Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
OLOZMIMIA] 7=
COMT_ZF] FDIMIAEFCO]
]o puodo oemaetrfr ue feæcisis do cas priemipias do maesorvfmiýe do cf oeor`ëf y
maesorvfmiýe do cf mfr`f, fsë maka cfs coyos do Hirmnnagg oe
Z. Goyekfe, Z.J. Coi`ntae y K. C. ]feds, Tno Goyekfe Comturos ae Rnysims.
Zofdie`, Kfss.< Fddisae-Poscoy, 69>9, pp. 4-6, 4-0 y :?-9.
_e ostudia kuy pragueda fmormf do cfs præmtimfs do iestfcfmiýe do sistokfs do
tiorrfs manoroetos mae oc Eftiaefc Ocomtrimfc Mado do 6997 so puodo oemaetrfr oe
L.G. KmRfrtcfed y J.L. KmRfrtcfed, Km@r fw-Nicc´s E ftiaefc Ocomtrimfc Mado
L.G.
N fedjaah, ::f. odimiýe, Euovf Yarh< Km@rfw-Nicc, 6997, pp. ==0-4>?.
OLOZMIMIA]
=.6 Eadas, trfyomtarifs, cfzas y rfkfs
6. Wacvor f dijulfr oc mirmuita do cf st`urf =.4:, pora oe ostf amfsiýe maesacidfr cas
eadas oe oc këeika eükora pasijco.
Z6 Z4
Z: Z= Z? Z0
v s +
”
Z7 Z>
▢ GI@_ZF =.4:
F J M D
G
O
▢ GI@_ZF =.44
(i) Fc ka
kavorso do
do F f J f M f D f O f F.
(ii) Fc kavo
kavors
rsoo do
do J f O f F.
(iii) Fc kav
kavor
orso
so do
do J f M f D f O f J.
(iv) Fc ka
kavo
vors
rsoo do
do F f J f M .
(v) Fc ka
kavo
vors
rsoo do
do F f J f M f J f F.
:F =F i z ”? F ”= F
▢ GI@_ZF =.4?
0. Oema
Oemaetrfr
etrfr i x oe mfdf uea do cas mirmuitas do cf st`urf =.47.
4F 6F
6 ?
i x
+ i x i x
?W ?F 6F 6F :F 6 ?
”
i x ?F
=F
i y
i z
?F
▢ GI@_ZF =.40
?
9. Dotor
Dotorkief
kiefrr i x o i y oe oc mirmuita do cf st`urf =.4>.
6F i y
6 62. _e gama do 622 P,P, uea do 72 P y uea do 42 P so maeomtfe oe pfrfcoca oetro oetro së f
i x uef guoeto mfsorf ostfdaueidoeso ostæedfr do 66? W. W. Mfcmucfr cf marrioeto quo
mirmucf oe mfdf gama y cf marrioeto tatfc quo oetro`f cf guoeto do toesiýe.
▢ GI@_ZF =.4>
OLOZMIMIA] 7?
66. _e kuctëkotra di`itfc (DKK) os ue dispasitiva quo, par ca ro`ucfr, so uticizf pfrf
kodir toesiaeos. Muoetf mae das puetfs (oe `oeorfc, rala pfrf cf rogoroemif pasitivf
y eo`ra pfrf cf eo`ftivf) y ue dispcfy CMD. ]upae`f quo so maeomtf ue DKK fc
mirmuita do cf st`urf =.47j mae cf puetf pasitivf oe oc eada suporiar y cf eo`ftivf oe
oc eada iegoriar. Mae jfso oe cf CMH, oxpcimfr par qué, idofckoeto, os dosofjco quo
ue DKK quo so uticizfrf do ostf garkf tuviorf uef rosistoemif iesteitf oe cu`fr do
rosistoemif eucf.
6:. _e rostfurfeto camfc muoetf mae ue feuemia do eoýe maestruida mae 6: gamas
sopfrfdas8 mufeda
puodo maedumir uea do Rfrf
marrioeto. éstasmfjcofr
gfccf, pfromo maka oc
oc feuemia, uef rosistoemif
gfjrimfeto iesteitfdas
prosoetf y ea
apmiaeos (st`urf =.49). F pfrtir do ca quo so fproediý sajro cf CMH, ±muæc dojoræ
socommiaefr oc prapiotfria1 Oxpcimfr su rospuostf.
+
”
OFT FT ZFCRN’]
”
OFT FT ZFCRN’]
▢ GI@_ZF =.49
i z
:
+ +
+ v x =v x v y
?W : 6
”
” ”
▢ GI@_ZF =.?2
62
i x
+ v 6 ” ”662 W
Z
62 ” +
+ i y
62
s 62 v : 62 +
?F @ 42 W ”
7F
”
(f) (j)
▢ GI@_ZF =.?6
+ i ” ” +
6W ” +
=.? W 62 W + i ” :W
7W
62 6 + ”
(f) (j)
▢ GI@_ZF =.?:
i +
6 9W ”
i 4
”
0W +
(f) (j)
▢ GI@_ZF =.?=
6>. Maesidorfr oc mirmuita sikpco quo so kuostrf oe cf st`urf =.?4. Mae jfso oe cf CHT,
CHT,
dodumir cfs oxprosiaeos,
Z6 Z:
v6 ; vs y v: ; vs
fed
Z6 + Z: Z6 + Z:
+ v 6 ”
Z6 +
▢ GI@_ZF =.?4
622
FKRAR
+ ”
W d ]FC
+ +
?W ” ” + W sfc
”
▢ GI@_ZF =.??
OLOZMIMIA] 70
:2. Fpcimfr cfs coyos do Ank y do Hirmnnagg fc mirmuita do cf st`urf =.?7 pfrf pfrf mfcmucfr
(f) v x 8 (j) ioet8 (m) I s 8 (d ) cf patoemif praparmiaefdf par cf guoeto dopoedioeto.
4
ioet
+ v
x ”
+ +
▢ GI@_ZF =.?7
:6.. (f) _ticizfr cfs coyos do Hirmnnagg y Ank oe ue pramodikioeta pfsa par pfsa pfrf
:6
ovfcufr tadfs cfs marrioetos y cfs toesiaeos doc mirmuita do cf st`urf =.?0. (j) Mfcmucfr
cf patoemif quo fjsarjo mfdf uea do cas miema ocokoetas doc mirmuita y kastrfr
quo cf sukf os mora.
+ v = ”
i=
+ ”
i6 i: i4 i?
+ + ?i: + +
v
72 W +” v 6 :2 v : 6 v 4 ? v ?
4
” ” ” ”
▢ GI@_ZF =.?0
? h
6.? : :.?
I @ ; 2 +
W D] +
+ ” 6: W
I s + W @] ” ”
:2 W 4F 64 4
” +
W @ I D : h
”
▢ GI@_ZF =.?>
▢ GI@_ZF =.?9
:=. _e mirmuita maetioeo sois ocokoetas y muftra eadas,
eadas, eukorfdas 6, :, = y 4. Mfdf
ocokoeta doc mirmuita so maeomtf oetro ue pfr digoroeto do eadas. Cf toesiýe v6: ( +
cf rogoroemif oe oc prikor eada eakjrfda) os i`ufc f 6: W, y v=4 ; √> W.
+ v 6 ”
Rraparmiaefr v6= , v:= y v:4 si v64 os i`ufc f< (f) 28 (j) 7 W8 (m) √7 W.
W.
:4. Zokëtirso fc mirmuita trfesistarizfda do cf st`urf =.?9. ToeorToeor oe koeto quo fuequo ea 42
maeamo cf rocfmiýe marrioeto-toesiýe doc dispasitiva, ésto si`uo mukpcioeda cf CMH y cf
:2
CWH. (f) ]i I D ; 6.? kF, mfcmucfr W D] . (j) ]i I D ; : kFy W @ ; = W, mfcmucfr W @]
@] .
=2
:7. Dotor
Dotorkief
kiefrr i 6 oe oc mirmuita do cf st`urf =.76, si cf guoeto do toesiýe dopoedioeto so
kfrmf maka< (f) :v: 8 (j) 6.?v= 8 (m) √6?i 6 .
92 W 42
62
+ ”
v :
+
+ ”
i6
+
v =
”
:2 W
▢ GI@_ZF =.76
:0. Zokitirso fc mirmuita do cf st`urf =.76 y kfrmfr cf guoeto dopoedioeto 6.>v= . Mfcmucfr v=
si (f) cf guoeto do 92 W `oeorf 6>2 P8 (j) cf guoeto do 92 W fjsarjo 6>2 P8
P8 (m) cf guoet
guoetoo
dopoedioeto `oeorf 622 P8 (d ) cf guoeto dopoedioeto fjsarjo
fjsar jo uef patoemif do622 P.
:>. Rfrf oc mfr`fdar do jftorëfs muya kadoca os oc mirmuita
mirmuita do cf st`urf =.7:, dotorkiefr
oc vfcar doc rosistar flustfjco Z do kada quo< (f) mirmuco uef marrioeto do mfr`f do
4 F8 (j) so oetro`uo uef patoemif
patoemif do :? P f cf jftorëf (2.2=? y 62.? W)8 (m) osté
prosoeto uef toesiýe do 66 W oe cfs torkiefcos do cf jftorëf (2.2=? y 62.? W).
2.2: 2.2=?
Z
+
” 6= W 62.? W
? :? :2
+
42 W ”
+ ”
” +
OLOZMIMIA] 79
=:. Mae rogoroemif f cf tfjcf :.4, si oc so`koeta do fcfkjro quo so kuostrf oe `ris oe oc
mirmuita do cf st`urf =.7? os majro sýcida doc eükora :: FP@
FP@ y do = 222 pios do
cfr`a, mfcmucfr cf marrioeto i.
6 =22
+ +
+ +
6: W i v s ?2 h v `kv 6 h v a
” :.= ”
” ”
√=
==. ]i oe cf st`urf
st`urf =.77, si `k ; :? Ð 62 siokoes y vs ; 62 mas ?t kW
kW,, dotorkieo
do torkieo va (t ).
=4. Cfs coyos do Hirmnnagg so fpcimfe, iedopoedioetokoeto
iedopoedioetokoeto do quo cf coy do Ank so 622
mukpcf pfrf ue ocokoeta pfrtimucfr.
pfrtimucfr. Cf mfrfmtorëstimf I -W do ue diada, par olokpca,
ostæ dfdf par +
+
W D / W T
=W ” I D W D
I D ; I ]
] o
T
√6
”
√6:
daedo W T T ; :0 kW f tokporfturf
tokporfturf fkjioeto ] puodo vfrifr dosdo 62
fkjioeto o I ] nfstf
√=
62 F. Oe oc mirmuita do cf st`urf =.70, uticizfr cfs CWH y CMH pfrf ajtoeor W D si ▢ GI@_ZF =.70
] ; = ¿ F. ( Eat
I ] Eat f< osto prajcokf d f maka rosuct fda uef omufmiýe tr fsmoedoet fc
quo roquioro ue kétada ietor fmtiva pfr f ajtoeor uef sacumiýe eukérimf. Cf kf yar
pfrto do cfs mfcmucfdar fs mioetëstmfs puodoe ogomtufr uef guemiýe do osto tipa .)
?F 62 k]
i y ? h i6 :2 h
42 k]
4 kF =i6
i x
i x
=7. Rrapa
Rraparmiae
rmiaefr
fr i x doc mirmuita do cf st`urf =.79.
=0. Mfcmucfr cf patoemif fjsarjidf par mfdf ocokoeta doc mirmuita
mirmuita do ue pfr do eadas do 6:
cf st`urf =.02 y dokastrfr quo cf sukf os i`ufc f mora. >F 4
=>. Dotorkiefr cf patoemif quo
quo fjsarjo oc ocokoeta ^ doc mirmuita do cf st`urf =.06 si os<
(f) uef rosistoemif do 4 h 8 (j) uef guoeto do marrioeto iedopoedioeto do :2 kF,
mae omnf do rogoroemif nfmif fjfla8 ( m) uef guoeto do marrioeto dopoedioeto, mae ▢ GI@_ZF =.02
omnf do rogoroemif nfmif fjfla, kfrmfdf maka :i x 8 (d ) uef guoeto do toesiýe
iedopoedioeto do 72 W, rogoroemif + oe cf pfrto suporiar
suporiar..
>2 kF 6 h =2 kF ^
i x
x
▢ GI@_ZF =.06
=9.. (f) ]i oc ocokoeta ^ do cf st`urf =.0: os uef guoeto do marrioeto iedopoedioeto, mae
=9
cf omnf diri`idf nfmif frrijf, kfrmfdf maka i s . ±Muæeta vfco i s si eie`uea do cas
muftra ocokoetas do mirmuita fjsarjo patoemif1 (j) ]of oc ocokoeta ^ uef guoeto do
toesiýe iedopoedioeto, mae cf rogoroemif + oe cf pfrto suporiar y kfrmfdf maka vs .
±Muæeta vfco vs si cf guoeto do toesiýe ea fjsarjo patoemif1
>2 kF 6 h =2 kF ^
i x
▢ GI@_ZF =.0:
42.. (f) Fpcimfr cfs témeimfs doc feæcisis do ue saca pfr do eadas oe oc eada doromna suporiar
42
do cf st`urf =.0= y dotorkiefr i x . (j) Trfjflfr fnarf mae oc eada izquiorda suporiar y
praparmiaefr v> . (m) ±Vué mfetidfd do patoemif `oeorf
`oeorf cf guoeto do ? F1
?F
v >
:i x
:F > 0F 9
=
”
i x
▢ GI@_ZF =.0=
▢ GI@_ZF =.04
:F ? =F ? ?
▢ GI@_ZF =.0?
4=. Mae rogoroemif f cf tfjcf :.4, ±muæetfs kiccfs do fcfkjro do majro sýcida
sýcida eükora
:> FP@
FP@ so roquioroe pfrf quo mae oc so`koeta do fcfkjro do cf st`urf =.07, so
ajtoe`f i 6 ; ? F1
” v +
2.? 6 ?
62 F 6 : is
i6
OLOZMIMIA] 06
6F 1 0F =.? F
+ +
6F v 6 =F =F 6F =F :F v 6 =.? F =.? F
” ”
i i
(f) (j)
▢ GI@_ZF =.0>
47. Mfcmu
Mfcmucfr
cfr v do mfdf uea do cas mirmuitas do cf st`urf =.0> makjiefeda prikora cfs
guoetos.
40. Mfcmucfr cf marrioeto
marrioeto doeakiefdf i do mfdf uea do cas mirmuitas do cf st`urf =.09.
62 W 7W
?
i ” + + ”
+
”
6: W
+ + +
62 W 6 h 6: W ”
i ” =W
” ” :W
+
(f) (j)
▢ GI@_ZF =.09
” +
?W
62 W
+
67 :F 67 0F 6: ℧
”
+
v +
6
▢ GI@_ZF =.>2 ” + i v 4
v : ”
49. Oe oc mirmuita do cf st`urf
st`urf =.>6, mfcmucfr i si< ” :℧
(f) v6 ; v: ; 62 W y v= ; v4 ; 7 W.
” v = +
(j) v6 ; v= ; = W y v: ; v4 ; :.? W.
(m) v6 ; √= W, v: ; 6.? W, v= ; √2.? W, y v4 ; 2 W. ▢ GI@_ZF =.>6
”6.? W
6 6
+ ”
i x
+ + v 6
=W ” ” =F 6 ”: F
▢ GI@_ZF =.>:
+ +
6: kF 2.2=v x v 62 h =.? kF v x 6 h 6 kF ”= kF
” ”
▢ GI@_ZF =.>=
”? F =F
+ ” ”
:W ”4F +
4W 6: F +
”= W
”
▢ GI@_ZF =.>4
Zoq
▢ GI@_ZF =.>?
?
62 42 ” +
”? W
6F
+ +
?W :2 >F ?F ?2 ?W ”
62 62 0
”
6F
(f) (j)
▢ GI@_ZF =.>0
OLOZMIMIA] 0=
: h
6 h = h
: h 4 h
= h
4 h
▢ GI@_ZF =.>>
?>. Dotork
Dotorkiefr
iefr Zoq do mfdf uef do cfs rodos rosistivfs quo so kuostrfe oe cf st`urf =.>9.
Zoq
? ?2
:4 72
62
Zoq :2 42
(j)
: 6? 62 62
Zoq
> :2 =2 42
(m)
▢ GI@_ZF =.>9
62 Z 42
Zoq 622 =2 :2
▢ GI@_ZF =.92
:.? 7
4F
622 W + =2 ? :2 62
”
64
▢ GI@_ZF =.96
6?
” v x +
6F
7
:2
i x
? 7F
▢ GI@_ZF =.9:
7=. Dotor
Dotorkief
kiefrr @oet do mfdf uef do cfs rodos do cf st`urf =.9=. Tadas cas vfcaros so dfe
oe kicisiokoes.
?2
4 :.? =
=2
@oet 2.> 2.? : @oet 622
42
? 6.? 7
:?
(f) (j)
▢ GI@_ZF =.9=
62 6?
: =
42 72
+
6?2 W ” 6
7 6=
” +
: =2 W
: 6:
▢ GI@_ZF =.94
OLOZMIMIA] 0?
7?. Oc puoeto do Pnoftstaeo (st`urf =.9?) os uea do cas mirmuitas océmtrimas kæs i:
gfkasas y os uticizfda oe cf kodimiýe do rosistoemifs.
rosistoemifs. F koeuda, f cf rosistoemif mae
uef omnf quo mruzf su sëkjaca ( Z= ) quo os uef rosistoemif vfrifjco, so co maeamo Z6 i6 Z:
maka patoemiýkotra8 su vfcar puodo kadistmfrso sikpcokoeto nfmioeda `irfr ue
jatýe. Oc fkporëkotra, sikjacizfda par ue mërmuca mae uef omnf oe dif`aefc oe oc + ik
W s
moetra, kido cf marrioeto quo mirmucf f trfvés doc fcfkjro moetrfc. ]o supaeo quo osto ”
fkporëkotra os idofc, fsë quo tioeo uef rosistoemif ietoref eucf. i=
]u aporfmiýe os soemiccf. Cas vfcaros do Z6, Z: y Z= sae maeamidas y so dosof Z= Z
maeamor oc vfcar do Z. Cf rosistoemif Z so flustf nfstf quo i ; 28 oe atrfs
pfcfjrfs, nfstf quo ea uyf marrioeto f=trfvés doc fkporëkotra.
k
Oe osto pueta so i Z
dimo quo oc puoeto so oemuoetrf –jfcfemofda‛. ▢ GI@_ZF =.9?
Z:
_ticizfeda cf CMH y cf CWH, dokuostro quo Z ; Z= . (]u`oroemifs< Oc vfcar
Z6
do W s os irrocovfeto8 mae i k ; 2, i 6 ; i = o i : ; i Z 8 y ea oxisto mfëdf do toesiýe oe oc
fkporëkotra.)
77. Oc mirmuita do cf st`urf =.97 ostæ garkfda par vfrifs rosistoemifs
rosistoemifs maeomtfdfs oe sorio.
_ticizfr oc divisar do toesiýe pfrf mfcmucfr qué mfetidfd do toesiýe domfo oe cf
rosistoemif kæs poquoöf y oe cf kæs `rfedo, rospomtivfkoeto.
62 :.: 40 62
+
62 W ” ?.>
▢ GI@_ZF =.97
:.: h
62 h
4.0 h
== h
+
:W ”
== h 40 h
▢ GI@_ZF =.90
==
6: F 62 62
6=4 6=4
▢ GI@_ZF =.9>
:2 72
=2 F 62 62 :: ”> F
6? ?2 =2
▢ GI@_ZF =.99
Z6
+
+
v s + Z: v x is Z6 Z: v
”
” ”
+ +
4 kF ? h : h v 6 2.=v 6 6? h v 6?
” ”
▢ GI@_ZF =.62:
6? h 62 h
+ i x
?W ” 62 h 4 h h
40
▢ GI@_ZF =.62=
OLOZMIMIA] 00
= :2 4
6: F
?F
7 i x 6= i y 0
▢ GI@_ZF =.624
+
= h v 6
+ ”
2.?v 6 622 h :2 h ? kF
”
0 h
▢ GI@_ZF =.62?
:2 h 62i6
i6
+ + ” +
62 W ” ” :2 W Z6 Z=
+
2.0 W
v 6 :2 h 6 h v 6 i4
+ ”
+
”
W s + Z: v : Z4
”
▢ GI@_ZF =.627 ”
v s
7 222
” +
+
is v 6 ?22 = 222
: 4 +
”
i= i:
I s 6 = ? v x
”
▢ GI@_ZF =.62>
▢ GI@_ZF =.629
09. Oe cf st`urf =.629< (f) sof v x ; 62 W y dotorkie
dotorkiefr fr I s 8 (j) sof I s ; ?2 F y
praparmiaefr v x 8 (m) mfcmu
mfcmucfr
cfr cf praparmiýe
praparmiýe v x / I s .
+ 9W ”
Z x
▢ GI@_ZF =.662
:? 6? =2
▢ GI@_ZF =.66:
>=. Oc do cf st`urf =.66= os ue mirmuita oquivfcoeto quo so usf f koeuda pfrf nfmor ue
kadoca doc
makpartfkioeta oe mf do ue mirmuita fkpcistmfdar KA]GOT. ]i
`k ; 4 k , mf
mfcm
cmuc
ucfr
fr vsfc.
=22
+ +
+
= soe 62t W
W 6? h v `kv 622 h ? h v sfc
”
” ”
▢ GI@_ZF =.66=
=22
+ +
+
= soe 62t W
W 6? h = h v `kv 6 h v sfc
”
” ”
▢ GI@_ZF =.664