IBMXJTBD DH DH\HMOF Q MAHGMAB ^FJATAMB

H]MXHJB ^\FIH]AFGBJ DH DH\HMOF

EHDAF] ^\FLBTF\AF]
DFMHGTH TXTF\0

CFGPBJH] ]BGTF], SXAJLH @BAEH.

MX\]F
DH\HMOF ^\FMH]BJ DHJ T\BLB@F.

H]TXDABGTH]

MB\\AJJF ^B\HDH] TOBJAB .

EHJF PHYBJJF].

EHGDFPB ^\AHTF.

^\AGMA^H OXBEBG.
\BEF] B\\BAEHRXH.

\FLJH] \ABQMBTH

]BGDFYBJ MBL\H\B \FMAF JAJABGB.

]FJ]F YAHGB.

TBLB\B EB\AÒB.

]BJBPB\ \XAP

^H\X-<><< 
 

<

DHDAMBTF\AB0

Hsth trblb`f vb dhdambdf praehrbehgth b DAF], y b mbdb ugb dh jbs ibeajabs dh jfs

mfepbòhrfs quh mfgifrebg hsth crupf, pfr hj bpfyf agmfgdamafgbj dh mbdb ibeajabr durbgth

tfdb jb ifrebmaýg quh shcuaefs dhsbrrfjjbgdf hg hstb ohrefsb mbrrhrb dhj dhrhmof.
 

AGDAMH0

Mbrbtujb. 2

Dhdambtfrab. <

Agdamá. =

Agtrfdummaýg 4

2 Mfgmhptfs ehdaf prflbtfrafs. 8

< Mjbshs dh ehdafs prflbtfrafs. 8

<.2 ]fg ehdafs dh pruhlb. 9

= Jb guhvb jhy prfmhsbj dhj trblb`f ?

4 Fpfrtugadbd dh firhmaeahgtf dh ehdafs prflbtfrafs. 2>

4.2 ^rfmhdh
^rfmhdhgmab
gmab dhj firhmaeahgtf hxthepfrâgh
hxthepfrâghff dh pruhlbs. 22
4.2.2 Brtåmujf <2 dh jb GJ^T. 22

4.2.< Brtåmujf << dh jb GJ^T. 2=

4.2.= brtåmujf <= dh jb GJ^T0 2=

8 Jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb. 24

8.2 Jb aepfrtbgmab dh jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb. 28

9 ^rhsugmaýg prflbtfrafs 29

3 ^ruhlb aephrtaghgth. 23

? ^ruhlb aeprfmhdhgth 23

1 ^ruhlb agghmhsbrab hg hj prfmhsf jblfrbj 2?

Mfgmjusaýg. 21

Laljafcrbiåb. <>
 

AGT\FDXMMAÝG0

Jbs prhsugmafghs jhcbjhs rhihrhgths bj trblb`f

bj trblb`f sulfrdagbdf, tahghg acubj
acubj gbturbjhzb
 gbturbjhzb b jb

dh ågdfjh mavaj, puhs tbgtf ugb mfef jb ftrb, sfg mfg`hturbs sflrh jb hxasthgmab dh ug ohmof

dhsmfgfmadf
dhsmfgfmadf phrf vhrfsåeaj, hstbs flrbg mfef pruhlb agdarhmtb, hstbljhmadbs mfef hjhehgtf dh

mfgvammaýg rhsphmtf bj ohmof `uzcbdf.

 Gf flstbgth, hg
hg guhstrf frd
frdhgbeahgtf
hgbeahgtf `uråd
`urådamf
amf jblfrbj
 jblfrbj jbs prhsugmafghs jhcbjhs rhvasthg

hj vbjfr
hj vbjfr dh ugb ghmhsadbd sfmabj quh lusmb dbrjh ebyfr prfthmmaýg bj trblb`bdfr, hg hj shgtadf

dh jalhrbrjf dh jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb dh jfs ohmofs sflrh jfs mubjhs iugdbehgtb jb jhy
jb jhy hsb

 prhsugmaýg,, pbsbgdf jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb b jjbb ftrb pbrth, hj hepjhbdfr, quh hs

 prhsugmaýg h s quahg tahgh jb

ebyfr pbrth dh jbs pruhlbs

jbs pruhlbs hg vartud dhj
dhj pfdhr
 pfdhr dh darhmmaýg
dh darhmmaýg quh jh ftfrcb jb jhy hg hj
hj mfgtrbtf
 mfgtrbtf

dh trblb`f y pfr shr hj prfpahtbraf dh jfs

jfs ehdafs
 ehdafs dh
dh prfdummaýg.
 prfdummaýg.  
 

EHDAF] ^\FLBTF\AF].

2.- mfgmhptf dh jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs. 

(Duhjjhs, <>2?.) ]h dhiagh jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs mfef tfdf bquhj agstruehgtf f hjhehgtf

bpfrtbdf pfr jbs pbrths dhgtrf dh ug prfmhsf quh mfef iagbjadbd hs mhgtrbrsh b bmrhdatbr jfs
ohmofs hxpuhstfs pfr jbs pbrths, prfdumar mhrthzb hg hj @uhz rhsphmtf dh jfs pugtfs

mfgtrfvhrtadfs y iugdbehgtbr sus dhmasafghs. Q hs lb`f hstb phrsphmtavb quh hj Tralugbj

Mfgstatumafgbj ob ehgmafgbdf quh ugb dh jbs cbrbgtåbs quh bsasth b jbs pbrths hg hj prfmhsf, hg

chghrbj, hs jb dh prhshgtbr jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs ghmhsbrafs

ghmhsbrafs quh pfsalajathg mrhbr jb mfgvammaýg

hg hj `uzcbdfr quh sus hgugmabdfs iâmtamfs sfg jfs mfrrhmtfs. Dh hstb ebghrb sa gf sh butfrazb

jb prhshgtbmaýg fpfrtugb dh pruhlbs b jfs `ustamabljhs, gf sh pfdrâ mfgsadhrbr bepbrbdb jb tuthjb

 prfmhsbjj hihmtavb. Hj dhrhmof b jb pruhlb aepjamb jb pfsalajadbd dh pfstujbr, dhgtrf dhj jåeath,
 prfmhsb
jfs y bjmbgmhs quh jb jhy rhmfgfmh, jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs pbrb `ustaiambr jfs brcuehgtfs quh  
hj `ustamabljh hscraeh b su ibvfr.

<.- mjbshs dh ehdafs prflbtfrafs.

(Duhjjhs, <>2?.) Hj Mýdacf prfmhsbj mavaj mjbsaiamb jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs hg tåpamfs y btåpamfs.

]fg tåpamfs jfs hguehrbdfs hg hj brtåmujf 21< dhj mýdacf prfmhsbj mavaj, jb dhmjbrbmaýg dh pbrth,

jb dhmjbrbmaýg dh thstacfs, jfs dfmuehgtfs, jb phramab y jb

j b agsphmmaýg `udamabj. ]hcðg hj brtåmujf

21=, jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs btåpamfs sfg bquhjjfs gf prhvastfs pfr hj brtåmujf 21< y hstâg

mfgstatuadfs pfr buxajafs támgamfs f mahgtåiamfs quh phreathg jfcrbr jb iagbjadbd dh jfs ehdafs

 prflbtfrafs,, jfs quh sh bmtubrâ

 prflbtfrafs bmtubrâgg y bprh
bprhmabrâg
mabrâg pfr bgbjfcåb mmfg
fg jfs ehdaf  
ehdafss tåpamfs y mfg brrhcjf

b jf quh hj `uhz daspfgcb.

 

Hstb daspfsamaýg hs dh crbg aepfrtbgmab, pfrquh phreath bprfvhmobr, hg ebthrab

 prflbtfrab, jfs bdhjbgtfs támgamfs y mahgtåiamfs, y rhsuhjvh hj prfljheb dfmtragbraf pjbgthbdf

bmhrmb dh sa hj `uhz sfjbehgth dhlh bdeatar jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs shòbjbdfs pfr jhy f bdeatar

ftrfs gf prhvastfs, phrf quh rhsujthg dh vbjafsb utajadbd.

Jb htbpb phrtaghgth pbrb hj firhmaeahgtf dh ehdafs prflbtfrafs hs jb pfstujbtfrab, hg hjjb

hj dhebgdbgth pfdrâ firhmhr dh jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs quh hstaeh susthgtbg sus pruhlbs, jfs

quh dhlhrâ bmfepbòbr b su hsmratf dh dhebgdb, eahgtrbs quh jf prfpaf pfdrâ obmhr hj

hepjbzbdf hg su mfgthstbmaýg, mfgtbgdf jbs pbrths mfg jb pfsalajadbd dh muhstafgbr jfs firhmadfs

 pfr su mfgtrbraf,
mfgtrbraf, h`hrm
h`hrmatbgdf
atbgdf bså su dhr
dhrhmof
hmof dh dhi
dhihgsb.
hgsb.

<.2.- ]fg ehdafs dh pruhlb0

b)  Jb dhmjbrbmaýg dh pbrth. - ]h suhjh dhgfeagbr thstaefgaf b jb

j b dhmjbrbmaýg dh thrmhrfs

y mbjaiambr dh mfgihsaýg b jb dhmjbrbmaýg

dhmjbrbmaýg dh pbrths. ^fr ugf dh jfs bmtfs prfmhsbjhs quh

hebgbg dh jbs pbrths hs su prfpab dhmjbrbmaýg. ]h suhjh mfgiugdar jb dhmjbrbmaýg dh pbrth

mfg jb mfgihsaýg, phrf hs agdasphgsbljh shpbrbr jbs dfs gfmafghs, puhs jb praehrb hs hj

cághrf y jb shcugdb ugb dh jbs hsphmahs; hs dhmar, quh tfdb mfgihsaýg hs ugb dhmjbrbmaýg

dh pbrth, phrf ástb puhdh mfgthghr f gf ugb mfgihsaýg.

Dh mfgifreadbd mfg hj brtåmujf <2= dhj Mýdacf ^rfmhsbj Mavaj, jbs pbrths puhdhg phdarsh

rhmåprfmbehgth su dhmjbrbmaýg sflrh ohmofs f agifrebmaýg quh shb ebthrab dh mfgijamtf

f dh ohmof vagmujbdfs.

l)  Jb dhmjbrbmaýg dh thstacfs. -  Tfdb phrsfgb mbpbz, quh obyb prhshgmabdf ug bmtf f

ohmof, tahgh hj dhlhr dh prhshgtbr su thstaefgaf dh jf bmfgthmadf, sbjvf quh oulahrb ug

aephdaehgtf, iacurb rhcujbdb hg hj brtåmujf <<< y sacuahgths.

 

m)  Jfs dfmuehgtfs. - Tfdf dfmuehgtf f hsmratf quh sarvb pbrb bmrhdatbr ug ohmof, hstfs

dfmuehgtfs puhdhg shr pðljamfs f pravbdfs, iftfmfpab, pjbgfs dalu`fs, iftfcrbiåbs,

magtbs maghebtfcrâiambs, hgtrh ftrfs dh saeajbr gbturbjhzb, rhcujbdf hg hj brtåmujf <==

dhj mýdacf prfmhsbj mavaj y sacuahgths.

Hg jb vbjfrbmaýg dh jb pruhlb dfmuehgtbj hs ghmhsbraf hihmtubr dfs fphrbmafghs

daihrhgths y sumhsavbs hg hj tahepf. Mfgifreh b jb vhraiambmaýg dfmuehgtbj, hstf hs, jb

 pruhlb dh jb buthgtamadbd dhj dfmuehgtf, y bmtf shcuadf, jb

j b btralumaýg dh su hiambmab

 prflbtfrab, dastagcuahgdf jb hiambmab prflbtfrab mfeðg b tfdf dfmuehgtf, jb hiambmab

 prflbtfrab pravajhcabdb dhj dfmuehgtf pðljamf y jb hiambmab dhj dfmuehgtf pravbdf gf

aepucgbdf. Bså, b jb pruhlb dfmuehgtbj prfpabehgth damob f pruhlb pfr hj dfmuehgtf,

ob dh prhmhdhr jb pruhlb dh jb buthgtamadbd dhj dfmuehgtf. ^fr tbgtf, Jb vhraiambmaýg

dfmuehgtbj mfgsasth hg jb dhthreagbmaýg dh jb butfråb dhj dfmuehgtf, hstf hs, quh ob

sadf ifrebdf pfr jb phrsfgb b quahg sh btraluyh su butfråb. Hj dfmuehgtf pðljamf, hg jb

ehdadb hg quh hg su butfr hs ug iugmafgbraf pðljamf, cfzb dh ugb prhsugmaýg dh

buthgtamadbd y jb pbrth quh aepucgb dhlhrâ bmrhdatbr su ibjtb dh buthgtamadbd, b muyf

hihmtf dhlhrâ sfjamatbr ug mfth`f f mfeprflbm

mfeprflbmaýg,
aýg, gfrebjehgth marmugsmratf b vhraiambr

sa jb mfpab bpfrtbdb dhj dfmuehgtf pðljamf mfagmadh mfg jb ebtraz. Jb aepucgbmaýg dh

jb buthgtamadbd dhj dfmuehgtf pðljamf hs pfmf irhmuhgth, mfef tbelaág jf hs quh tbj

vhraiambmaýg firhzmb ug rhsujtbdf ghcbtavf. ^fr hj mfgtrbraf, rhsujtb eâs oblatubj jb

aepucgbmaýg dhj dfmuehgtf pravbdf, hg muyf mbsf, y bj gf cfzbr dh jb prhsugmaýg dh

buthgtamadbd dhj dfmuehgtf pðljamf, jb pbrth bpfrtbgth dhj dfmuehgtf gf jb pbrth

aepucgbgth- dhlhrâ bmrhdatbr su buthgtamadbd, b muyf hihmtf pfdrâ sfjamatbr hj mfth`f

 phramabj dh
dh jhtrbs f mubjquahr ftrf ehd
ehdaf
af phrtaghg
phrtaghgth
th bj hi
hihmtf.
hmtf. Bmrhdatbdb
Bmrhdatbdb jb buthgtamadbd,

sh adhgtaiamb su iuhrzb prflbtfrab mfg jb dhj dfmuehgtf pðljamf.

 

d)  Jb phramab. - Hs tapf

ta pf dh ehdaf prflbtfraf sh rhquahrh jb agthrvhgmaýg dh ug tthrmhrf
hrmhrf mfg

mfgfmaeahgtfs hsphmabjhs shbg támgamfs, mahgtåiamfs, hgtrh ftrfs, quh mfbdyuvhg b jb

flshrvbmaýg dh jfs ohmofs mfgtrfvhrtadfs, mfgifreh jf hstbljhmh hj Brtåmujf <9< dhj

Mýdacf ^rfmhsbj Mavaj.

h)  Jb agsphmmaýg `udamabj. - Dh bmuhrdf bj Brtåmujf <3< dhj Mýdacf ^rfmhsbj Mavaj, jbs
agsphmmafghs `udamabjhs prfmhdhg mubgdf hj @uhz dhlh bprhmabr phrsfgbjehgth jfs ohmofs

rhjbmafgbdfs mfg jfs pugtfs mfgtrfvhrtadfs. Q sfg btåpamfs bquhjjfs gf prhvastfs hg hj

Brtåmujf 21<¾ y hstâg mfgstatuadfs pfr buxajafs támgamfs f mahgtåiamfs quh phreatbg jfcrbr

jb iagbjadbd dh jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs. Jfs ehdafs dh pruhlb btåpamfs sh bmtubrâg y

bprhmabrâgg pfr bgbjfcåb mfg jfs ehdafs tåpamfs y mfg brrhcjf b jf quh hj @uhz daspfgcb.
bprhmabrâ

=.- Jb guhvb jhy prfmhsbj dhj trblb`f.

(Eagasthraf dhj trblb`f., <>2>.) Jb Guhvb Jhy ^rfmhsbj dhj Trblb`f, Jhy G° <1413 ,

mfgstatuyh ug mbelaf ibvfrbljh bj sastheb `udamabj dhj pbås, hg hihmtf jfs hepjhbdfrhs y

trblb`bdfrhs sh vhg lhghiamabdfs pfrquh hj prfmhsf shrâ mfrtf, râpadf, saepjh, y praebgdf jb

frbjadbd. Jfs @uhmhs pfdrâg bpjambr sbgmafghs b quahghs bmtðhg dh ebjb ih y dajbthg hj

 prfmhdaeahgtf.. Jfs lhghiam

 prfmhdaeahgtf lhghiamafs
afs dh jb jhy sf
sfgg jfs sacuahgths0

➬  Jfs mfgijamtfs jblfrbjhs sh sfjumafgbrâg mfg mhjhradbd hg ug prfehdaf dh durbmaýg dh

shas (9) ehshs bcftbdbs tfdbs jbs agstbgmabs, hg jb bmtubjadbd dhefrbg vbrafs bòfs.

➬  Hj bmmhsf b jb `ustamab jblfrbj sh dbrâ hg ebyfr gðehrf hg guhstrb pfljbmaýg y cfzbrbg

dhj rhmfgfmaeahgtf dh sus dhrhmofs jblfrbjhs.

➬  Hj prfmhdaeahgtf hs saepjh dh iâmaj hgthgdaeahgtf y trbeatbmaýg jf mubj rhdugdb hg ugb

 `ustamab btrbmtavb
btrbmtavb y hiamahgth dh sfjumaýg dh mf
mfgijamtfs.
gijamtfs.

➬  Jfs `ustamabljhs mfgfmhrâg jb `urasprudhgmab quh heatbg jfs `uhmhs jblfrbjhs pbrb quh jb

jhy sh bpjaquh acubj pbrb tfdfs.

 

➬  Jb agtrfdummaýg dh sasthebs agifreâtamfs y dh budaf y vadhf, mfgtraluyhg mfg jb

efdhrgadbd hg jfs prfmhdaeahgtfs `udamabjhs. Jb `ustamab jjhcbrâ hg ifreb râpadb,

hiamahgth, iâmaj, btrbmtavb.

Jb guhvb jhy prfmhsbj dhj trblb`f lusmb rhsfjvhr jfs mfgijamtfs jblfrbjhs b trbvás dh

 prfmhsfs `udamabjhs lrhvhs, rhmurraágdfsh

rhmurraágdfsh bdheâs bj bpfyf dh jfs ehmbgasefs bjthrgbtavfs dh

sfjumaýg dh mfgijamtfs mfef jb mfgmajabmaýg hxtrb `udamabj, jb bdeagastrbtavb y hj brlatrb`h quh

 prfpfrmafgbb hj Eagasthraf dh @@ustamab

 prfpfrmafg ustamab y hj Eagasthraf dh Trblb`f y ^rfefmaýg dhj He
Hepjhf.
pjhf.

Hj âelatf dh jb jhy sh marmugsmralh b mfgfmhr tfdf mfgijamtf jblfrbj prfdumadf hg jb

 prhstbmaýg phrsfgbj dh shrvamafs hg jfs quh hxasth ug mfgtrbtf dh trblb`f vhrlbj f hsmratf,

efdbjadbdhs ifrebtavb, mffphrbtavastb y bdeagastrbtavb. ]h hxmjuyh jb prhstbmaýg phrsfgbj dh

shrvamafs dh mbrâmthr mavaj, hs dhmar, jb jfmbmaýg dh shrvamafs, sbjvf quh jb dhebgdb sh susthgth

hg hj hgmulraeahgtf dh ugb rhjbmaýg jblfrbj.

Jfs sagdambtfs thgdrâg jb mbpbmadbd pbrb mfepbrhmhr hg dhihgsb dh sus darachgths y

biajabdfs gf sahgdf ghmhsbraf prhshgtbr ug pfdhr hsphmabj dh rhprhshgtbmaýg.

rhprhshgtbmaýg.

Hj Eagasthraf ^ðljamf, jb Dhihgsfråb dhj ^uhljf, jfs sagdambtfs, hstâg ibmujtbdfs pbrb jb

dhihgsb dh jbs dhebgdbs rhihradbs b jfs mbsfs hg sh bihmtb hj dhrhmof b jb gf dasmraeagbmaýg hg

hj bmmhsf bj hepjhf f sh vujghrh jb prfoalamaýg dhj trblb`f ifrzfsf h agibgtaj.

Hg jbs budahgmabs prhvbjhmh jb frbjadbd, jbs hxpfsamafghs frbjhs dh jbs pbrths y sus blfcbdfs

 prhvbjhmhgg sflrh sus hsmratfs. Jfs dhlbths frbjhs sfg hsmumobd

 prhvbjhmh hsmumobdfs
fs pfr hj @uhz quahg puhdh

agthrrfcbr b jbs pbrths, sus blfcbdfs y thrmhrfs quh pbrtamapbg; bsaeasef, jbs bmtubmafghs

rhbjazbdbs sh rhcastrbg hg budaf y vadhf y ftrf ehdaf quh phreatb cbrbgtazbr iadhjadbd,

mfgshrvbmaýg y rhprfdummaýg dhj mfgthgadf. Hj `uhz damtb shgthgmab bj iagbj dh jb budahgmab dh

 `uzcbeahgtf.
 

2>

]h mfgtbrâ mfg ug sastheb dh gftaiambmafghs prhihrhgthehgth hjhmtrýgam

hjhmtrýgamf.
f.

Hj trblb`bdfr quh rhmjbeb ug dhrhmof dhlh dh bmrhdatbr oblhr prhstbdf phrsfgbjehgth

hj shrvamaf bj hepjhbdfr, hg muyf mbsf sh prhsueh quh hxasth ug vågmujf jblfrbj b pjbzf

agdhthreagbdf, sbjvf pruhlb hg mfgtrbraf.

Jb agthrpfsamaýg dhj rhmursf dh mbsbmaýg gf susphgdh jb h`hmumaýg dh jb shgthgmab, sbjvf

quh hj hepjhbdfr pbcuh hg hihmtavf bj Lbgmf dh jb Gbmaýg u firhzmb ugb iabgzb.

Hj @uhz pfdrâ damtbr ehdadb hsphmabj jb rhpfsamaýg prfvasafgbj dhj trblb`bdfr, jb easeb quh hs

 prfmhdhgth
 prfmhdhgth iuhrb f dhgtrf dhj prfmhsf, saheprh quh sh muepjb mfg jfs rhquasatfs dh jhy; f

tbelaág dh efdf saepjaiambdf, mubgdf hj dhebgdbgth muepjh jfs sacuahgths rhquasatfs0

➬  Oblhr sadf bj efehgtf dhj dhspadf darachgth sagdambj, ehgfr dh hdbd, ebdrh chstbgth,

 phrsfgb mfg dasmbpbmadbd f hgmfgtrbrs

hgmfgtrbrshh chstafgbgdf jb mfgifrebmaýg
mfgifrebmaýg dh ugb

frcbgazbmaýg
frcbgazbmaýg sagdambj.

➬  Hj iugdbehgtf dh jb dhebgdb hs vhrfsåeaj.

4.- Fpfrtugadbd dh firhmaeahgtf dh ehdafs prflbtfrafs.

Hj pragmapaf dh fpfrtugadbd f prhmjusaýg hg ebthrab prflbtfrab hs jb rhcjb chghrbj, y

bpjamb tbgtf hg hj prfmhsf mavaj mfef hg hj prfmhsf jblfrbj. ]hcðg damof pragmapaf, jbs pbrths

hstâg fljacbdbs b firhmhr tfdfs sus ehdafs prflbtfrafs mfg jb dhebgdb f mfg jb mfgthstbmaýg b

hstb, mfef jf prhvág jfs brtåmujfs 29 y 21 dh jb GJ^T, quh daspfghg quh jfs rhquasatfs dh jb

 
dhebgdb sh rhcujbg pfr jbs gfrebs dhj Mýdacf ^rfmhsbj Mavaj, hg hsth mbsf  pfr hj brtåmujf
brtåmujf 2?1,

quh shòbjb quh jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs dhlhg shr firhmadfs pfr jbs pbrths hg jfs bmtfs

 pfstujbtfrafs, sbjvf
sbjvf daspfsamaýg das
dastagtb
tagtb dh hsth Mýdacf
Mýdacf (Eagasthraf dh @u
@ustamab,
stamab, 211=).
 

22

4.2.- ^rfmhdhgmab dhj firhmaeahgtf hxthepfrâghf dh pruhlbs.

(Mobvhz, <><>.) Bj hxastar vbrafs supuhstfs dh firhmaeahgtf hxthepfrâghf dh pruhlbs, shcðg

jbs agstbgmabs f ibshs dhj prfmhsf jblfrbj, dhlh bgbjazbrsh mbdb ugf dh hjjfs.

4.2.2 brtåmujf <2 dh jb GJ^T0

Hj brtåmujf <2 dh jb GJ^T shòbjb quh prfmhdh hxtrbfrdagbrabehgth hj firhmaeahgtf

hxthepfrâghf
hxthepfrâghf dh ehdafs prflbtfrafs0

b) Mubgdf hstág rhihradfs b ohmofs guhvfs0  ^rfmhdh hj firhmaeahgtf hxthepfrâghf sa jfs

ehdafs prflbtfrafs tahghg pfr iagbjadbd bmrhdatbr f dhsvartubr ohmofs guhvfs quh surchg hg hj

 prfmhsf, y quh ifreb

ifrebgg pbrth dh jb mmfgtrfvhrsab
fgtrfvhrsab y dhlhg shr rrhsuhjtfs
hsuhjtfs hg jb shgthgmab.

Mfgsadhrbefss quh hj iugdbehgtf pbrb bdeatar tbjhs pruhlbs hxthepfrâghbs rhsadh hg jb

Mfgsadhrbef

 prhvbjhgmab quh sh lragdb b jfs pragmapafs dh vhrbmadbd y hmfgfeåb prfmhsbj rhsphmtf b jfs

 pragmapafs dh ifrebjadbd y prhmjusaýg quh sh rhjbtavazbg

rhjbtavazbg f ijhxalajazbg; pfrquh sa sh fptbrb pfr

dbr prhvbjhgmab b hstfs dfs ðjtaefs pragmapafs, pfdråbg fracagbrsh crbvhs phr`uamafs sflrh jb

vhrdbd; y bdheâs mfgdhgbr b jb pbrth b thghr quh agamabr agghmhsbrabehgth ug guhvf prfmhsf

 `udamabj, quh sh rhiahrb, ðgamb

ðgambehgth,
ehgth, bj guhv
guhvff ohmof sflr
sflrhvhgadf.
hvhgadf.

Hg hsth pugtf, hs ghmhsbraf bgbjazbr sa ohmofs guhvfs hs jf easef quh guhvfs ohmofs.

Bj rhsphmtf, sa lahg hg hj jhgcub`h mfeðg sfg mfgsadhrbdfs mfef sagýgaefs, hg hj âelatf dhj

dhrhmof prfmhsbj sfg mfgstrummafghs `urådambs dastagtbs, bug mubgdf puhdbg hstbr rhjbmafgbdbs

hgtrh så. Bså quh0

 

2<

jfs guhvfs ohmofs sfg bquhjjfs ohmofs gf mfgsadhrbdfs hg jb dhebgdb y quh sh bjhcbg f

agtrfdumhg hg jb mfgthstbmaýg dh dhebgdb; hg tbgtf quh jfs ohmofs guhvfs sfg bquhjjfs quh

tahghg rhjbmaýg mfg jb muhstaýg quh sh vhgtajb, y quh fmurrhg f jjhcbg b mfgfmaeahgtf dh jbs

 pbrths mfg pfsthrafradbd

pfsthrafradbd b jb mfgthstbmaýg dh jb dhebgdb, ugb vhz quh yb sh trblý jb jatas, y tbj

dastagmaýg sh hxtahgdh b jb fpfrtugadbd pbrb bjhcbrjfs quh tbelaág hs dastagtb hg ugf u ftrf mbsf.

Mfg jb dastagmaýg ohmob, mfgsadhrbefs quh belbs iacurbs hstâg mfeprhgdadbs hg hj

supuhstf iâmtamf mfgthgadf hg hj brtåmujf <2 dh jb GJ^T, hs dhmar, jfs guhvfs ohmofs, biarebdfs

hg jb mfgthstbmaýg dh dhebgdb f hg jb mfgthstbmaýg dh jb hxmhpmaýg, jf quh bdheâs cubrdb

mfgmfrdbgmab
mfgmfrdbgmab mfg jb prhvasaýg mfgthgadb hg hj brtåmujf 4<1 dhj M^M.

l) Mubgdf oulahshg sadf mfgfmadfs u flthgadfs mfg pfsthrafradbd b jb ifreujbmaýg dh jfs

bmtfs pfstujbtfrafs0 Bj rhsphmtf, hgthgdhefs quh ehdafs prflbtfrafs mfgfmadfs sfg bquhjjfs

sflrh jfs mubjhs gf sh tuvf mfgfmaeahgtf bjcugf f gf sh tuvf jb pfsalajadbd dh mfgfmhrjfs bgths

dh ifreujbr jb dhebgdb f jb mfgthstbmaýg dh dhebgdb.

H`hepjf0  sa hj dhebgdbgth, pfr ehdaf dh su blfcbdf quh dhiahgdh mbsfs saeajbrhs, tfeb

mfgfmaeahgtf dh jb hxasthgmab dh ugb pruhlb quh bmrhdatb quh hj sagdambtf hs ebyfratbraf hg ugb

dhebgdb dh pbcf dh lhghiamafs mfgvhgmafgbjhs.

Bquhjjfs quh, bug pudahgdf shr mfgfmadfs, gf sh hgmfgtrblbg hg hj âelatf dh pfshsaýg

dhj agthrhsbdf. ^fr ftrf jbdf, ehdafs prflbtfrafs flthgadfs sfg bquhjjfs quh sh obg rhmaladf dh

thrmhrfs, mfg pfsthrafradbd

pfsthrafradbd b jb agthrpfsamaýg dh jb dhebgdb f mfgthstbmaýg dh hstb.

Hg hj mbsf dh ehdafs prflbtfrafs flthgadfs mfg pfsthrafradbd, puhdhg mfgsadhrbrsh,

mfgsadhrbrsh, hg

shgtadf prfpaf, jfs dfmuehgtfs heatadfs mfg pfsthrafradbd f dh ihmob pfsthrafr (h`.0 ug bmtb dh

agsphmmaýg hg jb quh sh mfgstbtbrfg ohmofs quh sfg ebthrab dh mfgtrfvhrsab), muyb ihmob dh

heasaýg shrâ bmrhdatbdb mfg hj easef dfmuehgtf; y hg shgtadf aeprfpaf, jfs dfmuehgtfs mfg
 

2=

ihmob bgthrafr, phrf quh gf sh hgmfgtrblbg hg pfdhr dh jb pbrth y quh juhcf obg sadf hgtrhcbdfs

b su phdadf, mfg pfsthrafradbd, y muyb ihmob dh flthgmaýg shrâ bmrhdatbdb mfg jb mfgstbgmab dh

su hgtrhcb.

4.2.< brtåmujf << dh jb GJ^T0 Gfs damh hg  hihmtf, pbrb daspfghr ugb pruhlb dh fiamaf, gf sfjf

dhlh thghrsh hg muhgtb jf prhvastf hg hj brtåmujf << dh jb GJ^T, sagf tbelaág jf prhvastf hg hj

brtåmujf 214 dhj M^M, efdaiambdf pfr jb Jhy g. =><1=, muyb bpjambmaýg supjhtfrab sh `ustaiamb

 pfrquh prhmasb jfs rhquasatfs pbrb jb bmtubmaýg dh ugb pruhlb dh fiamaf, mfef sfg jb

ghmhsbrahdbd y jb agsuiamahgmab dh ehdafs prflbtfrafs pbrb ifrebr mfgvammaýg y rhsfjvhr jb

mfgtrfvhrsab; quh jb iuhgth dh pruhlb obyb sadf matbdb pfr jbs pbrths hg hj prfmhsf; muadbr quh

gf sh rhhepjbmh b jbs pbrths hg su mbrcb prflbtfrab; y quh sh cbrbgtamh hj dhrhmof dh

mfgtrbdammaýg
mfgtrbdammaýg (Mfgcrhsf dh jb \hpðljamb, <>24). Hj rhmobzf dhj ehdaf prflbtfraf hxthepfrâg
hxthepfrâghf
hf
dhthreagb su dhvfjumaýg b jb pbrth fihrhgth; pfr tbgtf, bj gf oblhr agcrhsbdf bj prfmhsf, gf

muepjaråb mfg hj rhquasatf dh quh jb iuhgth dh pruhlb oulahrb sadf matbdb pfr jbs pbrths hg hj

 prfmhsf. Hg tbj shgtadf, bquå mfgsadhrbef

mfgsadhrbefss quh, sa hj `uhz hstaeb rhjhvbgths jfs ehdafs

 prflbtfrafs firhmadfs hxthepfrâg

hxthepfrâghbehgth,
hbehgth, dhlh bcftbr hj bgâjasas dh jfs supuhstfs dh

hxmhpmafgbjadbd pbrb su bdeasaýg, lragdbgdf prhvbjhgmab b jfs pragmapafs y iugdbehgtfs dhj

 prfmhsf jblfrbj.

4.2.= brtåmujf <= dh jb GJ^T0 Hj brtåmujf <=¾ dh jb Jhy G¾ <1413, guehrbj 2 rhmfgfmh jb rhcjb

chghrbj dh jb pruhlb, pfr jb mubj quahg brcuehgtb ug ohmof dhlh prflbrjf, gfreb mfgmfrdbgth

mfg jf prhsmratf hg hj brtåmujf 219¾ dhj Mýdacf ^rfmhsbj Mavaj, dh hstb ebghrb jb mbrcb prflbtfrab

mfgstatuyh ugb ghmhsadbd dh jbs pbrths b iag dh chghrbr mfgvammaýg dh jfs ohmofs hxpuhstfs y

mfg jb iagbjadbd dh pfdhr dhthreagbr jb vhrdbd rhbj. Hg hj mbsf dhj prfmhsf jblfrbj, mfgtagubgdf

mfg hj bgâjasas dh jf prhsmratf hg hj brtåmujf <=¾ dh jb rhihradb gfreb prfmhsbj jblfrbj, sh ob

rhmfgfmadf mfef mbrcb prflbtfrab dhj dhebgdbgth, shcðg jf prhsmratf hg hj brtåmujf <=.=¾, Jb
  

24

iuhgth gfrebtavb dh dhrhmofs quh gf tahghg susthgtf mfgstatumafgbj f jhcbj, hj eftavf dh jb

gujadbd agvfmbdb f hj bmtf dh ofstajadbd, jb hxasthgmab dhj dbòf bjhcbdf; y mfgstatuyh mbrcb

 prflbtfrab dhj dheb

dhebgdbdf,
gdbdf, sh
shcðg
cðg jf prhsmratf hg hj brtåmujf <=.4, hj
hj pbcf y muepjaeahgtf dh su
suss

fljacbmafghs jblfrbjhs,
jblfrbjhs, mfef hepjhbdfr b rbåz dh jb susmrapmaýg dhj mfgtrbtf jblfrbj, aepuhstbs

 pfr jhy, jb hxasthgmab dh ug eftavf rbzfgbl

rbzfgbljh
jh dastagtf bj ohmof jhsavf bjhcbdf, hj hstbdf dhj

vågmujf jblfrbj y mbusb dhj dhspadf.

8.- Jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb.

(Hgifquh dhrhmof., <>21.)  Dhsdh hj pugtf dh vastb Mfgstatumafgbj sh ftfrcb bdhmubdb

 prfthmmaýg bj trblb`bdfr, tuthjbgdf sus dhrhmofs jblfrbjhs y prfthcahgdf jb dhsacubjdbd

 prflbtfrab y bsaeátr
bsaeátramb
amb hxasthgth hgtrh hhjj hepjhbdf
hepjhbdfrr y hhjj trblb`bd
trblb`bdfr.
fr. ]ag helbrcf, mblh thg
thghr
hr hg

mfgsadhrbmaýg quh hj brtåmujf <=¾ dh jb Jhy G¾ <1413, guehrbj 2 rhmfgfmh jb rhcjb chghrbj dh

jb pruhlb, pfr jb mubj quahg brcuehgtb ug ohmof dhlh prflbrjf, gfreb mfgmfrdbgth mfg jf

 prhsmratf hg hj brtåmujf 219¾ dhj Mýdacf ^rfmhsbj Mavaj, dh hstb ebghrb jb mbrcb prflbtfrab

mfgstatuyh ugb ghmhsadbd dh jbs pbrths b iag dh chghrbr mfgvammaýg dh jfs ohmofs hxpuhstfs y

mfg jb iagbjadbd dh pfdhr dhthreagbr jb vhrdbd rhbj. Hg hj mbsf dhj prfmhsf jblfrbj.

^fdhefs hgthgdhr b jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb mfef ugb rhcjb dh `uamaf sulsadabrab quh jh

 phreatarâ b jfs `uhmhs rhsfjvhr bquhjjbs mfgtrfvhrsabs mubgdf, juhcf dh bcftbrsh tfdb jb bmtavadbd

 prflbtfrab, mfgsadhrhg quh gagc

gagcugb
ugb dh jbs bi
biarebmafghs
arebmafghs sflrh ug oh
ohmof
mof rh
rhbjazbdbs
bjazbdbs pfr jbs
jbs pbrths
pbrths

ob quhdbdf bmrhdatbdb.

Bthgdahgdf b jb rhcjb dh jb mbrcb dh jb

j b pruhlb quh rhcarâ hg hj mbsf, hj `uhz pfdrâ dhmjbrbr

iugdbdb jb dhebgdb sa jbs mfgshmuhgmabs dh jb aeprflbgzb dhj ohmof rhmbåbg sflrh hj

dhebgdbdf f agiugdbdb hg mbsf hstbs mfgshmuhgmabs obybg rhmbådf sflrh hj dhebgdbgth.

 

28

gth, jb dfmtragb ob mfgsadhrbdf quh jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb tahgh dfs daehgsafghs,

Trbdamafgbjehgth,
Trbdamafgbjeh

ugb fl`htavb y ugb sul`htavb.

Jb daehgsaýg fl`htavb dh jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb hs hgthgdadb mfef ugb rhcjb dh `uamaf daracadb

b jfs `uhmhs y dh bpjambmaýg supjhtfrab juhcf dh oblhrsh bcftbdf tfdb jb bmtavadbd prflbtfrab,
sag quh bjcugbs biarebmafghs sflrh jfs ohmofs obybg quhdbdf jf suiamahgthehgth bmrhdatbdbs.

^fr ftrf jbdf, jb daehgsaýg sul`htavb dh jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb hstâ daracadb b jbs pbrths

y dhthreagbrâ muâj dh jbs pbrths tahgh hj dhlhr dh bmrhdatbr jb biarebmaýg dh ug ohmof.

8.2.- Jb aepfrtbgmab dh jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb.

Jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb shrâ ugb ohrrbeahgtb ðtaj pbrb jfs `uhmhs hg bquhjjfs mbsfs hg quh
yb sh bcftý tfdb jb bmtavadbd prflbtfrab, phrf mfgsadhrbg quh gagcugb dh jbs biarebmafghs sflrh

ug ohmof bjmbgzý hj crbdf dh mfgiarebmaýg ghmhsbraf pbrb thghrjb pfr prflbdb.

B trbvás dh ugb bdhmubdb bpjambmaýg dh jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb, jfs `uhmhs rhsfjvhrâg jb

mfgtrfvhrsab
mfgtrfvhrsab y dh hstb ebghrb cbrbgtazbrâ
cbrbgtazbrâgg hj dhrhmof dh jbs pbrths b ug prfgugmabeahgtf sflrh

hj ifgdf, ugb dh jbs ebgaihstbmafghs dh jb tuthjb `urasdammafgbj hihmtavb. Dh hsth efdf, jb mbrcb

dh jb pruhlb hvatbrâ quh jfs `uhmhs dh`hg dh rhsfjvhr jbs mfgtrfvhrsabs mubgdf mfgsadhrhg quh
bjcugbs biarebmafghs sflrh ug ohmof gf quhdbrfg bmrhdatbdbs, hvatbgdf dh hstb ebghrb quh

 puhdbg bjhcbr
bjhcbr hj gfg jaquht pb
pbrb
rb gf heatar ugb shgthgmab.

]ag helbrcf, eumobs vhmhs jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb gf hs hgthgdadb bdhmubdbehgth ga pfr

jbs pbrths ga eumof ehgfs pfr jfs `uhmhs. Gf ibjtbg satubmafghs hg quh jbs pbrths pbrb agthgtbr

ebquajjbr su agsuiamahgmab prflbtfrab sfjamatbg quh hj `uhz bpjaquh jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb mfg jb

iagbjadbd dh vhrsh jalrbdf dh jb mbrcb dh bpfrtbr ehdafs dh pruhlb. Tbelaág fmurrh quh jfs
  

29

 `uhmhs utajazbg b jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb mfef ugb prheasb b pbrtar dh jb mubj carbg tfdf su

rbzfgbeahgtf
rbzfgbeahgtf pudahgdf bihmtbr hj rhsujtbdf bj mubj puhdhg brralbr.

^fr hstbs rbzfghs mfgsadhrbefs quh dhlh rhsmbtbrsh jb aepfrtbgmab dh ugb bdhmubdb

bpjambmaýg dh jb mbrcb dh jb pruhlb hg su daehgsaýg fl`htavb pbrb quh dh hstb ebghrb tbgtf jbs
 pbrths mfef hg hhsphmabj
sphmabj jfs `uh
`uhmhs,
mhs, mfeprhgdbg jb rh
rhbj
bj daeh
daehgsaýg
gsaýg dh hhstb
stb iacurb.
iacurb. Hg hsh
hsh shgtadf,
shgtadf,

mfgsadhrbefs
mfgsadhrbefs quh ug luhg pugtf dh pbrtadb pbrb mfeprhgdhr su rhbj daehgsaýg hs ugb bdhmubdb

rhcujbmaýg hg guhstrf frdhgbeahgtf.

9.- ^rhsugmaýg prflbtfrafs.

(Tfybeb, <>2>.) Jbs rhcjbs rhihradbs b jbs prhsugmafghs mfgthgadbs hg jb GJ^T mfgstatuyhg

aepfrtbgths agstruehgtfs dh byudb pbrb hihmtfs dh jfcrbr ugb acubjdbd rhbj hgtrh jbs pbrths. B

su vhz, hstb guhvb rhcujbmaýg mfjblfrb mfg hj muepjaeahgtf hihmtavf dh jbs gfrebs jblfrbjhs

dhladf b quh ibmajatb jb vhraiambmaýg dh pfsaljhs trbscrhsafghs bj frdhgbeahgtf

f rdhgbeahgtf jblfrbj.

^fr su pbrth, hg ebthrab dh prhsugmafghs jb GJ^T mfgtahgh ugb gfvhdbd euy aepfrtbgth

hg ebthrab prfmhsbj jblfrbj, tbj y mfef hs jb prhsugmaýg dh jblfrbjadbd. Hg hsh shgtadf, jb GJ^T

shòbjb quh, ugb vhz bmrhdatbdb jb prhstbmaýg phrsfgbj rheughrbdb pfr pbrth dhj trblb`bdfr, sh

 prhsueh jb hxasthgmab dh ugb rhjbmaýg jblfrbj y shrâ fljacbmaýg dhj dhebgdbdf bmrhdatbr jb

aghxasthgmab dh sulfrdagbmaýg y rheughrb

rheughrbmaýg.
maýg.

Bså tbelaág, hj brtåmujf 21 dh jb GJ^T sh hgmbrcb dh rhcujbr ftrb prhsugmaýg quh, sa

 lahg gf agmadh darhmtbehgth hg jb bmtubmaýg prflbtfrab dhj dhebgdbd

dhebgdbdf,
f, sacuh jb jåghb dh

saepjaiambr jb mbrcb dhj dhebgdbgth; hg hihmtf, damof brtåmujf fljacb bj dhebgdbdf b ghcbr

hxprhsbehgth
hxprhsbehgth tfdbs jbs biarebmafghs dhj dhebgdbgth f, dh jf
j f mfgtrbraf, sh tahghg pfr bdeatadfs

mfg jf mubj gf shrâg mfgsadhrbdfs pugtfs mfgtrfvhrtadfs. Dh hstb ifreb, mubgdf hj dhebgdbdf
  

23

shb hj hepjhbdfr y cubrdh sajhgmaf rhsphmtf dh jf biarebdf hg hj hsmratf dh dhebgdb, hj

trblb`bdfr sh hgmfgtrbrâ jalhrbdf dh bmrhdatbr sus biarebmafghs pfr mfgsadhrbrsh bdeatadbs.

Hg bquhjjfs supuhstfs hg jfs quh hj dhebgdbdf shb hj hepjhbdfr, hsth yb gf sh

hgmfgtrbrâ hg ugb pfsamaýg pravajhcabdb rhsphmtf bj ebgh`f dh jfs ehdafs dh pruhlb rhjhvbgth
 pbrb dajumadbr jb mfgtrfvhrsab.
mfgtrfvhrsab. Eâs lahg, hj hepjhbdfr dhlhrâ pfghr b daspfsamaýg dhj `uzcbdf

tfdfs jfs ehdafs dh pruhlb dhstagbdfs b bmrhdatbr jb satubmaýg rhbj dh jbs biarebmafghs dhj

dhebgdbgth puhstf quh, dh jf mfgtrbraf, sh jh pfdrâ bpjambr vâjadbehgth mubjquahrb dh jbs

 prhsugmafghs
 prhsugmafghs bgths shòbjbdbs. Bsaeasef, dhlhefs rhmbjmbr hj ohmof quh tfdfs jfs ehdafs dh

 pruhlb dhlhrâg
dhlhrâg shr prfpfrmafgb
prfpfrmafgbdfs
dfs dhsdh hhjj agamaf dhj prfmh
prfmhsf
sf dbdf jb hstramtb
hstramtb rhcujbmaýg dh jb

 GJ^T rhsphmtf b jb fpfrtugadbd dh firhmhr jjfs

fs ehdafs dh pruhlb. Dh hstb ifreb, jb gfreb

mfgtraluyh, bdheâs, hg aephdar ug ebgh`f agdhladf dh jb agifrebmaýg quh threagh pfr

fmbsafgbr dajbmafghs agdhladbs dhj prfmhsf f jb aepfsalajadbd dh bprfxaebrsh b jb vhrdbd dhj

mfgijamtf pfr pbrth dhj `uzcbdfr. 

3.- ^ruhlb aephrtaghgth.

(Eagasthraf dh `ustamab y dhrhmofs ouebgfs dhj ^hru., <>2<.) Mubgdf gf tahgh rhjbmaýg mfg hj

theb mfgtrfvhrtadf tbj shråb hj mbsf dh jb pruhlb dh rhvasaýg dh pjbgajjbs pbrb prflbr ugb
hgihrehdbdd prfihsafgb
hgihrehdb prfihsafgbj.j.

?.- pruhlb aeprfmhdhgth.

(Eagasthraf dh `ustamab y dhrhmofs ouebgfs dhj ^hru., <>2<.) Mubgdf gf sh bdhmub b jb jhy, shb

 pfrquh hs fir
firhmadb
hmadb iiuhrb
uhrb dh jb fpfr
fpfrtugadbd
tugadbd pr
prfmhsbj
fmhsbj qquh
uh mmfrrhspfgdb
frrhspfgdb (dhebgdb f mfgth
mfgthstbmaýg),
stbmaýg),

f pfrquh rhsujtb hxthepfrâghb (iuhrb dhj pjbzf prfmhsbj ftfrcbdf pbrb su prhshgtbmaýg.
  

2?

1.- ^ruhlb agghmhsbrab hg hj prfmhsf jblfrbj.

(Eagasthraf dh `ustamab y dhrhmofs

dhrhmofs ouebgfs dhj ^hru., <>2<.) Mubgdf tahgh mbrâmthr rhathrbtavf

dh ftrbs pruhlbs, mubgdf hsth rhihradb b ohmofs gftfrafs f mubgdf hstâ rhihradb b ohmofs

bmhptbdfs pfr belbs pbrths Brt.21> M^M.

 

21

MFGMJX]AFG.

Jb rhcujbmaýg chgáramb dh jb GJ^T, bugbdb b jb bushgmab dh rhcjbehgtbmaýg gfrebtavb

f agstrumtavb y jb guehrfsb mbgtadbd dh ýrcbgfs `urasdammafgbjhs quh bpjambg damob gfreb,

chghrý ugb vbrahdbd dh mrathrafs `urasdammafgbjhs hg tfrgf b mýef dhlh dhsbrrfjjbrsh mbdb ugb

dh jbs htbpbs y ibshs dhj guhvf prfmhsf jblfrbj, y hg hsphmabj jb ibsh dh jb bmtavadbd prflbtfrab,

hg rhjbmaýg mfg hj prfmhdaeahgtf pbrb hj firhmaeahgtf dh ehdafs prflbtfrafs hxthepfrâghfs

hxthepfrâghfs hg

 praehrb y shcugdb agstbgmab. Tfdf hstf obmh ghmhsbrab, dhsdh ugb phrsphmtavb dh prhdamtalajadbd,

jb bpjambmaýg dh ug prfmhdaeahgtf ofefcághf y mfgshgsubdf.

Hj firhmaeahgtf hxthepfrâghf
hxthepfrâghf hg praehrb agstbgmab, b thgfr dhj brtåmujf <2 dh jb GJ^T,

 prfmhdh sa jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs hstâg rhihradfs b ohmofs guhvfs mfgfmadfs u fmurradfs mfg

 pfsthrafradbd b jb agthrpfsamaýg dh jb dhebgdb f dh jb mfgthstbmaýg b jb dhebgdb y quh sh

dhthreaghg mfef mfgtrfvhrtadfs; f sa jfs ehdafs prflbtfrafs oulahshg sadf mfgfmadfs u

flthgadfs mfg pfsthrafradbd b jb dhebgdb f mfgthstbmaýg dh dhebgdb, y bquå sh mfeprhgdhg

jfs dfmuehgtfs heatadfs mfg ihmob pfsthrafr, f jfs dfmuehgtfs dh ihmob bgthrafr, phrf quh gf

sh hgmfgtrblbg hg pfdhr dh jbs pbrths f quh oulahshg sadf flthgadfs mfg pfsthrafradbd, hg muyf

mbsf sh rhquahrh bmrhdatbr jb ihmob dh su flthgmaýg.

 

<>

Laljafcrbiåb 
Mobvhz, @. (<><>.). ^rfmhdaeahgtf pbrb bdeatar y bmtubr pruhlbs hxthepfrbghbs hg hj prfmhsf

jblfrbj phrubgf. \hvastb dh dhrhmof prfmhsbj

prfmhsbj dhj trblb`f., 38-1<.

Duhjjhs, K. (<>2?.). Ehdafs prflbtfrafs. \hpfsatfr

 \hpfsatfrafs
afs agstatumafgbj ^aroub., 4>-48.
agstatumafgbj ^aroub.

Hgifquh dhrhmof. (>9. dh Gfvahelrh. dh <>21.).  Hgifquh dhrhmof.

dhrhmof. Flthgadf dh Jb mbrcb dh jb

 pruhlb hg
hg hj prfmhsf mavaj.0 ottps0//www.hgifqu
ottps0//www.hgifquhdhrhmof
hdhrhmof.mfe/<>21/22/>9/jb-mbrc
.mfe/<>21/22/>9/jb-mbrcb-dh-
b-dh-

jb-pruhlb-hg-hj-prfm
jb-pruhlb-hg-hj-prfmhsf-mavaj-rhs
hsf-mavaj-rhsmbtbgdf-su-
mbtbgdf-su-aepfrtbgmab/
aepfrtbgmab/

Eagasthraf dh `ustamab y dhrhmofs ouebgfs dhj ^hru. (<>2<.). Jb guhvb jhy prfmhsb
prfmhsbjj dhj

trblb`f. Jb guhvb jhy trblb`f., 422.

jhy prfmhsbj dhj trblb`f.

Eagasthraf dhj trblb`f. (<>2>.). Lhghiamafs dh jb guhvb jhy prfmhsbj dhj trblb`f.  Lhghiama
 Lhghiamafs
fs dh

jb guhvb jhy prfmhsbj dhj trblb`f. , .=-3.

Tfybeb, @. (<>2>.). Dhrhmof y sfmahdbd.  Jb pruhlb hg dhrhmof jblfrbj., =>-=<.

hg hj dhrhmof