Anlisis inorgnico cualitativo

Clsico anlisis inorgnico cualitativo es un mtodo de qumica analtica qu bsquedas a encontrar elemental composicin de compuestos inorgnicos. Se centra principalmente en la deteccin iones en acuoso solucin, de modo que los materiales en otras formas puedan necesitar ser trado en este estado antes de usar mtodos estndares. La solucin entonces se trata con vario reactivo a la prueba para reacciones caracterstica de ciertos iones, que pueden causar el cambio del color, la formacin del slido y otros cambios obviamente visibles.

Contenido
y o o o o o y y
1 Deteccin de los cationes 1.1 1r grupo analtico de cationes 1.2 2do grupo analtico de cationes 1.3 3ro grupo analtico de cationes 1.4 4to grupo analtico de cationes 1.5 5to grupo analtico de cationes 2 Deteccin de los aniones 3 Tcnicas modernas

4 Vea tambin

Deteccin de los cationes

Segn sus caractersticas, cationes se clasifican generalmente en cinco grupos. Cada grupo tiene un reactivo comn que se pueda utilizar para separarlos de la solucin. La separacin se debe hacer en la secuencia especificada abajo, si no, por ejemplo, algunos iones del 1r grupo pueden tambin reaccionar con el 2do reactivo del grupo, de modo que la solucin no deba tener ninguna iones a la izquierda de los grupos anteriores para obtener resultados significativos. La divisin y los detalles exactos de la separacin en grupos varan levemente a partir de una fuente a otra; se da abajo uno de los esquemas de uso general.

1r grupo analtico de cationes

1r grupo analtico de cationes consiste en los iones que forman insoluble cloruros. Como tal, el reactivo del grupo para separarlos est cido hidroclrico, utilizado generalmente en concentracin de

1-2 M. HCl concentrado no debe ser utilizado, porque forma un ion complejo soluble - [PbCl4]2- con Pb2+. Por lo tanto Pb2+ el ion ira desapercibido

Los cationes ms importantes del 1r grupo son AG+, Hectogramo22+, y Pb2+. Los cloruros de estos elementos no pueden ser distinguidos de uno a por su color - son todos los compuestos slidos blancos. PbCl2 es soluble en agua caliente, y puede por lo tanto ser distinguido fcilmente. Para distinguir entre los otros dos, el amonaco se utiliza como reactivo. Mientras que AgCl disuelve en el amonaco (debido a la formacin del ion complejo [AG (NH3)2]+ion), hectogramo2Cl2 da un precipitado negro que consiste en una mezcla de la amida cloro- mercrica y del mercurio elemental. Adems, AgCl se reduce a la plata bajo luz, que da a muestras un color violeta.

PbCl2 es ms soluble lejano que los cloruros de los otros dos iones, especialmente en agua caliente. Por lo tanto, HCl en las concentraciones que sedimentize totalmente el hectogramo22+ y AG+, no puede ser suficiente hacer igual al Pb2+ y concentraciones ms altas no se pueden utilizar por las razones ya mencionadas. As, un lquido filtrado obtenido despus del primer anlisis del grupo del Pb2+ contiene una concentracin apreciable de este catin, bastante para dar la prueba del segundo grupo, viz formacin de un sulfuro insoluble. Por esta razn, Pb2+ generalmente tambin se incluye en el 2do grupo analtico.

2do grupo analtico de cationes

2do grupo analtico de cationes consiste en los iones esos las formas insolubles en el cido sulfuros. Los cationes en el 2do grupo incluyen: Cd2+, BI3+, Cu2+, Como3+, Como5+, Sb3+, Sb5+, Sn2+, Sn4+ y hectogramo2+. Pb2+ generalmente tambin se incluye aqu adems del primer grupo.

El reactivo puede ser cualquier sustancia que d S2- iones en tales soluciones; el ms de uso general sea H2S (en 0.2- 0.3 M), AKT (en 0.3-0.6 M). La prueba con el ion del sulfuro se debe conducir en presencia de HCl diludo. Su propsito es guardar la concentracin del ion del sulfuro en un mnimo requerido, para permitir la precipitacin de los 2dos cationes del grupo solos. Si el cido diluido no se utiliza, la precipitacin avanzada de los 4tos cationes del grupo (si es presente en la solucin) puede ocurrir, as conducir a los resultados engaosos. Los cidos al lado de HCl se utilizan raramente. El cido sulfrico puede conducir a la precipitacin de los 4tos cationes del grupo, mientras que el cido ntrico reacciona directamente con el ion del sulfuro (reactivo), formando el sulfuro coloidal.

Los precipitados de estos cationes son casi indistinguibles, a excepcin de CDes cul es amarillo. Todos los precipitados, a excepcin de HgS, sea soluble en cidos mineral diludos. HgS es soluble solamente en el regia del aqua, que se puede utilizar para separarlo del resto. La accin del amonaco

es tambin til en distinguir los cationes. CuS disuelve en el amonaco que forma una solucin azul intensa, mientras que los CDes disuelven la formacin de una solucin descolorida. Los sulfuros de Como3+, Como5+, Sb3+, Sb5+, Sn2+, Sn4+ sea soluble en el sulfuro amarillo del amonio, donde forman polysulfide complejos.

3ro grupo analtico de cationes

3ro grupo analtico de cationes incluye los iones que forman los sulfuros que son insolubles adentro bsico solucin. Los reactivo son similares a stos del 2do grupo, pero la separacin se conduce en el pH de 8-9. De vez en cuando, a solucin tapn se utiliza asegurar este pH.

Los cationes en el 3ro grupo estn, entre otros: Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Manganeso2+, FE2+, FE3+, Al3+, y Cr3+.

4to grupo analtico de cationes

Iones adentro 4to grupo analtico de cationes forma carbonatos eso es insoluble en agua. El reactivo usado generalmente es (NH4)2CO3 (aproximadamente 0.2 M), el pH debe ser neutral o levemente bsico.

La precaucin se debe tomar para separar correctamente a todos los grupos analticos ms bajos de antemano, tanto de cationes en grupos anteriores tambin forma los carbonatos insolubles.

La mayora de los iones importantes en el 4to grupo: Ba2+, CA2+, y Sr2+. Despus de separacin, la manera ms fcil de distinguir estos iones est probando color de la llama: el bario da una llama de color verde amarillo, el calcio naranja-rojo y el estroncio de color rojo oscuro.

5to grupo analtico de cationes

Cationes se dejan que despus de que cuidadosamente separen a grupos anteriores se consideran para estar en q uinto grupo analtico. Los ms importantes son Magnesio2+, Li+, Na+, K+ y NH4+.

Deteccin de los aniones

Los Halides se precipitan cerca nitrato de plata; pueden ser identificados ms a fondo por el color. Sulfatos puede ser precipitado cerca plomo. Nitratos puede ser reducido a amonaco.

Tcnicas modernas

El anlisis inorgnico cualitativo ahora se utiliza solamente como a pedaggico herramienta. Tcnicas modernas por ejemplo espectroscopia de la absorcin atmica y ICP-MS pueda detectar rpidamente la presencia y las concentraciones de elementos usando una cantidad muy pequea de muestra.

Inorganic analysis
The purpose of inorganic qualitative analysis is to enable the acquisition of powers of observation and deduction; to help you to learn inorganic reactions; and to develop practical chemical skills. v The substances that appear in A level practical examinations may be single compounds or mixtures of compounds, and may contain more than two ions. The cation or the anion may be a complex ion. Familiarity with this material will ensure not only that you can deal with analysis in practical examinations, but that you learn a lot of inorganic chemistry. That is important whether you do your practical module via continuous assessment or in an examination.

Links
Preliminary tests Cation analysis Anion analysis

The equations and their use

The equations for the reactions are given here since they teach the chemistry; you must take advice from your teacher as to whether these are needed in your particular practical paper. Purists insist that the aqua ions of transition metals are shown as such in equations, e.g.[Fe(H2O)6]2+ rather than simply Fe2+(aq). Its worth getting into the habit of doing this. However, since it is a good divine that follows his own instructions, I have ignored my own advice where the equation then becomes unnecessarily complex. This is usually the case with redox reactions involving manganate(VII) or dichromate(VI) ions, where you will find Fe2+(aq) rather than [Fe(H2O)6]2+

You might think that, since the effects of aqueous sodium hydroxide and of aqueous ammonia on solutions of common aqua ions of the first transition series are required by most A level syllabuses, the reactions and their products are well-understood. Not a bit of it. There are several problems in getting solid information:
y y

y y

different books often dont agree usually on the formulae of the product. This might be becau book was written from another and there were transcription errors here, but more likely because there is genuine uncertainty about the nature of the compounds, and perhaps one author made a arbitrary choice (for the sake of simplicity) from several options and this has become perpetuat Not many authors write books by doing all the experiments themselves or by going to the orig literature. In any case much of this work is from the late 19th or early 20th century and is confu because: techniques of analysis left something to be desired, or perhaps there really are several possibilit from a given aqua ion depending on the conditions under which the reactions are performed. Th situation is unlikely to become much clearer because: research is expensive since someone has to do it, and the facilities and the people have to be pa and: the problem is pretty unimportant in terms of the progress of science.

But it is quite important for you if you have to answer a question on it! I have tried to assemble here all of the answers which are likely to be acceptable. Firstly, though, a word on the nature of the hydroxide precipitates generally and how you should/might write equations.

Transition metal hydroxides and the equations for their formation.

The simplest way for the Universe to have been constructed would be for all aqua ions to give the corresponding hydroxides when sodium hydroxide is added: Mn+(aq) + nOH- (aq) Alas, it is not that simple. M(OH)n (s)

The transition metal ions are the hexaaquo species [M(H2O)6]n+, octahedrally co-ordinated. The following thre questions (answers shown) arise:

y y y

Does one start from this hexaqua species in any equation? Yes. Do the water molecules remain in the hydroxide that is precipitated? Not for long. Should these be shown in the equation? Probably better not, but it wouldnt be marked wrong.

The precipitation of the hydroxide is a sequential process of removing protons from the ligand water molecule acid-base reaction. The precipitation of copper(II) hydroxide from aqueous copper(II) solutions is as good an example as any: [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + OH- (aq) [CuOH(H2O)5] + (aq) + OH- (aq) [CuOH(H2O)5] + (aq) + H2O (l) [Cu(OH)2(H2O)4] (s) + H2O (l)

This is an acceptable answer to a question asking for the equation for the reaction between aqueous copper(II) and aqueosu hydroxide ions. However, the precipitate is very unlikely to be [Cu(OH)2(H2O)4]. So what to do? The nature of the precipitate depends on how the reaction is performed.

If sodium hydroxide solution is added to copper(II) sulphate solution, the precipitate is greenish-blue and is pr CuSO4.3Cu(OH)2, that is the basic sulphate rather than the true hydroxide Cu(OH)2. Precipitates from solution copper(II) nitrate or copper(II) chloride give Cu(NO3)2.3Cu(OH)2 or CuCl2.3Cu(OH)2. This is NOT EXPECT an answer to an A level question but these are the compounds formed. It explains why precipitates which are given the same formula in textbooks do not actually look the same when produced in the laboratory.

If copper(II) sulphate solution is added to sodium hydroxide solution, the precipitate is blue and is gelatinous, probably Cu(OH)2. Addition of ammonia to a boiling solution of copper(II) sulphate until the green precipitate becomes blue, followed by washing, and then warming with sodium hydroxide solution will give crystalline Cu(OH)2.

The composition of the precipitate is in any case variable; many oxides and hydroxides are not exactly stoichiometric, that is their formulae are approximate. In addition there is the probability that the solid will occ (i.e. contain in pockets in the solid lattice) some of the precipitating reagent, sodium hydroxide or ammonia; th very difficult or impossible to eliminate (Partington 1926).

Why, then, do we not tell the truth in A level texts? Lots of people think that it is easy for students to become overburdened with information. I think that, although you should not expect to have to reproduce it in an exam should know something of the background to a very complex problem. As landscape. Any other approach is patronising. Indeed, too little information makes a problem harder. Some will strongly disagree but you don to read on! But please do.

The simple lesson? That the equations that you use to represent the precipitation of metal hydroxides from alk solution are inevitably approximate, because the composition of the precipitate is also approximate. So what to your answer? A simple solution is to write, for copper(II),

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2 OH- (aq)

Cu(OH)2 (s) + 6 H2O (l),

a representation which will get you the credit. If, that is, the question is about copper! Similar versions for oth aquo ions apply.