moTxovna da miwodeba:

kooperaciis procesi 5
R rma da detaluri specializacia swored is faqtoria, rac axasiaTebs yvela im mdidar sazo­
gadoebas, romelsac msoflio odesme icnobda. naSromSi, romelSic me-18 saukuneSi didi
britaneTis ekonomikis aRmavlobis gzebs aSuqebda, adami smiti aRniSnavda:

`Sromis danawilebis Sedegad warmoqmnili produqciis mravalsaxeoba qmnis sworad marTul

sazogadoebas, romelSic sazogado simdidre yvelaze dabali rangis adamianamde vrceldeba~.

sazogadoeba mdidrdeba maSin, rodesac mis wevrebs gacnobierebuli aqvT specializaciis sa­
Wiroeba.
rogor viTardeba specializacia? pirvel TavSi es kiTxva dasmuli iyo, rogorc ekonomikis
ZiriTadi kiTxva. dadga dro, mas pasuxi gaeces. marTlac, rogor axerxeben adamianebi mdidar,
maRali specializaciis mqone qveynebSi ganaxorcielon zustad is urTierTSeTanxmebuli qmede­
bebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs moTxovnili produqciis Seqmnas?
ZiriTad sirTules masobrivi informaciis nakleboba warmoadgens. mTel msoflioSi arc erT­
ma individma ar icis, rogor mzaddeba iseTi martivi sagani, rogoricaa fanqari. mravalma specia­
listma icis, rom is xis, grafitis, saSlelisa da metalisgan Sedgeba. magram maT ar ician, Tu ro­
gor unda awarmoon es Semadgeneli nawilebi. amas isini avaleben sxva specialistebs da arc erTma
maTganma ar icis, Tu rogor unda mouyaros Tavi erTad am Semadgenel nawilebs.

sabazro sistemebi
bazris saocreba isaa, rom milionobiT adamiani, romelic arc ki icnobs erTmaneTs, axerxebs
gaaerTianos Zalebi da gamouSvas ara marto fanqrebi, aramed bevrad ufro rTuli saqonlis uT­
valavi raodenoba, Tanac, yovelive es advilad gaakeTos.
sabazro sistemebi xSirad SeiZleba avtomatur, TviTregulirebad sistemebad mogveCvenos,
rac iseT warmodgenas qmnis, rom yvelaferi adamianis Carevis gareSe xdeba. es mcdari Sexedule­
baa. sabazro sistemebi momxmareblebisa da mimwodeblebis mier aris Seqmnili, romlebic gana­
xorcieleben maTTvis saintereso proeqtebs da moilaparakeben imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras miiReben ga­
rantirebulad maTgan, visac sanacvlod saWiro saqonels miawvdian. rodesac ekonomistebi
gamoiyeneben terminebs: `moTxovna~ da `miwodeba~, isini sinamdvileSi droSi gavrcobil das­
kvnebs gulisxmoben.

moTxovnisa da miwodebis procesebi aris konkretul

urTierTSeTavazebaTa mimdinare erToblioba.

77
 SeTanxmebebis miRweva ar xdeba sakomiteto Sexvedrebze. ufro metad esaa mravalricxovani
winadadebebi yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb, rasac Cven, sazogadoebaSi Tanacxovrebisas, yoveldRiurad
vaxorcielebT. yidva-gayidvis aseTi winadadebebi TamaSis gansazRvrul wesebs emyareba, kargad
gansazRvruli sakuTrebis wesebis CaTvliT. `gamikeTebT Tu ara Tqven amas, Tuki me ase gadagix­
diT?~ – Cveulebriv Cven ar gviwevs am SekiTxvis dasma. daupatiJeblad SevdivarT piceriaSi,
vTxovT oficiants mogvitanos saSualo zomis pica zeTisxiliT, wiwakiTa da saSualoze meti yve­
liT. oficianti ar gvekiTxeba, Tu ras gavukeTebT Cven mas sapasuxod, magram Cveulebriv igulis­
xmeba, rom gadavuxdiT garkveul Tanxas.
mesame TavSi Tqven gaecaniT moTxovnas, meoTxe TavSi ki – miwodebis safuZvlebs. es Tavi mo­
Txovnasa da miwodebas erTdroulad warmogidgenT. yovelive es bevrad metia, vidre miwodebis
da moTxovnis mrudebis grafikebze maTi gadakveTis wertilis moZebna. Cven amasac vakeTebT, vi­
naidan es aris am urTierTkavSiris ganxilvis moxerxebuli gza, magram Tu gvinda gavigoT, rogor
moqmedebs da zogjer ratom ar moqmedebs kooperacia sabazro sistemebSi, Cven unda gaverkveT
imaSi, Tu ra abrkolebs zogjer adamianTa TanamSromlobas.

transaqciuli danaxarjebi
TavisTavad, is, rom adamianebs surT raRacis gakeTeba da mzad arian gadaixadon rac sxvebs undaT,
ar niSnavs, rom gasakeTebeli aucileblad gakeTdeba. araferi amtkicebs, rom moTxovna savsebiT sakma­
risia mimwodeblis xarjebis dasafarad. yoveldRiurad mravali aseuli velosipedisti sargeblobs
savelosipedo gziT, raTa gadaiaros xidi. am gzaze dagdebuli gatexili SuSa xels uSlis moZraobas.
yvela siamovnebiT gadaixdis dolars am SuSis mosaSoreblad, rac niSnavs, rom gadaxdili iqneba aseu­
li dolari imisTvis, rasac mravali adamiani aT dolarze naklebad gaakeTebda.
ratom xdeba ase? imitom, rom transaqciis saSualo danaxarji maRalia. sakmarisi ar aris, rom mom­
xmarebelma gadaixados is, rasac mimwodebeli moiTxovs. viRacam unda Caataros aqtiuri qmedeba: moa­
grovos fuli velosipedistebisgan da miaqcios yuradReba, rom SuSebi gzidan aiRon. es advili gasake­
Tebeli ar aris. ase rom ar iyos, gzebze amden damtvreul SuSas ar SevxvdebodiT. pirovnebam, romelic
am saqmes xels mohkidebs, saTiTaod unda gaaCeros yvela velosipedisti, Camosvas, auxsnas situacia da
sakuTar patiosnebaSi daarwmunos, raTa maT fuli gadaixadon maSin, rodesac mravali maTgani ver
xvdeba, Tu ratom unda gadaixados fuli piradad man, rodesac amiT sxvebic isargebleben.
am saxis naklovanebebi warmoadgens transaqciuri danaxarjis Sedegs – mimwodebelsa da momxmare­
bels Soris mosalaparakebeli kontraqtis fass.
transaqciuri danaxarji iZleva imis axsnas, Tu ratom ar uTmoben gzas maT, visac ufro eCqareba, im
komfortuli manqanebis mflobelebi, visac sulac ar eCqareba. es iZleva imis axsnasac, Tu ratom abin­
Zurebs garemos is xalxi, vinc gulwrfelad ganicdis garemos dabinZurebas. transaqciuri xarjebis
koncefcia saSualebas gvaZlevs avxsnaT, Tu ratom marcxdeba demokratiis momxreTa umravlesoba. es
koncefcia metad mniSvnelovania im sazogadoebisTvis, romelic biurokratiuli da centralizebuli
sistemidan, sabazro ekonomikur sistemaze gadadis.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sabWoTa kavSiris centralizebuli ekonomikuri sistemis ngrevisas,
xSirad vismendiT ambebs carieli maRaziebis Sesaxeb. rogor moxda es? ratom ar mihqondaT sakvebi qa­
laqebSi, sadac masze didi moTxovna iyo? biurokratiuli sistemis kolafss ara aqvs adekvaturi axsna.
xalxs zemodan miTiTebis gareSe unda gaetana sakvebi mindvrebidan da mieca mSieri xalxisTvis. modiT
davfiqrdeT, vis xelSi iyo mosavlis aReba? vin iyo pasuxismgebeli aRWurvilobis gamoyenebaze? vis
xelSi iyo qalaqSi gadasazidi satransporto saSualebebi? rogor unda ganawilebuliyo sakvebi, ro­
desac is qalaqamde miaRwevda? mxolod is faqti, rom sakvebi mindvrebidan miaRwevda im qalaqamde, sa­
dac xalxi mSieri iyo, araa sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom mSier xalxs hqonoda sakvebi. swori iqneboda xalxis­
Tvis Tavdapirvelad miewodebinaT Sesabamisi informacia da miecaT stimulebi. transaqciuri xarjebi
iZleva am `gaflangvis~ axsnas. sityva `gaflangva~ Casmulia brWyalebSi, vinaidan sruliadac ar aris
naTeli, rom is, rac namdvilad xdeboda, gaflangvas warmoadgenda. flangvad ar CaiTvleba is qmedeba,
rodesac alpob sakvebs da ar miawvdi mas momxmarebels, Tu sakvebis miwodebis fasi aWarbebs sakvebis
fass. es cxadia. transaqciuri xarjebi aranakleb mniSvnelovania da realuri, vidre transportirebis
da mosavlis aRebis fasi.

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sakuTrebis ufleba da institutebi
aseTi situacia naklebad mosalodnelia aSS-Si, sadac mindvrebi, sakvebi, aRWurviloba, gzebi,
sawyobebi da sacalo vaWroba kerZo pirebis xelSia. sakuTrebis uflebis mqone sistemaSi xalxs
aqvs stimulebi, raTa ganaxorcielos kontroli, Tu rogor moaxdinos sakvebis gadanawileba im
mxridan, sadac misi siWarbea, im mxares, sadac mis naklebobas ganicdian. kerZo sakuTreba mflo­
belebs saSualebas aZlevs, Tavisuflad gacvalon aucilebeli resursebi, swrafad da nakleb
fasSi miawodon mas, visac es sWirdeba.
SevadaroT samwuxaro situacia, romelic yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Seiqmna, im viTarebas, rode­
sac yinuli, ficari, samSeneblo masala da sxva yvelaferi, rac saWiroa rekonstruqciisa da kri­
tikul situaciebSi usafrTxoebisTvis, daiZra Carlstonisaken 1989 wels qariSxal `hiugos~ an
1992 wels maiamiSi qariSxal `endrius~ dros. mTavari gansxvaveba kargad SerCeuli sistemaa, ro­
melic naTlad gansazRvravs sakuTrebis uflebas aSS-Si, Tavisufali arCevanis saSualebasTan
erTad. yovelive es aSS-Si wlebis ganmavlobaSi iqmneboda institutebis farTo qselis meSveo­
biT, rac gansazRvravs yvela im gacvliTi operaciebis dabal transaqciur xarjs, (dakvirvebuli
mkiTxveli mixvdeba, rom xalxi xSirad da regularulad axorcielebs transaqciebs mxolod imi­
tom, rom transaqciebis danaxarji dabalia).

mkafiod gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebebi

uflebebis gacvlis SesaZlebloba

kvlav dafiqrdiT imaze, Tu ra advilia im picis SeZena, romelic Tqven gWirdebaT, rodesac
gSiaT. mravali transaqcia, rac iZleva amis saSualebas – piceriis ageba, wiwakis moyvana, zeTisxi­
lis gazrda, Zroxebis mowvela da yvela am rekvizitis Tavmoyra – yvelaferi winaswar unda iyos
molaparakebuli da gaTvlili. es molaparakebebi warmatebuli iqneba, vinaidan transaqciuri
xarjebi sakmarisad dabali iyo im institutebis mZlavr qselSi, rac ganviTarda droTa ganmavloba­
Si, rodesac bazari muSaobda transaqciuri xarjebis dagdebaze. dafiqrdiT specializebul war­
mo­ebaze, specializebul calobiT gayidvebze, yvelanairi momsaxurebis specialur mimwodeb­
lebze, finansuri aRricxvis, sagzao moZraobis, sabaJo samsaxuris, sxvadasxva saxis biznesis
principebze – bankebze, sakredito saagentoebze, maRali organizaciis mqone safondo birJebze,
yoveldRiuri gazeTebis klasificirebul nawilebze, satelefono kompaniebis yviTel gverdebze,
brokerebisa da mimwodeblebis siebze, romlebic SegviZlia SeviZinoT gancxadebebiT, Cveulebrivi
samarTlis wesebze, am wesebis gamoyenebaze, arbitraJis kerZo sistemebsa da samoqalaqo samarT­
lis sakiTxebze. qveynebi, romlebic moZraoben centraluri dagegmvis sistemebidan Tavisufali
bazris sistemebisken, winaaRmdegobas awydebian maRali transaqciuri xarjebis saxiT swored imi­
tom, rom maT ar gaaCniaT mravali instituti, rac gadamwyvet rols asrulebs sabazro sistemebis
muSaobisTvis. SeuZliaT ki am erebs Caataron es gardaqmnebi grZelvadiani Camoyalibebuli sa­
bazro ekonomikis gareSe? SeuZliaT Tu ara maT, swrafad Camoayalibon institutebis kompleqsi,
ro­melsac SeuZlia iarsebos neli, evoluciuri procesis pirobebSi? SeuZliaT Tu ara maT, daZlion
ma­Rali transaqciuri xarjebis problema im moqalaqeTa molodinis dasakmayofileblad, romle­
bic mouTmenlad elian sabazro sistemis danapirebis asrulebas? yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mrava­
li qveynisTvis ekonomikuri reformis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs am kiTxvebze pasuxi.

fuladi fasebis maregulirebeli roli

ratom xdeba komerciul sazogadoebaSi yvelanairi gacvlebi fulis meSveobiT? ratom ar sar­
gebloben adamianebi barteruli sistemiT, cvlian ra maT mier nawarmoeb produqcias imaze, risi
flobac surT? ratom iyeneben isini Suamavlad fuls?
pasuxi isaa, rom fuli amcirebs transaqciur xarjs. barterTan SedarebiT, fulis gamoyenebas upirate­
soba aqvs. gacvlebis fasi bevrad meti iqneboda da Cveni simdidre – rogorc Sedegi – bevrad naklebi, fuli
rom procesebis maregulirebeli ar iyos. barteriT SemosazRvrul sistemebSi adamianebs sWirdebaT
uamravi dro, raTa ipovon sxvebi, visac SeuZliaT gaucvalon sakuTari produqcia. violinos xelosanma
unda ipovos xil-bostneulis gamyidveli, webos mimwodebeli, eleqtrobis mwarmoebeli da mravali sxva,

79
romlebsac surT TavianTi produqciis violinoze gacvla. es uamrav dros moiTxovs da violinos warmoeba
nel-nela daecema. Seignebs ra, rom yoveli gacvla dakavSirebulia maRal transaqciur xarjTan, xalxi Se­
ecdeba TviTonve daamzados is produqcia, rac mas sWirdeba. barterze orientirebul sazogadoebaSi spe­
cializaciis done daecema da yvela gaRaribdeba. fulis gamoyenebis upiratesobis naTel magaliTs warmo­
adgens misi zogierTi saxeobis evolucia, mraval sazogadoebaSi, romelSic amisTvis araxelsayreli
pirobebi arsebobda. garda imisa, rom yvela cdilobs mis gamoyenebas gacvlisTvis, fuls gaaCnia kidev erTi
upiratesoba. misi raodenoba SeiZleba icvlebodes zrdisa da klebis mimarTulebiT. naxevari violino,
romelic me gavakeTe, arafrad gamoadgeba mas, visac surs daukras masze, xolo ori violino ki mas arafrad
sWirdeba. amitom sazogadoebaSi, romelSic fuli ar funqcionirebs, Tu me specializirebuli var violi­
nos gakeTebaze, Cems mier damzadebul erT violinoSi unda gavcvalo sxva sagnebi da amitom iZulebuli
viqnebi SeviZino imaze meti an naklebi, vidre mWirdeba. xolo Tu violinos fulze gavyidi, SemiZlia am fu­
lidan movixmaro zustad imdeni, rac mWirdeba. SemiZlia, agreTve movumato fass, Tu mivxvdebi, rom momxma­
rebeli mzadaa meti gadaixados, an davaklo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vigrZnob, rom sxvanairad ver gavyidi. komer­
ciuli sazogadoebis koordinaciisTvis mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba mcire regulirebis SesaZleblobas.
ganvixiloT benzinis magaliTi. Tu Cven gvsurs, rom paraskevs 5 sT. 30 wuTze avzi savse iyos, adamianebma da
manqanebma zustad unda icodnen, sad, ramdeni, rodis da ra samuSaoebi Caataron burRvis, amoqaCvis, trans­
portirebis da sxva mimarTulebiT. am CaxlarTul sistemaSi koordinatoris rols fasebi asrulebs.
xalxma SeZlo am koordinaciis miRweva ara imitom, rom ician benzinze Cveni moTxovnis Sesaxeb, aramed imi­
tom, rom sakuTari interesebi gaaCniaT. maTi Zalisxmeva gaerTianda imitom, rom misi koordinireba xdebo­
da fasebis cvladi signalebis saSualebiT.
kidev erTxel xazi unda gavusvaT, rom fasebis uzarmazari roli aranairad ar aris dakavSire­
buli Cveni moqalaqeebis xasiaTsa Tu moralTan. ra Tqma unda, adamianebi mxedvelobaSi iReben
ara marto fass – es absurdi iqneboda. magram fasebis cvlilebisas isini cvlian qcevas, raTa
isargeblon mogebiT, razedac signals axali fasebi iZleva. swored amas mohyavs bazari wonaswo­
robaSi da sakuTari miznebis miRwevas saerTo TanamSromlobad gadaaqcevs.

ZiriTadi procesi
moTxovnisa da miwodebis analizi warmoadgens ekonomistis ZiriTad iaraRs. azrovnebis ekonomikuri
wesis Camoyalibebisas unda iswavloT miwodebisa da moTxovnis cnebebiT azrovneba. dasawyisisTvis, me­
tad mniSvnelovania gaiazroT, rom gacvlaze moqmedi umTavresi faqtorebi, Cveulebriv, SeiZleba or
kategoriad daiyos – moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi da miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebi. meore safexurs
warmoadgens is, rom Tqven moxerxebulad igrZnoT Tavi miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudebis garemoSi.

D2
D1

modiT, daviwyoT martivi magaliTidan. ra daemarTeba xorblis fass da mosavlis raodenobas aSS-
Si, Tuki ruseTsa da ukrainaSi xorblis mosavlianoba mniSvnelovnad daecema? pirveli kiTxva iqneba,
imoqmedebs Tu ara xorblis mousavlianoba moTxovnasa da miwodebaze aSS-Si? vinaidan aSS-Si xor­
blis mosavali SesaniSnav Semcvlels warmoadgens rusuli Tu ukrainuli xorblisaTvis, amitom ro­
melime adgilas xorblis mousav­lianoba gamoiwvevs aSS-is xorbalze moTxovnis gazrdas. moTxovnis
mrudi gadaadgildeba Crdilo-aRmosavleTisken. es gamoiwvevs fasebis zrdas, vinaidan moTxovnis

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raodenoba ufro maRali iqneba, vidre miwodebisa. momxmareblebi iZulebulebi iqnebian, gadaixadon
meti da mimwodeblebi aRmoaCenen, rom maT SeuZliaT gayidon ufro maRal fasSi, maRali fasi ki kvlav
gaxdeba xorblis ufro meti raodenobiT miwodebis mizezi.
romeli ufro metad izrdeba – miwodebis fasi Tu raodenoba? es damokidebulia miwodebis
elastiurobaze. Tu fasis mcire zrda iwvevs miwodebis raodenobis did procentul zrdas, miwo­
deba elastiuria. am SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis didi zrda xorblis fass mxolod mcired gazrdis,
maSin, rodesac gasayidi xorblis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. meore mxriv, Tu fasebis
metad didi procentuli zrda iwvevs gayidvis raodenobis mxolod mcire matebas, miwodeba ara­
elastiuria da moTxovnis didad gazrdis Sedegad dadgindeba bevrad maRali fasi, magram imav­
droulad xorblis Sesasyidi raodenoba mxolod odnav gaizrdeba.

P
S

miwodeba
moklevadian
periodSi

faqtiurad ra xdeba? elastiuria Tu araelastiuri miwodebis mrudi aSS-Si? davubrundeT

Cveni msjelobebis sawyis wertils. xorblis fasis moulodneli da uecari zrda Tavdapirvelad
ar gamoiwvevs gayidvisTvis saWiro raodenobis metad did zrdas, vinaidan damatebiTi mosavlis
mosayvanad ramdenime Tve iqneba saWiro. adgili eqneba gasayidi xorblis erTjerad uecar zrdas,
vinaidan arsebobs maragebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba. rodesac moTxovnis zrda aswevs mimdina­
re fass, is, visac aqvs maragi momavlisTvis, amjobinebs garkveuli raodenoba maSinve gayidos.
moklevadian periodSi miwodebis mrudi sakmaod araelastiuri iqneba.

miwodeba
grZelvadian
periodSi

ufro grZelvadian periodSi, xorblis miwodebis mrudi metad elastiuria. maRal mosalod­
nel fasebze fermerebi mosavlis mniSvnelovani gazrdiT reagireben. mivdivarT daskvnamde, rom
ruseTsa da ukrainaSi xorblis mousavlianoba Tavdapirvelad gamoiwvevs aSS-Si xorblis fasebis
zrdas, magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, rodesac miwodebis raodenoba gaizrdeba, fasebi Tavis Cveu­
lebriv dones daubrundeba.

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 buSeli weliwadSi (miliardobiT)

nax. 5.1 miwodeba da moTxovna xorbalze

davuSvaT, xorblis fasi 3 dolaria da rogorc moTxovnis, ise miwodebis raodenoba 2 mlrd. bu­
Sels Seadgens. D1 warmoadgens xorblis moTxovnis Cveulebriv mruds. mousavlianoba gadaanacvlebs
mruds D2-Si. es ar gamoiwvevs miwodebis raodenobis cvlilebas. Tu fasi 3 dolari darCeba, moTxovnis
raodenoba naxevari mlrd. buSeliT meti iqneba, vidre miwodebis raodenoba da, amdenad, xorblis
fasi gaizrdeba. Tuki ase moxda, miwodebis raodenobac gaizrdeba. moklevadian periodSi is mniSvne­
lovnad ar gaizrdeba, vinaidan gayidvisTvis miwodebuli raodenoba ukve moyvanili da dabinavebuli
mosavlidan unda ganisazRvros. moklevadiani periodis miwodebis mrudi SSR sakmaod araelastiuri
moCans. fasi izrdeba 4 dolaramde da wonasworobaSi moyavs miwodebisa da moTxovnis raodenoba. am
dros xorblis mwarmoeblebi sxva kulturebisTvis gankuTvnil miwebs xorbals dauTmoben da moiyva­
nen met xorbals, ufro maRali fasis gamo. grZelvadian periodSi miwodebis mrudi elastiuria. ro­
desac grZelvadiani miwodebis SLR mrudi amoqmeddeba, fasi, romelic moTxovnis da miwodebis raode­
nobas aregulirebs, 4 dolaridan 3,25 dolaramde daiwevs.
5.1 naxazi moTxovnis da miwodebis mrudebs exeba. Tuki yuradRebiT daukvirdebiT naxazs da mis
axsnas, karg praqtikas gaivliT moTxovnisa da miwodebis gasaanalizeblad.

damatebiTi praqtika
rogor moqmedebs yovelive es soios fasze? rodesac xorblis fasi gaizrdeba, Secvlian momxmareb­
lebi mas soioTi? Tuki ase moxdeba, maSin es gazrdis soioze moTxovnas da gamoiwvevs masze fasebis
zrdas. magram gansaxilvelia sxva tipis cvlileba _ warmoebis Secvla. rodesac fermerebi gada­wyve­
ten, damatebiTi miwebi xorblisTvis gamoiyenon, isini amas sxva kulturebis xarjze gaakeTeben.

D S2

S1

soios raodenoba Q

82
 Tuki soios mosayvani miwa gamosadegia xorblis mosayvanad, xorblis fasis mosalodneli
zrda gazrdis soios moyvanis alternatiul Rirebulebas da soios miwodebis mrudi amis Sede­
gad zemoT da marcxniv gadainacvlebs.

tbis sanapiro
miwebis miwodeba

D2

D1

Q
ra daemarTeba tbis napiris miwebs, Tu mravali ojaxi gadawyvets iq kotejebis SeZenas? ras moe­
liT Tqven, fasebis zrdas Tu Semcirebas? moTxovna gaizrdeba da misi mrudi Crdilo-aRmosavle­
TiT wainacvlebs. me viwinaswarmetyvelebdi aseTi adgilebis fasebis mniSvnelovan zrdas, vinaidan
miwodebis mrudi metad araelastiuria. Cveulebriv, Zalian Znelia tbis napirze damatebiTi adgi­
lebis Seqmna, ase rom, gasayidi miwebis raodenoba fasebis zrdis Sesabamisad ar gaizrdeba.
rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlena eqneba fanqrebis fasze im testebis raodenobis gazrdas, romelTa
Sesavsebad fanqaria saWiro? Tqveni azriT, ramdenad gaizrdeba fasi? am testebis zrda gamoiwvevs
fanqrebis moTxovnis zrdas. me viwinaswarmetyve­leb fanqrebis warmoebis did zrdas maTi fasis
mniSvnelovani zrdis gareSe, vinaidan, rodesac moTxovna izrdeba, fanqrebis damatebiTi raode­
noba advilad SeiZleba miewodos zRvruli fasis mniSvnelovani gazrdis gareSe. miwodebis mrudi
metad elastiuria, rac niSnavs, rom moTxovnis zrda fasze umniSvnelo gavlenas moaxdens.

#fanqrebis mowodeba
fanqrebis miwodeba

D1 D2

Q
ra gavlenas moaxdens benzinis fasze is, rom Tqveni Statis mTavroba mniSvnelovnad gazrdis ga­
dasaxads mis gayidvaze? es SemTxveva bevrad ufro rTulia. gayidvaze gadasaxadis zrda benzinis fa­
sis zrdas gamoiwvevs, magram nuTu benzinze fasi gadasaxadis proporciulad gaizrdeba? an, iqneb,
mimwodeblebi iZulebulni iqnebian nawilobriv TviTonve dafaron gadasaxadebis zrda? imis gasa­
gebad, Tu ra moxdeba, davsvaT kiTxva, Tu ra garemoebebis dros iqnebian mzad mimwodeblebi Tavad
gadaixadon gadasaxadebis nawili da momxmareblebs ar daakisron. ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian is
mimwodeblebi, romelTa benzingasamarTi sadgurebi axlos imyofeba im StatebTan, sadac gadasaxade­
bi ar gazrdila? magaliTad, kanzasis Statis qalaq kanzas-sitisTvis mosaxerxebeli iqneba, benzini
SeiZinos misuris Statis nawilSi. ra Tqma unda, yvela ar moisurvebs ramdenime centis gulisTvis
sxva qalaqSi wasvlas, magram gamoCndebian iseTebic, vinc amas regularulad an xSirad gaakeTebs. am
SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis mrudi elastiuri iqneba. mM omxmareblebi rom ar dakargon, benzinis mimwode­
beli biznesmenebi wavlen imaze, rom benzinis fasi ar gazardon gadasaxadebis zrdis Sesabamisad.

83
fasebis dafiqsirebis mcdeloba
momxmarebeli xSirad miiCnevs, rom saqonlis fasi masze gaweuli danaxarjebis proporciuli
unda iyos. Sesabamisad, momxmareblebi fasebis zrdas xSirad usamarTlod miiCneven. mimwodebli­
sTvis fasi gansazRvravs mis Semosavals da fasebis dacemaSi is saSiSroebas xedavs. swored ami­
tom, mravali adamiani ver SeigrZnobs fasebis cvlilebis makoordinirebel rols da aiZulebs
mTavrobas, ar dauSvas aseTi cvlilebebi. arada, Sedegebi Sorsaa sasurvelisgan, vinaidan fase­
bis fiqsacia socialuri koordinaciis meqanizmis gamoTiSvis tolfasia. davuSvaT, rom Sua aR­
mosavleTSi omma mTlianad mospo aSS-Si navTobis miwodeba da sxva mimwodeblebi ar Cqaroben Se­
avson danaklisi. benzinis moTxovnis mrudi aSS-Si sakmaod araelastiuria, vinaidan benzinis
Semcvlelebi arcTu ise mimzidvelia momxmareblisTvis, magram arCevani mainc arsebobs: saavto­
mobilo klubSi Sesvla, naklebi zomis avtomobilis SeZena, samuSaosTan axlos sacxovreblad ga­
dasvla, avtobusiT mgzavroba, Zravis ufro xSiri SekeTeEba, saxlSi ufro xSirad yofna – benzinis
fasis matebisas mis SesaZenad gaRebuli msxverpli. amis Sedegad, maSinac ki, Tu adamianebis mcire
raodenoba gadawyvets ar Seamciros benzinis moxmareba, umravlesoba mainc ipovis gzas, raTa
gas­wios mcire ekonomia, xolo zogierTebi wavlen Tavisi xarjebis mkveTr Semcirebaze.

P
araelastiuriS2
moTxovna sawvavze
S1

benzinze moTxovna SedarebiT araelastiuria, ase rom, benzinis fasi swrafad da mniSvnelovnad
gaizrdeba. omi gamoiwvevs miwodebis mrudis Crdilo-dasavleTisken gadaadgilebas da ar iqo­
niebs araviTar gavlenas moTxovnis mrudze. vinaidan moTxovnis raodenoba gadaaWarbebs miwo­
debis raodenobas, gamyidvelebi moumateben fass. fasi gaizrdeba im donemde, romelic gaaTanab­
rebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobas. ekonomistebi am fasebs xSirad wonasworul fass
uwodeben. es aris fasi, romlis pirobebSic momxmarebelTa mier moTxovnili raodenoba tolia
mimwodebelTa mier miwodebuli raodenobisa.
ras gamoiwvevs fasebis momateba? erTi rom, fuli mZRolebis jibeebidan gadaedineba benzinis
mwarmoeblebisa da gamyidvelebis jibeebSi. radgan mZRolebi bevrad metni arian, vidre benzinis mim­
wodeblebi, es iwvevs ukmayofilo miTqma-moTqmas. kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT mimarTon fasebis kon­
trols – SezRudon navTobis industria, raTa, rogorc isini ityvian, vinmem ar isargeblos krizisiT.
mTavrobis aseT gadawyvetilebas ekonomistebi mxars ar uWeren, vinaidan fasebis gayinviT mTavroba
socialuri sistemis koordinaciis ZiriTad jaWvs asustebs. imisTvis, rom gavigoT, ras niSnavs es,
ganvixiloT urTierTkavSiri iSviaTobas, normirebasa da konkurencias Soris.

iSviaTobidan konkurenciisken
aravin brazobs Termometrze, rodesac is dabal temperaturas aCvenebs da ar cdilobs saxlis
gaTbobas civ amindSi imiT, rom anTebuli sanTeli miitanos TermometrTan. ai, iSviaT produqteb­
ze maRal fasebs ki xSirad cudad axseneben da ise iqcevian, TiTqos iSviaTobis daZleva fasebze
kontrolis dawesebiT miiRweva. es midgoma arasworia.
iSviaToba aris kavSiri sasurvelsa da arsebuls Soris, an moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris. Tu
romelime sazogadoebaSi yvelas eSinia gvelebis, amiT isini arc ufro xSirad Segvxvdeba da arc
ufro iSviaTad. Tu meore sazogadoebaSi gvelebs sakvebad iyeneben, maSin isini sakmaod xSirad

84
Segvxvdeba, magram amave dros SesaZloa ufro iSviaT saqonelsac warmoadgendnen. produqti
iSviaTobas warmoadgens, Tu xalxs ara aqvs misi sasurveli raodenobiT moxmarebis saSualeba
imis gareSe, rom amis gamo sxva faseulobaze uari ar Tqvan.

P iSviaTi saqoneli P araiSviaTi saqoneli

S
S
D

Q Q

rogorc meore TavSi gamoCnda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu produqti iSviaTobas warmoadgens, gvixdeba

misi ganawileba, anu normireba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saWiroa garkveuli kriteriumebis
SemuSaveba pretendentebis SesarCevad da imis gansazRvra, Tu vis ramdeni Sexvdeba. kriteriumad
SeiZleba gamodges asaki, darwmunebis niWi, sazogadoebrivi pativiscema, gadaxdisTvis mzadyof­
na, moxerxebuloba da uamravi sxva. Cveni sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia iSviaTi produqte­
bis ganawileba fulis gadaxdis SesaZleblobis mixedviT. zogjer SerCevisTvis sxva kriteriume­
bic gamoiyeneba.
magaliTad, harvardis universitetSi yovelwliurad didi konkursia. ase rom, harvardma unda
gaanawilos es iSviaTi adgilebi. SerCeva warmoebs skolis niSnebis, sakontrolo naSromebis,
rekomendaciebis da sxva kriteriumebis mixedviT.
aSS-is prezidentoba nebismier dros SeuZlia mxolod erT adamians. vinaidan am Tanamdebobis
dakavebis msurveli bevrad metia, amitom SemuSavebulia SerCevis rTuli sistema yrilobebisa da
arCevnebis saxiT. Tumca mTlad naTeli araa, raSi mdgomareobs kriteriumebi, magram sistema,
miuxedavad amisa, muSaobs. oTx weliwadSi erTxel mxolod erTi kandidati aRwevs sasurvel Se­
degs.
jo koleji yvelaze popularuli biWia studentur qalaqSi da yvela axalgazrda qali cdi­
lobs, miipyros misi yuradReba. amitom mas uxdeba yuradRebis gadanawileba Tayvanismcemlebs
Soris. isargeblebs is silamazis, Wkuis, ganaTlebis, sikeTisa Tu romelime sxva kriteriumiT, mas
ase Tu ise mouwevs arCevanis gakeTeba. magram arCevani warmoSobs konkurencias. rogorc ki har­
vardis universiteti gamoacxadebs miRebas, potenciuri pirvelkurselebi daiwyeben Sejibrs,
raTa daakmayofilon kriteriumebi. optimistebi arCevnebis dawyebamde didi xniT adre daiwyeben
prezidentad arCevis kriteriumebis Seswavlas da brZolas. Tuki jo kolejis Tayvanismcemlebi
gadawyveten, rom misi arCevanis mTavar kriteriums silamaze warmoadgens, isini Seecdebian
Seejibron erTmaneTs silamazeSi.

iSviaToba iwvevs normirebis aucileblobas

normireba (rogorc diskriminaciuli kriteriumi)

konkurencias sasicocxlod aucilebels xdis

cxadia, konkurencia ar aris damaxasiaTebeli mxolod kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis, an

mxolod im sazogadoebisTvis, romelSic gamoiyeneba fuli. es aris fundamenturi mniSvnelobis
daskvna: konkurencia aris iSviaTobis Sedegi da misgan gaTavisufleba mxolod iSviaTobis
aRmofxvri­Taa SesaZlebeli. iq, sadac adgili aqvs iSviaTobas, unda moxdes ganawileba. ganawileba
aris SerCevis ganxorcieleba garkveuli kriteriumis Sesabamisad.

85
 ra Tqma unda, bevria damokidebuli imaze, Tu kerZod romeli kriteriumi gamoiyeneba. Tuki
sazogadoebaSi ganawileba xorcieldeba fulis gadaxdis mixedviT, maSin adamianebi Seecdebian
iSovon meti fuli, Tu kriteriumad fizikuri Zala gamoiyeneba, maSin sazogadoebis wevrebi xels
mokideben kulturizms, xolo Tuki kolejebi da institutebi SerCevas niSnebis mixedviT gaakeTe­
ben, moswavleebi ibrZoleben kargi niSnebisTvis.

konkurencia fiqsirebuli fasebis dros

ra moxdeba, rodesac romelime produqti, magaliTad iseTi, rogoric benzinia, ufro Znelad
xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba, xolo mis fass ar eqneba gazrdis SesaZlebloba? Cven aucileblad davi­
naxavT, rom mis SesaZenad fuladi danaxarjebi gaizrdeba, vinaidan benzini ufro iSviaTi gaxdeba
da amitom aucileblad moxdeba misi normireba. Tu kanoni xels uSlis ganawilebis iseTi meqaniz­
mis funqcionirebas, rogoricaa fasi, maSin aucileblobis mixedviT gamoyenebuli iqneba sxva
kriteriumebi da meqanizmebi. benzinis potenciuri myidvelebi Seecdebian gamoavlinon myid­
velebis SerCevis axali kriteriumebi da amis safuZvelze daiwyeben erTmaneTTan konkurirebas.
konkurencia gazrdis saerTo danaxarjebs, fuladsac da arafuladsac, gazrdis manamde, sanam
moTxovnis sidide ar gautoldeba miwodebis sidides.

P
moTxovna

miwodeba
arafuladi
Rirebuleba
legaluriad dasaSvebi
maqsimaluri
fasi
fuladi deficiti
Rirebuleba

saukeTeso magaliTad albaT benzinze rigebi gamodgeba. rodesac adamianebs eSiniaT, rom isi­
ni ver SeZleben sasurveli raodenobis benzinis yidvas 1 dolarad erT galonSi, isini Seecdebian
ufro adre mividnen sadgurSi, magram es idea sxvebsac gauCndebaT. ase rom, rigebi ufro adre
warmoiSoba da maTi sigrZec imatebs. lodini udavo danaxarjia. moqmedebas daiwyebs moTxovnis
kanoni – momxmareblebi naklebs ivlian manqaniT, rodesac maT rigSi dgomis xarjebi daemateba.
zogierTi mZRoli Seecdeba aRmoaCinos benzini sadme maxlobel olqSi da rigSi ar dadges.
maTi damatebiTi xarjebia benzinis da drois danakargebi, rac moZebnisTvisaa saWiro. sxvebi ga­
rigebaze wavlen da miscemen benzinis Camsxmels ufro mets: daTanxmdebian am sadgurze Caataron
teqnikuri Semowmeba; uSovian Teatris bileTebs sadguris mflobels da sxva. konkurenciis yve­
la es forma zrdis benzinis SeZenis danaxarjs. xarjebi manamde gaizrdeba, sanam, sabolood,
moTxovnis sidide ar gautoldeba miwodebis sidides. konkurencia im adamianebs Soris, romelTa
jamuri moTxovna srulad ver kmayofildeba fasebis arsebuli donis dros, migviyvans SeZenis
xarjebis zrdamde. Cveulebriv, aseT situaciaSi izrdeba fuladi fasi. rodesac produqtis SeZe­
nasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis sxva komponentebi izrdeba, ueWvelia, rom fuladi fasis Sekaveba
romelime sazogadoebrivi Zalis (magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo SezRudviT) mier xdeba. xolo rode­
sac produqtis ganawilebis mTavar Sedegad iqceva gazrdili rigebi, moZebnaze daxarjuli drois
zrda da sxva specifiuri kombinaciebi, Cven saqme gvaqvs mocemuli produqtis deficitTan.
deficitis ekonomikuri gageba fokusirebulia fulad fasze. deficitebi arsebobs mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac fulad fass ar SeuZlia konkurirebad myidvelebs Soris iSviaTi
produqtis ganawilebis funqciis Sesruleba. realurad deficits vawydebiT maSin, rodesac aR­
movaCenT, rom saqonlis SesaZenad gaweuli arafuladi xarjebi izrdeba, raTa moxdes iSviaTi
produqciis normirebuli ganawileba.

86
 deficiti gardauvalia fasis `WeriT bazris SezRudvisas.
misgan Tavdacva fasebis aweviT SeiZleba!

mimwodeblis roli ganawilebaSi

Cveulebriv ar gvikvirs produqtis fasis momateba, rodesac es produqti ufro iSviaTi xde­
ba, imitom, rom mimwodeblebi praqtikulad yovelTvis dainteresebulebi arian fuladi fasis
momatebiT da ara produqtis SesaZenad xarjebis romelime sxva komponentis zrdiT. bolosdabo­
los, gana ra mogebas miiRebs benzinis gasamarTi sadguris mflobeli imiT, rom xalxi 30 wuTi
rigSi dgas? arafers da kidev ufro naklebs, rodesac naxevarsaaTiani lodinis Semdeg isini nak­
leb sasiamovno subieqtebad gadaiqcevian. arada, erTi galoni benzinis fasis 20 centiT momate­
ba, benzingasamarTi sadguris mepatrones TiToeul galonze 20 centis mogebas aZlevs. arafu­
ladi danaxarjebis zrdas mohyveba is, rasac ekonomistebi fuW danaxarjebs uwodeben. es aris
momxmareblis danaxarjebi, romelsac ar moaqvs mogeba mimwodeblisTvis. amis SesaniSnav maga­
liTs warmoadgens rigSi lodini.
fuWi danaxarjebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli transaqciur xarjebTan. rom ar arsebobdes
transaqciuri danaxarji, momxmareblebi arasdros dadgebodnen rigSi. amis nacvlad, isini
daTanxmdebodnen imgvar sistemaze, romelic yidvis prioritets ise gadaanawilebda, rom aravis
dasWirdeboda rigSi dgoma. sinamdvileSi aseTi SeTanxmebebis miRwevis da cxovrebaSi gatarebis
fasi bevrad maRalia, vidre mocdis fasi, rasac benzinis myidvelebi rigSi dgomisas ixdian. mag­
ram, isini amas akeTeben mxolod iq, sadac fasebis kontroli gamoricxavs fuWi xarjebisgan gaTa­
visuflebis swraf da advil gzas – fuladi fasis zrdas.
Tuki mimwodeblebs SeuZliaT mogebis naxva fuWi xarjebidan, isini moisurveben amis gakeTebas
yovelTvis, rodesac SeuZliaT produqtis fasis zrda. maT xelTaa aseTi gardaqmnis martivi sa­
Sualeba. miaqcieT yuradReba, ramdenad martivi da moxerxebuli saSualebaa es. yoveli adamiani
afasebs fuls, vinaidan es aZlevs produqtebis uzarmazari erTobliobis marTvis saSualebas.
yvela miCveulia, produqtSi fuli gadaixados. Cveulebriv, gamyidveli warmoadgens mesakuTres
an misi ndobiT aRWurvil pirs, romelsac aqvs ufleba, Secvalos fuladi fasi. fasis niSnulis
zemoT an qvemoT moZraoba, im mizniT, rom napovni iqnas misi iseTi done, romlis drosac momxma­
reblis mier produqciis SeZenaze gaweuli danaxarji maqsimalurad aisaxeba momwodeblebis mo­
gebaSi, sakmaod advilia.
yovelive es iZleva imis axsnas, Tu ratom warmoadgens fuladi fasis cvlileba Cveulebriv
reaqcias produqtis iSviaTobis cvlilebaze da ratom Tvlian ekonomistebi fuladi fasis cvli­
lebas sazogadoebaSi koordinaciis uzrunvelyofis pirvelxarisxovan saSualebad. eWvgareSea,
rom arsebobs iseTi produqtebi, romelTa ganawileba SeuZlebelia cvladi fuladi fasis saSu­
alebiT da iseTebic, romelTa ganawileba, aseTi gziT6 ar xerxdeba, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom iq,
sadac sazogadoebrivi koordinaciis aseTi meqanizmi ar gamoiyeneba, bevrad ufro rTulia
farTo­masStabiani TanamSromlobis miRweva.

swori da araswori gzebi

rogori iqneba mimwodeblebis reaqcia, Tu kanoni maT aukrZalavs fasebis momatebas aSkara defi­
citis dros? albaT, isini Seecdebian ipovon sxva gza am situaciidan sargeblis misaRebad. benzinis
gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT TavianTi xarjebis Semcireba klientebis momsaxurebaze, Seamcireben ra
yoveldRiur samuSao saaTebs da saerTod ar imuSaveben uqme dReebSi. Tuki SeiZleba maTTvis gamo­
yofili benzinis 20 saaTSi gayidva, ratom imuSaveben isini 120 saaTs kviraSi? deficitze aseTi
reaqcia gazrdis momxmareblis mier benzinis SeZenis danaxarjebs – maT mouwevT mogzaurobaze
uaris Tqma uqme dReebSi. isini Tavs ususurebad igrZnoben, vinaidan ver iSovian sawvavs. maT aseve
mouwevT damatebiTi xarjebis gaReba, rac dakavSirebuli iqneba ZiebasTan, SewuxebasTan da SesaZ­
loa, sicocxlis riskTanac ki (benzinis araswori Senaxvisa da Casxmis dros).

6 Zneli iqneboda kvartlis yvela macxovreblisaTvis gamogveyo quCis ganaTebis is zusti raodenoba, romlis safa­
sursac cal-calke gadaixdidnen. xSirad xom sxvadasxva uSveri sityvebiT movixseniebT maT, vinc Tavis keTilganwyo­
bas mxolod fuladi fasis mixedviT anawilebs!

87
 sazogadoebasa da ekonomikaSi efeqtiani urTierTTanamSromlobis misaRwevad Cven, mniS­
vnelovnad varT damokidebuli fuladi fasis cvlilebaze. rodesac fasebi ar metyveleben iSvia­
Tobis cvlilebaze, momxmareblebi da mimwodeblebi iReben araswor signalebs. isini ver pouloben
saSualebas, ukeTesad Seeguon erTmaneTs, vinaidan ara aqvT saamiso stimuli. metad mniSvnelova­
nia, rom adamianebi iRebdnen aseT stimulis, rakiRa arsebobs urTierTSeTanxmebis mravali sxva­
dasxva mimarTuleba, romelic SeuZlebelia iwinaswarmetyvelos romelime centralurma organom
da romelTa erToblivi Sedegi gansazRvravs sxvaobas koordinaciasa da qaoss Soris. moTxovnisa
da miwodebis cvlilebisas, swored cvladi fasebi uzrunvelyofs aseT stimulis.

arsebobs Tu ara ukeTesi sistema

roca vambobT, rom fuladi fasi asrulebs aRniSnul funqcias, Cven ar vamtkicebT, rom igi amas
idealurad akeTEebs. ra Tqma unda, momdevno TavebSi Cven ganvixilavT fasebis sistemis saSualebiT
socialuri koordinaciis ara marto miRwevebs, aramed SezRudvebsac. Cven davsvamT kiTxvas imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra pirobebSi ver asaxaven fasebi adamianebis prioritetebs da aRmovaCenT, rom fasebis
sistemis idealur funqcionirebas xels uSlis codnis ukmarisoba, sabazro Zalaufleba, faruli
SeTanxmebebi sakuTrebis uflebebis Sesaxeb, SeuTanxmebloba da araTanasworuflebianoba. magram
Cven ar uarvyofT meqanikis pirvel kanons (romelic amtkicebs, rom moZraobaSi myofi sxeulebi
inerciiT cdiloben ganagrZon Tanabari moZraoba) mxolod imitom, rom realur samyaroSi adgili
aqvs xaxuns. msgavsi Secdoma iqneboda isic, rom Tvali dagvexuWa fasebis sistemis upiratesobaze
mxolod imitom, rom igi ver uzrunvelyofs idealur koordinacias.
fuladi fasis meSveobiT iSviaTi produqtebis ganawilebis sistema, ra Tqma unda, am produqts
mimarTavs maTken, vinc mzadaa gadaixados. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac ganawilebas fasebi mar­
Tavs, Raribebi, rogorc wesi, imaze naklebs miiReben, vidre mdidrebi. swored amaSi mdgomareobs
`mdidris~ da `Raribis~ ekonomikuri azri. magram arc mTlad asea. fasebiT ganawilebisas mxedve­
lobaSi miiReba adamianebs Soris arsebuli sxva mravali gansxvaveba, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac ga­
nawilebis nebismieri sxva formis dros metad Znelia.
davuSvaT, gadavwyviteT benzinis ganawileba specialuri talonebis saSualebiT. rogor gas­
cems saxelmwifo am talonebs? usamarTloba iqneba, erTnairi raodenobiT gascen martoxelaze da
Svidi sulisgan Semdgar ojaxze, magram aseve usamarTloba iqneba, rom erT ojaxs Svidjer meti
taloni Sexvdes. usamarTloba iqneba erTnairi raodenobis talonebis gacema maTze, visac aqvs av­
tomobili da vinc mxolod sargeblobs amiT. mWidrod dasaxlebuli qalaqebisa da gareubnebis mo­
saxleoba ufro xSirad sargeblobs sazogadoebrivi transportiT, xolo sakuTari manqaniT mokle
manZilebs gadis. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom isini naklebi raodenobis talonebs iRebdnen,
xolo naklebad dasaxlebuli raionebis mkvidrni – mets. magarm niu-iorkis zogierTi macxovrebe­
li regularulad ufro Sor manZilebze mogzaurobs, vidre is, vinc cxovrobs kolorados Statis
qalaq silvertonSi. samarTliani iqneba Tu ara sistema, romelic ignorirebas ukeTebs individua­
lur garemoebebs? rogor SeiZleba samarTlianad ganawildes talonebi dasavleT texasSi mogzaur
gamsaRebel agentsa da patara qalaqSi macxovrebel moxuc qals Soris, romelic manqaniT mxolod
eklesiaSi Tu dadis? gana erTnairi raodenobis talonebs unda iRebdes is, visac ar uyvars saWes­
Tan jdoma da isic, visac es Zalian moswons?
ra vuyoT im firmebs, romlebic benzins gamoiyeneben? ganawilebis adekvaturma sistemam mxedve­
lobaSi unda miiRos, rom dizelis sawvavi da benzini erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven erTsa da imave
navTobsa da erTsa da imave navTobgadamamuSavebel simZlavreebze. Tu gadavwyvetT, rom taqsomo­
torul kompaniebs, komerciul TevzmWer flotiliebs, avtogadazidvebiT dakavebul fir­ mebs
(Cven CamovTvaleT saqmiani sawarmoebis ramdenime saxeoba, romelic dizelis sawvavs gamoiye­nebs)
mieceT yvelaferi, rac maTTvis aucilebelia, aRmoCndeba, rom maT sWirdebaT bevrad meti, vidre
amas vinme warmoidgenda. Tu am mimarTulebaSi Cven SevqmniT saxelmwifo dawesebulebas da davava­
lebT mas gamouyos sawvavis garkveuli raodenoba yovel firmas, ra kriteriumebiT isargeblebs
igi? warsuli moxmarebiT? albaT. magram SeiZleba ki, rom warsuli moxmareba resursebis dRevan­
deli ganawilebis swor orientirad gamodges iseT ekonomikaSi, sadac uwyvetad warmoiqmneba axa­
li firmebi da kvdeba Zveli, sadac warmoebebis nawili izrdeba, sxvebi ki wyveten muSaobas, sadac
ganuwyvetliv icvleba teqnologia da moTxovna?

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 vinaidan firmebi saqonels awvdian ara marto saboloo momxmareblebs, aramed sxva firmebsac,
amitom SeumCneveli da gamousworebeli Secdomebi dominos efeqts gamoiwvevs. resursebis aras­
wor ganTavsebas albaT mTeli dargis daxurvac SeiZleba mohyves, Tu xels SevuSliT erTi Sexed­
viT umniSvnelo, da meore mxriv ki Seucvleli resursis warmoebas an transportirebas. firmebs
Soris dizelis sawvavis TviTneburi ganawilebisas SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tanamedrove ganviTare­
bul ekonomikaSi rTuli urTierTkavSirebis SenarCuneba.

inflacia da binis qiris kontroli

fasebis saSualebiT ganawilebisadmi sazogadoebis cudi damokidebuleba Zlierdeba infla­
ciis periodSi, vinaidan adamianebi SecdomiT aigiveben erTmaneTTan fasebis zrdasa da cxovrebis
donis dacemas. mraval Cvengans uWirs imis gageba, rom Cveni fuladi Semosavlebi izrdeba im
produqtebis fasis zrdasTan erTad, romelsac vyidulobT. rodesac garkveul produqtze da­
na­xarjebi Cveni Tviuri Semosavlis sagrZnob nawils Seadgens, maSin gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare­
ni vxdebiT masze fasebis zrdis mimarT. amasTan erTad, fasi xSirad ar icvleba, magram Tu Seicv­
ala, da Tanac didad, maSin ufro metad vbrazobT am cvlilebebis gamo, xolo sazogadoebrivi
ukmayofileba nayofier niadags qmnis fasebis moZraobaSi sakanonmdeblo CarevisTvis.
saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens binis qiraze kontrolis daweseba. inflaciis dros fasebi
sakvebsa da tansacmelze nel-nela iwevs zemoT da amitom maT yuradRebas naklebad aqceven. binis
qira ki didi xnis manZilze ucvleli rCeba da erTbaSad mkveTrad matulobs. roca binis qira 450
dolaridan 525 dolaramde izrdeba, es sagrZnob sicarieles qmnis Cvens biujetSi da gaumarTleb­
lad didi gveCveneba maSinac ki, rodesac imave periodSi Cvens mier SeZenili sxva produqtebis
fasi 50%-iT gaizarda. amgvar SemTxvevebSi adamianebi gantevebis vacs eZeben da binaTmflobele­
bi (TviT es sityva iwvevs aRSfoTebas) am rolisTvis saukeTeso kandidatebad iTvlebian.
binis qiris magaliTSi Taviseburi boroti ironia imaleba da es ironia bevrad amZimebs prob­
lemas. vinaidan binis qiris ganakveTebi `xistia~ da rogorc wesi CamorCeba sxva fasebis zrdas,
amitom swrafi inflaciis dros binis qiris saSualo realuri done ecema.
rodesac produqtis inflaciuri fasi realurad sxva produqtis fasamde ecema, am produqt­
ze moTxovnis raodenoba izrdeba da adgili aqvs deficits. sacxovreblebis bazarze deficiti
gamoixateba vakansiebis ricxvis SemcirebaSi: Tavisufali binebis mxolod mcire raodenoba qi­
ravdeba im xalxze, visac bina ara aqvs. vakanturi binebis raodenobis es Semcireba gadaiqceva bi­
nis qiris kontrolis sasargeblod metyvel kidev erTi argumentad.
`Cven ar SegviZlia davuSvaT binis qiris zrda, rodesac vakanturi binebis wili 1 procentze
naklebia~, an kidev `ukeTesi~: `Cven unda davawesoT kontroli binis qiraze manam, sanam vakanturi
binebis wili ar miaRwevs misaReb 3 procentian dones~. vinaidan vakanturi binebis dabali wili
warmoadgens binis realurad dabali qiris Sedegs, es argumenti Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad binis
qiris mudmivi kontrolis sasargeblod metyvelebs. miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom fasebis mo­
matebis am specialurma akrZalvam swored is mimwodeblebi gamohyo, romelTa fasebi ukve isedac
veRar eweva inflaciis temps.
rodesac kanoni an Cveva binis qiris fass ufro dabal doneze aCerebs, vidre is donea, romelic
moTxovnasa da miwodebas awonasworebs, maSin gamoCndeba racionirebis sxva meTodebi. binis me­
pat­roneebs SeuZliaT arCevani gaakeTon asakis, seqsualuri midrekilebis, piradi Cvevebis, ojax­
is sididis, sarekomendacio werilebis, Sinauri cxovelebis, raionSi cxovrebis xangrZlivobis
da Sida ganawesis dacvis mixedviT. isini, vinc binaSi cxovrobdnen binis qiraze kontrolis dawe­
sebamde, Seecdebian, rac SeiZleba didi xniT daikavon maqsimalurad didi farTobi, xolo wasv­
lisas megobars gadascen an Tavad iqcnen qvegamqiraveblebad. binis mflobelebi Seamcireben
momsaxurebis xarisxs, vinaidan ician, rom Tuki romelime damqiravebeli ukmayofilebas gamoTq­
vams, arsebobs binaSi Sesvlis msurvelTa grZeli rigi.
yovelive es iwvevs imis aucileblobas, rom Seiqmnas ZviradRirebuli damkvirvebeli adminis­
traciuli komisiebi da damatebiTi kanonebi, romlebic binis mepatroneebs ukrZalavs garkveul
qmedebebs. amis grZelvadiani Sedegi arsebuli binis mepatroneTa saboloo mospoba iqneba, radgan
Sewydeba gasaqiraveblad axali saxlebis mSenebloba. am SemTxvevaSi binaTmflobelobis yvelaze

89
aSkara mowinaaRmdegemac ki unda aRiaros, rom Znelia binis daqiraveba, rodesac mas aravin aqi­
ravebs.

fasebis kontroli qmnis deficits.

gasaqiravebeli saxlebis deficiti warmoCindeba rogorc vakansiebis dabali procenti.
vakansiebis dabali procenti ver `gamoswordeba~ binis qiris kontroliT.

iSviaToba da siWarbe
xSirad, roca fiqroben, rom gansazRvruli produqti ar warmoadgens iSviaTobas, masTan mi­
marTebaSi iyeneben sityvas `siWarbe~.
amerikis samedicino asociacia didi xania, gamoTqvams wuxils eqimebis moWarbebis gamo. Tu ar
SevaCereT maTi momzadeba, male aRmovCndebiT am specialistebis Warbi raodenobis winaSe. magram
ar arsebobs eqimebis zusti raodenoba, romelic mosaxleobisTvisaa saWiro. rodesac ama Tu im
profesiis pirebi laparakoben aucilebel raodenobaze, isini TiTqmis yovelTvis gulisxmoben
moTxovnas mocemuli fasis pirobebSi. ra Tqma unda, isini amjobineben ar ifiqron momsaxurebis
fasis Semcirebaze.
bolo wlebSi maswavleblebis siWarbe aseve problemad gadaiqca TviTon maswavleblebisTvis
mainc. skolis sabWoebisa da adgilobrivi gadamxdelebis TvalsazrisiT, aq ufro sasikeTo Se­
saZleblobebi iSleba. ufro dabali ganakveTebis SemTxvevaSi saskolo olqebi mzad arian daiqi­
ravon maswavlebelTa meti raodenoba. garda amisa, isini, vinc aswavlian, ufro dabali xelfasis
pirobebSi gadawyveten, kariera sxva sferoSi gaikeTon. Tu xelfasebis Semcireba ar moxerxda
profkavSirebTan molaparakebebis an imis gamo, rom marTebuli ar iqneba naklebi gadavuxadoT
maT, visac Cveni Svilebis “sulsa da guls” vandobT, maSin moiZebneba sxva saSualebebi miwodebisa
da moTxovnis dasabalanseblad. xelfasis momateba, romelic CamorCeba inflaciis temps, amci­
rebs realur xelfass. saskolo sabWoebs SeuZliaT aseve gaafarToon maswavleblebis movaleo­
bebis sfero, Seamcireben ra erTeuli gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebulebas ucvleli xelfasis
pirobebSi meti produqciis miRebis gziT.

P
D S

siWarbe

Tuki es zomebi ar aRmoCndeba sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom dabalansdes miwodebisa da moTxovnis

sidideebi, maSin maswavleblebis deficituri vakansiebis ganawilebisas sxva kriteriumebis gamo­
yeneba mogvixdeba (maswavleblebis siWarbe imavdroulad maswavlebelTa vakansiebis deficits
niSnavs). ganawilebis TvalnaTel da farTod gamoyenebul kriteriums warmoadgens asaki. es kri­
teriumi moswonT didi staJis mqone maswavleblebs, magram ar eCvenebaT momxibvlelad axalgazr­
da da momaval maswavleblebs. aseTi midgoma, ra Tqma unda, xels ar uwyobs imas, rom klasis kari
SeaRon maT, visac yvelaze metad surs maswavlebloba.

momwodeblebi, romlebic gulgrilni arian fasis mimarT

rodesac romelime produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, myidvelebs Soris konkurencia, rogorc
wesi, iwvevs misi fasis zrdas. Cveulebriv mimwodeblebs uxariaT myidvelebTan TanamSromloba am

90
miznis misaRwevad, vinaidan maT awyobT maRali fasebi. magram rogor aris saqme, rodesac rome­
lime produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, xolo mimwodebeli arafers igebs fasis momatebiT?
amis karg magaliTad gamodgeba dasajdomi adgilebis ricxvi qveynis yvelaze metad datvir­
Tul aeroportebSi. aviaciis federaluri sammarTvelos prognoziT uaxloes periodSi aSS-is 50
aeroporti didi problemebis winaSe aRmoCndeba. ratom?
moTxovnis swrafi da didi zrdac ki aucileblad rodia deficitis mizezi. amis kargi magali­
Tia personaluri kompiuterebis deficitis ararseboba. rodesac adamianebis met ricxvs surs
gafrena, aviakompaniebi sTavazoben met reisebs. Tu saWiroa, isini qiraoben met xalxs da yidu­
loben met TviTmfrinavebs. ra Tqma unda, maT uwevT meti danaxarjis gaweva, magram aviakompaniebi
siamovnebiT midian am xarjebze, vinaidan miaCniaT, rom damatebiTi Semosavali gadafaravs dama­
tebiT danaxarjebs.
aeroportebSi sirTuleebi warmoiSoba imitom, rom TviTon aeroportebi da maTi garemomcve­
li sivrce kerZo sakuTrebaSi araa da misi gamoyenebis fasi ar iZleva mogebas. damatebiTi mgzav­
rebi, romlebic menejerebis guls sixaruliT avseben, mxolod Tavis tkivils iwveven aeropor­
tis xelmZRvanelobaSi, vinaidan aeroportis da misi garemomcveli sivrcis `mepatroneebi~ ver
zrdian fass, rodesac maT mier miwodebuli produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba.

Tqveni sakuTari aeroporti

davuSvaT, rom Tqven xarT vaSingtonis aeroportis _ qveynis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gada­
tvirTuli aeroportis mepatrone da SegiZliaT misi marTva ise, rogorc Tavad migaCniaT
saWirod. `gadatvirTuloba~ wamsve gaqreboda, gardaiqmneboda ra simZlavreebis srulad amoq­
medebaSi (swuxan ki Teatrebis mflobelebi gadatvirTulobaze, rodesac yvela bileTi gayidu­
lia?). sxva­dasxva aviaxazebi mainc ecdebian, reisebis umravlesoba swored am aeroportisken
mimar­Ton, vinaidan is dedaqalaqidan ramdenime wuTis savalze imyofeba, rac awyobs vaSingtonSi
Casul (an mimaval) mgzavrebs, magram Tqven fulis moyvaruli aramzada xarT da aviakompaniebs
aiZulebT, gaiRon soliduri Tanxebi, vinaidan gsurT dasajdomi tarifebidan maqsimaluri mo­
gebis miReba. konkurenciis Sedegad fasi gaizrdeba im donemde, romelic asaxavs alternatiul
Rirebulebas pirveli daukmayofilebeli momxmareblisTvis. Tqven uamrav fuls gaakeTebdiT,
magram amavdroulad (Tqveni wyalobiT) arsebuli dasajdomi adgilebi imaT daeTmoboda, vinc
maT sxvebze metad afasebs.
xom ar dazaraldebian Tqveni merkantiluri qmedebebis gamo mgzavrebi? didi albaTobiT,
erovnul aeroportSi axali wesebis SemoRebisas, aviakompaniebi ramdenadme gazrdian bileTis
fass, magram es iSviaTi adgili im mgzavrebs ergebaT, romelTaTvisac qalaqis centrSi dajdoma
bevrad mimzidvelia, vidre sxva aeroportidan mgzavroba.
aviakompaniebi ufro met reisebs gauSvebdnen Tavisufali asafreni zolebis mqone dalasis
aeroportSi. amitom mravali mgzavri, romelic ar apirebda vaSingtonSi Casvlas, an visac auci­
leb­lad sWirdeba iq gadajdoma sxva reisebze, isargeblebdnen dalasis ufro mosaxerxebeli da
usafrTxo aeroportiT.
ufro metic, Tuki arsebobs Tqveni aeroportis gamtarunarianobis gazrdis saSualeba, Tqven
amas Zalian safuZvlianad ganixilavT da Tuki gafarToebis xarjebi im Rirebulebaze naklebi aR­
moCndeba, rac aviakompaniebis (sabolood ki mgzavrebis) mzadyofniT izomeba, Tqven dauyovne­
bliv ganaxorcielebT aseT gafarToebas. Tqven ar moiqceviT ise, rogorc iqceva aviaciis federa­
luri sammarTvelo, romelic yviris krizisze, magram acxadebs aviasadispetCero mowyobilobis
modernizaciis programas, romelic aTwleulzea gaTvaliswinebuli.
reisebis dagvianeba, avariuli situaciebi da sahaero sivrcis deficitis sxva niSnebi SeiZleba
uSualod davukavSiroT sahaero sivrceze sakuTrebis Cvens sistemas. arsebuli kanonebi praqti­
kulad ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom bileTebi SeiZinon maT, vinc yvelaze metad fass ixdis da
Seayovnon isini, vinc mzad araa aseTive maRali fasis gadasaxdelad. aCereben ra farTofiuzela­
Jian TviTmfrinavs 600 mgzavriT, propelerian da eqvsmgzavrian patara TviTmfrinavs nebas
rTaven dajdes vaSingtonis erovnul aeroportSi an Cikagos o’haris aeroportSi, vinaidan Tama­
Sis wesebi 600 mgzavrs ar aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom 6 mgzavrs vaWrobis gziT Seedavos maTTvis
saWiro dasajdomi bilikis gamo. Tumca moTxovna da miwodeba Tavis rols asrulebs, magram maT am
SemTxvevaSi urTierTTanamSromlobamde ar mivyavarT.

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fasebi, komitetebi da diqtatorebi
ekonomikis centraluri problema adamianebs Soris iseTi TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofaa,
rom dasaxuli miznebis miRweva moxdes resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebiT. didi raodenobis
erTmaneTisTvis ucnobi adamianebis efeqtiani TanamSromlobisTvis aucilebelia, rom gacvlis
pirobebi iyos naTeli, ubralo da standartizebuli.
fuladi fasebi warmoadgens gamartivebis, standartizaciis da TvalsaCinoebis mxriv saukeTe­
so saSualebas. ratom aRweven aseT mcire Sedegebs komisiebi, maSin rodesac am komisiis wevrebi
uamrav drosa da energias xarjaven? es imitom xdeba, rom komisia warmoadgens cud saSualebas
imave miznebis misaRwevad. Tuki komisia mainc moaxerxebs am amocanebis gadasawyveti proce­
durebis SemuSavebas, is aRar hgavs komisias, ufro kooperatiul sawarmos warmoadgens.
ra Tqma unda, arsebobs komisiebisTvis dakisrebuli samuSaoebis Sesrulebis kidev erTi meTo­
di: SeiZleba neba davrToT erT adamians, miiRos yvela gadawyvetileba. diqtatorebi saqmeebs
swrafad agvareben. did sazogadoebaSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis diqtatorul meTodebs SeuZ­
liaT Seasrulon fasTa sistemis mravali funqcia.
medlis meore mxare isaa, rom fasebis sistema saSualebas iZleva mivideT sazogadoebriv
TanamSromlobasTan diqtatorebis ararsebobis dros. es aSkara upiartesobaa maTTvis, visac
isini ar uyvars.
diqtatorebs kidev ufro didi winaaRmdegoba imitom xvdebaT, rom maT ar SeuZliaT mouaron
im codnas, romelic gabneulia im xalxSi, visi mbrZaneblobac ganuzraxavT. fasTa sistema yura­
dRebas aqcevs da koordinirebas ukeTebs ara marto survilebs, aramed mimwodeblebisa da momx­
mareblebis codnasac. Tu moTxovnis mrudi imdenad araelastiuri iqneboda, rom adamianebi
moTxovdnen yvelafers zustad gansazRvruli raodenobiT, xolo miwodebis mrudi – metad elas­
tiuri, maSin, vinaidan zRvruli alternatiuli Rirebuleba fiqsirebulia teqnologiebiT da
mudmivia, mTeli codnac ki ver SeZlebda Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganviTarebas. mewarmeebi mzad
unda iyvnen, raTa awarmoon im yvelafris gansazRvruli raodenoba, rac ki adamianebs sWirdebaT,
Tanac TiToeuli nivTisa – gansazRvruli fasiT.

sruliad
sruliaad
araelastiuri

S
sruliad
elastiuri

magram saqmec isaa, rom miwodebis mrudebi sruliad elastiuri araa teqnologiiT dadgenili
warmoebis fasis Sesabamisad da moTxovnis mrudebi sruliad araelastiuri araa moTxovnis rao­
denobis mixedviT. Cven vcxovrobT metad gansxvavebuli donis interesebis, faseulobebisa da
prioritetebis msoflioSi, sadac resursebs mravali potenciuri gamoyeneba aqvs da alterna­
tiuli Rirebulebebi usasrulod icvleba, xolo mimdinare cvlilebebi da mudmivi aRmoCenebi
damaxasiaTebelia yoveldRiuri cxovrebi­saTvis. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri dagegm­
vis sistemis kolafsma dagvanaxa is, rasac ekonomikuri Teoria didi xniT adre varaudobda.
diqtatorebma, ragind keTili ganzraxvebi ar unda gaaCndeT, SeuZlebelia icodnen, Tu rogor
uxelmZRvanelon mTliani komerciuli sazogadoebis yoveldRiur biznes-saqmianobas.

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mokled gavimeoroT

gadawyvetilebebis koordinacia iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelic Sromis maRali danawilebiT

xasiaTdeba, metad rTuli sakiTxia, romelic moiTxovs milionobiT SeTanxmebebis da molapara­
kebebis yoveldRiur gadaxedvasa da kontrols.
efeqtiani sabazro ekonomika warmoqmnis mraval instituts, romlebic cdiloben Seamciron
transaqciuri xarjebi da romlebic mowodebulia sakontraqto, an mimwodebelsa da momxmare­
bels Soris transaqciuri SeTanxmebebis misaRwevad.
fasebis sistema, romelic swrafad reagirebs moTxovnisa da miwodebis pirobebis cvlileba­
ze, maRali specializaciis xarisxis mqone ekonomikur sistemebSi adamianTa saqcielis koordi­
naciis sasicocxlod aucilebel meqanizms warmoadgens.
moTxovna da miwodeba aris urTierTqmedebis procesi, romlis drosac xdeba fardobiTi
fasebis gansazRvra. es aris urTierTSeguebisa da koordinaciis procesi.
fardobiTi fasebis cvlileba qmnis qcevis cvlilebis stimulebs – moixmaron naklebi da
awarmoon meti fasebis zrdisas, moixmaron meti da awarmoon naklebi fasebis dacemisas.
iSviaToba aris arsebulsa da sasurvels Soris, anu miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris fardoba.
produqti aRar warmoadgens iSviaTobas, rodesac adamianebs SeuZliaT miiRon is nebismieri ra­
odenobiT, yovelgvari damatebiTi xarjebis gareSe.
iSviaTi produqtebi ase Tu ise unda gadanawildes. ganawileba gulisxmobs SerCevis kriteri­
umebis gamoyenebas, romlebic gansazRvraven, Tu vis ramdeni Sexvdeba. konkurencia aris mis­
wrafeba, rac SeiZleba kargad dakmayofildes iSviaTi produqtebis ganawilebis midgomis krite­
riumebi.
rodesac produqti ufro iSviaTi xdeba, xolo misi fasis gazrda SeuZlebelia, warmoiqmneba
deficiti. moTxovnis sidide am fiqsirebuli fasis SemTxvevaSi aWarbebs miwodebis sidides.
siWarbe warmoiqmneba maSin, roca miwodebis sidide aWarbebs moTxovnis sidides arsebuli fa­
sis dros. Tuki fasi sakmaod maRal doneze dafiqsirda, warmoiqmneba produqtis Warbi miwodebis
raodenoba, imisda miuxedavad, rogori iSviaTic unda iyos es produqti.
Tu konkurencias ar SeuZlia fasebis momateba, is gazrdis SeZenis xarjebis sxva komponentebs.
es xarjebi xSir SemTxvevaSi fuWia _ fuladi gadaxdebisgan gansxvavebiT, aseT danaxarjebs mim­
wodeblebisTvis mogeba ar moaqvT.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. ai, kargi kiTxva miwodebisa da moTxovnis makoordinirebeli rolis Sesaxeb, romelzec

SeiZleba dafiqrdeT: yovelwliurad milionobiT amerikeli icvlis sacxovrebel adgils,
amasTan, mravali maTgani Sor manZilze da ucnob raionebSi gadaadgildeba. rogor pouloben
isini axal sacxovrebels?
a) vin zrunavs imaze, rom praqtikulad yvela adamianma an ojaxma, romelic sxva StatSi
gadadis sacxovreblad, ipovos is xalxi, vinc mzadaa miaqiravos bina an saxli, rome­
lic maT gemovnebasa da garemoebebs Seefereba?
b) vin adevnebs Tvalyurs imas, rom im StatebSi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT swrafad
izrde­ba, axali mSeneblobebi uzrunvelyofdnen sacxovrebeli fondis zrdas iseTi
sis­wra­fiT, romelic mosaxleobis zrdas Seesabameba?
g) CamoTvaleT zogierTi instituti, romlebic amcireben transaqciur danaxarjebs im
amerikelebisTvis, vinc unda gayidos an iyidos saxli sxva qalaqSi gadasasvlelad.
d) wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac saxlebi CineTis komunisturi mTavrobis xelSi iyo, mas
neba unda daerTo didi qalaqis mcxovrebTaTvis binebis gasacvlelad. ratom iyo
gacvlis transaqciuri danaxarji bevrad meti, vidre kerZo sakuTrebis sistemaSi, sa­
dac gacvlis fasi vaWrobis maregulirebelia?
2. ruseTis wiTeli jvris organizaciis Tavmjdomarem 1990 wels gamoacxada, rom is sakvebi, rome­
lic dasavleTis mier daxmarebis saxiT igzavneboda, moipares. `rusi qurdebi yvelaze ufro ga­

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