Documentos de Académico
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Parcial 1
Explicación
3.1 Definición del producto
La mayoría de los artículos
manufacturados, así como sus
componentes, se definen mediante un
dibujo comúnmente llamado dibujo
de ingeniería. Este dibujo muestra las
dimensiones, materiales, tolerancias y
cada uno de los componentes del
producto.
También muestra la lista estructurada de
materiales, comúnmente llamada
BOM (Bill of materials, por sus siglas
en inglés, o lista estructurada de
materiales), la cual enumera los
componentes, descripción y cantidad
de cada uno de ellos, necesarios para
elaborar una unidad de un producto.
Explicación
3.1 Definición del producto
Un dibujo detallado ayuda a definir las partes
que constituyen al producto, así como el
equipo, método y tecnología que deberá
utilizarse para su manufactura.
Un ejemplo sobre un dibujo de ingeniería y el
uso de una lista de materiales es el típico juego
de Lego, el cual viene con un instructivo que
detalla la cantidad de piezas del producto
(juego) final y el orden en el cual se deben
ensamblar.
3.1 Eco-Design
The eco-design consists in incorporating criteria
and environmental considerations in the design
and improvement of products and services.
Three levels:
• Considers the full life cycle of the product or service. It’s important to know
that the environmental impact of a product is visible in its manufacture, in
its use, at the end.
• The product is considered as a system. All the elements of the product are
needed and contribute to its functionality (consumables, packaging, power
grids), and therefore must be included.
• The multiple criteria method is taken into consideration. All the
environmental effects generated by the system of a product during its
useful life should be evaluated.
3.2 Ciclo de vida de un producto
El ciclo de vida de un producto lo podemos definir como el periodo de tiempo que transcurre desde su
lanzamiento al mercado hasta su retirada. Este ciclo de vida puede ser cuestión de horas (un
periódico), meses (modas de temporada) o años (un auto), independientemente de la duración de su
ciclo, es útil dividir el ciclo de vida de un producto en cuatro fases:
✓Strength
To avoid fatigue and muscle injuries a
support mechanism must be used, it will
ease the movement of materials; in this
sense, the distribution must be made in
such a way that the operators don’t have
to lift heavy loads in places higher than
their shoulders or lower than their knees.
Ergonomic Considerations
Include:
✓Reach
The layout must be designed in such a
way that the reach for tools and
materials is relatively close to the
workplace.
✓Vision
It must be considered the eye level
from the floor to the worktable and
take care of the light intensity of the
working station to avoid accidents.
The operator must sit up straight
facing the front with the knees bent
at a 90º angle.
Ergonomic Considerations Include:
✓Cardiovascular Capacity
It consists of determining the energetic
consumption required for the execution of the
task and the periods of rest needed to recover
energy.
✓Cognition
Studying the mental complexity of the task and
the impact on the worker’s health and the
working environment. An example of this is the
stress generated in the managerial positions by
tasks that require very serious decisions and
that promote a negative working environment
Ergonomic Considerations Include:
✓Survival Capacity
Studying the operators’ conducts and
determining the impact of the physical
space in their behavior, with the purpose
of creating an ideal space to work in a
productive, secure, and comfortable way
✓Muscle Injuries
To include flexible stations and to define the equipment and
mechanisms in the design that will help the operator in the
realization of their tasks with the purpose of avoiding muscle
injuries and accidents of any type.
Anthropometry
Is the science that defines the physical measurements of size,
shape, and functional capacities of a person.
o For adjustability
Consists in the equipment and facilities being able to
adjust to most of the people. For example, the chairs,
tables, desks, and car seats.
Preferred design method, but it requires a strong
investment.
Three main and specific design principles
o For the average size
Represents the most economic
method, but it is the least used,
given that it is hard to find a
person with the average
dimensions, additionally, in
multiple situations it results
impractical and expensive to
add adjustability.