 19

Idioma: English
Autor: Moran,Y. (. 1. ).
Autor: Praher,D. (. 1. ).
Autor: Technau,U. (. 1. ).
Autor: Schlesinger,A.
Autor: Ayalon,A.
Autor: Tal,Y.
Título: Analysis of Soluble Protein Contents from the Nematocysts of a Model Sea Anemone Sheds
Light on Venom Evolution
Título de publicación: Marine Biotechnology
Número: 3
Volúmen: 15
Páginas: 329
Tema: Cnidaria

Tema: Nematocyst
Tema: Nematostella
Tema: Toxin
Tema: Venom
ISSN/ISBN: 14362228
DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9491-y
Referencia 20

Idioma: English
Autor: Moran,Y. (. 1. ).
Autor: Praher,D. (. 1. ).
Autor: Technau,U. (. 1. ).
Autor: Schlesinger,A.
Autor: Ayalon,A.
Autor: Tal,Y.
Título: Analysis of Soluble Protein Contents from the Nematocysts of a Model Sea Anemone Sheds
Light on Venom Evolution
Título de publicación: Marine Biotechnology
Páginas: 1
Tema: Cnidaria
Tema: Nematocyst
Tema: Nematostella
Tema: Toxin
Tema: Venom
ISSN/ISBN: 14362228; 14362236
DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9491-y
Referencia 21

Idioma: English
Autor: Moura-da-Silva, A.M. ( 1,2,3 )
Autor: Paine, M.J.I. ( 1,2 )
Autor: Diniz, M.R.V. ( 1,2,4 )
Autor: Crampton,J. M. (. 1. ).
Autor: Theakston,R. D. G. (. 2. ).
Título: The molecular cloning of a phospholipase A2 from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom:
Evolution of venom group II phospholipase A2's may imply gene duplications
Título de publicación: Journal of Molecular Evolution
Número: 2
Volúmen: 41
Páginas: 174

Tema: Bothrops
Tema: cDNA
Tema: Evolution
Tema: Myotoxin
Tema: Phospholipase
Tema: Phylogeny
Tema: Snake venom
ISSN/ISBN: 14321432; 00222844
DOI: 10.1007/BF00170670
Referencia 22
Tipo de publicación: Book, Whole

Idioma: English
Autor: Olivera,B. M. (. 1. ).
Autor: Watkins,M. (. 1. ).
Autor: Bandyopadhyay,P. (. 1. ).
Autor: Imperial,J. S. (. 1. ).
Autor: de,la Cotera
Autor: Aguilar,M. B. (. 2. ).
Autor: Vera,E. L. (. 3. ).
Autor: Concepcion, G.P. ( 4,5 )
Autor: Lluisma, A. ( 4,5 )
Título: Adaptive radiation of venomous marine snail lineages and the accelerated evolution of
venom peptide genes
Número: 1
Volúmen: 1267
Páginas: 61
Tema: Accelerated evolution
Tema: Conidae
Tema: Turridae
Tema: Venom peptides
ISSN/ISBN: 00778923; 17496632
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06603.x
Referencia 23

Autor: Olivera,Baldomero M.
Autor: Watkins,Maren
Autor: Bandyopadhyay,Pradip
Autor: Imperial,Julita S.
Autor: de la Cotera,Edgar,P.Heimer
Autor: Aguilar,Manuel B.
Autor: Vera,Estuardo López

Autor: Concepcion,Gisela P.
Autor: Lluisma,Arturo
Autor: Wuster,W.
Autor: Crookes,S.
Autor: Ineich,I.
Autor: Mane,Y.
Autor: Pook,C. E.
Autor: Trape,J. F.
Autor: Broadley,D. G.
Autor: Li,M.
Autor: Fry,B. G.
Autor: Kini,R. M.
Título: Adaptive radiation of venomous marine snail lineages and the accelerated evolution of
venom peptide genes
Título de publicación: Molecular biology and evolution
Lugar de publicación: United States
Editorial: New York Academy of Sciences
Número: 2; 4
Volúmen: 1267; 45; 22
Páginas: 61; 437; 934
Tema: Evolution, Molecular*
Tema: Conotoxins/*genetics
Tema: Conus Snail/*genetics
Tema: Amino Acid Sequence
Tema: Animals
Tema: Base Sequence
Tema: Conserved Sequence
Tema: Gene Frequency
Tema: Models, Genetic
Tema: Molecular Sequence Data
Tema: Protein Sorting Signals/genetics
Tema: Selection, Genetic
Tema: Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Tema: phylogeography
Tema: Phylogeny
Tema: Africa
Tema: miocene
Tema: rift valley
Tema: serpentes
Tema: Naja
Tema: spitting cobra
Tema: BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Tema: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Tema: GENETICS & HEREDITY
Tema: gene duplication
Tema: sea snake
Tema: venom gland
Tema: phospholipase A(2)
Tema: evolution of toxins
Resumen: An impressive biodiversity (>10,000 species) of marine snails (suborder Toxoglossa or
superfamily Conoidea) have complex venoms, each containing approximately 100 biologically active,

disulfide-rich peptides. In the genus Conus, the most intensively investigated toxoglossan lineage (∼500
species), a small set of venom gene superfamilies undergo rapid sequence hyperdiversification within their
mature toxin regions. Each major lineage of Toxoglossa has its own distinct set of venom gene
superfamilies. Two recently identified venom gene superfamilies are expressed in the large Turridae clade,
but not in Conus. Thus, as major venomous molluscan clades expand, a small set of lineage-specific venom
gene superfamilies undergo accelerated evolution. The juxtaposition of extremely conserved signal
sequences with hypervariable mature peptide regions is unprecedented and raises the possibility that in
these gene superfamilies, the signal sequences are conserved as a result of an essential role they play in
enabling rapid sequence evolution of the region of the gene that encodes the active toxin.; © 2012 New York
Academy of Sciences.; We use phylogenetic analysis of 1333 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequence to
investigate the phylogeny and historical biogeography of the cobra-like elapid snakes, with special reference
to the evolution of spitting and the phylogeography of the African spitting cobras, a radiation widespread in
open vegetational formations throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Our results suggest that spitting adaptations
appear to have evolved three times in cobras, but alternative scenarios cannot be rejected. The Asiatic Naja
are monophyletic and originate from a single colonization of Asia from Africa. The radiation of the African
spitting Naja appears to date back to the early Miocene and many speciation events in the group predate the
Pliocene expansion of grasslands and the radiation of large grazing mammals in Africa. The cladogenic
events in this complex appear to have been triggered by both ecological changes and tectonic events
associated with the formation and expansion of the African Rift Valley. Taxonomically, our data confirm the
inclusion of Boulengerina and Paranaja within Naja, and reveal a clade of African rainforest cobras including
N. melanoleuca, Paranaja multifasciata and Boulengerina that constitutes the sister clade of the African
open-formation non-spitting cobras. Naja nigricollis is polyphyletic, and we therefore recognize N. nigricincta
as a separate species, more closely related to N. ashei and N. mossambica than to N. nigricollis. (C) 2007
Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.; Accelerated evolution of toxins is a unique feature of venoms, with the
toxins evolving via the birth-and-death mode of molecular evolution. The venoms of sea snakes, however,
are remarkably simple in comparison to those of land snakes, which contain highly complex venoms.
Aipysurus eydouxii (Marbled sea snake) is a particularly unique sea snake, feeding exclusively upon fish
eggs. Secondary to this ecological change, the fangs have been lost and the venom glands greatly atrophied.
We recently showed that the only neurotoxin (a three-finger toxin) gene found in the sea snake A. eydouxii
has a dinucleotide deletion, resulting in the loss of neurotoxic activity. During these studies, we isolated and
identified a number of cDNA clones encoding isozymes of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) toxins from its venom
gland. Sixteen unique PLA(2) clones were sequenced from the cDNA library and TA cloning of reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction products. Phylogenetic analysis of these clones revealed that less
diversification of the PLA(2) toxins has occurred in the A. eydouxii venom gland in comparison to equivalent
terrestrial and other marine snakes. As there is no longer a positive selection pressure acting upon the
venom, mutations have accumulated in the toxin-coding regions that would have otherwise had a deleterious
effect upon the ability to use the venom for prey capture. Such mutations include substitutions of highly
conserved residues; in one clone, the active site His(48) is replaced by Arg, and in two other clones, highly
conserved cysteine residues are replaced. These mutations significantly affect the functional and structural
properties of these PLA(2) enzymes, respectively. Thus, in A. eydouxii, the loss of the main neurotoxin is
accompanied by a much slower rate of molecular evolution of the PLA(2) toxins as a consequence of the
snake's shift in ecological niche. This is the first case of decelerated evolution of toxins in snake venom.
ISSN/ISBN: 1749-6632; 10557903; 07374038
direct=true&db=mnh&AN=22954218&lang=es&site=eds-live; http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.javerian
a.edu.co:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edswsc&AN=000250853400002&lang=es&site=eds-
live;http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/login.aspx?
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06603.x

Referencia 24

Autor: Rokyta,Darin R.
Autor: Wray,Kenneth P.
Autor: McGivern,James J.
Autor: Margres,Mark J.
Título: The transcriptomic and proteomic basis for the evolution of a novel venom phenotype
within the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)
Volúmen: 98
Páginas: 34
Resumen: The genetics underlying adaptive trait evolution describes the intersection between the probability
that particular types of mutation are beneficial and the rates they arise. Snake venoms can vary in a directly
meaningful manner through coding mutations and regulatory mutations. The amounts of different
components determine venom efficacy, but point mutations in coding sequences can also change efficacy
and function. The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) has populations that have evolved neurotoxic
venom from the typical hemorrhagic rattlesnake venom present throughout most of its range. We identified
only a handful of nonsynonymous differences in just five loci between animals with each venom type, and
these differences affected lower-abundance toxins. Expression of at least 18 loci encoding hemorrhagic
toxins was severely reduced in the production of neurotoxic venom. The entire phospholipase A2 toxin family
was completely replaced in the neurotoxic venom, possibly through intergeneric hybridization. Venom
paedomorphosis could, at best, explain only some of the loss of expression of hemorrhagic toxins. The
number of potential mechanisms for altering venom composition and the patterns observed for C. horridus
suggest that rapid venom evolution should occur primarily through changes in venom composition, rather
than point mutations affecting coding sequences.; •Venom coding sequences differed at only a handful of
sites.•Expression differences were widespread, particularly for hemorrhagic toxins.•Paedomorphosis could
not explain the expression changes leading to type A venom.•The origin of type A venom may have involved
intergeneric hybridization.
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.02.015
Referencia 25

Idioma: English
Autor: Sanggaard, K.W. ( 1,2 )
Autor: Dyrlund,T. F. (. 1. ).
Autor: Gupta, V. ( 1,6 )
Autor: Thøgersen, I.B. ( 1,2 )
Autor: Enghild, J.J. ( 1,2 )
Autor: Andersen,S. U. (. 1. ).
Autor: Bechsgaard,J. S. (. 3. ).
Autor: Settepani,V. (. 3. ).
Autor: Vanthournout,B. (. 3. ).
Autor: Wang,T. (. 3. ).
Autor: Funch,P. (. 3. ).
Autor: Schierup, M.H. ( 3,6 )

Autor: Bilde,T. (. 3. ).
Autor: Fang, X. ( 4,5 )
Autor: Jiang,X. (. 4. ).
Autor: Cheng,L. (. 4. ).
Autor: Fan,D. (. 4. ).
Autor: Feng,Y. (. 4. ).
Autor: Han,L. (. 4. ).
Autor: Huang,Z. (. 4. ).
Autor: Wu,Z. (. 4. ).
Autor: Liao,L. (. 4. ).
Autor: Zhu,Y. (. 4. ).
Autor: Wang, J. ( 4,5,9 )
Autor: Duan,J. (. 6. ).
Autor: Villesen, P. ( 6,8 )
Autor: Schauser,L. (. 7. ).
Título: Spider genomes provide insight into composition and evolution of venom and silk
Editorial: Nature Publishing Group
Volúmen: 5
ISSN/ISBN: 20411723
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4765
Referencia 26

Idioma: English
Autor: Sanggaard,K. W.
Autor: Bechsgaard,J. S.
Autor: Fang,X.
Autor: Duan,J.
Autor: Dyrlund,T. F.
Autor: Gupta,V.
Autor: Jiang,X.
Autor: Cheng,L.
Autor: Fan,D.
Autor: Feng,Y.
Autor: Han,L.
Autor: Huang,Z.
Autor: Wu,Z.
Autor: Liao,L.
Autor: Settepani,V.
Autor: Thøgersen,I. B.
Autor: Vanthournout,B.
Autor: Wang,T.
Autor: Zhu,Y.
Autor: Funch,P.
Autor: Enghild,J. J.
Autor: Schauser,L.

Autor: Andersen,S. U.
Autor: Villesen,P.
Autor: Schierup,M. H.
Autor: Bilde,T.
Autor: Wang,J.
Título: Erratum: Spider genomes provide insight into composition and evolution of venom and silk
(Nature Communications (2014) 5 (3765) DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4765)
Editorial: Nature Publishing Group
Volúmen: 5
ISSN/ISBN: 20411723
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5590
Referencia 27

Autor: Sunagar,Kartik
Autor: Moran,Yehu
Título: The Rise and Fall of an Evolutionary Innovation: Contrasting Strategies of Venom
Evolution in Ancient and Young Animals
Título de publicación: PLoS Genetics
Editorial: Public Library of Science
Número: 10
Volúmen: 11
Páginas: 1
Tema: VENOM
Tema: RESEARCH
Tema: MOLECULAR evolution
Tema: DNA sequencing
Tema: BIODIVERSITY -- Research
Tema: ANIMAL ecology
Tema: Research Article
Resumen: Animal venoms are theorized to evolve under the significant influence of positive Darwinian
selection in a chemical arms race scenario, where the evolution of venom resistance in prey and the
invention of potent venom in the secreting animal exert reciprocal selection pressures. Venom research to
date has mainly focused on evolutionarily younger lineages, such as snakes and cone snails, while mostly
neglecting ancient clades (e.g., cnidarians, coleoids, spiders and centipedes). By examining genome, venom-
gland transcriptome and sequences from the public repositories, we report the molecular evolutionary
regimes of several centipede and spider toxin families, which surprisingly accumulated low-levels of
sequence variations, despite their long evolutionary histories. Molecular evolutionary assessment of over
3500 nucleotide sequences from 85 toxin families spanning the breadth of the animal kingdom has
unraveled a contrasting evolutionary strategy employed by ancient and evolutionarily young clades. We
show that the venoms of ancient lineages remarkably evolve under the heavy constraints of negative
selection, while toxin families in lineages that originated relatively recently rapidly diversify under the
influence of positive selection. We propose that animal venoms mostly employ a ‘two-speed’ mode of
evolution, where the major influence of diversifying selection accompanies the earlier stages of ecological

specialization (e.g., diet and range expansion) in the evolutionary history of the species–the period of
expansion, resulting in the rapid diversification of the venom arsenal, followed by longer periods of purifying
selection that preserve the potent toxin pharmacopeia–the period of purification and fixation. However,
species in the period of purification may re-enter the period of expansion upon experiencing a major shift in
ecology or environment. Thus, we highlight for the first time the significant roles of purifying and episodic
selections in shaping animal venoms. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of PLoS Genetics is the property
of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a
listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or
email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of
the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright
applies to all Abstracts.)
ISSN/ISBN: 15537390
direct=true&db=a9h&AN=110486590&lang=es&site=eds-live
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005596
Referencia 28

Autor: Morgenstern,David
Autor: Reitzel,Adam M.
Autor: Moran,Yehu
Título: Ecological venomics: How genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics can shed new light
on the ecology and evolution of venom
Editorial: Elsevier B.V
Volúmen: 135
Páginas: 62
Resumen: Animal venom is a complex cocktail of bioactive chemicals that traditionally drew interest mostly
from biochemists and pharmacologists. However, in recent years the evolutionary and ecological importance
of venom is realized as this trait has direct and strong influence on interactions between species. Moreover,
venom content can be modulated by environmental factors. Like many other fields of biology, venom
research has been revolutionized in recent years by the introduction of systems biology approaches, i.e.,
genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. The employment of these methods in venom research is known
as ‘venomics’. In this review we describe the history and recent advancements of venomics and discuss how
they are employed in studying venom in general and in particular in the context of evolutionary ecology. We
also discuss the pitfalls and challenges of venomics and what the future may hold for this emerging scientific
field.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.015
Referencia 29

Idioma: English
Autor: Terrat,Y. (. 1. ).
Autor: Sunagar, K. ( 2,3 )
Autor: Antunes, A. ( 2,3 )

Autor: Fry, B.G. ( 4,5 )

Autor: Jackson, T.N.W. ( 4,5 )
Autor: Scheib,H. (. 4. ).
Autor: Fourmy,R. (. 6. ).
Autor: Verdenaud,M. (. 7. ).
Autor: Ducancel,F. (. 7. ).
Autor: Blanchet,G. (. 8. ).
Título: Atractaspis aterrima toxins: The first insight into the molecular evolution of venom in
side-stabbers
Título de publicación: Toxins
Número: 11
Volúmen: 5
Páginas: 1948
Tema: Atractaspis
Tema: Transcriptome
Tema: Venom gland
Tema: Venomous snake
ISSN/ISBN: 20726651
DOI: 10.3390/toxins5111948
Referencia 30

Autor: Whittington,Camilla M.
Autor: Belov,Katherine
Título: Tracing Monotreme Venom Evolution in the Genomics Era
Editorial: MDPI Publishing
Número: 4
Volúmen: 6
Páginas: 1260
Tema: MONOTREMES
Tema: GENOMICS
Tema: MOLECULAR genetics
Tema: PLATYPUS
Tema: TACHYGLOSSIDAE
Tema: VENOM
Tema: crural system
Tema: echidna
Tema: genome
Tema: toxin
Tema: transcriptomics
Resumen: The monotremes (platypuses and echidnas) represent one of only four extant venomous
mammalian lineages. Until recently, monotreme venom was poorly understood. However, the availability of
the platypus genome and increasingly sophisticated genomic tools has allowed us to characterize platypus
toxins, and provides a means of reconstructing the evolutionary history of monotreme venom. Here we

review the physiology of platypus and echidna crural (venom) systems as well as pharmacological and
genomic studies of monotreme toxins. Further, we synthesize current ideas about the evolution of the
venom system, which in the platypus is likely to have been retained from a venomous ancestor, whilst being
lost in the echidnas. We also outline several research directions and outstanding questions that would be
productive to address in future research. An improved characterization of mammalian venoms will not only
yield new toxins with potential therapeutic uses, but will also aid in our understanding of the way that this
unusual trait evolves. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]; Copyright of Toxins is the property of MDPI Publishing and
its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright
holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual
use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer
to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
ISSN/ISBN: 20726651
direct=true&db=a9h&AN=95752697&lang=es&site=eds-live
DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041260

Autor: Wüster,Wolfgang
Autor: Crookes,Steven
Autor: Ineich,Ivan
Autor: Mané,Youssouph
Autor: Pook,Catharine E.
Autor: Trape,Jean-François
Autor: Broadley,Donald G.
Título: The phylogeny of cobras inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences: Evolution of venom
spitting and the phylogeography of the African spitting cobras (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja
nigricollis complex)
Título de publicación: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution
Editorial: Elsevier Inc
Volúmen: 45
Páginas: 437
Resumen: We use phylogenetic analysis of 1333bp of mitochondrial DNA sequence to investigate the
phylogeny and historical biogeography of the cobra-like elapid snakes, with special reference to the evolution
of spitting and the phylogeography of the African spitting cobras, a radiation widespread in open
vegetational formations throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Our results suggest that spitting adaptations appear
to have evolved three times in cobras, but alternative scenarios cannot be rejected. The Asiatic Naja are
monophyletic and originate from a single colonization of Asia from Africa. The radiation of the African spitting
Naja appears to date back to the early Miocene and many speciation events in the group predate the
Pliocene expansion of grasslands and the radiation of large grazing mammals in Africa. The cladogenic
events in this complex appear to have been triggered by both ecological changes and tectonic events
associated with the formation and expansion of the African Rift Valley. Taxonomically, our data confirm the
inclusion of Boulengerina and Paranaja within Naja, and reveal a clade of African rainforest cobras including
N. melanoleuca, Paranaja multifasciata and Boulengerina that constitutes the sister clade of the African
open-formation non-spitting cobras. Naja nigricollis is polyphyletic, and we therefore recognize N. nigricincta
as a separate species, more closely related to N. ashei and N. mossambica than to N. nigricollis.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.021

BASE DE DATOS SCIENCEDIRECT: REFERENCIAS SELECCIONADAS: 27
Referencia 1

Autor: Bhere,Kanaka Varun
Autor: Haney,Robert A.
Autor: Ayoub,Nadia A.
Autor: Garb,Jessica E.
Título: Gene structure, regulatory control, and evolution of black widow venom latrotoxins
Título de publicación: FEBS letters
Número: 21
Volúmen: 588
Páginas: 3891
Tema: α-Latrotoxin
Tema: Venom
Tema: Neurosecretion
Tema: Genomics
Tema: Molecular evolution
Tema: Latrodectus
Resumen: Abstract Black widow venom contains α-latrotoxin, infamous for causing intense pain. Combining
33 kb of Latrodectus hesperus genomic DNA with RNA-Seq, we characterized the α-latrotoxin gene and
discovered a paralog, 4.5 kb downstream. Both paralogs exhibit venom gland specific transcription, and may
be regulated post-transcriptionally via musashi-like proteins. A 4 kb intron interrupts the α-latrotoxin coding
sequence, while a 10 kb intron in the 3′ UTR of the paralog may cause non-sense-mediated decay.
Phylogenetic analysis confirms these divergent latrotoxins diversified through recent tandem gene
duplications. Thus, latrotoxin genes have more complex structures, regulatory controls, and sequence
diversity than previously proposed.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.034
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/science/article/pii/S0014579314006619
Referencia 2

Autor: Calvete,Juan J.
Autor: Marcinkiewicz,Cezary
Autor: Monleón,Daniel
Autor: Esteve,Vicent
Autor: Celda,Bernardo
Autor: Juárez,Paula
Autor: Sanz,Libia
Título: Snake venom disintegrins: evolution of structure and function
Número: 8
Volúmen: 45
Páginas: 1063

Tema: Snake venom proteins

Tema: Disintegrins
Tema: Integrin antagonists
Tema: Structure-function correlations
Tema: Evolution of protein structure
Tema: Disulfide bond engineering
Resumen: Disintegrins represent a family of polypeptides present in the venoms of various vipers that
selectively block the function of integrin receptors. Here, we review our current view and hypothesis on the
emergence and the structural and functional diversification of disintegrins by accelerated evolution and the
selective loss of disulfide bonds of duplicated genes. Research on disintegrins is relevant for understanding
the biology of viper venom toxins, but also provides information on new structural determinants involved in
integrin recognition that may be useful in basic and clinical research. The role of the composition,
conformation, and dynamics of the integrin inhibitory loop acting in concert with the C-terminal tail in
determining the selective inhibition of integrin receptors is discussed.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.02.024
Referencia 3

Autor: Casewell,Nicholas R.
Autor: Visser,Jeroen C.
Autor: Baumann,Kate
Autor: Dobson,James
Autor: Han,Han
Autor: Kuruppu,Sanjaya
Autor: Morgan,Michael
Autor: Romilio,Anthony
Autor: Weisbecker,Vera
Autor: Ali,Syed A.
Autor: Debono,Jordan
Autor: Koludarov,Ivan
Autor: Que,Ivo
Autor: Bird,Gregory C.
Autor: Cooke,Gavan M.
Autor: Nouwens,Amanda
Autor: Hodgson,Wayne C.
Autor: Wagstaff,Simon C.
Autor: Cheney,Karen L.
Autor: Vetter,Irina
Autor: van der Weerd,Louise
Autor: Richardson,Michael K.
Autor: Fry,Bryan G.
Título: The Evolution of Fangs, Venom, and Mimicry Systems in Blenny Fishes
Título de publicación: Current Biology
Número: 8
Volúmen: 27
Páginas: 1184
Tema: Meiacanthus

Tema: hypotension
Tema: opioid
Tema: defense
Tema: convergence
Tema: adaptation
Tema: toxin
Tema: venom
Tema: mimicry
Tema: evolution
Resumen: Summary Venom systems have evolved on multiple occasions across the animal kingdom, and
they can act as key adaptations to protect animals from predators [1]. Consequently, venomous animals
serve as models for a rich source of mimicry types, as non-venomous species benefit from reductions in
predation risk by mimicking the coloration, body shape, and/or movement of toxic counterparts [2–5]. The
frequent evolution of such deceitful imitations provides notable examples of phenotypic convergence and are
often invoked as classic exemplars of evolution by natural selection. Here, we investigate the evolution of
fangs, venom, and mimetic relationships in reef fishes from the tribe Nemophini (fangblennies). Comparative
morphological analyses reveal that enlarged canine teeth (fangs) originated at the base of the Nemophini
radiation and have enabled a micropredatory feeding strategy in non-venomous Plagiotremus spp.
Subsequently, the evolution of deep anterior grooves and their coupling to venom secretory tissue provide
Meiacanthus spp. with toxic venom that they effectively employ for defense. We find that fangblenny venom
contains a number of toxic components that have been independently recruited into other animal venoms,
some of which cause toxicity via interactions with opioid receptors, and result in a multifunctional
biochemical phenotype that exerts potent hypotensive effects. The evolution of fangblenny venom has
seemingly led to phenotypic convergence via the formation of a diverse array of mimetic relationships that
provide protective (Batesian mimicry) and predatory (aggressive mimicry) benefits to other fishes [2, 6].
Our results further our understanding of how novel morphological and biochemical adaptations stimulate
ecological interactions in the natural world.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.067
Referencia 4

Autor: Wüster,Wolfgang
Autor: Vonk,Freek J.
Autor: Harrison,Robert A.
Autor: Fry,Bryan G.
Título: Complex cocktails: the evolutionary novelty of venoms
Título de publicación: Trends in Ecology & Evolution
Número: 4
Volúmen: 28
Páginas: 219
Tema: venom
Tema: evolution
Tema: selection
Tema: convergence
Tema: gene duplication
Tema: antivenom

Tema: drug discovery

Resumen: Venoms have evolved on numerous occasions throughout the animal kingdom. These ‘biochemical
weapon systems’ typically function to facilitate, or protect the producing animal from, predation. Most
venomous animals remain unstudied despite venoms providing model systems for investigating predator–
prey interactions, molecular evolution, functional convergence, and novel targets for pharmaceutical
discovery. Through advances in ‘omic’ technologies, venom composition data have recently become available
for several venomous lineages, revealing considerable complexity in the processes responsible for generating
the genetic and functional diversity observed in many venoms. Here, we review these recent advances and
highlight the ecological and evolutionary novelty of venom systems.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.020
Referencia 5

Autor: Chijiwa,Takahito
Autor: Tokunaga,Emi
Autor: Ikeda,Ryo
Autor: Terada,Koki
Autor: Ogawa,Tomohisa
Autor: Oda-Ueda,Naoko
Autor: Hattori,Shosaku
Autor: Nozaki,Masatoshi
Autor: Ohno,Motonori
Título: Discovery of novel [Arg49]phospholipase A2 isozymes from Protobothrops elegans venom
and regional evolution of Crotalinae snake venom phospholipase A2 isozymes in the
southwestern islands of Japan and Taiwan
Número: 6
Volúmen: 48
Páginas: 672
Tema: Protobothrops elegans venom
Tema: Phospholipase A2
Tema: Purification
Tema: Amino acid sequence
Tema: cDNA cloning
Tema: Phylogeny
Tema: Evolution
Resumen: Protobothrops (formerly Trimeresurus) elegans, a Crotalinae snake, inhabits Ishigaki and Iriomote
islands of the Sakishima Islands of Japan which are located between Okinawa island of Japan and Taiwan.
Two phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isozymes were purified to homogeneity from P. elegans venom and
sequenced. This led to a discovery of novel PLA2 isozymes with Arg at position 49, that is, [Arg49]PLA2
forms, named PeBP(R)-I and PeBP(R)-II. They are polymorphic at position 3, Val for PeBP(R)-I and Ile for
PeBP(R)-II. The cDNAs encoding PeBP(R)-I and PeBP(R)-II were cloned. The cDNA encoding an [Asp49]PLA2
named PePLA2 was also obtained. In contrast to PLA2 isozymes from Protobothrops genus with 122 amino
acid residues, PeBP(R)-I and PeBP(R)-II are composed of 121 amino acid residues due to lack of Pro at
position 90. They exhibited necrotic and edema-inducing activities but no hemorrhagic activity was detected.
A phylogenetic tree constructed for venom PLA2 isozymes of Protobothrops genus and of related genera in
the southwestern islands of Japan and Taiwan revealed that PeBP(R)-I and PeBP(R)-II of P. elegans are

evolutionarily much closer to PmK49PLA2, a [Lys49]PLA2, from P. mucrosquamatus (Taiwan) than BPI and
BPII, both [Lys49]PLA2 forms, from P. flavoviridis (Amami-Oshima and Tokunoshima islands of Japan). Such
evolutionary relationships are also seen in neutral [Asp49]PLA2 isozymes from the three Protobothrops
species. Thus, P. elegans is the species much closer to P. mucrosquamatus than P. flavoviridis. Their
evolutionary distances seem to be well related to geological history of the islands where they have lived. In
addition, it was clearly noted that Ovophis okinavensis (Amami-Oshima), which had formerly belonged to the
Trimeresurus genus, and Trimeresurus stejnegeri (Taiwan) are the species fairly distant from Protobothrops
genus.
Referencia 6

Autor: Drabeck,Danielle H.
Autor: Dean,Antony M.
Autor: Jansa,Sharon A.
Título: Why the honey badger don't care: Convergent evolution of venom-targeted nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors in mammals that survive venomous snake bites
Volúmen: 99
Páginas: 68
Tema: Convergent evolution
Tema: Venom resistance
Tema: Honey badger
Tema: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Tema: Mellivora capensis
Resumen: Abstract Honey badgers (Mellivora capensis) prey upon and survive bites from venomous snakes
(Family: Elapidae), but the molecular basis of their venom resistance is unknown. The muscular nicotinic
cholinergic receptor (nAChR), targeted by snake α-neurotoxins, has evolved in some venom-resistant
mammals to no longer bind these toxins. Through phylogenetic analysis of mammalian nAChR sequences,
we show that honey badgers, hedgehogs, and pigs have independently acquired functionally equivalent
amino acid replacements in the toxin-binding site of this receptor. These convergent amino acid changes
impede toxin binding by introducing a positively charged amino acid in place of an uncharged aromatic
residue. In venom-resistant mongooses, different replacements at these same sites are glycosylated, which
is thought to disrupt binding through steric effects. Thus, it appears that resistance to snake venom α-
neurotoxin has evolved at least four times among mammals through two distinct biochemical mechanisms
operating at the same sites on the same receptor.
Referencia 7

Autor: Folinsbee,Kaila E.
Título: Evolution of venom across extant and extinct eulipotyphlans
Título de publicación: Comptes Rendus Palevol

Número: 7–8
Volúmen: 12
Páginas: 531
Tema: Evolution
Tema: Eulipotyphla
Tema: Phylogeny
Tema: Shrew
Tema: Venom
Tema: és
Tema: Évolution
Tema: Eulipotyphles
Tema: Phylogénie
Tema: Musaraigne
Tema: Venin
Resumen: Abstract Orally delivered venom in animals is found in distantly related invertebrate and
vertebrate taxa, but is relatively rare in overall abundance. The trait would appear to be highly adaptive for
prey capture and defence, and has been suggested to be a key innovation that led to the diversification of
the venomous snakes. In extant mammals, oral venom is only found in the Eulipotyphla (which includes
solenodons, shrews, moles and hedgehogs), and is only known to be present in four species. The
phylogenetic distribution of venom across extant mammals suggests that venom evolved independently
three times in the Eulipotyphla. In extant shrews, grooved teeth are not associated with venomousness; only
the solenodon has both grooved lower incisors and salivary venom. Given these data, recent inferences of
widespread venomous abilities in extinct eulipotyphlans on the basis of grooved teeth are not justified.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2013.05.004
Referencia 8

Autor: Hargreaves,Adam D.
Autor: Swain,Martin T.
Autor: Logan,Darren W.
Autor: Mulley,John F.
Título: Testing the Toxicofera: Comparative transcriptomics casts doubt on the single, early
evolution of the reptile venom system
Volúmen: 92
Páginas: 140
Tema: Snake venom
Tema: Toxicofera
Resumen: Abstract The identification of apparently conserved gene complements in the venom and salivary
glands of a diverse set of reptiles led to the development of the Toxicofera hypothesis – the single, early
evolution of the venom system in reptiles. However, this hypothesis is based largely on relatively small scale
EST-based studies of only venom or salivary glands and toxic effects have been assigned to only some
putative Toxicoferan toxins in some species. We set out to examine the distribution of these proposed venom
toxin transcripts in order to investigate to what extent conservation of gene complements may reflect a bias
in previous sampling efforts. Our quantitative transcriptomic analyses of venom and salivary glands and

other body tissues in five species of reptile, together with the use of available RNA-Seq datasets for
additional species, shows that the majority of genes used to support the establishment and expansion of the
Toxicofera are in fact expressed in multiple body tissues and most likely represent general maintenance or
“housekeeping” genes. The apparent conservation of gene complements across the Toxicofera therefore
reflects an artefact of incomplete tissue sampling. We therefore conclude that venom has evolved multiple
times in reptiles.
Referencia 9

Autor: He,Yawen
Autor: Zhao,Ruiming
Autor: Di,Zhiyong
Autor: Li,Zhongjie
Autor: Xu,Xiaobo
Autor: Hong,Wei
Autor: Wu,Yingliang
Autor: Zhao,Huabin
Autor: Li,Wenxin
Autor: Cao,Zhijian
Título: Molecular diversity of Chaerilidae venom peptides reveals the dynamic evolution of
scorpion venom components from Buthidae to non-Buthidae
Volúmen: 89
Páginas: 1
Tema: Scorpion venom arsenal
Tema: Transcriptome analysis
Tema: Molecular diversity
Tema: Molecular recruitment
Tema: Peptidome evolution
Resumen: Abstract The scorpion family Chaerilidae is phylogenetically differentiated from Buthidae. Their
venom components are not known, and the evolution of the venom components is not well understood.
Here, we performed a transcriptome analysis of the venom glands from two scorpion species, Chaerilus
tricostatus and Chaerilus tryznai. Fourteen types of venom peptides were discovered from two species, 10 of
which were shared by both C. tricostatus and C. tryznai. Notably, the venom components of Chaerilidae
were also found to contain four toxin types (NaTx, β-KTx, Scamp and bpp-like peptides), previously
considered to be specific to Buthidae. Moreover, cytolytic peptides were the most abundant toxin type in C.
tricostatus, C. tryznai and the family Euscorpiidae. Furthermore, 39 and 35 novel atypical venom molecules
were identified from C. tricostatus and C. tryznai, respectively. Finally, the evolutionary analysis showed that
the NaTx, β-KTx, and bpp-like toxin types were recruited into the venom before the lineage split between
Buthidae and non-Buthidae families. This study provides an integrated understanding of the venom
components of the scorpion family Chaerilidae. The family Chaerilidae has a specific venom arsenal that is
intermediate between Buthidae and non-Buthidae, which suggests the dynamic evolution of scorpion venom
components from Buthidae to non-Buthidae species. Biological Significance This work gave a first overview
of the venom components of Chaerilidae scorpions, and discovered large numbers of new toxin molecules,
which significantly enriches the molecular diversity of scorpion venom peptides/proteins components. Based
on phylogenetic analysis we speculated that the NaTx, β-KTx and bpp-like toxin type genes were recruited

into venom before the lineage split between Buthidae and non-Buthidae. By Comparing the toxin types and
abundance of the Buthidae, Chaerilidae and non-Buthidae families, we found that the family Chaerilidae has
a specific venom arsenal that is intermediate Buthidae and non-Buthidae, which suggests the dynamic
evolution of scorpion venom components from Buthidae to non-Buthidae species.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.007
Referencia 10

Autor: Jackson,Kate
Título: The evolution of venom-conducting fangs: Insights from developmental biology
Número: 7
Volúmen: 49
Páginas: 975
Tema: Serpentes
Tema: Venom
Tema: Teeth
Tema: Fangs
Tema: Morphology
Tema: Development
Tema: Evolution
Tema: Colubroidea
Resumen: The present study of the origin of the various types of fang represented among colubroid snakes
(i.e., tubular, grooved, and ungrooved) attempts to reconcile the morphology of adult fangs with current
phylogenetic hypotheses. Observations of growth series of developing tubular fangs were hypothesised to
shed light on the evolutionary origin of fangs in snakes. While molecular phylogenies and evolutionary
studies of venom proteins and of other anatomical components of the venom-delivery system reconstruct a
consistent evolutionary scenario, the character of a tubular venom-conducting fang does not fit in this
scenario. The present review offers a series of possible scenarios to resolve this anomaly. Of these, a new
idea argues that a heterochronic mechanism (alteration of the timing of developmental events) may provide
the answer that the ungrooved and grooved teeth of colubrid snakes evolved from an ancestral tubular fang
by means of attachment of replacement tubular fangs to the maxilla at an earlier developmental stage than
usual (precocial ankylosis).
Referencia 11

Autor: Low,Dolyce H. W.
Autor: Undheim,Eivind A. B.
Autor: Ali,Syed A.
Autor: Alagon,Alejandro C.
Autor: Ruder,Tim
Autor: Jackson,Timothy N. W.

Autor: Pineda Gonzalez,Sandy

Autor: King,Glenn F.
Autor: Jones,Alun
Autor: Antunes,Agostinho
Autor: Fry,Bryan G.
Título: Dracula's children: Molecular evolution of vampire bat venom
Volúmen: 89
Páginas: 95
Tema: Vampire bat
Tema: Venom
Tema: Positive selection
Tema: Desmodus rotundus
Resumen: Abstract While vampire bat oral secretions have been the subject of intense research, efforts have
concentrated only on two components: DSPA (Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activator) and
Draculin. The molecular evolutionary history of DSPA has been elucidated, while conversely draculin has long
been known from only a very small fragment and thus even the basic protein class was not even established.
Despite the fact that vampire bat venom has a multitude of effects unaccounted by the documented
bioactivities of DSPA and draculin, efforts have not been made to establish what other bioactive proteins are
secreted by their submaxillary gland. In addition, it has remained unclear whether the anatomically distinct
anterior and posterior lobes of the submaxillary gland are evolving on separate gene expression trajectories
or if they remain under the shared genetic control. Using a combined proteomic and transcriptomic
approach, we show that identical proteins are simultaneously expressed in both lobes. In addition to
recovering the known structural classes of DSPA, we recovered a novel DSPA isoform as well as obtained a
very large sequence stretch of draculin and thus established that it is a mutated version of the
lactotransferrin scaffold. This study reveals a much more complex secretion profile than previously
recognised. In addition to obtaining novel versions of scaffolds convergently recruited into other venoms
(allergen-like, CRiSP, kallikrein, Kunitz, lysozyme), we also documented novel expression of small peptides
related to calcitonin, PACAP, and statherin. Other overexpressed protein types included BPI-fold, lacritin, and
secretoglobin. Further, we investigate the molecular evolution of various vampire bat venom-components
and highlight the dominant role of positive selection in the evolution of these proteins. Conspicuously many
of the proteins identified in the proteome were found to be homologous to proteins with known activities
affecting vasodilation and platelet aggregation. We show that vampire bat venom proteins possibly evade
host immune response by the mutation of the surface chemistry through focal mutagenesis under the
guidance of positive Darwinian selection. These results not only contribute to the body of knowledge
regarding haematophagous venoms but also provide a rich resource for novel lead compounds for use in
drug design and development. Biological significance These results have direct implications in understanding
the molecular evolutionary history of vampire bat venom. The unusual peptides discovered reinforce the
value of studying such neglected taxon for biodiscovery.
Referencia 12

Autor: Morais,Victor
Autor: Negrín,Alba
Autor: Tortorella,María Noel

Autor: Massaldi,Hugo
Título: Evolution of venom antigenaemia and antivenom concentration in patients bitten by
snakes in Uruguay
Número: 6
Volúmen: 60
Páginas: 990
Tema: Snake bite
Tema: Bothrops
Tema: Antivenom
Tema: Venom concentration
Resumen: In this work we describe the first study carried out in Uruguay of venom antigenaemia and
antivenom concentration in patients bitten by snakes. Between 50 and 70 snake bite accidents per year are
caused in Uruguay by 2 species: Rhinocerophis alternatus and Bothropoides pubescens. The patients are
treated with a specific polyvalent antivenom. Gaining insight on the evolution of venom antigenaemia and
antivenom concentration in patients is important to improve treatment protocols. Blood samples of 29
patients were analysed to determine venom and antivenom concentrations at different times. Venom was
detected in 18 of 19 samples before antivenom administration, with a mean concentration of 57 ng/mL. Most
of the patients received 4 or 8 vials to neutralize the venom effects. Only one patient needed a total of 16
vials. He showed a severe envenomation and needed supplementary amounts of antivenom after the fifth
day of the snake bite accident to reach normal clotting parameters. Antivenom concentrations were
determined at 12 h, 24 h and 15 days after antivenom administration. It was found a faster antivenom
decrease between 12 and 24 h than to 24 h to 15 days. This was explained by a different clearance
mechanism in each period. In the first phase, the cause would be the neutralization of venom present in the
blood whereas in the second phase it would be due to unbound antivenom elimination.
Referencia 13

Autor: Nikandrov,Nikolai N.
Autor: Deshimaru,Masanobu
Autor: Tani,Ayako
Autor: Shibata,Hiroki
Autor: Chang,Chang-Chun
Autor: Fukumaki,Yasuyuki
Autor: Ito,Tatsumi
Título: Purification, primary structures and evolution of coagulant proteases from
Deinagkistrodon actus venom
Número: 8
Volúmen: 46
Páginas: 907
Tema: Deinagkistrodon actus

Tema: Venom coagulant protease

Tema: Purification
Tema: cDNA cloning
Tema: Primary structure
Tema: Evolution
Tema: Phylogeny
Resumen: Deinagkistrodon (formerly Agkistrodon) actus (Taiwan) snake venom was found to contain at
least seven closely related coagulant proteases. One of them, named actibin, was purified to homogeneity by
means of four chromatographic steps. Actibin acted on fibrinogen to form fibrin clots with extremely high
specific activity of 1630 NIH units/mg and preferentially released fibrinopeptide A. Actibin was an acidic
glycoprotein (pI 3.4) with molecular weight of 41,000, which was reduced to 28,800 after deglycosylation
with N-glycanase. The kcat/Km values of actibin for hydrolysis of tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester and benzoyl-l-
arginine p-nitroanilide were one-third to a half those for thrombin, reflecting a high potency of actibin in
fibrinogen clotting. The amidase activities of actibin and its family proteases were inhibited by 3,4-
dichloroisocoumarin, a serine protease inhibitor, indicating that actibin and its family proteases are serine
proteases. Four cDNAs, named DaP1 and DaP7-DaP9, encoding D. actus coagulant proteases were cloned.
All cDNAs contain an open reading frame of 780 bp coding for 260 amino acid residues, including a signal
peptide of 24 amino acid residues. Their amino acid sequences predicted are highly homologous to one
another with one to five amino acid substitutions. When four D. actus protease cDNAs were compared with
the cDNAs coding for Trimeresurus flavoviridis and T. gramineus venom serine proteases, accelerated
evolution was clearly observed. Similarity of the nucleotide sequences of four D. actus protease cDNAs with
no synonymous and one to five nonsynonymous substitutions seems not to be in direct conformity with
accelerated evolution. This possibly suggests that they have evolved to a similar direction to enhance their
clotting activity rather than to produce other physiological activities.
Referencia 14

Autor: Oda-Ueda,Naoko
Título: Molecular evolution of myotoxic phospholipases A2 from snake venom
Número: 8
Volúmen: 42
Páginas: 841
Tema: Phospholipases A2
Tema: Viperidae snake venoms
Tema: Myotoxic
Tema: cDNAs and genes
Tema: Accelerated evolution
Tema: Interisland mutation
Tema: Phylogeny
Resumen: After two decades of study, we draw the conclusion that venom-gland phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
isozymes, including PLA2 myotoxins of Crotalinae snakes, have evolved in an accelerated manner to acquire

their diverse physiological activities. In this review, we describe how accelerated evolution of venom PLA2
isozymes was discovered. This type of evolution is fundamental for other venom isozyme systems.
Accelerated evolution of venom PLA2 isozyme genes is due to rapid change in exons, but not in introns and
the flanking regions, being completely opposite to the case of the ordinary isozyme genes. The molecular
mechanism by which proper base substitutions had occurred in the particular sites of venom isozyme genes
is a puzzle to be solved in future studies. It should be noted that accelerated evolution occurred until the
isozymes had acquired their particular function and, since then, they have evolved with less frequent
mutation, possibly for functional conservation. We also found that interisland mutations occurred in venom
PLA2 isozymes. The relationships between mutation and its driving force are speculative and the real
mechanism remains a mystery.
Referencia 15

Autor: Poirié,Marylène
Autor: Colinet,Dominique
Autor: Gatti,Jean-Luc
Título: Insights into function and evolution of parasitoid wasp venoms
Título de publicación: Current Opinion in Insect Science
Volúmen: 6
Páginas: 52
Resumen: Most species in the order Hymenoptera are parasitoids that lay eggs and develop in or on the
body of arthropod hosts. Several factors contribute to successful parasitism including venoms that wasps
inject into hosts when ovipositing. Here, we review the composition, function and diversity of parasitoid
venoms with emphasis on studies of wasps that parasitize hosts in the genus Drosophila. The comparative
literature indicates that some closely related species parasitizing the same host do not share any abundant
venom protein while unrelated species sometimes have the same major venom component. Within species,
studies also identify intraspecific variation that suggests parasitoid venoms may rapidly evolve. Overall,
however, our picture of venom function remains largely unclear and will require additional comparative data
on the composition of venoms from a greater diversity of species than exists currently. Further advances will
come mainly from experimental data using functional tools, such as RNA interference.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2014.10.004
Referencia 16

Autor: Rokyta,Darin R.
Autor: Wray,Kenneth P.
Autor: McGivern,James J.
Autor: Margres,Mark J.
Título: The transcriptomic and proteomic basis for the evolution of a novel venom phenotype
within the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)

Volúmen: 98
Páginas: 34
Tema: Gene expression
Tema: Genetics of adaptation
Tema: Venom evolution
Tema: Snake venom
Tema: Hybridization
Resumen: Abstract The genetics underlying adaptive trait evolution describes the intersection between the
probability that particular types of mutation are beneficial and the rates they arise. Snake venoms can vary
in a directly meaningful manner through coding mutations and regulatory mutations. The amounts of
different components determine venom efficacy, but point mutations in coding sequences can also change
efficacy and function. The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) has populations that have evolved
neurotoxic venom from the typical hemorrhagic rattlesnake venom present throughout most of its range. We
identified only a handful of nonsynonymous differences in just five loci between animals with each venom
type, and these differences affected lower-abundance toxins. Expression of at least 18 loci encoding
hemorrhagic toxins was severely reduced in the production of neurotoxic venom. The entire phospholipase
A2 toxin family was completely replaced in the neurotoxic venom, possibly through intergeneric
hybridization. Venom paedomorphosis could, at best, explain only some of the loss of expression of
hemorrhagic toxins. The number of potential mechanisms for altering venom composition and the patterns
observed for C. horridus suggest that rapid venom evolution should occur primarily through changes in
venom composition, rather than point mutations affecting coding sequences.
Referencia 17

Autor: Sachkova,Maria Y.
Autor: Slavokhotova,Anna A.
Autor: Grishin,Eugene V.
Autor: Vassilevski,Alexander A.
Título: Genes and evolution of two-domain toxins from lynx spider venom
Número: 5
Volúmen: 588
Páginas: 740
Tema: Spider venom gland
Tema: Inhibitor cystine knot (ICK)
Tema: cDNA library
Tema: Toxin gene
Resumen: Abstract Spiderines are comparatively long polypeptide toxins (∼110 residues) from lynx spiders
(genus Oxyopes). They are built of an N-terminal linear cationic domain (∼40 residues) and a C-terminal
knottin domain (∼60 residues). The linear domain empowers spiderines with strong cytolytic activity. In the
present work we report 16 novel spiderine sequences from Oxyopes takobius and Oxyopes lineatus classified
into two subfamilies. Strikingly, negative selection acts on both linear and knottin domains. Genes encoding
Oxyopes two-domain toxins were sequenced and found to be intronless. We further discuss a possible
scenario of lynx spider modular toxin evolution.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.018
Referencia 18

Autor: Santibáñez-López,Carlos E.
Autor: Possani,Lourival D.
Título: Overview of the Knottin scorpion toxin-like peptides in scorpion venoms: Insights on their
classification and evolution
Volúmen: 107, Part B
Páginas: 317
Tema: Bayesian inference
Tema: Evolution
Tema: Phylogenetics
Tema: Scorpion toxin
Resumen: Abstract Scorpion venoms include several compounds with different pharmacological activities.
Within these compounds, toxins affecting ion channels are among the most studied. They are all peptides
that have been classified based on their 3D structure, chain size and function. Usually, they show a spatial
arrangement characterized by the presence of a cysteine-stabilized alpha beta motif; most of them affect
Na+ and K+ ion-channels. These features have been revised in several occasions before, but a complete
phylogenetic analysis of the disulfide containing peptides is not been done. In the present contribution, two
databases (Pfam and InterPro) including more than 800 toxins from different scorpions were analyzed. Pfam
database included toxins from several organisms other than scorpions such as insects and plants, while
InterPro included only scorpion toxins. Our results suggest that Na+ toxins have evolved independently from
those of K+ toxins no matter the length of the peptidic chains. These preliminary results suggest that
current classification needs a more detailed revision, in order to have better characterized toxin families, so
the new peptides obtained from transcriptomic analyses would be properly classified.
Referencia 19

Autor: Morgenstern,David
Autor: Reitzel,Adam M.
Autor: Moran,Yehu
Título: Ecological venomics: How genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics can shed new light
on the ecology and evolution of venom
Volúmen: 135
Páginas: 62
Tema: Venom
Tema: Toxin
Tema: Genomics

Tema: Proteomics
Tema: Venomics
Resumen: Abstract Animal venom is a complex cocktail of bioactive chemicals that traditionally drew interest
mostly from biochemists and pharmacologists. However, in recent years the evolutionary and ecological
importance of venom is realized as this trait has direct and strong influence on interactions between species.
Moreover, venom content can be modulated by environmental factors. Like many other fields of biology,
venom research has been revolutionized in recent years by the introduction of systems biology approaches,
i.e., genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. The employment of these methods in venom research is
known as ‘venomics’. In this review we describe the history and recent advancements of venomics and
discuss how they are employed in studying venom in general and in particular in the context of evolutionary
ecology. We also discuss the pitfalls and challenges of venomics and what the future may hold for this
emerging scientific field.
Referencia 20

Autor: Viala,Vincent L.
Autor: Hildebrand,Diana
Autor: Trusch,Maria
Autor: Arni,Raghuvir K.
Autor: Pimenta,Daniel C.
Autor: Schlüter,Hartmut
Autor: Betzel,Christian
Autor: Spencer,Patrick J.
Título: Pseudechis guttatus venom proteome: Insights into evolution and toxin clustering
Volúmen: 110
Páginas: 32
Tema: Pseudechis guttatus
Tema: Elapidae
Tema: Toxins
Tema: High throughput
Tema: Proteomics
Tema: 2D-PAGE
Resumen: Abstract The Australian Elapidae spotted black snake Pseudechis guttatus venom proteome
composition was analyzed by high throughput mass spectrometry. The crude venom proteins were
decomplexed by 2D-PAGE and in-gel digestion peptides from 66 spot samples and analyzed by tandem mass
spectrometry–LC-ESI-ion trap. Protein identification was performed combining PEAKS studio 7.0 and Mascot
software. The analysis identified l-amino-acid oxidases, phospholipases A2, metalloproteases, nerve growth
factors and ecto-5′-nucleotidases, and for the first time in this venom the components cysteine-rich
secretory proteins similar to pseudechetoxin, phospholipase B and transferrin-like protein. The
envenomation symptoms are in agreement with the identified components, but the present limitations of
database information might impair the detection of toxin families, protein species and still unknown toxins.
From the qualitative point of view, the similarity of this venom with the ones from other Pseudechis species
could be assigned to recent speciation events. Biological significance Studies on the proteome of Australian
Elapidae (Ancanthophiinae) are quite rare. In the present work we performed, using classic proteomic

methods, a qualitative and partial analysis of the proteic components of Pseudechis guttatus venom.
Although previous studies contributed to the knowledge of the major components of this venom, our study
revealed some yet undescribed protein species, as well as new toxins, such as CRiSPs, phospholipase B,
transferrin-like protein and ecto 5′-nucleotidase.
Referencia 21

Autor: Wong,Emily S. W.
Título: Venom evolution through gene duplications
Título de publicación: Gene
Número: 1
Volúmen: 496
Páginas: 1
Tema: Venom
Tema: Adaptation
Tema: Toxin
Tema: Genomics
Resumen: Venoms contain highly complex mixtures that typically include hundreds of different components
and have evolved independently in a diverse range of animals including platypuses, shrews, snakes, lizards,
fishes, echinoderms, spiders, wasps, centipedes, sea snails, cephalopods, jellyfish and sea anemones. Many
venom genes evolved through gene duplication. Gene duplication occurs in all domains of life and provides
the raw substrate from which novel function arise. In this review, we focus on the role that gene duplication
has played in the origin and diversification of venom genes. We outline the selective advantages of venom
gene duplicates and the role that selection has played in the retention of these duplicates. We use toxin gene
intermediates to help trace the evolution of toxin innovation. We also focus on other genomic processes,
such as exon and domain duplications, in venom evolution. Finally, we conclude by focusing on the use of
high throughput sequencing technology in understanding venom evolution.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.009
Referencia 22

Autor: Wong,Emily S. W.
Título: Venom evolution through gene duplications
Título de publicación: Gene
Número: 1
Volúmen: 496
Páginas: 1

Tema: Venom
Tema: Adaptation
Tema: Toxin
Tema: Genomics
Resumen: Venoms contain highly complex mixtures that typically include hundreds of different components
and have evolved independently in a diverse range of animals including platypuses, shrews, snakes, lizards,
fishes, echinoderms, spiders, wasps, centipedes, sea snails, cephalopods, jellyfish and sea anemones. Many
venom genes evolved through gene duplication. Gene duplication occurs in all domains of life and provides
the raw substrate from which novel function arise. In this review, we focus on the role that gene duplication
has played in the origin and diversification of venom genes. We outline the selective advantages of venom
gene duplicates and the role that selection has played in the retention of these duplicates. We use toxin gene
intermediates to help trace the evolution of toxin innovation. We also focus on other genomic processes,
such as exon and domain duplications, in venom evolution. Finally, we conclude by focusing on the use of
high throughput sequencing technology in understanding venom evolution.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.009
Referencia 23

Autor: Zahradnicek,Oldrich
Autor: Horacek,Ivan
Autor: Tucker,Abigail S.
Título: Viperous fangs: Development and evolution of the venom canal
Título de publicación: Mechanisms of development
Número: 9–10
Volúmen: 125
Páginas: 786
Tema: Snake
Tema: Shh
Tema: Venom canal
Tema: Infolding
Tema: Apoptosis
Tema: Proliferation
Resumen: Fangs are specialised long teeth that contain either a superficial groove (Gila monster, Beaded
lizard, some colubrid snakes), along which the venom runs, or an enclosed canal (viperid, elapid and
atractaspid), down which the venom flows inside the tooth. The fangs of viperid snakes are the most
effective venom-delivery structures among vertebrates and have been the focus of scientific interests for
more than 200 years. Despite this interest the questions of how the canal at the centre of the fang forms
remains unresolved. Two different hypotheses have been suggested. The mainstream hypothesis claims that
the venom-conducting canal develops by the invagination of the epithelial wall of the developing tooth germ.
The sides of this invagination make contact and finally fuse to form the enclosed canal. The second
hypothesis, known as the “brick chimney“, claims the venom-conducting canal develops directly by
successive dentine deposition as the tooth develops. The fang is thus built up from the tip to the base,
without any folding of the tooth surface. In an attempt to cast further light on this subject the early
development of the fangs was followed in a pit viper, Trimeresurus albolabris, using the expression of Sonic
hedgehog (Shh). We demonstrate that the canal is indeed formed by an early folding event, resulting from
an invagination of epithelial cells into the dental mesenchyme. The epithelial cells proliferate to enlarge the
canal and then the cells die by apoptosis, forming an empty tube through which the poison runs. The

entrance and discharge orifices at either end of the canal develop by a similar invagination but the initial
width of the invagination is very different from that in the middle of the tooth, and is associated with higher
proliferation. The two sides of the invaginating epithelium never come into contact, leaving the orifice open.
The mechanism by which the orifices form can be likened to that observed in reptiles with an open groove
along their fangs, such as the boomslang. It is thus tempting to speculate that the process of orifice
formation in viperids represents the ancestral pleisomorphic state, and that enclosed canals developed by a
change in the shape and size of the initial invagination.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2008.06.008
Referencia 24

Autor: Župunski,Vera
Autor: Kordiš,Dušan
Autor: Gubenšek,Franc
Título: Adaptive evolution in the snake venom Kunitz/BPTI protein family
Número: 1–3
Volúmen: 547
Páginas: 131
Tema: Kunitz/BPTI homolog
Tema: Snake venom
Tema: Multigene family
Tema: Adaptive evolution
Resumen: Snake venoms are rich sources of serine proteinase inhibitors that are members of the
Kunitz/BPTI (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) family. However, only a few of their gene sequences have
been determined from snakes. We therefore cloned the cDNAs for the trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors
from a Vipera ammodytes venom gland cDNA library. Phylogenetic analysis of these and other snake
Kunitz/BPTI homologs shows the presence of three clusters, where sequences cluster by functional role.
Analysis of the nucleotide sequences from the snake Kunitz/BPTI family shows that positive Darwinian
selection was operating on the highly conserved BPTI fold, indicating that this family evolved by gene
duplication and rapid diversification.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00693-8
Referencia 25

Autor: Prashanth,Jutty Rajan
Autor: Hasaballah,Nojod
Autor: Vetter,Irina
Título: Pharmacological screening technologies for venom peptide discovery
Título de publicación: Neuropharmacology
Tema: Activity-guided fractionation
Tema: Venom drug discovery
Tema: Venomics

Tema: Toxins
Resumen: Abstract Venomous animals occupy one of the most successful evolutionary niches and occur on
nearly every continent. They deliver venoms via biting and stinging apparatuses with the aim to rapidly
incapacitate prey and deter predators. This has led to the evolution of venom components that act at a
number of biological targets – including ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, transporters and
enzymes – with exquisite selectivity and potency, making venom-derived components attractive
pharmacological tool compounds and drug leads. In recent years, plate-based pharmacological screening
approaches have been introduced to accelerate venom-derived drug discovery. A range of assays are
amenable to this purpose, including high-throughput electrophysiology, fluorescence-based functional and
binding assays. However, despite these technological advances, the traditional activity-guided fractionation
approach is time-consuming and resource-intensive. The combination of screening techniques suitable for
miniaturization with sequence-based discovery approaches – supported by advanced proteomics, mass
spectrometry, chromatography as well as synthesis and expression techniques – promises to further improve
venom peptide discovery. Here, we discuss practical aspects of establishing a pipeline for venom peptide
drug discovery with a particular emphasis on pharmacology and pharmacological screening approaches.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.038
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390817301302
Referencia 26

Autor: Lomonte,Bruno
Autor: Rey-Suárez,Paola
Autor: Fernández,Julián
Autor: Sasa,Mahmood
Autor: Pla,Davinia
Autor: Vargas,Nancy
Autor: Bénard-Valle,Melisa
Autor: Sanz,Libia
Autor: Corrêa-Netto,Carlos
Autor: Núñez,Vitelbina
Autor: Alape-Girón,Alberto
Autor: Alagón,Alejandro
Autor: Gutiérrez,José María
Título: Venoms of Micrurus coral snakes: Evolutionary trends in compositional patterns emerging
from proteomic analyses
Volúmen: 122
Páginas: 7
Tema: Snake venom
Tema: Micrurus
Tema: Coral snake
Tema: Venomics
Tema: Toxin
Tema: Proteomics
Tema: Elapidae
Resumen: Abstract The application of proteomic tools to the study of snake venoms has led to an impressive
growth in the knowledge about their composition (venomics), immunogenicity (antivenomics), and toxicity

(toxicovenomics). About one-third of all venomic studies have focused on elapid species, especially those of
the Old World. The New World elapids, represented by coral snakes, have been less studied. In recent years,
however, a number of venomic studies on Micrurus species from North, Central, and South America have
been conducted. An overview of these studies is presented, highlighting the emergence of some patterns
and trends concerning their compositional, functional, and immunological characteristics. Results gathered to
date, encompassing 18 out of the approximately 85 species of Micrurus, reveal a dichotomy of venom
phenotypes regarding the relative abundance of the omnipresent phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and 'three-
finger' toxins (3FTx): a group of species express a PLA2-predominant venom composition, while others
display a 3FTx-predominant compositional pattern. These two divergent toxin expression phenotypes appear
to be related to phylogenetic positions and geographical distributions along a North-South axis in the
Americas, but further studies encompassing a higher number of species are needed to assess these
hypotheses. The two contrasting phenotypes also show correlations with some toxic functionalities,
complexity in the diversity of proteoforms, and immunological cross-recognition patterns. The biological
significance for the emergence of a dichotomy of venom compositions within Micrurus, in some cases
observed even among sympatric species that inhabit relatively small geographic areas, represents a puzzling
and challenging area of research which warrants further studies.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041010116302719
Referencia 27

Autor: Mebs,Dietrich
Título: Toxicity in animals. Trends in evolution?
Número: 1
Volúmen: 39
Páginas: 87
Tema: Toxin evolution
Tema: Toxin diversity
Tema: Toxin biosynthesis
Tema: Secondary metabolites
Tema: Selection pressure
Resumen: Animals acquire toxicity either by metabolic synthesis of toxins (secondary metabolites), by
expression of toxin genes or by the uptake, storage and sequestration of toxins produced by other
organisms, i.e., microbes, plants or other animals. Variability of toxin structure and function is high. Peptide
toxins in particular, although relying on a limited number of structural frameworks, often exhibit
considerable structural hypervariability. An accelerated rate of evolution in the toxin gene structure
(conserved introns, but high substitution rates in the exons) leads to the functional diversity of these
peptides or proteins. The selective forces which may drive toxin evolution are unknown. Venomousness or
the possession of toxins can be essential for survival, but the advantage of toxin biosynthesis may also be of
minor importance or has been lost during evolution.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00155-0

BASE DE DATOS SPRINGERLINK: REFERENCIAS SELECCIONADAS: 2
Referencia 1

Autor: Jackson,Timothy N. W.
Autor: Young,Bruce
Autor: Underwood,Garth
Autor: McCarthy,Colin J.
Autor: Kochva,Elazar
Autor: Vidal,Nicolas
Autor: van,der Weerd
Autor: Nabuurs,Rob
Autor: Dobson,James
Autor: Whitehead,Daryl
Autor: Hendrikx,Iwan
Autor: Hay,Chris
Autor: Fry,Bryan G.
Título: Endless forms most beautiful: the evolution of ophidian oral glands, including the venom
system, and the use of appropriate terminology for homologous structures
Título de publicación: Zoomorphology
Número: 1
Volúmen: 136
Páginas: 107
Resumen: The differentiated serous-secreting dental glands of caenophidian snakes are diverse in form
despite their developmental homology. This variation makes the elucidation of their evolutionary history a
complex task. In addition, some authors identify as many as ten discrete types/subtypes of ophidian oral
gland. Over the past decade and a half, molecular systematics and toxinology have deepened our
understanding of the evolution of these fascinating and occasionally enigmatic structures. This paper
includes a comprehensive examination of ophidian oral gland structure and (where possible) function, as well
as new data on rictal glands and their associated anatomy. Following this, appropriate use of terminology,
especially that pertaining to homologous structures (including the controversial “venom gland” vs
“Duvernoy’s gland” debate), is considered. An interpretation of the evolutionary history of the ophidian
venom system, drawing on recent results from molecular systematics, toxinology and palaeontology,
concludes the paper.
ISSN/ISBN: 1432-234X
Enlaces: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/10.1007/s00435-016-0332-9
DOI: 10.1007/s00435-016-0332-9
Referencia 2

Autor: Debono,Jordan
Autor: Xie,Bing
Autor: Violette,Aude
Autor: Fourmy,Rudy
Autor: Jaeger,Marc
Autor: Fry,Bryan G.
Título: Viper Venom Botox: The Molecular Origin and Evolution of the Waglerin Peptides Used in

Anti-Wrinkle Skin Cream

Título de publicación: Journal of Molecular Evolution
Número: 1
Volúmen: 84
Páginas: 8
Resumen: The molecular origin of waglerin peptides has remained enigmatic despite their industrial
application in skin cream products to paralyse facial muscles and thus reduce the incidence of wrinkles. Here
we show that these neurotoxic peptides are the result of de novo evolution within the prepro region of the C-
type natriuretic peptide gene in Tropidolaemus venoms, at a site distinct from the domain encoding for the
natriuretic peptide. It is the same region that yielded the azemiopsin peptides from Azemiops feae, indicative
of a close relationship of this toxin gene between these two genera. The precursor region for the molecular
evolution is a biodiversity hotspot that has yielded other novel bioactive peptides with novel activities. We
detail the diversity of components in this and other species in order to explore what characteristics enable it
to be such a biodiscovery treasure trove. The unusual function of Tropidolaemus venoms may have been
selected for due to evolutionary pressures brought about by a high likelihood of prey escape.
Enlaces: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-016-9764-6
DOI: 10.1007/s00239-016-9764-6
BASE DE DATOS WILEY: REFERENCIAS SELECCIONADAS: 11
Referencia 1

Autor: Nadezhdin,Kirill D.
Autor: Romanovskaia,Daria D.
Autor: Sachkova,Maria Y.
Autor: Oparin,Peter B.
Autor: Kovalchuk,Sergey I.
Autor: Grishin,Eugene V.
Autor: Arseniev,Alexander S.
Autor: Vassilevski,Alexander A.
Título: Modular toxin from the lynx spider Oxyopes takobius: Structure of spiderine domains in
solution and membrane-mimicking environment
Título de publicación: Protein Science
Número: 3
Volúmen: 26
Páginas: 611
Tema: spider venom
Tema: spider toxin
Tema: NMR
Tema: inhibitor cystine knot (ICK)
Tema: knottin
Tema: membrane-active peptide
Resumen: We have recently demonstrated that a common phenomenon in evolution of spider venom
composition is the emergence of so-called modular toxins consisting of two domains, each corresponding to
a “usual” single-domain toxin. In this article, we describe the structure of two domains that build up a
modular toxin named spiderine or OtTx1a from the venom of Oxyopes takobius. Both domains were

investigated by solution NMR in water and detergent micelles used to mimic membrane environment. The N-
terminal spiderine domain OtTx1a-AMP (41 amino acid residues) contains no cysteines. It is disordered in
aqueous solution but in micelles, it assumes a stable amphiphilic structure consisting of two α-helices
separated by a flexible linker. On the contrary, the C-terminal domain OtTx1a-ICK (59 residues) is a
disulfide-rich polypeptide reticulated by five S–S bridges. It presents a stable structure in water and its core
is the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) or knottin motif that is common among single-domain neurotoxins.
OtTx1a-ICK structure is the first knottin with five disulfide bridges and it represents a good reference for the
whole oxytoxin family. The affinity of both domains to membranes was measured with NMR using titration by
liposome suspensions. In agreement with biological tests, OtTx1a-AMP was found to show high membrane
affinity explaining its potent antimicrobial properties.
DOI: 10.1002/pro.3101
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.3101
Referencia 2

Autor: Deshimaru,Masanobu
Autor: Nakashima,Kin-ichi
Autor: Nobuhisa,Ikuo
Autor: Shimohigashi,Yasuyuki
Autor: Niwa,Mineo
Autor: Yamashina,Ikuo
Título: Accelerated evolution of crotalinae snake venom gland serine proteases
Número: 1
Volúmen: 397
Páginas: 83
Tema: Snake venom
Tema: Serine protease family
Tema: cDNA cloning
Tema: Evolution
Tema: KLE
Tema: kallikrein-like enzyme
Tema: CPI
Tema: capillary permeability increasing
Tema: PLA2
Tema: phospholipase A2
Tema: TBP
Tema: TATA box binding protein
Tema: PCR
Tema: polymerase chain reaction
Tema: RT
Tema: reverse transcription
Tema: UTR
Tema: untranslated region

Resumen: Eight cDNAs encoding serine proteases isolated from Trimeresurus flavoviridis (habu snake) and
T. gramineus (green habu snake) venom gland cDNA libraries showed that nonsynonymous nucleotide
substitutions have accumulated in the mature protein-coding regions to cause amino acid changes. Southern
blot analysis of T. flavoviridis genomic DNAs using two proper probes indicated that venom gland serine
protease genes form a multigene family in the genome. These observations suggest that venom gland serine
proteases have diversified their amino acid sequences in an accelerating manner. Since a similar feature has
been previously discovered in crotalinae snake venom gland phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isozyme genes,
accelerated evolution appears to be universal in plural isozyme families of crotalinae snake venom gland.
DOI: 10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01144-1
URL: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01144-1
Referencia 3

Autor: Nobuhisa,Ikuo
Autor: Inamasu,Satoshi
Autor: Nakai,Makoto
Autor: Tatsui,Akira
Autor: Mimori,Tomohiro
Autor: Shimohigashi,Yasuyuki
Autor: Kihara,Hiroshi
Título: Characterization and Evolution of a Gene Encoding a Trimeresums flavoviridis Serum
Protein that Inhibits Basic Phospholipase A2 Isozymes in the Snake's Venom
Título de publicación: European Journal of Biochemistry
Editorial: Blackwell Science Ltd
Número: 3
Volúmen: 249
Páginas: 838
Tema: crotalinae snake
Tema: affinity column
Tema: amino acid sequence
Tema: liver
Tema: cDNA
Resumen: The proteins that bind phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isozymes of Trimeresurus flavoviridis (habu
snake, crotalinae) venom were ractionated from sera on four columns, each conjugated with one of four
PLA2 isozymes. Five proteins, termed PLA2 inhibitors (PLI) I?V, were obtained as the binding components.
The combinations of the binding components differed depending on the PLA2 isozymes. PLI-IV and PLI-V
correspond to PLI-A and PLI-B, respectively, which were known to bind to a major [Asp49]PLA2, PLA2, and
contained a segment similar to the carbohydrate-recognition domain of C-type lectins. PLI-I, which is a
major component of inhibitory proteins against three basic PLA2 isozymes, PLA-B (a basic [Asp49]PLA2) and
basic proteins I and II (both [Lys49]PLA,s), has been isolated, and its partial amino acid sequence has been
determined. A cDNA encoding PLI-I was isolated from a T. flavoviridis liver cDNA library and sequenced. PLI-
I cDNA encoded 200 amino acid residues, including a signal peptide of 19 amino acid residues. One sugar
chain was predicted to occur at position 157. A gene coding for PLI-I was isolated. It is 9.6-kb long and
consists of five exons and four introns. Comparison of the exonintron structure of the PLI-I gene with those
of genes encoding urokinaseype-plasminogen-activator receptor (uPAR), Ly-6, CD59 and neurotoxins

showed that they have characteristic unit encoding approximately 90 amino acid residues, which is divided
over two exons. This strongly suggests that the PLI-I gene belongs to the uPAR, Ly-6, CD59 and neurotoxin
gene family. There are two types of structurally different inhibitors against PLA2 isozymes in T. flavoviridis
serum with different evolutionary origins.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00838.x
URL: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00838.x
Referencia 4

Autor: Stevens,W. J.
Autor: Ebo,D. G.
Autor: De Clerck,L. S.
Autor: Bridts,C. H.
Autor: De Gendt,C. M.
Autor: Mertens,A. V.
Título: Evolution of lymphocyte transformation to wasp venom antigen during immunotherapy for
wasp venom anaphylaxis
Título de publicación: Clinical & Experimental Allergy
Número: 2
Volúmen: 28
Páginas: 249
Tema: hymenoptera allergy
Tema: wasp venom
Tema: immunotherapy
Tema: lymphocyte transformation test
Resumen: Background Venom immunotherapy (VIT) has proven to be safe and effective in wasp venom
anaphylaxis. However, there are no good parameters to indicate when to stop venom immunotherapy.
Objective To evaluate the relationship of the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) to history and specific IgE
determination, and to address the time course of lymphocyte transformation responses to wasp (Vespula)
venom during VIT and the possible utility of LTT to determine the duration of therapy. Methods Peripheral
blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 18 individuals with a history of wasp sting anaphylaxis and a positive
serum-venom-specific IgE, were stimulated with wasp venom before immunotherapy, at the end of a 5-day
semi-rush immunotherapy and at 24 months during venom immunotherapy. Results, expressed as
stimulation index (SI), were compared with the SI in seven asymptomatic stung controls. Results In controls
the median (minimum?maximum) of the SI were 2.39 (0.52?3.39) before therapy and 2.39 (1.12?6.02)
when repeated after 24 months. For patients the median (minimum?maximum) of the SI were 10.13 (1.19?
44.88) before immunotherapy (d0), 2.73 (0.67?12.03) at the end of the build-up immunotherapy (d5) and
4.21 (0.88-14.66) at the end of 24 months of maintenance therapy (m24). The proliferation responses in
vespid-allergic patients were significantly higher than in stung controls (P = 0.006) but only13/18 patients
showed a positive LTT result before the start of immunotherapy (sensitivity of the LTT 72%). When the LTT
was repeated after a 5 day build-up hyposensitization course the SI significantly dropped as compared to the
pre-treatment levels (P = 0.002). The SI of the LTT was negative in eight out of 18 patients at 24 months
and the median values were significantly lower than before therapy (P = 0.03). Conclusions Although, in the
absence of sting challenge data it is not possible to draw conclusions about the predictive value of the LTT,
our data may suggest that abolition of the LTT during VIT might indicate clinical insensitivity. Further
studies, comparing the results of sting challenges, with the results of lymphocyte transformation will be
necessary in order to evaluate the role of LTT in stopping immunotherapy.

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00222.x
Referencia 5

Autor: OLIVERA,BALDOMERO M.
Autor: WALKER,CRAIG
Autor: CARTIER,G. EDWARD
Autor: HOOPER,DAVID
Autor: SANTOS,AMEURFINA D.
Autor: SCHOENFELD,ROBERT
Autor: SHETTY,RESHMA
Autor: WATKINS,MAREN
Autor: BANDYOPADHYAY,PRADIP
Autor: HILLYARD,DAVID R.
Título: Speciation of Cone Snails and Interspecific Hyperdivergence of Their Venom Peptides:
Potential Evolutionary Significance of Intronsa
Título de publicación: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Editorial: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Número: 1
Volúmen: 870
Páginas: 223
Resumen: ABSTRACT: All 500 species of cone snails (Conus) are venomous predators. From a
biochemical/genetic perspective, differences among Conus species may be based on the 50-200 different
peptides in the venom of each species. Venom is used for prey capture as well as for interactions with
predators and competitors. The venom of every species has its own distinct complement of peptides. Some
of the interspecific divergence observed in venom peptides can be explained by differential expression of
venom peptide superfamilies in different species and of peptide superfamily branching in various Conus
lineages into pharmacologic groups with different targeting specificity. However, the striking interspecific
divergence of peptide sequences is the dominant factor in the differences observed between venoms. The
small venom peptides (typically 10-35 amino acids in length) are processed from larger prepropeptide
precursors (ca. 100 amino acids). If interspecific comparisons are made between homologous
prepropeptides, the three different regions of a Conus peptide precursor (signal sequence, pro-region,
mature peptide) are found to have diverged at remarkably different rates. Analysis of synonymous and
nonsynonymous substitution rates for the different segments of a prepropeptide suggests that mutation
frequency varies by over an order of magnitude across the segments, with the mature toxin region
undergoing the highest rate. The three sections of the prepropeptide which exhibit apparently different
mutation rates are separated by introns. This striking segment-specific rate of divergence of Conus
prepropeptides suggests a role for introns in evolution: exons separated by introns have the potential to
evolve very different mutation rates. Plausible mechanisms that could underlie differing mutational
frequency in the different exons of a gene are discussed.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08883.x
URL: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08883.x
Referencia 6

Autor: Schulz,Stefan
Título: The Chemistry of Spider Toxins and Spider Silk

Título de publicación: Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English

Editorial: Hüthig & Wepf Verlag
Número: 4
Volúmen: 36
Páginas: 314
Tema: acylpolyamines
Tema: lipids
Tema: natural products
Tema: pheromones
Tema: spider toxins
Resumen: Spiders have a bad reputation because of their predacious and hidden way of life. Nevertheless,
they developed a finely tuned system, based on the use of venom and silk, which enabled them to compete
successfully in evolution. Only recently has the mystery of the chemistry of their silk and venom begun to
unravel, although the first investigations were performed at the beginning of this century and in the fifties.
The silk and toxins are made of proteins, but low molecular weight compounds are also present, too. Among
these small molecules are compounds not known from any other natural source. For this reason the
following article will focus on the structure and function of the low molecular weight components of the silk
and the venom.
DOI: 10.1002/anie.199703141
URL: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/10.1002/anie.199703141
Referencia 7

Autor: ?upunski,Vera
Autor: Kordi?,Du?an
Autor: Guben?ek,Franc
Título: Adaptive evolution in the snake venom Kunitz/BPTI protein family
Número: 1-3
Volúmen: 547
Páginas: 131
Tema: Kunitz/BPTI homolog
Tema: Snake venom
Tema: Multigene family
Tema: Adaptive evolution
Tema: BPTI, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor
Tema: PLA2, phospholipase A2
Tema: Ti, trypsin inhibitor
Tema: Chi, chymotrypsin inhibitor
Tema: Dtx, dendrotoxin
Tema: Btx, bungarotoxin
Tema: Tx, textilinin
Resumen: Snake venoms are rich sources of serine proteinase inhibitors that are members of the
Kunitz/BPTI (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) family. However, only a few of their gene sequences have
been determined from snakes. We therefore cloned the cDNAs for the trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors
from a Vipera ammodytes venom gland cDNA library. Phylogenetic analysis of these and other snake
Kunitz/BPTI homologs shows the presence of three clusters, where sequences cluster by functional role.
Analysis of the nucleotide sequences from the snake Kunitz/BPTI family shows that positive Darwinian

selection was operating on the highly conserved BPTI fold, indicating that this family evolved by gene
duplication and rapid diversification.
DOI: 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00693-8
Referencia 8

Autor: JACKSON,KATE
Título: The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes
Título de publicación: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
Número: 3
Volúmen: 137
Páginas: 337
Tema: Colubroidea
Tema: fangs
Tema: glands
Tema: morphology
Tema: muscles
Tema: Serpentes
Tema: systematics
Resumen: The Colubroidea represents approximately 2300 of the 2700 species of living snakes and includes
all venomous taxa. Although many morphological studies of colubroid snakes have been carried over the last
hundred years, the phylogenetic relationships within this group are poorly known. In this study, components
of the venom-delivery system (VDS) were examined within the context of two conflicting phylogenetic
hypotheses proposed in 1988 by Cadle and in 1998 by Kraus & Braun. The results suggest that several
major morphological changes occurred early in colubroid evolution: a Duvernoy's gland evolved, the
posterior maxillary teeth became specialized relative to the anterior maxillary teeth, and the attachment of
the pterygoideus muscle moved forward to a position associated with the posterior maxillary teeth. These
innovations may have allowed the great radiation of colubroid snakes that led to the Colubroidea
representing such a large percentage of living snakes. More recently, three separate lineages of colubroids
have independently evolved highly specialized front-fanged VDSs with large and complex venom glands,
venom gland compressor muscles, and tubular fangs. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological
Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 137, 337?354.
DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00052.x
Referencia 9

Autor: Jan,Virginie
Autor: Maroun,R. C.
Autor: Robbe-Vincent,Annie
Autor: De Haro,Luc
Autor: Choumet,Valérie
Título: Toxicity evolution of Vipera aspis aspis venom: identification and molecular modeling of a
novel phospholipase A2 heterodimer neurotoxin 1


Número: 1-3
Volúmen: 527
Páginas: 263
Tema: Evolution
Tema: Interbreeding
Tema: Neurotoxin
Tema: Phospholipase A2
Tema: Snake venom
Tema: Three-dimensional structure
Resumen: We report the simultaneous presence of two phospholipase A2 (PLA2) neurotoxins in the venom
of Vipera aspis aspis, the first such observation. One is monomeric and identical to ammodytoxin B of Vipera
ammodytes ammodytes. Its presence may result from gene flux after interbreeding between V. aspis aspis
and V. ammodytes ammodytes. The second, a novel heterodimer named vaspin, is very similar to vipoxin of
Vipera ammodytes meridionalis and to PLA2-I of Vipera aspis zinnikeri. It may result from expression of
preexisting genes, the acidic subunit evolving from an ancestor common to ammodytin I2 from V.
ammodytes ammodytes, which we also found in V. aspis aspis.
DOI: 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03205-2
Referencia 10

Autor: REMIGIO,E. A.
Autor: DUDA JR,T. F.
Título: Evolution of ecological specialization and venom of a predatory marine gastropod
Título de publicación: Molecular ecology
Editorial: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Número: 4
Volúmen: 17
Páginas: 1156
Tema: conotoxins
Tema: Conus
Tema: ecological specialization
Tema: gene expression
Resumen: Understanding the evolution of ecological specialization is important for making inferences about
the origins of biodiversity. Members of the predatory, marine gastropod genus Conus exhibit a variety of
diets and the ability to capture prey is linked to a venom comprised of peptide neurotoxins, termed
conotoxins. We identified conotoxin transcripts from Conus leopardus, a species of Conus that uniquely preys
exclusively on hemichordates, and compared its venom duct transcriptome to that of four other Conus
species to determine whether a shift to a specialized diet is associated with changes in the venom
composition of this species. We also examined the secondary structure of predicted amino acid sequences of
conotoxin transcripts of C. leopardus to identify substitutions that may be linked to specialization on
hemichordates. We identified seven distinct conotoxin sequences from C. leopardus that appear to represent
transcripts of seven distinct loci. Expression levels and the diversity of conotoxins expressed by C. leopardus
are considerably less than those of other Conus. Moreover, gene products of two transcripts exhibited unique
secondary structures that have not been previously observed from other Conus. These results suggest that
transition to a specialist diet is associated with reduction in the number of components expressed in venoms
of Conus and that diverse venoms of Conus are maintained in species with a broad dietary width.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03627.x
URL: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03627.x
Referencia 11

Autor: Paulson,A. R.
Autor: Le,C. H.
Autor: Dickson,J. C.
Autor: Ehlting,J.
Autor: von Aderkas,P.
Autor: Perlman,S. J.
Título: Transcriptome analysis provides insight into venom evolution in a seed-parasitic wasp,
Megastigmus spermotrophus
Título de publicación: Insect molecular biology
Número: 5
Volúmen: 25
Páginas: 604
Tema: venom
Tema: phytophagy
Tema: seed parasitism
Tema: Chalcidoidea
Tema: parasitoid
Tema: Hymenoptera
Tema: aspartylglucosaminidase
Resumen: One of the most striking host range transitions is the evolution of plant parasitism from animal
parasitism. Parasitoid wasps that have secondarily evolved to attack plants (ie gall wasps and seed-feeders)
demonstrate intimate associations with their hosts, yet the mechanism of plant?host manipulation is
currently not known. There is, however, emerging evidence suggesting that ovipositional secretions play a
role in plant manipulation. To investigate whether parasites have modified pre-existing adaptations to
facilitate dramatic host shifts we aimed to characterize the expression of venom proteins in a plant parasite
using a collection of parasitoid venom sequences as a guide. The transcriptome of a seed-feeding wasp,
Megastigmus spermotrophus, was assembled de novo and three putative venoms were found to be highly
expressed in adult females. One of these putative venoms, aspartylglucosaminidase, has been previously
identified as a major venom component in two distantly related parasitoid wasps (Asobara tabida and
Leptopilina heterotoma) and may have originated via gene duplication within the Hymenoptera. Our study
shows that M. spermotrophus, a specialized plant parasite, expresses putative venom transcripts that share
homology to venoms identified in Nasonia vitripennis (both superfamily Chalcidoidea), which suggests that
M. spermotrophus may have co-opted pre-existing machinery to develop as a plant parasite.
DOI: 10.1111/imb.12247
URL: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.javeriana.edu.co:2048/10.1111/imb.12247
RECURSOS LIBRES: REFERENCIAS SELECCIONADAS: 17
Referencia 1
Tipo de publicación: journal Article

Autor: Harris,J. R.

Autor: Arbuckle,Kevin
Título: Tempo and Mode of the Evolution of Venom and Poison in Tetrapods
Número: 7
Volúmen: 8
Tema: chemical weaponry
Tema: function
Tema: toxin acquisition
Tema: macroevolution
Tema: phylogenetic comparative method
Tema: reptiles
Tema: amphibians
Tema: birds
Tema: mammals
Resumen: Toxic weaponry in the form of venom and poison has evolved in most groups of animals,
including all four major lineages of tetrapods. Moreover, the evolution of such traits has been linked to
several key aspects of the biology of toxic animals including life-history and diversification. Despite this,
attempts to investigate the macroevolutionary patterns underlying such weaponry are lacking. In this study
we analyse patterns of venom and poison evolution across reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and birds using a
suite of phylogenetic comparative methods. We find that each major lineage has a characteristic pattern of
trait evolution, but mammals and reptiles evolve under a surprisingly similar regime, whilst that of
amphibians appears to be particularly distinct and highly contrasting compared to other groups. Our results
also suggest that the mechanism of toxin acquisition may be an important distinction in such evolutionary
patterns; the evolution of biosynthesis is far less dynamic than that of sequestration of toxins from the diet.
Finally, contrary to the situation in amphibians, other tetrapod groups show an association between the
evolution of toxic weaponry and higher diversification rates. Taken together, our study provides the first
broad-scale analysis of macroevolutionary patterns of venom and poison throughout tetrapods.
DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070193
URL:http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/8/7/193/htm
Referencia 2
Tipo de publicación: Journal article

Autor: Panagides,Nadya
Autor: Jackson,N. T.
Autor: Ikonomopoulou,P. M.
Autor: Arbuckle,Kevin
Autor: Pretzler,Rudolf
Autor: Yang,C. D.
Autor: Ali,A. S.
Autor: Dobson,James
Autor: Sanker,Brittany
Autor: Asselin,Angelique
Autor: Santana,C. R.
Autor: van,der Ploeg
Autor: Tai-A-Pin,Jeremie
Autor: van,den Bergh
Autor: Kerkkamp,M. H.

Autor: Vonk,J. F.
Autor: Naude,Arno
Autor: Strydom,A. M.
Autor: Jacobsz,Louis
Autor: Dunstan,Nathan
Autor: Jaeger,Marc
Autor: Hodgson,C. W.
Autor: Miles,John
Autor: Fry,G. B.
Título: How the Cobra Got Its Flesh-Eating Venom: Cytotoxicity as a Defensive Innovation and Its
Co-Evolution with Hooding, Aposematic Marking, and Spitting
Número: 3
Volúmen: 9
Tema: cytotoxin
Tema: cobra
Tema: Hemachatus
Tema: Naja
Tema: Ophiophagus
Tema: Elapidae
Tema: evolution
Tema: antipredator defense
Resumen: The cytotoxicity of the venom of 25 species of Old World elapid snake was tested and compared
with the morphological and behavioural adaptations of hooding and spitting. We determined that, contrary to
previous assumptions, the venoms of spitting species are not consistently more cytotoxic than those of
closely related non-spitting species. While this correlation between spitting and non-spitting was found
among African cobras, it was not present among Asian cobras. On the other hand, a consistent positive
correlation was observed between cytotoxicity and utilisation of the defensive hooding display that cobras
are famous for. Hooding and spitting are widely regarded as defensive adaptations, but it has hitherto been
uncertain whether cytotoxicity serves a defensive purpose or is somehow useful in prey subjugation. The
results of this study suggest that cytotoxicity evolved primarily as a defensive innovation and that it has co-
evolved twice alongside hooding behavior: once in the Hemachatus + Naja and again independently in the
king cobras (Ophiophagus). There was a significant increase of cytotoxicity in the Asian Naja linked to the
evolution of bold aposematic hood markings, reinforcing the link between hooding and the evolution of
defensive cytotoxic venoms. In parallel, lineages with increased cytotoxicity but lacking bold hood patterns
evolved aposematic markers in the form of high contrast body banding. The results also indicate that,
secondary to the evolution of venom rich in cytotoxins, spitting has evolved three times independently: once
within the African Naja, once within the Asian Naja, and once in the Hemachatus genus. The evolution of
cytotoxic venom thus appears to facilitate the evolution of defensive spitting behaviour. In contrast, a
secondary loss of cytotoxicity and reduction of the hood occurred in the water cobra Naja annulata, which
possesses streamlined neurotoxic venom similar to that of other aquatic elapid snakes (e.g., hydrophiine sea
snakes). The results of this study make an important contribution to our growing understanding of the
selection pressures shaping the evolution of snake venom and its constituent toxins. The data also aid in
elucidating the relationship between these selection pressures and the medical impact of human snakebite in
the developing world, as cytotoxic cobras cause considerable morbidity including loss-of-function injuries
that result in economic and social burdens in the tropics of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030103
URL: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/3/103

Referencia 3

Autor: Gendreau,K. L.
Autor: Haney,R. A.
Autor: Schwager,E. E.
Autor: Wierschin,T.
Autor: Stanke,M.
Autor: Richards,S.
Autor: Garb,J. E.
Título: House spider genome uncovers evolutionary shifts in the diversity and expression of black
widow venom proteins associated with extreme toxicity
Título de publicación: BMC Genomics
Número: 1
Volúmen: 18
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3551-7
URL: https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-017-3551-7
Referencia 4

Título: The challenge of integrating proximate and ultimate causes to reconstruct the natural
histories of venoms: the evolutionary link
Título de publicación: Expert Review of Proteomics
Editorial: Taylor & Francis
Número: 12
Volúmen: 13
Páginas: 1059
Enlaces: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14789450.2017.1242416
DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1242416
URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14789450.2017.1242416?needAccess=true
Referencia 5

Idioma: eng
Autor: Rodriguez de la Vega,R. C.
Autor: Giraud,T.
Título: Intragenome Diversity of Gene Families Encoding Toxin-like Proteins in Venomous Animals
Título de publicación: Integrative and comparative biology
Lugar de publicación: England
Editorial: . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative
Biology
Fecha de publicación: Nov

Número: 5
Volúmen: 56
Páginas: 938
Resumen: The evolution of venoms is the story of how toxins arise and of the processes that generate and
maintain their diversity. For animal venoms these processes include recruitment for expression in the venom
gland, neofunctionalization, paralogous expansions, and functional divergence. The systematic study of these
processes requires the reliable identification of the venom components involved in antagonistic interactions.
High-throughput sequencing has the potential of uncovering the entire set of toxins in a given organism, yet
the existence of non-venom toxin paralogs and the misleading effects of partial census of the molecular
diversity of toxins make necessary to collect complementary evidence to distinguish true toxins from their
non-venom paralogs. Here, we analyzed the whole genomes of two scorpions, one spider and one snake,
aiming at the identification of the full repertoires of genes encoding toxin-like proteins. We classified the
entire set of protein-coding genes into paralogous groups and monotypic genes, identified genes encoding
toxin-like proteins based on known toxin families, and quantified their expression in both venom-glands and
pooled tissues. Our results confirm that genes encoding toxin-like proteins are part of multigene families,
and that these families arise by recruitment events from non-toxin genes followed by limited expansions of
the toxin-like protein coding genes. We also show that failing to account for sequence similarity with non-
toxin proteins has a considerable misleading effect that can be greatly reduced by comparative
transcriptomics. Our study overall contributes to the understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of proteins
involved in antagonistic interactions.
ISSN/ISBN: 1557-7023; 1540-7063
DOI: icw097 [pii]
URL: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01363004/document
Referencia 6

Autor: Jackson,N. T.
Autor: Ali,A. S.
Autor: Dobson,James
Autor: Zdenek,N. C.
Autor: Dashevsky,Daniel
Autor: op,den Brouw
Autor: Masci,P. P.
Autor: Nouwens,Amanda
Autor: Josh,Peter
Autor: Goldenberg,Jonathan
Autor: Cipriani,Vittoria
Autor: Hay,Chris
Autor: Dunstan,Nathan
Autor: Allen,Luke
Autor: Fry,G. B.
Título: Rapid Radiations and the Race to Redundancy: An Investigation of the Evolution of
Australian Elapid Snake Venoms
Número: 11
Volúmen: 8
Tema: venom
Tema: elapid

Tema: coagulation
Tema: proteomics
Tema: evolution
Tema: redundancy
Resumen: Australia is the stronghold of the front-fanged venomous snake family Elapidae. The Australasian
elapid snake radiation, which includes approximately 100 terrestrial species in Australia, as well as
Melanesian species and all the world's true sea snakes, may be less than 12 million years old.. The incredible
phenotypic and ecological diversity of the clade is matched by considerable diversity in venom composition.
The clade’s evolutionary youth and dynamic evolution should make it of particular interest to toxinologists,
however, the majority of species, which are small, typically inoffensive, and seldom encountered by non-
herpetologists, have been almost completely neglected by researchers. The present study investigates the
venom composition of 28 species proteomically, revealing several interesting trends in venom composition,
and reports, for the first time in elapid snakes, the existence of an ontogenetic shift in the venom
composition and activity of brown snakes (Pseudonaja sp.). Trends in venom composition are compared to
the snakes’ feeding ecology and the paper concludes with an extended discussion of the selection pressures
shaping the evolution of snake venom.
DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110309
Referencia 7
(Anexo PDF en e-mail)

Autor: Fry,Bryan G.
Autor: Vidal,Nicolas
Autor: Norman,Janette A.
Autor: Scheib,Holger
Autor: Ramjan,S. F. R.
Autor: Kuruppu,Sanjaya
Autor: Fung,Kim
Autor: Blair Hedges,S.
Autor: Hodgson,Wayne C.
Autor: Ignjatovic,Vera
Autor: Summerhayes,Robyn
Autor: Kochva,Elazar
Título: Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes
Título de publicación: Nature
Número: 7076
Volúmen: 439
Páginas: 584
Enlaces: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04328
DOI: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7076/suppinfo/nature04328_S1.html
Referencia 8


Autor: Daltry,J. C.
Autor: Wüster,W.
Autor: Thorpe,R. S.
Título: Diet and snake venom evolution
Título de publicación: Nature
Número: 6565
Volúmen: 379
Páginas: 537
URL: http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~bss166/Publications/!Daltry_Callo_Nature.pdf
Referencia 9

Autor: Dutertre,S.
Autor: Jin,A. -H
Autor: Vetter,I.
Autor: Hamilton,B.
Autor: Sunagar,K.
Autor: Lavergne,V.
Autor: Dutertre,V.
Autor: Fry,B. G.
Autor: Antunes,A.
Autor: Venter,D. J.
Autor: Alewood,P. F.
Autor: Lewis,R. J.
Título: Evolution of separate predation-and defence-evoked venoms in carnivorous cone snails
Volúmen: 5
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4521
URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4521
Referencia 10

Autor: Jansa,S. A.
Autor: Voss,R. S.
Título: Adaptive evolution of the Venom-targeted vWF protein in opossums that Eat Pitvipers
Título de publicación: PLoS ONE
Número: 6
Volúmen: 6
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020997
URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020997
Referencia 11

Tipo de publicación: Journal article

Autor: Undheim,A. E.
Autor: Chan,H. A.
Autor: Muñoz-Gómez,A. Sergio
Autor: Antunes,Agostinho
Autor: Fry,G. B.
Título: Evolution Stings: The Origin and Diversification of Scorpion Toxin Peptide Scaffolds
Número: 12
Volúmen: 5
Tema: adaptive evolution
Tema: scorpion venom arsenal
Tema: scorpion toxin scaffolds
Resumen: The episodic nature of natural selection and the accumulation of extreme sequence divergence in
venom-encoding genes over long periods of evolutionary time can obscure the signature of positive
Darwinian selection. Recognition of the true biocomplexity is further hampered by the limited taxon
selection, with easy to obtain or medically important species typically being the subject of intense venom
research, relative to the actual taxonomical diversity in nature. This holds true for scorpions, which are one
of the most ancient terrestrial venomous animal lineages. The family Buthidae that includes all the medically
significant species has been intensely investigated around the globe, while almost completely ignoring the
remaining non-buthid families. Australian scorpion lineages, for instance, have been completely neglected,
with only a single scorpion species (Urodacus yaschenkoi) having its venom transcriptome sequenced.
Hence, the lack of venom composition and toxin sequence information from an entire continent’s worth of
scorpions has impeded our understanding of the molecular evolution of scorpion venom. The molecular
origin, phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary histories of most scorpion toxin scaffolds remain
enigmatic. In this study, we have sequenced venom gland transcriptomes of a wide taxonomical diversity of
scorpions from Australia, including buthid and non-buthid representatives. Using state-of-art molecular
evolutionary analyses, we show that a majority of CSα/β toxin scaffolds have experienced episodic influence
of positive selection, while most non-CSα/β linear toxins evolve under the extreme influence of negative
selection. For the first time, we have unraveled the molecular origin of the major scorpion toxin scaffolds,
such as scorpion venom single von Willebrand factor C-domain peptides (SV-SVC), inhibitor cystine knot
(ICK), disulphide-directed beta-hairpin (DDH), bradykinin potentiating peptides (BPP), linear non-disulphide
bridged peptides and antimicrobial peptides (AMP). We have thus demonstrated that even neglected lineages
of scorpions are a rich pool of novel biochemical components, which have evolved over millions of years to
target specific ion channels in prey animals, and as a result, possess tremendous implications in
therapeutics.
DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122456
Referencia 12

Autor: Kozminsky-Atias,A.
Autor: Zilberberg,N.
Título: Molding the business end of neurotoxins by diversifying evolution
Título de publicación: FASEB Journal
Número: 2
Volúmen: 26

Páginas: 576
DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-187179
URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Noam_Zilberberg/publication/51727678_Molding_the_Busi
ness_End_of_Neurotoxins_by_Diversifying_Evolution/links/0fcfd4ffc5de2cb7c3000000.pdf
Referencia 13

Autor: Nekaris,K. Anne-Isola
Autor: Moore,Richard S.
Autor: Rode,E. Johanna
Autor: Fry,Bryan G.
Título: Mad, bad and dangerous to know: the biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris
venom
Título de publicación: Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases
Número: 0
Volúmen: 19
Páginas: 1
Resumen: Only seven types of mammals are known to be venomous, including slow lorises (Nycticebus
spp.). Despite the evolutionary significance of this unique adaptation amongst Nycticebus, the structure and
function of slow loris venom is only just beginning to be understood. Here we review what is known about
the chemical structure of slow loris venom. Research on a handful of captive samples from three of eight
slow loris species reveals that the protein within slow loris venom resembles the disulphide-bridged
heterodimeric structure of Fel-d1, more commonly known as cat allergen. In a comparison of N. pygmaeus
and N. coucang, 212 and 68 compounds were found, respectively. Venom is activated by combining the oil
from the brachial arm gland with saliva, and can cause death in small mammals and anaphylactic shock and
death in humans. We examine four hypotheses for the function of slow loris venom. The least evidence is
found for the hypothesis that loris venom evolved to kill prey. Although the venom's primary function in
nature seems to be as a defense against parasites and conspecifics, it may also serve to thwart olfactory-
orientated predators. Combined with numerous other serpentine features of slow lorises, including extra
vertebra in the spine leading to snake-like movement, serpentine aggressive vocalisations, a long dark
dorsal stripe and the venom itself, we propose that venom may have evolved to mimic cobras (Naja sp.).
During the Miocene when both slow lorises and cobras migrated throughout Southeast Asia, the evolution of
venom may have been an adaptive strategy against predators used by slow lorises as a form of MÃ¼llerian
mimicry with spectacled cobras.
DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-19-21
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-
91992013000100203&lng=en&tlng=en&refineString=null&timeSpan=null&SID=3Dnzb5CiRbNs54Vhlgv
Referencia 14

Autor: Smith,WL
Autor: Wheeler,WC
Título: Venom evolution widespread in fishes: A phylogenetic road map for the bioprospecting of
piscine venoms
Título de publicación: Journal of Heredity
Fecha de publicación: MAY

Número: 3
Volúmen: 97
Páginas: 206
Resumen: Knowledge of evolutionary relationships or phylogeny allows for effective predictions about the
unstudied characteristics of species. These include the presence and biological activity of an organism's
venoms. To date, most venom bioprospecting has focused on snakes, resulting in six stroke and cancer
treatment drugs that are nearing U.S. Food and Drug Administration review. Fishes, however, with
thousands of venoms, represent an untapped resource of natural products. The first step involved in the
efficient bioprospecting of these compounds is a phylogeny of venomous fishes. Here, we show the results of
such an analysis and provide the first explicit suborder-level phylogeny for spiny-rayed fishes. The results,
based on similar to 1.1 million aligned base pairs, suggest that, in contrast to previous estimates of 200
venomous fishes, > 1,200 fishes in 12 clades should be presumed venomous. This assertion was
corroborated by a detailed anatomical study examining potentially venomous structures in > 100 species.
The results of these studies not only alter our view of the diversity of venomous fishes, now representing >
50% of venomous vertebrates, but also provide the predictive phylogeny or "road map" for the efficient
search for potential pharmacological agents or physiological tools from the unexplored fish venoms.
DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esj034
URL: https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/jhered/97/3/10.1093_jhered_esj034/2/esj034.pdf?
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Referencia 15

Autor: Henkel,Christiaan V.
Autor: Heimberg,Alysha M.
Autor: Jansen,Hans J.
Autor: McCleary,Ryan J. R.
Autor: Kerkkamp,Harald M. E.
Autor: Vos,Rutger A.
Autor: Guerreiro,Isabel
Autor: Wuester,Wolfgang
Autor: Woods,Anthony E.
Autor: Logan,Jessica M.
Autor: Harrison,Robert A.
Autor: Castoe,Todd A.
Autor: de Koning,A. P. Jason
Autor: Pollock,David D.
Autor: Yandell,Mark
Autor: Calderon,Diego
Autor: Renjifo,Camila
Autor: Currier,Rachel B.
Autor: Salgado,David
Autor: Pla,Davinia
Autor: Sanz,Libia

Autor: Hyder,Asad S.
Autor: Ribeiro,Jose M. C.
Autor: Arntzen,Jan W.
Autor: van den Thillart,Guido E. E. J. M.
Autor: Boetzer,Marten
Autor: Pirovano,Walter
Autor: Dirks,Ron P.
Autor: Spaink,Herman P.
Autor: Duboule,Denis
Autor: McGlinn,Edwina
Autor: Kini,R. Manjunatha
Título: The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake
venom system
Título de publicación: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Fecha de publicación: DEC 17
Número: 51
Volúmen: 110
Páginas: 20651
Resumen: Snakes are limbless predators, and many species use venom to help overpower relatively large,
agile prey. Snake venoms are complex protein mixtures encoded by several multilocus gene families that
function synergistically to cause incapacitation. To examine venom evolution, we sequenced and
interrogated the genome of a venomous snake, the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), and compared it,
together with our unique transcriptome, microRNA, and proteome datasets from this species, with data from
other vertebrates. In contrast to the platypus, the only other venomous vertebrate with a sequenced
genome, we find that snake toxin genes evolve through several distinct co-option mechanisms and exhibit
surprisingly variable levels of gene duplication and directional selection that correlate with their functional
importance in prey capture. The enigmatic accessory venom gland shows a very different pattern of toxin
gene expression from the main venom gland and seems to have recruited toxin-like lectin genes repeatedly
for new nontoxic functions. In addition, tissue-specific microRNA analyses suggested the co-option of core
genetic regulatory components of the venom secretory system from a pancreatic origin. Although the king
cobra is limbless, we recovered coding sequences for all Hox genes involved in amniote limb development,
with the exception of Hoxd12. Our results provide a unique view of the origin and evolution of snake venom
and reveal multiple genome-level adaptive responses to natural selection in this complex biological weapon
system. More generally, they provide insight into mechanisms of protein evolution under strong selection.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314702110
URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/110/51/20651.full.pdf
Referencia 16

Autor: Fry,BG
Autor: Wuster,W.
Autor: Ramjan,SFR
Autor: Jackson,T.
Autor: Martelli,P.
Autor: Kini,RM
Título: Analysis of Colubroidea snake venoms by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry:
evolutionary and toxinological implications
Título de publicación: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry

Número: 18
Volúmen: 17
Páginas: 2047
Resumen: The evolution of the venomous function of snakes and the diversification of the toxins has been of
tremendous research interest and considerable debate. It has become recently evident that the evolution of
the toxins in the advanced snakes (Colubroidea) predated the evolution of the advanced, front-fanged
delivery mechanisms. Historically, the venoms of snakes lacking front-fanged venomdelivery systems
(conventionally grouped into the paraphyletic family Colubridae) have been largely neglected. In this study
we used liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to analyze a large number of venoms from
a wide array of species representing the major advanced snake clades Atractaspididae, Colubrinae, Elapidae,
Homalopsinae, Natricinae, Psammophiinae, Pseudoxyrhophiinae, Xenodontinae, and Viperidae. We also
present the first sequences of toxins from Azemiops fcae as well as additional toxin sequences from the
Colubrinae. The large body of data on molecular masses and retention times thus assembled demonstrates a
hitherto unsuspected diversity of toxins in all lineages, having implications ranging from clinical management
of envenomings to venom evolution to the use of isolated toxins as leads for drug design and development.
Although definitive assignment of a toxin to a protein family can only be done through demonstrated
structural studies such as N-terminal sequencing, the molecular mass data complemented by LC retention
information, presented here, do permit formulation of reasonable hypotheses concerning snake venom
evolution and potential clinical effects to a degree not possible till now, and some hypotheses of this kind are
proposed here. The data will also be useful in biodiscovery. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1148
URL:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bryan_Fry/publication/10582224_LCMSLCMS_liquid_chromatography_mass_spectrometry_analy
sis_of_Colubroidea_snake_venoms_evolutionary_and_toxinological_implications_Rapidimplications/links/0fcfd50d6d354124a1000000.
pdf
Referencia 17

Autor: Gutiérrez,José María
Título: Comprendiendo los venenos de serpientes: 50 años de investigaciones en América Latina
Título de publicación: Revista de Biología Tropical
Número: 2
Volúmen: 50
Páginas: 377
URL: http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?pid=S0034-77442002000200002&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt

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SOLICITADO POR: Natalia Martínez Parraga

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD: Ciencias / Biología

FECHA: 1980 - 2017

FUENTES: Revistas / Tesis

IDIOMA: Español - Inglés

("Venom Evolution" or “evolution of venom” or “animal venom evolution” or

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