Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño
co Prmlmkn Qnadmj
 
Cxpcrdcoadms y guo`mecotns pmrm uo `clmtc
pnr cj pcosmr-hmacr co Adcoadms Qnadmjcs

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` = 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Anjcaadño Adcoadms Qnadmjcs

ONWC@M@CQ

Jm juahm pnr cj rcspctn co uo anotcxtn `c pnlrczm y `csdfumj`m` 

Wcrñodam Wcr`ufn Lnovmjjct

Jms `csdfumj`m`cs snadmjcs anen amepn `c dovcstdfmadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj 

Mom Emråm Anotrcrms @umrtc (anepdjm`nrm)
Wdnjcoadm `c fäocrn.
Edrm`ms c dotcrvcoadnocs `cs`c jm `dvcrsd`m` `dsadpjdomr 
\nsm Cotcj (annr`dom`nrm)
 Gmedjdms.
@dgcrcotcs en`ns `c cstmr co cjjms
Jdjdmom Lmrf
Jm Msdfomadño Sovcrsmj pnr Hdkn (MSH) anen `crcaln
             
(annr`dom`nrcs)
Ruotn `c gufm D 
Deífcocs `dmjäatdams `c jm aråtdam co cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj anotcepnríocn
Pcrcsm Emtus

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` < 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño
`c jm Dotcrvcoadño
co Prmlmkn Qnadmj
 

Cxpcrdcoadms y guo`mecotns pmrm uo `clmtc

pnr cj pcosmr-hmacr co Adcoadms Qnadmjcs

Rmujm Ecsahdod

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` 1 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

CQRMADN C@DPN\DMJ
Qdeño Lnjåvmr 306, 1» p., Ng. =
(A =277 MMI) Adu`m` Mutñonem `c Lucons Mdrcs
Pcj.; (2==) 011=-=403
 



www.cspmadnc`dtnrdmj.ane.mr

Anrrcaadño;
@dscýn `c Pmpm; @nomfh | Emtujdah
@dscýn Dotcrdnr; @nomfh | Emtujdah
     

            

          
deprcsn pnr gntnanpdm, gntn`upjdamadño, cta., on mutnrdzm`m pnr jns c`dtnrcs, vdnjm
       

=m c`dadño, <2=8.
Deprcsn co jm Mrfcotdom - Rrdotc` do Mrfcotdom.
JM GNPNANRDM
         EMPM MJ JDL\N
T CQ SO @CJDPN
© <2=8 Cspmadn C`dtnrdmj

DQLO-=0; 468-432-82<-

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` 0 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Rrcgmadn

Macram `c jm mutnrm

Rmujm Ecsahdod

Gmjtmo `mtns.

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` 3 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` 7 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Rrcgmadn

Mfrm`cadedcotns

]ucrcens hmacr cxpjåadtn oucstrn mfrm`cadedcotn m jm príatdam `c jm jdlcr-

tm` co oucstrm Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj, co oucstrm Aítc`rm, co oucstrn Frupn `c
Dovcstdfmadño, m oucstrms anepmýcrms, pdnocrms co cstm mvcoturm; Emråm Juz
@mhuj, \nedom \mepnj`d Mfudjmr y Pmemrm Qnsm. Qus mpnrtcs, aråtdams acrtcrms
y snstcod`n trmlmkn, tmotn co cj tmjjcr anen co jm @drcaadño `c jms Pcsds `c
Frm`n `c `dgcrcotcs cstu`dmotcs quc nptmrno pnr cstm ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstd-
fmadño, jc gucrno `mo`n cj aucrpn quc ocacsdtílmens pmrm quc cxdstdcrm anen
uom rcmjd`m` co oucstrm amrrcrm.
M \nedom Emjvdam, `nacotc `c jms Rríatdams `c Gnremadño Mam`äed-
am qudco, anen Kurm`n `c `dgcrcotcs Pcsds quc hcens `drdfd`n, hm mpnrtm`n an-
ecotmrdns y prcfuotms
prcfu otms quc ons hmo myu`m`n
myu `m`n m arcacr. T,
T, co cspcadmj, m \nedom
Anotd, @rm. co Gdjnsngåm, `nacotc dovcstdfm`nrm co jm Jdacoadmturm co Prmlmkn
Qnadmj y m Juaåm Fmo`nj﬍, cstu`dmotc mvmozm`m co Jctrms `c jm Sodvcstd`m`
Omadnomj `c Emr `cj Rjmtm, quc sdo su mpnyn doano`dadnomj, mtcotm jcaturm,
anrrcaadnocss y mpnrtcs, cstc trmlmkn on huldcrm sd`n pnsdljc.
anrrcaadnoc
Pmeldäo qudcrn mfrm`cacr m Pcrcsm Emtus Qcpûjvc`m, m Mjdadm Fnozíjcz
Qmdlcoc y m Qusmom Emjmamjzm
Emjmamjzm,, qudcocs `urmotc uo ec`dn`åm amjurnsn `c mfns-

tn `cj <2=7
Qnadmj co jm
Dfumj`m` SOJR, m jm smjd`m
y `csdfumj`m` snadmj `cj DDD Gnrn Jmtdonmecrdamon
`c Meärdam Jmtdom; fcocrmo`n`c `clmtcs
Prmlmkn
co Prmlmkn Qnadmj co rcjmadño ano ntrms adcoadms `cj amepn snadmj  co  co jm Sod-
vcrsd`m` Omadnomj `c Jm Rjmtm,  cotrc pdzzms y acrvczm, rcmjdzmrno anecotmrdns,
dotcrrnfmotcs,, aråtdams quc ec entdvmrno m scfudr csardldco`n cstc tcxtn. Guc
dotcrrnfmotcs
jm rc﬌cxdño quc sc fcocrñ cotrc jms aumtrn macram `c pmrm quä gnremens y
quä coscýmens, prcfuotms tmj vcz tmo lísdams y prnguo`ms anen smlcr pmrm
quä vdvdens, quc quc`ñ rcsnomo`n co eå… quc jjcvä m jm Aítc`rm, mj Frupn
`c Dovcstdfmadño. Ec `d aucotm `c aumo jckns cstmens `c jn quc ons prnpnoc-
ens, `c jm ocacsd`m` `c rm`damjdzmr jm gnremadño mam`äedam, `c anostrudr cstm
npadño, `c quc co jm Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj `c Emr `cj Rjmtm, `cs`c jm Aítc`rm
`c Qupcrvdsdño, gnrecens m oucstrns cstu`dmotcs `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj pmrm pco-

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` 6 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

smr‑hmacr `cs`c Meärdam Jmtdom. Pmeldäo pcosä, aumo`n ons scpmrmens, uom
vcz ﬍omjdzm`n oucstrn gufmz coaucotrn co jm adu`m` `c Jm Rjmtm, quc onsntrns
jjcfmens m `no`c jjcfmens y pn`cens pcosmr jn quc pcosmens pnr quc cstm-
ens ‚pmrm`ns snlrc hnelrns `c fdfmotcs―, pmrmgrmscmo`n m Dsmma Ocwtno. Rnr
csn, m Pcrc, Mjdadm y Qusmom; sdepjcecotc, Frmadms.
Anen cstc trmlmkn sc fcstñ co uom äpnam co jm quc arcåens quc ålmens
pnr tn`n jn quc gmjtmlm, co jm quc ons scotåmens pmrtc `c uom rcvnjuadño snadmj
co `cenarmadm, co jm quc tcoåmens jm acrtczm `c quc hmlåm quc scfudr trmos-
gnremo`n jm vd`m antd`dmom, qucrcens quc cstc tcxtn mpnrtc m jns `clmtcs pco-
`dcotcs, ocacsmrdns y urfcotcs pmrm pcosmr‑hmacr uo Prmlmkn Qnadmj Cemoad- 
pm`nr  (Mfúcrn
 (Mfúcrn y Emrtåocz, <2=0), `csanjnodzm`n (Hcred`m y Ecsahdod, <2=3),
quc `cs`c cj pcosmr, hmacr, scotdr `c Oucstrm Meärdam mpnrtc ‘jn quc gmjtm—.

Qcfudens juahmo`n muoquc on sdceprc fmocens

Qcfudens juahmo`n pnrquc tcocens jm anovdaadño `c quc cs pnsdljc vdvdr
co uo euo`n eís kustn, `no`c hmym Rmz, Rmo y Prmlmkn
Qcfudens juahmo`n pnrquc
ON ons hmo vcoad`n

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` 8 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Rrcgmadn

Rrcgmadn

Macptä ano euahn fustn jm tmrcm snjdadtm`m pnr jm mutnrm ym quc, m`c-
eís `c scr anjcfm co jn prngcsdnomj y co jm tmrcm `nacotc, hm coamrm`n uom
tceítdam quc co jns ûjtdens tdcepns `c ed matdvd`m` anen `nacotc ec vdcoc
prcnaupmo`n y `c jm aumj ec cstny naupmo`n `c emocrm pmrtdaujmr. Jm Qds-
tcemtdzmadño
tcemtdzma dño cs uom príatdam anostdtutdvm `cj `csmrrnjjn `cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj co
Meärdam Jmtdom. Arcn quc jms cxpcrdcoadms eís doonvm`nrms y pnjåtdamecotc
trmosgnrem`nrms `c jm prngcsdño hmo cstm`n rcjmadnom`ms ano jm Qdstcemtdzm-
adño, pnrquc ästm hm `dmjnfm`n y `dsautd`n ano jms cxpcrdcoadms `c C`uamadño

Rnpujmr y `c Dovcstdfmadño-Maadño. Jms príatdams `c Dovcstdfmadño-maadño,

C`uamadño Rnpujmr y Qdstcemtdzmadño hmo doad`d`n co jm gnremadño y prn`ua-
adño `c anonadedcotn co jm prngcsdño y `dsadpjdom `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj.
@clmtdr macram `c jm príatdam `c jm Qdstcemtdzmadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj on
cs sñjn pnocr co cj acotrn `cj `clmtc jm príatdam prngcsdnomj sdon, y snlrc
tn`n, pnocr cj ckc co jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn co rcjmadño m csm pría-
tdam. Oucstrm prngcsdño, mj amjnr `c jns `csmrrnjjns tcñrdan-cpdstcenjñfdans y
ectn`njñfdans
ectn`njñfda ns quc sc hmo d`n prn`uadco`n, hny co oucstrn pmås sc coaucotrm
co uom pnsdadño gnrtmjcad`m co rcjmadño m jns `dvcrsns en`ns `c prn`uadr an-
onadedcotn c dotcrvcodr.
dotcrvcodr. Co pmrtdaujmr co aumotn mj tcem quc ons naupm tmj vcz
pn`råmens m﬍remr quc, co täredons `c prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn, hmy uom
rcvmjnrdzmadño
rcvmjnrdzmadño `c cstm `decosdño co jm prngcsdño, muoquc mûo cstío anogusns

jns `dvcrsns en`ns `c prn`uadrjn y jm jcfdtded`m` `c am`m uon `c cjjns.

Cstc jdlrn, m ed kudadn, anotrdluyc m pnocr co `dsausdño jm prn`uaadño
`c anonadedcotn co Prmlmkn Qnadmj m pmrtdr `c jm príatdam `c jm Qdstcemtdzm-
adño anen uom `c jms cstrmtcfdms
cstrmtcfdms quc sc trmlmkmo co jm gnremadño
gnremadño prngcsdnomj.
Jm Qdstcemtdzmadño hm cecrfd`n co cj anotcxtn prngcsdnomj anen jm pnsdldjd`m`
`c `csmrrnjjmr príatdams guo`m`ms (tcñrdam, ectn`njñfdam y snadmjecotc), `c
mprco`cr m pmrtdr `c cjjms, `c aneuodamr jn mprco`d`n y `c vnjvcr m jm pría-
tdam `c emocrm cordqucad`m. Jm Qdstcemtdzmadño anostdtuyc jm pnsdldjd`m` `c
prn`uaadño `c uo smlcr täaodan-npcrmtdvn ampmz, ûtdj y cgcatdvn `c enstrmrsc
`drcatmecotc. Jms `dsausdnocs matumjcs sc coemramo co jm uldamadño `c jm
Qdstcemtdzmadño anen uom ectn`njnfåm co cj emran `c jm Dovcstdfmadño aumjd-
tmtdvm, pcrn quc tmeldäo hmac mpmrcacr cj rdcsfn quc cstn puc`c mamrrcmr co

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` 4 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

aumotn m quc cstm jcfdtded`m` quc m`qudcrc co jns íeldtns mam`äedans pnr
scr pmrtc `c jm ectn`njnfåm aumjdtmtdvm vmaåc `c anotcod`n cj pn`cr pnjåtdan y
trmosgnrem`nr `c jm Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jms príatdams y, co anoscaucoadm, jm
rcjmadño `c jns scatnrcs mam`äedans
mam`äedans ano jns scatnrcs pnpujmrcs.
Cj jdlrn quc ons rcfmjm Rmujm ons hmljm `c jm Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcr-
vcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj, pnodäo`nsc co `clmtc ano jm Qdstcemtdzmadño `c
cxpcrdcoadms. ]udzís cj emynr `csmgån pmrm cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj y jm gnremadño
prngcsdnomj quc jms rc﬌cxdnocs `cj jdlrn fcocrmo rm`dam co cstm `dgcrcoadm co-
trc cxpcrdcoadm c dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj y, pnr tmotn, co jm prnpucstm
npcrmtdvm `c añen trmlmkmr jm Qdstcemtdzmadño co jm Mam`cedm.
Cj jdlrn mlrc cj `clmtc co tnron mj sdfudcotc dotcrrnfmotc; ¾Qdstcemtdzmadño
`c cxpcrdcoadms n Qdstcemtdzmadño `c dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj> Co jn
pcrsnomj, anosd`crn
anosd`crn quc hmljmr `c cxpcrdcoadm
cxpcrdcoadm cs cj
cj mspcatn `dgcrcoadmj
`dgcrcoadmj `c
jm Qdstcemtdzmadño co rcjmadño ano ntrms príatdams quc tdcoco rcjmadño ano jm
príatdam y jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn. \csamtn cj jufmr tmo rcjcvmotc y
`dgcrcotc quc tdcoc jm cxpcrdcoadm co jm Qdstcemtdzmadño.
Rnocr co aucstdño jm cxpcrdcoadm, co jn cpdstcenjñfdan, jn tcñrdan y vdvco-
admj, cs cj pjus `c jm Qdstcemtdzmadño anen pnsdldjd`m` `c rc﬌cxdnomr snlrc uom
príatdam y fcocrmr anonadedcotn. Cstn tdcoc quc vcr ano cj anonacr, smlcr y
scotdr.. Rnr uo jm`n, jn cpdstcenjñfdan tdcoc quc vcr ano añen anonzan jn tcñrdan,
scotdr
ano quä anrrdcotcs tcñrdams ec guo`mecotn y jn vdvcoadmj ano jn cenadnomj, ano
cj scotdr. T,
T, pnr ntrn jm`n, rcjmadnomr jm cxpcrdcoadm vdvd`m quc qudcrn
qu dcrn sdstcemtdzmr
ano jm ocacsd`m` `c `csanjnodzmr cj pn`cr, cj smlcr y cj scr, hmac quc jm Qdstcem-
tdzmadño m`qudcrm uom pntcoadmjd`m` doä`dtm y uo hnrdznotc tcñrdan, ätdan-pnjåtdan
y ectn`njñfdan quc jm hmac mlsnjutmecotc vdfcotc co jm anotcepnrmocd`m`.
Qdstcemtdzmrr jm cxpcrdcoadm `cs`c jm `csanjnodzmadño `c vcr`m`cs cs dr m jm
Qdstcemtdzm
fäocsds hdstñrdam `c csms cxpcrdcoadms, coanotrmr matnrcs, dotcrcscs, jufmrcs y
prnacsns quc ym on cstío, pcrn quc fcocrmrno vcr`m`cs quc on sdceprc tdcoco

quc
adño scr snstcod`ms
`c jm co ntrns
hdstnrdad`m` `c jm tdcepns n quc puc`co scr rcsdfod﬍am`ms co guo-
cxpcrdcoadm.
Cs adcrtn quc, anen `dac \nsm Emråm
Emrå m Adgucotcs, `cs`c
`cs `c cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj hm
hmld`n eís prcnaupmadño `cs`c jm Mam`cedm pnr pcosmr y `c﬍odr jm Qdstcem-
tdzmadño co csm rcjmadño cotrc jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn y jm dotcrvcoadño
prngcsdnomj y sus amepns `c maadño, pnodco`n cj macotn co uom pcrspcatdvm
ectn`njñfdam
ectn`njñfda m c dostruecotmj, eís quc co jm pnjåtdam. Csm hm sd`n jm anotrm`da-
adño; pnr uo jm`n, jm prcnaupmadño pnr jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn y, pnr
ntrn jm`n, jm prcnaupmadño pnr anosnjd`mr jms rcjmadnocs cotrc jns prngcsdnomjcs
y jns/ms cstu`dmotcs y jns scatnrcs pnpujmrcs. Rnr jn tmotn cs víjd`n prcfuotmr-
sc sd hmljmrcens `c Qdstcemtdzmadño `c cxpcrdcoadms n `c dotcrvcoadnocs co
Prmlmkn Qnadmj.

=2

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` =2 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Rrcgmadn

Jm `c﬍odadño `c Qdstcemtdzm
Qdstcemtdzmadño
adño on cs uoåvnam, cspcadmjecotc
cspcadmjecotc pnr prnvc-
odr `c cxpcrdcoadms `dvcrsms. Cstc mspcatn co cj tcxtn jm mutnrm jn hm trmlmkm`n
euy rdam y `ctmjjm`mecotc, jnfrm enstrmr quc cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj hm mpnrtm`n
`cs`c jns íeldtns mam`äedans m csm `dsausdño.
Euahms vcacs oucstrms lûsquc`ms sc acotrmo co coanotrmr quä cs jn luc-
on, jn víjd`n, jn jcfåtden, pcosmo`n co uom snjm pnsdldjd`m`. Qdo celmrfn, sdo
amcr co uo rcjmtdvdsen, cs depnrtmotc quc jms cxpcrdcoadms quc anostrudens
scmo pmrtc `c uo anjcatdvn quc lusquc mjfuons scotd`ns m jms edsems y fcocrc
cspmadns ocacsmrdns
ocacsmrdns pmrm pnocr co `clmtc csms cxpcrdcoadms. Cstc jdlrn cs uom
dovdtmadño m csc `clmtc.
Gdomjecotc, anogån co hmlcr prcadsm`n mjfuoms `c jms rmznocs pnr jms aum-
jcs arcn quc hmy quc vmjnrmr y rcaneco`mr cstm prn`uaadño. M trmväs `cj trmlm-
kn rcmjdzm`n, jm mutnrm eucstrm uom emocrm `c scr `nacotcs, `c scr Prmlmkm`n-
rms Qnadmjcs, aneprnectd`ms ano su tdcepn y su fcotc, dovnjuarm`ms `cs`c jm
snspcahm y jm aråtdam co jm gnreujmadño `c prcfuotms quc doanen`mo pcrn quc
envdjdzmo y eucstrmo cj aneprnedsn quc tdcoco co c`uamr co jm Sodvcrsd`m`.

Eftcr. \uth Onceå Rmrnjm

Eco`nzm, Kuodn `c <2=6.

==

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` == 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` =< 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Dotrn`uaadño

Dotrn`uaadño

Dotrn`uadr uom prn`uaadño anen ästm ons nljdfm on sñjn m pcosmr `cs`c
`ño`c hmljmens, cxpjdadtmr `cs`c `ño`c pmrtdens, sdon quc tmeldäo depjdam
hmacr usn `cj ckcradadn `c jm ecenrdm ym quc jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jms cxpc-
rdcoadms, `c jms príatdams n `c jms dotcrvcoadnocs co jn snadmj `cs`c cj Prmlmkn
Qnadmj pnscco uom jmrfm trm`dadño tmotn co Meärdam Jmtdom anen co oucstrn
pmås. Euahn cs jn hcahn y csardtn co rcjmadño m jm Qdstcemtdzmadño.
Jm sdstcemtdzmadño anen ‘mjfn— quc hmacens jm emynråm `c jns y jms Prm-
lmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs hm pmsm`n pnr enecotns `c cxmjtmadño co jm prngcsdño,
co jns quc jc hcens cxdfd`n eís mjjí `c sus prnpdns jåedtcs. Edcotrms quc co
ntrns enecotns hdstñrdans `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj guc `csprcstdfdm`m y `dgmem`m,
anen pmrtc `cj pmsm`n `c jm prngcsdño. Cs mså quc, ym scm co jms dostmoadms
co jm quc jm lcmtd﬍amens n aumo`n jm `cenodzmens, jm sdstcemtdzmadño sdfudñ
cotrc onsntrns. M pcsmr `c jns eûjtdpjcs csgucrzns pnr dostmjmr jm prngcsdño
co cj amepn `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs y `c `csmrrnjjmr tmotn co jm gnremadño
`c frm`n anen co jm gnremadño pnst-frm`umj jm ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstdfmadño
adcotå﬍am, euahns Prmlmkm`nrcs Qnadmjcs anotdoumrno rcmjdzmo`n ‚mjfn― m jn
quc jjmemlmo n rcanonaåmo anen sdstcemtdzmadño.
sdstcemtdzmadño.
Csm ansm jjmem`m sdstcemtdzmadño on crm rcanonad`m od ldcovcod`m co jm
Mam`cedm, quc hmlåm rcmjdzm`n euahåsdens csgucrzns pnr cxnradzmrjm `c jm
prngcsdño. Qdo celmrfn anotdouñ cxdstdco`n. Csc ‚mjfn― quc hmacens jns y

jms
scc Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcsrcanrrd`ns,
`dgcrcotcs trm`dadnocs, quc fcoärdamecotc jjmemens
mpnrtcs. On tn`n cs sdstcemtdzmadño pn-
jn edsen. Mûo mså,
pnscc co jm `dgcrcotcs gnrems quc m`nptm mjfn co aneûo; jm ocacsd`m` `c
rc﬌cxdnomr macram `c jn quc hmacens jns y jms Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs y `c
mpnrtmr m jm trmosgnremadño snadmj co jm `dmjäatdam edarn-emarn snadmj.
Jm sdstcemtdzmadño cecrfdñ co Meärdam Jmtdom anen uom gnrem `c pcosmr-
hmacr co uo anotcxtn pnjåtdan, snadmj, canoñedan `ctcredom`n
`ctcredom`n quc pcrecñ jms
`dgcrcotcs gnrems `c prnhdldadnocs, acosurms, prckudadns quc sc anostruycrno
co tnron m cjjm. Cstc tcxtn pmrtc `c uo jufmr `c couoadmadño `dgcrcotc mj `c jns
`ceís tcxtns quc mlnr`mo jm sdstcemtdzmadño, ym quc surfc `cj prnacsn rc﬌cxd-
vn quc `cs`c uom príatdam `c gnremadño mam`äedam supcrvdsm`m sc rcmjdzm co
rcjmadño m jm dotcrvcoadño coco jn snadmj dosardptm co
co uo anotcxtn dostdtuadnomj.
dostdtuadnomj.

=1

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` =1 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Cs mså quc cj prdecr anotcxtn dostdtuadnomj `no`c dosardldens oucstrn quc-

hmacr prngcsdnomj anen `nacotcs dovcstdfm`nrcs cs jm Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj
`c Emr `cj Rjmtm, uom Sodvcrsd`m`
Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj,
Omadnomj, pûljdam y jmdam, co
co jm Gmaujtm`
`c Adcoadms `c jm Qmju` y Qcrvdadn
Qcrvdadn Qnadmj, co
co jm amrrcrm `c Jdacoadmturm co
co
Prmlmkn Qnadmj. M jms dostmoadms `cj Frupn `c Dovcstdfmadño Rrnljceítdams Qn-
adnaujturmjcs, y `c jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño, `clcens mfrcfmr ntrn cspmadn
gnrem`n pnr eûjtdpjcs vnacs, quc hm surfd`n anen uo cspmadn suemecotc
gärtdj `c dotcrameldn y `c trmlmkn, quc cs cj Qcedomrdn-Pmjjcr `c Qdstcemtdzm-
adño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj (Wcr Mocxn =). Rcrn `drcens eís mûo, ym
quc pmrtdadpmens `c uo csacomrdn eís mepjdn anen cs cj `c jm Rmtrdm Frmo`c
`no`c jm sdstcemtdzm
sdstcemtdzmadño
adño anotdoûm prn`uadco`n, `clmtcs, scotd`ns príatdams...
Cstns sno, cotnoacs, mjfuons `c jns jufmrcs `cs`c `no`c hmljmens, `cs`c
`no`c cstmens pcosmo`n‑hmadco`n Prmlmkn Qnadmj, emtcrdmjdzmo`n cj `csmgån `c
anostrudr y cxpjdadtmr uom dotcrprctmadño quc anosd`crmens ajmvc co oucstrn hmacr;
mqucjjm quc cotdco`c jm sdstcemtdzmadño anen ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstdfmadño quc
pmrtc `c jm rc﬌cxdño macram `c uom dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj y quc sdco`n mtrmvc-
sm`m ocacsmrdmecotc pnr jms ano`dadnocs sdofujmrcs `c oucstrm rcmjd`m` snadmj,
tdcoc anen ﬍omjd`m` mpnrtmr tmotn jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn sdtum`n anen
m jm trmosgnremadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño edsem quc `dn dodadn m jm sdstcemtdzmadño.
Cj jdlrn quc prcscotmens m anotdoumadño surfc `c cstm cxpcrdcoadm `n-
acotc, `c uo prnacsn rc﬌cxdvn `c coscýmozm-mprco`dzmkc co cj mujm quc snstc-
ocens `cs`c cj mýn <2== m jm gcahm y quc ons pnsdldjdtñ gnreujmr `dgcrcotcs
dotcrrnfmotcs, pnocr co `u`m jms acrtczms pmrm pn`cr anostrudr mjfuoms m﬍r-
emadnocs quc gucrno mlnomo`n `dgcrcotcs dostmoadms `c `clmtc dotcr`dsad-
pjdomrdms quc sulymaco co oucstrns pjmotcns, ampåtujns `c jdlrns y/n ﬍ahms
`c jm Aítc`rm Qupcrvdsdño quc adraujmo cotrc oucstrns cstu`dmotcs, mså anen
emtcrdmjcs cjmlnrm`ns
cjmlnrm`ns `urmotc mýns `c tmrcm `nacotc m jm cspcrm `c uom puljd-
amadño, quc hmac tdcepn ons `clåmens, pmrm nr`comr rcanrrd`ns quc puc`mo m

su vcz
Cs fcocrmr oucvns
íeldtn `camedons.
co cj íeldtn jm Amtc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño
Qupcrvdsdño `cs`c cjcj aumj gnreujmens
gnreujmens
y prcscotmens uo Rrnycatn `c Dovcstdfmadño `conedom`n Dotcrvcoadño co jn
snadmj, Qupcrvdsdño y Qdstcemtdzmadño; `c﬍odadnocs anoacptumjcs `cs`c uo
pcosmr sdtum`n   co cj quc  sc mlnr`mo jms `dgcrcotcs rcjmadnocs cxdstcotcs co-
trc jm trdm`m tcñrdan-ectn`njñfdam
tcñrdan-ectn`njñfdam anepucstm
anepucstm pnr jms amtcfnråms
amtcfnråms Qupcrvdsdño,
Qdstcemtdzmadño c Dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj. Cstc Rrnycatn `c Dovcstdfmadño
rcadäo sc dodadm, coanotrío`nsc co prnacsn `c anognremadño y rcmjdzmo`n m jm
vcz mjfuons mvmoacs. Cs mså quc cstc tcxtn gnrem pmrtc `cj uo prdecr Dognrec
`c Mvmoac `cj Rrnycatn `c Dovcstdfmadño co aursn .
Jm anostruaadño `c rcjmadnocs
rcjmadnocs cotrc cstms
cstms trcs amtcfnråms
amtcfnråms pnsdldjdtm jm jca-
turm `cj nlkctn cpdstäedan `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj `cs`c jns `dgcrcotcs pmrm`dfems

=0

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` =0 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Dotrn`uaadño

prnpucstns pnr Drcoc

Drcoc Wmsdjmahds
Wmsdjmahds `c Fdmj`don (<227); cj jñfdan‑pns
jñfdan‑pnsdtdvdstm
dtdvdstm n cj
pmrm`dfem sdelñjdan‑dotcrprctmtdvn,
sdelñjdan‑dotcrprctmtdvn, cj hcrecoäutdan‑
hcrecoäutdan‑gconeconjñf
gconeconjñfdan
dan y cj pm-
rm`dfem aråtdan n emtcrdmjdsen hdstñrdan n `dmjäatdan. Qdo celmrfn, m oucstrn
cotco`cr cstns cognqucs puc`co rcsujtmr dosu﬍adcotcs m jm hnrm `c mlnr`mr
uo nlkctn quc, ec`dm`n pnr cstms amtcfnråms,
amtcfnråms, m jm vcz cs sukctn y sc anostruyc
y anoontm hdstñrdamecotc. Cstn rcqudcrc dostmjmrons co cj amepn `dsadpjdomr
`cs`c uom pnsdadño `dgcrcotc m jm snstcod`m emynrdtmrdmecotc pnr cj Prmlmkn
Qnadmj co Mrfcotdom, co lûsquc`m `cj rcanonadedcotn pnr pmrtc `c jms `dsad-
pjdoms quc anognremo cj amepn `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs.
Grcotc m jns oucvns `csmgåns quc pjmotcm cj ckcradadn `c jm prngcsdño co
anotcxtns `c anepjckd`m`, cstc tcxtn anostdtuyc uom dovdtmadño m `c-sukctmrons
`c jns tcrrdtnrdns anoarctns, anonad`ns y rcemod`ns pmrm m`cotrmrons co cj
`csmgån `c pcosmr cj ckcradadn prngcsdnomj `cs`c ntrms edrm`ms, `cs`c ntrms
anovnamtnrdms. Cs co cstns tcrrdtnrdns anoarctns, co jns `dmfrmems `c jm prngc-
sdño `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, `no`c cs fcocrmjecotc anepcjd`m m jm maadño, pnr jm
`cemo`m `c ntrns
ntrns n pnr jms urfcoadms
urfcoadms prnpdms,
prnpdms, `no`c pn`cens dotcrpcjmr c
dotcrpcjmrons, `no`c cs pnsdljc demfdomr quc co vcz `c ocfmr, `c snpnrtmr jn
dotnjcrmljc, pn`cens rc﬌cxdnomr
rc﬌cxdnomr macram `c jn quc hdadens, `c jn quc scotdens,
`c jn quc pcosmens pmrm pn`cr demfdomr, anostrudr ntrns euo`ns pnsdljcs.
Jm Qdstcemtdzmadño, `cs`c cj pcosmedcotn `csanjnodmj, pnsdldjdtm uom
mpcrturm hmadm jm supcrmadño
supcrmadño `c jm jñfdam
jñfdam rmadnomjdstm `no`c cs urfcotc `cs-
aulrdr y `cvcjmr jms `dgcrcotcs amrms quc prcscotm jm rmzño pmrm on `ckmrjm
rc`uad`m m ecrm rmzño dostruecotmj.
Cj ckcradadn `c jm prngcsdño `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, adtmo`n m Pcrcsm Emtus;

…quc sñjn pnoc äogmsds co cj `cspjdcfuc `c jns cjcecotns rm-

adnomjcs `ckm mgucrm, usmo`n pmjmlrms `c Gnuamujt, jms hcrrmedcotms
anoacptumjcs quc pcredtmo ‚jm dosurrcaadño `c jns smlcrcs snectd`ns

`cs`c sus príatdams― (<220, p.3<).

Jm dosurrcaadño `clc cotco`crsc anen jm rclcjdño `c uom scrdc `c smlcrcs
amjd﬍am`ns anen doanepctcotcs n dosu﬍adcotcecotc cjmlnrm`ns pmrm cj odvcj `c
jm adcotd﬍ad`m` rmadnomj cxdfd`m. @cs`c cstm pnsdadño on hmy anonadedcotns emyn-
rcs n econrcs quc sc coaucotrco lmkn jm tutcjm `c jm \mzño, sdon quc hmy anonad-
edcotns quc dovdtmo m scr rcanrrd`ns, `csauldcrtns `cs`c sus scotd`ns. On sc trmtm
`c uom rclcjdño anotrm jns eätn`ns `c uom adcoadm sdon, y snlrc tn`n, anotrm jns
cgcatns `cj smlcr anjnodzm`nr, curnaäotrdan quc hm sd`n jcfm`n mj `dsaursn adcotå﬍-
an, nrfmodzmo`n y kcrmrqudzmo`n smlcrcs anen smlcrcs
smlcrcs snectd`ns y/n sulmjtcrons.
Hny, ems quc ouoam, pjmotcmr oucvms pcrspcatdvms macram `c jm Qdstcemtd-
zmadño quc `co pmsn m uom Qdstcemtdzm
Qdstcemtdzmadño
adño acotrm`m co uom rcvdsdño rc﬌cxdvm

=3

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` =3 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

`c jms dotcrvcoadnocs
dotcrvcoadnocs snadmjcs,
snadmjcs, quc mpnrtc mjmj pcosmr‑hmac
pcosmr‑hmacrr co jn snadmj co
co
Meärdam Jmtdom, rcsujtm depcrdnsm.
Co cstm namsdño, amlc scýmjmr quc ons acotrmens co jms `dgcrcotcs rcjm-
adnocs cxdstcotcs co jm `dm`m sdstcemtdz
sdstcemtdzmadño
madño ‑ dotcrvcoadño snadmj, quc`mo`n
pco`dcotc pmrm guturms puljdamadnocs mlnr`mr jms pnsdljcs rcjmadnocs cxdstco-
tcs cotrc supcrvdsdño y sdstcemtdzmadño y cotrc supcrvdsdño c dotcrvcoadño sn-
admj, mså anen cotrc jms edsems y co så anen tntmjd`m`.
Rnr cstn, cj tcem `c cstc trmlmkn cs cj `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvco-
adño co jn snadmj pcosm`m anen uom ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstdfmadño
dovcstdfmadño on pnsdtdvds-
tm (Lcromj`n `c ]udrñs y \n`råfucz, <220).
Qmlcens quc cstm pcrspcatdvm `d﬍crc `c ntrms eûjtdpjcs emocrms `c ano-
acldr jm sdstcemtdzmadño, jm dotcrvcoadño, jm dovcstdfmadño, cj pnsdtdvdsen y cj
Prmlmkn Qnadmj, cotrc ntrms tmotms aucstdnocs. @c mjjå quc jms pífdoms quc sd-
fuco hmfmo uo csgucrzn pnr cxpjdadtmr cj anotcxtn `cs`c cj quc pjmotcmens
oucstrm pcrspcatdvm, jns mpnrtcs tcñrdans quc ano﬌uyco co cjjm, mså anen jms
pmrtdaujmrd`m`cs `c jm cxpcrdcoadm quc rctnemens.
Jms pífdoms quc sdfuco `cspjcfmrío co trcs lrcvcs ampåtujns jms aucstdnocs
y `clmtcs quc anognremo oucstrm prnpucstm. Rmrtdrcens `c jm hdstnrdm `c jm
sdstcemtdzmadño
sdstcemtdzmadñ o co våoaujn ano jms pcrspcatdvms tcñrdams `cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj, ons
`ctco`rcens cspcadmjecotc co jms amrmatcråstdams acotrmjcs `c jm anoacpadño
quc prnpnocens snlrc jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y cxpno`rcens mjfuons puotns sm-
jdcotcs `c jm príatdam anoarctm `c cstm gnrem `c prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn.
Cstm nlrm cstí pcosm`m, motc tn`n, anen uo mpnrtc m jns y jms cstu`dmotcs `c
Prmlmkn Qnadmj `c jm Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj `c Emr `cj Rjmtm, ano qudcocs hcens
trmosdtm`n cj amedon (mûo co aursn) pmrm rc`c﬍odr jms pnsdldjd`m`cs y jdedtmadn-
ocs `c jm Qdstcemtdzmadño co oucstrn quchmacr prngcsdnomj. Mj edsen tdcepn
rcûoc jåocms quc anosd`crmens depnrtmotcs `cotrn `cj `clmtc `dsadpjdomr prnpdn
cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj pcrn cxtcosdvn m jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs co su anokuotn.

On nlstmotc,
csardtns anepmrtdens
sc eujtdpjdquco cstms`dsausdnocs
co `dstdotms rc﬌cxdnocs, quc
anoon
jm sñjn
cspcrmozm `c quccjcstns
cordquczamo ano-
tcod`n `cj edsen sdon quc m`ceís ons mjdcotc m scfudr prnguo`dzmo`n cj amedon
dodadm`n. Cspcrmens quc puc`mo rcanrrcr jm trmem quc prnpnocens `dmjnfmo`n
ano am`m uon `c sus pnstujm`ns pmrm dotcrpcjmrjns tmo aråtdamecotc anen scm pn-
sdljc. Cstc mpnrtc dotrn`uatnrdn on qudcrc coamromr jm `c﬍odtdvm snjuadño m mjfuom
anotrnvcrsdm, on prctco`c crdfdrsc anen uom pcrspcatdvm supcrm`nrm od ‚djuedomr―
`csaulrdedcotn mjfuon. Qu nlkctdvn cstmrí auepjd`n sd jnfrm doanen`mr, aucstdnomr
y mlrdr mldsens `c scotd`n mjjå `no`c hmstm mhnrm hmlåm uom `nfeítdam acrtczm.
 
Jda. Rmujm Ecsahdod
Emr `cj Rjmtm, mlrdj <2=6

=7

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 22-rcv2=.do`` =7 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

Ampåtujn D

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm

cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam,
jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms tcñrdams
co cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Anosd`crmadnocs macram `c jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c jns

y jms Prmlmkm
Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms
`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs co cj Qdstcem `c C`uamadño
Qupcrdnr mrfcotdon

Qc pmrtc `c cotco`cr quc jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c jns y jms Prmlmkm-

`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs on puc`c jdodtmrsc m mqucjjms `c﬍odadnocs quc pnscco uom
aneprcosdño supcr﬍admj y sdepjd﬍am`m `c jm edsem, ym quc jm rc`uaco m uo
`dspnsdtdvn `c trmosgcrcoadm `c anonadedcotns cotrc uom pcrsnom quc smlc y
ntrm quc on y `no`c jm m`qudsdadño `c ` c csns anonadedcotns supnoc, co cj ecknr
`c jns amsns, uo prnacsn `c coscýmozm y mprco`dzmkc quc pcredtm dostrueco-
tmjdzmr csns anonadedcotns co maadnocs anoarctms `c dotcrvcoadño.
Co su mrtåaujn Gnremadño prngcsdnomj; `csmgåns mam`äedans y pnjåtdans pmrm cj
Prmlmkn Qnadmj, Emrans Ahdoahdjjm Enotcs (<22=) snstdcoc quc uom `c jms ectms
guo`mecotmjcs quc `cldcrm scfudr jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c jns Prmlmkm`nrcs
Qnadmjcs anosdstc co cj `csmrrnjjn `c hmldjd`m`cs y mptdtu`cs quc jcs pcredtmo `mr
rcspucstm m jms `cemo`ms snadmjcs.
snadm jcs. T,
T, m`ceís, quc mj ﬍omjdzmr cj prnacsn gnremtd-
vn mjamoaco uo mepjdn `csmrrnjjn `c sus ampmad`m`cs dotcjcatumjcs, prnpnsdtdvms y
huemoåstdams. Ntrn mspcatn anosd`crm`n `c cspcadmj depnrtmoadm
depnrtm oadm pnr cj mutnr tdcoc
quc vcr ano jm ocacsd`m` `c doacotdvmr jm gnremadño prnljcemtdzm`nrm
prnljcemtdzm` nrm quc m su vcz
prnpdadc uo mlnr`mkc aråtdan, mepjdn y prnpnsdtdvn `c jm rcmjd`m`. Qc `clco gnrkmr
ampmad`m`cs pnjåtdams co jns cstu`dmotcs y prngcsdnomjcs quc;

…jcs pcredtm nrfmodzmrsc co tnron m jm `cgcosm `c prdoadpdns prn-

gcsdnomjcs pjcomecotc anosnjd`m`ns anen jn sno jm `dstrdluadño `c jm
rdquczm co täredons snjd`mrdns, kustdadm snadmj, pmrtdadpmadño `cenarí-
tdam mepjdm`m y sdo jåedtcs, anostruaadño `c adu`m`moåm, `cgcosm `c
jns @crcahns Huemons y `cj `csmrrnjjn m csamjm huemom― (p.6)

=6

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =6 2=/2</=8 =<;<<

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c jns y jms Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs depjdam cj

`csmrrnjjn y anoscauadño `c uo Aurråaujue quc prnpnofm `c emocrm sdstcemtd-
am uom scrdc `c anonadedcotns quc hmaco mj smlcr `c cstm prngcsdño. \cqudcrc
tmeldäo cxpcrdecotmr uo prnacsn gnremtdvn quc `clc trmosgnremr on sñjn jn
quc anonzan, sdon tmeldäo jn quc hmfn y `cs`c `no`c pdcosn jn quc pdcosn.
Jm gnremadño mam`äedam depjdam drrc`uatdljcecotc uom `decosdño ätdan-
pnjåtdam `c jm gnremadño `c jns prngcsdnomjcs co Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Co oucstrn pmås
p mås
quc`ñ `c﬍od`n co cj emran `c jm Jcy Gc`crmj `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj O² <626<,
quc cstmljcac quc jm gnremadño mam`äedam tco`rí uom `urmadño `c adoan mýns
anen eåoden, ntnrfío`nsc cj tåtujn `c Jdacoadm`n/m co Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj, sdco`n
jm prnenadño y `cgcosm `c jns @crcahns Huemons cj c j emran pnjåtdan-d`cnjñfdan
co `no`c sc dosardlc jm gnremadño y jm príatdam prngcsdnomj `c jns y jms Prmlm-
km`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs co Mrfcotdom.
Amlc cotnoacs prcfuotmrsc; ¾Auíjcs sno csns prnycatns `dgcrcotcs> ¾@ño-
`c sc kucfm csm `dgcrcoadm> ¾Cs anoacptumj, d`cnjñfdam, `cj nr`co príatdan>
¾Cstns prnycatns `dgcrcotcs sno prnycatns prngcsdnomjcs n prnycatns do`dvd-
`umjcs, scatnrdmjcs `c prngcsdño> ¾Qd sno prnycatns do`dvd`umjcs n `c scatnrcs,
puc`co on anotrdludr n cstmr `csvdoaujm`ns `cj prnycatn prngcsdnomj> ¾Rn`c-
ens pcosmr uo prnycatn prngcsdnomj `csvdoaujm`n `c jm rcmjd`m` co jm quc sc
dosardlc, `csvdoaujm`n `c jns rctns quc jc depnoc jm snadc`m`, `c jms jdedtm-
adnocs pmrm cj ckcradadn prngcsdnomj, `csvdoaujm`n `cj prnycatn `c snadc`m`>
¾Añen sc vdoaujm, cotnoacs, ed prnycatn pcrsnomj ano cj prnycatn prngcsdnomj>
Pmj vcz ästms scmo mjfuoms `c jms prcfuotms quc pn`cens hmacrons
hm acrons vdoau-
jm`ms m jms `dgcrcotcs `decosdnocs `c prnycatn y cs mquå `no`c vmens m tnemr
uom prdecrm `c﬍odadño quc cs jm `c pnocr co `díjnfn cj prnycatn pcrsnomj, cj
prnycatn prngcsdnomj y cj prnycatn `c snadc`m`. Euahms vcacs co oucstrn pmås
cstms trcs `decosdnocs sc sc anostruycrno
anostruycrno co uom rcjmadño `djceítdam, ym quc
cxdstco `dgcrcotcs pnsdldjd`m`cs `c matumadño y rcsujtm euy anepjdam`n csan-
fcr y snstcocrsc
snstcocrsc co mjfuom `c cjjms. Rn`råmens m﬍remr tmeldäo, y m rdcsfn
`c amcr co sdepjd﬍amadnocs, quc mjfuoms `c jms sdtumadnocs `djceítdams pnr
jms quc mtrmvdcsm cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj co Mrfcotdom cs quc sc `csmrrnjjm co uom
snadc`m` ampdtmjdstm, quc prctco`c uom gnremadño mam`äedam aråtdam `c sus
aum`rns prngcsdnomjcs9 quc pnscc uo emran onremtdvn quc rcfujm cj ckcradadn
`c jm prngcsdño ym scm pnr cj Añ`dfn `c Ätdam y pnr jm Jcy Gc`crmj `c Prmlmkn
Qnadmj9 quc cj ckcradadn prngcsdnomj emynrdtmrdmecotc sc `cscovucjvc co cj
Cstm`n y pnr jn tmotn `clc rcspno`cr co sus dotcrvcoadnocs m jns `crcahns y
`cemo`ms jcfdtdems quc hmo sd`n dovdsdldjdzm`ms, sulmjtcrodzm`ms, `c jns y jms
eís huedj`cs.
Hmlcr msued`n, cotnoacs, m trmväs `c oucstrms msnadmadnocs anjcatdvms,
jns @crcahns Huemons y cj cognquc `c @crcahns anen pmrtc `c oucstrn emran

=8

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =8 2=/2</=8 =<;<<

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

rcgcrcoadmj `c dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj, rcprcscotm hmlcr dostdtud`n co oucstrm

prngcsdño uo pjcxn kurå`dan onremtdvn pnr cj aumj msuedens anen prnpdms jms
juahms `c edjcs `c eukcrcs y hnelrcs pnr uom ecknr vd`m, pnr cj @crcahn m jm
tdcrrm, mj trmlmkn, mj tcahn, pnr snadc`m`cs eís `cenarítdams, eís dfumjdtmrdms.
Cstc jnaus  `c
 `c couoadmadño y `c prmxds, cj `c jns @crcahns Huemons, on cs uo
jufmr ocutrmj. Cstmr pmrm`ms mhå depjdam cj `clmtc ätdan-pnjåtdan, co täredons
`c aneprnedsn snadmj, `cj prnycatn `c snadc`m` co cj quc ons coanotrmens y
quc qudsdärmens anostrudr, jn quc ano﬍furm cj `clcr scr y cj scotd`n `c oucstrn
ckcradadn prngcsdnomj, quc sc anoarctm co jns prnacsns `c gnremadño mam`äed-
am, `c dovcstdfmadño, `c cxtcosdño, `c dotcrvcoadño co jm aucstdño snadmj.
Cs pnr cstn quc uo prnycatn prngcsdnomj cxpjdadtm su moajmkc co uom pcrs-
pcatdvm d`cnjñfdam y cpdstcenjñfdam y tdcoc uom rcjmadño `drcatm tmotn ano cj
prnycatn pcrsnomj anen ano cj prnycatn `c snadc`m` co cj aumj sc doscrtm y
`no`c sc `drdec. Rn`cens m﬍remr `cs`c uom edrm`m ldnfrí﬍am quc cj prnyca-
tn pcrsnomj sc mou`m co cj prnycatn prngcsdnomj y quc on cs pnsdljc pcosmr
pco smr co
uo prnycatn prngcsdnomj quc on cstä delrdam`n co uo prnycatn snadctmj ems
mepjdn, co uo prnycatn `c pmås. Depjdam aneprco`cr jm trmosgnremadño `c jm
snadc`m` smjmrdmj co cj anotcxtn `c prnacsns `c fjnlmjdzmadño `c jm canoneåm,
auíjcs sno jms oucvms gnrems `c rcjmadño quc sc cstmljcaco cotrc cj Cstm`n, cj
ecram`n y jm snadc`m`, mvmozmr eís mjjí `c jm amrmatcrdzmadño `cj gcoñecon
`c jm cxajusdño, `c jm prcamrdzmadño `cj trmlmkn y `c jm mpmrdadño `c oucvms
gnrems `c pnlrczm pmrm cotco`cr quc ästms sno sñjn jms emodgcstmadnocs `c uo
nr`co snadmj dokustn. (\nzms Rmfmzm, =448).
Cs mså quc cj prnycatn prngcsdnomj co su `decosdño ätdan-pnjåtdam sc anos-
truyc co uom snadc`m` y sc cotrctckc co jm aucstdño snadmj, anen ldco ons
rcaucr`m Emrfmrdtm \nzms Rmfmzm (<22=) aumo`n scýmjm quc jm prngcsdño sc
anostruyc m pmrtdr `c jms emodgcstmadnocs `c jm aucstdño snadmj y `dahms emod-
gcstmadnocs sno jms quc ano﬍furmo cj amepn prnljceítdan. Jm aucstdño snadmj
`clc scr momjdzm`m anen prn`uatn `c jm nrfmodzmadño y guoadnomedcotn `c jm
snadc`m` ampdtmjdstm y jm depjdamoadm `drcatm co jm vd`m `c jns sukctns.
Msuedco`n, cotnoacs, jm snspcahm `c quc on hmy uo ûodan prnycatn prngc-
sdnomj, tmeldäo vmens m rcanonacr quc cj rcsujtm`n `c jms ûjtdems cjcaadnocs
fcocrmjcs pusn `c emod﬍cstn uom frdctm co oucstrm
oucstrm snadc`m` ym grmfecotm`m,
uom pnjmrdzmadño am`m vcz eís frmo`c quc `m aucotm `c jm anogrnotmadño `c
en`cjns y `c prnycatns snadctmrdns `dgcrcotcs, motmfñodans; uon quc rcanfc jms
ecknrcs trm`dadnocs `cj envdedcotn omadnomj, pnpujmr y jmtdonmecrdamon y ntrn
quc cs sulsd`dmrdn `cj ampdtmj trmosomadnomj, `c jms njdfmrquåms vcroíaujms, `cj
anjnodmjdsen, `cj jdlrc ecram`n, `c jm ecrdtnarmadm.
Hny oucstrm snadc`m` ajmrmecotc cstí co jdtdfdn, co ano﬌datn, co tcosdño.
Cstm sdtumadño `c `dvdsdño, `c grmaturm, on anostdtuyc uom dovcoadño od tme-

=4

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =4 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

pnan uom onvc`m` co jm Hdstnrdm `c oucstrm Rmtrdm. Jm frdctm cxdstdñ

cxdstdñ sdceprc
y sc cxprcsñ `c emocrm sdotätdam co `dgcrcotcs anosdfoms quc `mlmo aucotm
`c jm motdonedm drrc`uatdljc `c jm rcmjd`m` mrfcotdom; Rmtrdm n anjnodm, pucljn
n motdpucljn. Cs co cstm motdonedm `no`c jm prngcsdño `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj,
`cs`c sus prnpdms sdtumadnocs `djceítdams, dotcrvdoc fcocrmjecotc anepcjd`m
m jm maadño, pnr jm `cemo`m `c ntrns n pnr jms urfcoadms prnpdms. Cs co cstns
tcrrdtnrdns anoarctns `no`c pn`cens dotcrpcjmr c dotcrpcjmrons, msuedr cstns
`djcems, co täredons `c anotrm`daadnocs, pmrm demfdomr,demfdomr, co vcz `c ocfmr, `c
snpnrtmr jn dotnjcrmljc, anostrudr dotcrvcoadnocs ntrms quc pnsdldjdtco jm arcm-
adño `c ntrns cspmadns, ntrms dostdtuadnocs, ntrms snadc`m`cs.
Jm pnjåtdam c`uamtdvm guc, sdo `u`m, uom `c jms írcms eís sdfod﬍amtdvms co
quc jm \cgnrem `cj Cstm`n `c jm `cam`m `cj —42 sc emtcrdmjdzñ co Mrfcotdom
co tnron m jms rcaneco`madnocs `cj Lmoan Euo`dmj y `cj Gno`n Enoctmrdn Do-
tcromadnomj, m pmrtdr `c jm prneujfmadño co =443 `c jm Jcy Gc`crmj `c C`uam-
adño O» <0.=43 y `c jm Jcy `c C`uamadño Qupcrdnr O» <0.3<=. <0.3<=. Mjfuons `c jns
anepnocotcs prnpdns `c jms pnjtdams c`uamtdvms `cj adajn ocnjdlcrmj sc pn`råmo
sdotctdzmr co jns sdfudcotcs puotns; jm prdemaåm `c jn prdvm`n snlrc jn pûljdan9
jm `crdvmadño `c jms rcspnosmldjd`m`cs co jm mtcoadño y ﬍omoadmedcotn m jms
kurds`daadnocs, co pmrmjcjn m uom anoacotrmadño `c jms `cadsdnocs co cj Rn`cr
Ckcautdvn Omadnomj9 uo ameldn sdo guo`mecotmr `c jm cstruaturm mam`äedam y
cj rctdrn pmujmtdon `cj ﬍omoadmedcotn `c jm C`uamadño Rûljdam ano rcaursns `cj
Pcsnrn Omadnomj. Pn`n cjjn ntnrfm mj Cstm`n uo pmpcj sulsd`dmrdn, jdedtío`nsc
m gmvnrcacr cj `csmrrnjjn `cj scatnr prdvm`n m trmväs `c ec`d`ms pc`mfñfdams,
nrfmodzmtdvms y ﬍omoadcrms quc sc emtcrdmjdzmo co `dgcrcotcs `dspnsdadnocs.
Co uom scfuo`m dostmoadm, jms anosd`crmadnocs `c jns Nrfmodsens Dotcrom-
adnomjcs `c Arä`dtn (GED, Lmoan Euo`dmj) mvmozmrno co jm `c﬍odadño `c jms j ms guo-
adnocs quc `clåm auepjdr jm C`uamadño Qupcrdnr, co cj rc`dscýn `c añen `clåm
cstmr anostdtud`n cj sdstcem, co jm gnrem co quc `clåmo rcen`cjmrsc sus sdstc-
ems `c fcstdño y cvmjumadño, hmstm cotrmr mldcrtmecotc co c o aucstdnocs mam`äed-
ams y co jms gnrems `c fnldcron. Mj edsen tdcepn, cj ﬍omoadmedcotn cxtcron `ds-
pnodljc, mj scrvdadn `c jm \cgnrem `cj Cstm`n, depujsñ cj `csmrrnjjn `c rcgnrems
aurrdaujmrcs. @c cstc en`n, jns prnycatns `c rcgnrem aurrdaujmr sc gucrno `csm-
rrnjjmo`n m jn jmrfn `cj pmås co frmo amotd`m` `c amrrcrms uodvcrsdtmrdms. Mjfuons
cstu`dns rcmjdzm`ns `cs`c ‚jm Sodvcrsd`m`― snlrc ‚jm Sodvcrsd`m`―, anostmtmo
adcrtn `cscoamotn snlrc jm gnremadño supcrdnr
supcrdn r co jns onvcotm, cxprcsmo`n co sus
prn`uaadnocs mam`äedams jm pär`d`m `cj scotd`n co vmrdms vmrdm s `drcaadnocs; `cj jufmr
aråtdan `c jm Sodvcrsd`m`, `cj vmjnr snadmj `cj anonadedcotn y `cj aneprnedsn
pnjåtdan pmrm jm lûsquc`m `c jm trmosgnremadño snadmj.
@urmotc cstc pcrdn`n, co cj dotcrdnr `c jm Rrnvdoadm `c Lucons Mdrcs, jm
gnremadño mam`äedam `c jns jn s y jms Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms
Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs sc `csmrrnjjñ co cj

<2

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` <2 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

íeldtn `c jm C`uamadño Qupcrdnr.

Qupcrdnr. Cstm sdtumadño on guc uom ‚adrauostmoadm―
prn`uatn `c `cadsdnocs mkcoms m jm prngcsdño, sdon quc gnreñ pmrtc `c jm juahm
`cj anjcatdvn prngcsdnomj m trmväs `c jms nrfmodzmadnocs prnpdms; jm GMMRPQ
(Gc`crmadño Mrfcotdom Rrngcsdnomjcs `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj quc ouajcm m jns Anjc-
fdns Rrngcsdnomjcs ) y jm GMSMPQ (Gc`crmadño Mrfcotdom `c Sod`m`cs Mam`ä-
edams `c Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj) pnr jnfrmr emynr rcanonadedcotn y kcrmrqudzmadño `c
jm prngcsdño `urmotc cstc pcrdn`n. Npcrmtdvmecotc, cstn sc pjmseñ co cj adcrrc
`c mjfuoms Csaucjms `c Gnremadño Qupcrdnr Pcradmrdm y jm mpcrturm `c amrrcrms
co cj íeldtn uodvcrsdtmrdn. Rmrm mtrmvcsmr cstm trmosdadño quc depjdamlm cj
adcrrc `c jms csaucjms tcradmrdms y jm mpcrturm `c jms amrrcrms uodvcrsdtmrdms, sc
arcmrno Jdacoadmturms `c cxacpadño y Jdacoadmturms m `dstmoadm, ano cj prn-
pñsdtn `c fcocrmr ano`dadnocs `c cqud`m` co jm maacsdldjd`m` m jm C`uamadño
Sodvcrsdtmrdm pmrm jns y jms frm`um`ns/ms co Prmlmkn Qnadmj.
Emr `cj Rjmtm guc uon `c jns amsns co jns quc sc prnac`dñ, mj adcrrc `c jm
Csaucjm Pcradmrdm `cpco`dcotc `cj Edodstcrdn `c Qmju` `c jm Rrnvdoadm `c Lucons
Mdrcs, jm mpcrturm `c jm amrrcrm `c Jdacoadmturm co Qcrvdadn Qnadmj (=483) co jm
csgcrm `c jm SOE`R. Cstm `cadsdño m`ceís guc manepmým`m pnr jm arcmadño y
mpcrturm `c uo adajn `c anepjcecotmadño
anepjceco tmadño aurrdaujmr, quc pcredtdm maac`cr mj tåtu-
jn `c Jdacoadmturm co Qcrvdadn Qnadmj co jm en`mjd`m` prcscoadmj y/n m `dstmoadm.
Cstc prnacsn quc`m cvd`coadm`n co jms puljdamadnocs `c jm GMSMPQ `c
=447 y =444 rcspcatdvmecotc tdtujm`ms Jm cspcad﬍ad`m` `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj
 y jm gnremadño prngcsdnomj   y Aurråaujue c Dovcstdfmadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj ,
quc `mo aucotm `cj `clmtc fcocrm`n m pmrtdr `c jns `dgcrcotcs trmlmkns quc
sc prcscotmrno co cj emran `c jns coaucotrns rcmjdzm`ns pnr jm GMSM MSMPQPQ y quc
anotrdluycrno tmotn mj prnacsn `c prngcsdnomjdzmadño `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj anen
mså tmeldäo m pmrtdr `cj rcanonadedcotn tcñrdan `c jms `dgcrcotcs emtrdacs ano-
acptumjcs quc mtrmvdcsmo jm prngcsdño, y m jm d`cotd﬍amadño y rcanonadedcotn
`cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj anen `dsadpjdom `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs
Rmrtdco`n `cj rcanonadedcotn quc rcmjdzm Onrm Mquåo (<227) `c quc jm do-
tcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj sc `m m trmväs `c trcs dostmoadms ‑jm prn`uaadño `c anon-
adedcotn, m trmväs `c jm `nacoadm y co jm prcstmadño `c scrvdadns‑, cj íeldtn `c
jm gnremadño mam`äedam y `c jm dovcstdfmadño co jms Sodvcrsdm`cs Omadnomjcs y
pûljdams guc fmomo`n cspmadn y arcadco`n, ym scm pnrquc `cs`c quc sc depjcecotñ
jm Jcy `c C`uamadño Qupcrdnr
Qupcrdnr O² <0.3<= sc sc anostruycrno cspmadns `c rcsdstcoadm
matdvm mj en`cjn ocnjdlcrmj y pnrquc m`ceís, muoquc rcsujtc pmrm`ñkdan, cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn
Qnadmj sc dotrn`ukn `c jjcon co jns prnacsns `c prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn co jm
`äam`m `c jns ‘42 depujsm`n pnr `ns gucrzms, jms cxdfcoadms `c pnsfrm`umadño y jms
cxdfcoadms `cj Rrnfrmem `c Doacotdvns m jm Dovcstdfmadño Adcotd﬍am.
M pcsmr `c jm ocacsd`m` `c aumjd﬍amr m jns `nacotcs, jm ocacsd`m` quc
tcoåmo jns `nacotcs dovcstdfm`nrcs `c matumjdzmrsc, jm gnremadño `c pnstfrm`n

<=

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` <= 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

guc mrmoacjm`m `urmotc cstc pcrdn`n, smjvn rmrms cxacpadnocs. Hmlåm uo maucr-
ma ucr-
`n tíadtn `c quc, grcotc m jm frmtud`m` `cj frm`n, cj pnstfrm`n pn`åm y `clåm
mutn﬍omoadmrsc y pnr co`c `clåm scr mrmoacjm`n. Rnr ntrm pmrtc, cj Rrnfrmem
`c Doacotdvns m jm Dovcstdfmadño Adcotd﬍am, dotrn`ukn uom scrdc `c anotrm`da-
adnocs `c jms aumjcs mûo on hcens pn`d`n smjdr, ym quc prdnrdzñ jm dovcstdfm-
adño adcotå﬍am pnr coadem `c jm matdvd`m` `c `nacoadm, cxtcosdño y/n fcstdño
uodvcrsdtmrdm, dostdtuadnomjdzñ uo ‚tdpn `c dovcstdfmadño adcotå﬍am― cotco`d`m
guo`mecotmjecotc anen prn`uaadño `c pmpcrs  n  n puljdamadnocs adcotå﬍ams co
rcvdstms ano rcgcrmtn, `c﬍odñ quä `dsadpjdoms gnremo pmrtc `c uo onecoajm`nr
m trmväs `cj aumj sc cvmjûm pcrdñ`damecotc m jns adcotå﬍ans y sus prn`uaadnocs
prn`uaadn ocs
mam`äedams, ntnrfñ uo cstdpco`dn canoñedan pmrm ﬍omoadmr jm matdvd`m` quc
sc coaucotrm euy pnr `clmkn `c jn rcqucrd`n pmrm rcmjdzmr jms dovcstdfmadnocs/ 
puljdamadnocs quc sc prnpnoco. Qdo celmrfn, cstc Rrnfrmem, mj cvmjumr m jns y
jms `nacotcs dovcstdfm`nrcs/ms y msdfomrjcs uom Amtcfnråm anen dovcstdfm`nr/m,
fcocrñ kcrmrquåms y msdectråms co jm aneuod`m` adcotå﬍am.
Cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, quc tåed`mecotc sc cstmlm doanrpnrmo`n co cj íeldtn mam-
`äedan uodvcrsdtmrdn, auyns `nacotcs
`nacotc s co su emynråm on sc hmlåmo gnrem`n co Sod-
vcrsd`m`cs Omadnomjcs, `no`c sñjn uo oûajcn `c Prmlmkm`nrcs Qnadmjcs sc hmlåm
vdoaujm`n m jm prn`uaadño mam`äedam y pnscåmo gnremadño pnstfrm`umj, sc coano-
trmlm co uom `csvcotmkm depnrtmotc co rcjmadño m ntrms `dsadpjdoms `c jms Adcoadms
Qnadmjcs anen jm Qnadnjnfåm n jm Adcoadm Rnjåtdam, `c emynr trm`dadño mam`äedam.
Mquå amlc rctnemr jms rc﬌cxdnocs quc rcmjdzm C`umr`n \docsd (<2=3) co
su tcxtn Gdjnsngåm (y) Rnjåtdam `c jm Sodvcrsd`m` macram `c añen jms pnjåtd-
ams ocnjdlcrmjcs `c jns ‘42 prn`ukcrno depnrtmotcs ameldns co jm C`uamadño
Qupcrdnr mrfcotdom, co cspcadmj co jms Sodvcrsd`m`cs Omadnomjcs, hmadco`n
quc jns `nacotcs dofrcsírmens co anotrm`daadnocs quc tcosdnomrno jm tmrcm
`nacotc, cxtcosdnodstm, `c fcstdño pcrn guo`mecotmjecotc jm `c dovcstdfm-
adño, prdnrdzm`m m pmrtdr `c jm macptmadño `cj
`c j anlrn `cj Rrnfrmem `c Dovcotdvns
m jns `nacotcs‑dovcstdfm`nrcs y jms pnjåtdams `c cståeujn m jm gnremadño `cj
pnstfrm`n. Cstns Rnrfrmems en`d﬍amrno jm vd`m antd`dmom `c jns `nacotcs‑do-
vcstdfm`nrcs, hmadäo`nons dofrcsmr co jn quc \docsd `conedom ‚uom d`cnjnfåm
prn`uatdvdstm―. Qnstdcoc quc cj ocnjdlcrmjdsen quc `constmens y aråtdamens
co cj íeldtn mam`äedan pcrecñ oucstrms príatdams, rcano﬍furñ oucstrm vd`m
anjcatdvm, oucstrm vd`m uodvcrsdtmrdm, ‚ oucstrn en`n `c pcosmr y `c hmldtmr
oucstrms uodvcrsd`m`cs, `c ﬍furmrons oucstrn jufmr y oucstrm edsdño co cjjms
y `c nrfmodzmrons oucstrn trmlmkn mam`äedan, `nacotc c dovcstdfmtdvn― (p.63),
Anen m﬍remens motcrdnrecotc, cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj anen `dsadpjdom `c jms
Adcoadms Qnadmjcs on sc coaucotrm doajud`n `cotrn `cj onecoajm`nr `cj Rrn-
frmem `c Doacotdvns m jm Dovcstdfmadño Adcotå﬍am. Qdo celmrfn, sus `nacotcs-
dovcstdfm`nrcs sno cvmjum`ns y amtcfnrdzm`ns. Pmj vcz mquå cstä jn pmrm`nkmj `c

<<

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` << 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

cstm sdtumadño. Co su csgucrzn pnr anostdtudrsc y anostrudrsc anen uom `dsadpjdom

`c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj utdjdzñ, `cs`c cstc jufmr sulmjtcron,
cj Rrnfrmem `c Doacotdvns m jm Dovcstdfmadño pmrm anosnjd`mr uo írcm
í rcm `c prn`ua-
adño `c anonadedcotns mam`cedans, pmrm cj `csmrrnjjn `c jm dovcstdfmadño co
cj emran `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, pmrm dotrn`uadr dovcstdfmadño co cj gnremtn
rcqucrd`n pnr cj Rrnfrmem co jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c frm`n y pnstfrm`n,
cotrc ntrms aucstdnocs. Cstm sdtumadño, cstms príatdams snadmjcs quc m en`n `c
rdtumj rcpctdens moumjecotc, jjcvñ m uom cspcadc `c amrrcrdsen mam`äedan quc
dotcrpcjñ/m jm vdckm d`cm frmesadmom `cj dotcjcatumj nrfíodan (Mquåo, <227).
Cs mså quc cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, doecrsn co cj íeldtn uodvcrsdtmrdn, on quc`ñ
gucrm `c csc prnacsn hdstñrdan y pnjåtdan. Qdo celmrfn, jm pnsdadño `cj Prmlmkn
Qnadmj co cj amepn `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, co jåocms fcocrmjcs, guc uom pn-
sdadño `c rcsdstcoadm mj celmtc ocnjdlcrmj. Qc mlrdcrno cspmadns `c `clmtc, `c
`dgusdño y `dsputms cotrc jns `dgcrcotcs matnrcs dovnjuarm`ns quc anognremo
cj csacomrdn `c am`m uom `c jms Sodvcrsd`m`cs Omadnomjcs. Qd ldco vmrdms Sod-
`m`cs Mam`äedams en`d﬍amrno sus pjmocs `c cstu`dn `urmotc cstc pcrdn`n,
jckns cstío `c hmlcr m`hcrd`n emsdvmecotc mj cognquc fcrcoadmj quc pnr csc
cotnoacs jns Nrfmodsens Dotcromadnomjcs `c Arc`dtn prnenvåmo anen jm pmom-
acm pmrm gnremr ‚rcaursns huemons― quc cogrcotmrmo jm pnlrczm. Jms rcgnrems
aurrdaujmrcs rcmjdzm`ms co cstc pcrdn`n anostdutuycrno uom npnrtuod`m` `c cx-
pjdadtmadño y guo`mecotmadño ajmrm `c jns supucstns cpdstcenjñfdans, tcñrdans
y ectn`njñfdans quc, m pcsmr `c jms rcstrdaadnocs y jdedtmadnocs depucstms,
pu`dcrno snstcocr co jm gnremadño mam`äedam jns prdoadpdns ätdan-pnjåtdans `c
jm prngcsdño co npnsdadño m jns pnstujm`ns depcrmotcs `cj ocnjdlcrmjdsen.
Cj dofrcsn `c Meärdam Jmtdom co cstc tcracr edjcodn depjdañ hmacr grcotc
m uo euo`n amrmatcrdzm`n pnr uom pnjdhcfcenoåm, pnr cj ampdtmjdsen ﬍omo-
adcrn trmosomadnomj, pnr uo sdstcem adcotå﬍an-tcaonjñfdan enonpnjdzm`n pnr
jms frmo`cs anrpnrmadnocs co ec`dn `c uo gucrtc prnacsn `c pmupcrdzmadño y
cxajusdño snadmj.
Jm msuoadño `cj Rrcsd`cotc Oästnr Idrahocr co cj <221 mlrdñ uo dotcrs-
tdadn quc pcredtdñ jms lmscs pnjåtdams, emarncanoñedams y kurå`dams pmrm cj
cstmljcadedcotn `c rcjmadnocs `dgcrcotcs cotrc jm snadc`m`, cj ecram`n y cj
Cstm`n, vdmldjdzmo`n cj surfdedcotn `cj En`cjn `c @csmrrnjjn Mrfcotdon (E@M).
Jm rc`uaadño `c jm pnlrczm, jm rcaupcrmadño `cj smjmrdn y `cj trmlmkn `dfon co
cj emran `c jns anovcodns anjcatdvns `c trmlmkn, anostmo cotrc mjfuons `c jns
euahns jnfrns `cj E@M. Qdo celmrfn, cxpnoc mûo aucstdnocs on rcsucjtms
prnpdms `c uom snadc`m` tn`mvåm `csdfumj (Anotd y Ecsahdod, <2=3).
@urmotc cj `conedom`n ‚adajn `cenarítdan, omadnomj
oma dnomj y pnpujmr― (Em`ncry
ct. mj., <2=1, p.=4), sc amoacjñ jm @cu`m Cxtcrom ano cj GED y ano cj Lmoan
Euo`dmj, rcstrdofudco`n mså jm pnsdldjd`m` `c dofcrcoadm `c jns edsens co jm

<1

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` <1 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

`c﬍odadño tmotn `c jms pnjåtdams snadmjcs anen `c jm pnjåtdam dotcrdnr, sc smo-

adñoñ jm Jcy Omadnomj `c C`uamadño O² <7.<27 y jm Jcy `c depjcecotmadño
cgcatdvm `c jm rcspnosmldjd`m` `cj Cstm`n co cj odvcj `c C`uamadño Qupcrdnr
O² <6.<20 `cj mýn <2=3, quc en`d﬍añ jm Jcy O² <0.3<= `cj mýn =447, cstm-
ljcadco`n cj dofrcsn drrcstrdatn y jm frmtud`m` `c jns cstu`dns uodvcrsdtmrdns. T,
T,
cspcaå﬍amecotc pmrm oucstrm prngcsdño, sc smoadñon jm Jcy Omadnomj y Gc`crmj
`c Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj O² <6.26< quc, cotrc sus prdoadpmjcs puotns, cstmljcac uom
`conedomadño aneûo pmrm jm amrrcrm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj; uo tåtujn `c lmsc, cj
`c Jdacoadm`n/m co Prmlmkn Qnadmj, y uom `urmadño `c adoan mýns. M su vcz rc-
anonac jm `nacoadm y jm dovcstdfmadño anen pmrtc `cj ckcradadn `c jm prngcsdño
@dgcrcotcs pnjåtdams snadmjcs sc `cstdomrno pmrm gnrtmjcacr jms Adcoadms
Qnadmjcs. @cs`c cj Rn`cr Ckcautdvn omadnomj, m trmväs `cj Edodstcrdn `c C`u-
amadño `c jm Omadño, cj írcm `c Amjd`m` Sodvcrsdtmrdm `cpco`dcotc `c jm Qc-
arctmrdm `c Rnjåtdams Sodvcrsdtmrdms (QRS) depjcecotñ uom scrdc `c prnfrmems
prnfrmem s
pmrm cj ecknrmedcotn `c jm coscýmozm y mprco`dzmkc co jns `dgcrcotcs amepns
adcotå﬍ans; jns Rrnfrmems `c Mpnyn m jms Dofcodcråms, jms Adcoadms Cxmatms,
Adcoadms Eä`dams, Adcoadms Mfrmrdms, cotrc ntrms quc sc coaucotrmo aneprco-
`d`ms co cj Mrtåaujn 01 `c jm Jcy `c C`uamadño Qupcrdnr. T, pnr jn tmotn, sc
snectco pcrdñ`damecotc m uo sdstcem `c cvmjumadño pcremocotc m trmväs `c
uom mfcoadm cstmtmj anen cs jm ANOCMS, quc rcmjdzm ano `c uo sdstcem `c
pmrcs uom cvmjumadño `c am`m amrrcrm co am`m Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj, tmotn `c
fcstdño pûljdam anen prdvm`m, cgcatumo`n uom scrdc `c rcaneco`madnocs pmrm
ecknrmr mqucjjms sdtumadnocs quc sc prcscotmo anen `c﬍adtmrdms.
Jms Adcoadms Huemoms y jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs on sc coaucotrmo aneprco-
`d`ms co cj Mrtåaujn 01. Rnr co`c, y co rcanonadedcotn `c jm acosurm, pcrscau-
sdno, acsmotåms, ajmusurms, `c quc gucrno våatdem tmotn jns `nacotcs anen jns
cstu`dmotcs, jns frm`um`ns y cj pcrsnomj m`edodstrmtdvn `c cstms Sod`m`cs Mam-
`äedams `urmotc jm ûjtdem `datm`urm aåvdan-edjdtmr, cj Edodstcrdn `c C`uamadño
`c jm Omadño prnac`dñ m jm msdfomadño `c uom pmrtd`m prcsupucstmrdm pmrm jm rc-
mpcrturm `c amrrcrms acrrm`ms, cj rccqudpmedcotn `c ldljdntcams cspcadmjdzm`ms,
jm rcmjdzmadño `c ecknrms c`djdadms, `c gnrtmjcadedcotn y mepjdmadño `c jm pjmotm
`nacotc, cj Rnfrmem `c Anepjctmedcotns `c amrfns `nacotcs, jm doanrpnrmadño
emsdvm `c adcotdstms snadmjcs
snadmj cs mj ANODACP,
ANODACP, cotrc ntrms aucstdnocs.
aucstdnoc s.
Qd ldco cxdstdñ csm vnjuotm` pnjåtdam `c jm fcstdño `cj Edodstcrdn `c C`u-
amadño m amrfn `cj Jdacoadm`n @modcj Gdjeus, co csc enecotn, guc cj trmlmkn
y jm fcstdño rcmjdzm`m pnr jns y jms @camons/ms `c jms `dstdotms amrrcrms `c jms
Adcoadms Qnadmjcs quc anognremrno pnr prdecrm vcz uo oûajcn `c mpnyn y gnr-
tmjcadedcotn `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs anen cs cj Anosckn `c @camons `c jms
Adcoadms Qnadmjcs (AN@CQNA). Cs `cs`c mquå quc sc fcstñ y manepmýñ co su
depjcecotmadño cj Rrnfrmem `c Mpnyn m jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs (R\NQNA) `c

<0

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` <0 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

jm Qcarctmrdm `c Rnjåtdams Sodvcrsdtmrdms `cstdom`n m jms sdfudcotcs amrrcrms `c

frm`n; Jdacoadmturm co Qnadnjnfåm, Jdacoadmturm co Adcoadm Rnjåtdam, Jdacoadm-
turm co Aneuodamadño Qnadmj y Jdacoadmturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Qus nlkctdvns
prdoadpmjcs gucrno;

- Mpnymr matdvd`m`cs quc prneucvmo cj ecknrmedcotn `c jm amjd`m` `c jm

coscýmozm co jms amrrcrms `c jm rmem `c Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, cspcadmj-
ecotc `c jms `dsadpjdoms `c Qnadnjnfåm, Adcoadm Rnjåtdam, Aneuodamadño
Qnadmj y Prmlmkn Qnadmj.
- Cstdeujmr jm anovcrfcoadm y annpcrmadño `c jms Sod`m`cs
Sod`m`cs Mam`äedams y am-
rrcrms m trmväs `c jm anognremadño `c rc`cs mam`äedams dotcruodvcrsdtmrdms.

Rmrm pn`cr maac`cr m cstc prnfrmem hmlåm quc rcmjdzmr uom prcscotmadño
dostdtuadnomj `c uo Rrnycatn pnr amrrcrm pnr Sodvcrsd`m`. Cj edsen ﬍omoadmlm
jns sdfudcotcs anepnocotcs;

       


 
  
 
  
 

    
  
 

mpnyn mj ecknrmedcotn `c jm gnremadño príatdam.
          -
jjn y ecknrmedcotn `c jm gnremadño `c jns rcaursns huemons mam`äedans.
         -
   
adnocs `nacotcs

Cstc prnfrmem pnsdldjdtñ jm ﬍rem `c trcdotm y uo (1=) anovcodns ano Sod-

vcrsd`m`cs Omadnomjcs `no`c sc `datmo cstms amrrcrms (Lucons Mdrcs, Acotrn `c
jm RLM, Amtmemram, Ahdjcadtn, Anemhuc, Añr`nlm, Auyn, Cotrc \åns, Gnrensm,
           
\dnkm, Jdtnrmj, Jnems `c [menrm, Jukío, Emr `cj Rjmtm, Edsdnocs, Rmtmfnodm
          
Qmo Juds, Qmotdmfn `cj Cstcrn, Puaueío, Wdjjm
Wdjjm Emråm.), tcodco`n uo pcrdn`n `c
ckcauadño aneprco`d`n cotrc <228 y <2=2. Cj edsen sc depjcecotñ co tn`ms
jms Sodvcrsd`m`cs y `c emocrm pmradmj co jm SOE`R.
SOE`R.
Cj R\NQNA anotñ ano `ns ctmpms. Jm scfuo`m ctmpm, cj R\NQNA <, guc
`cstdom`m mj gnrtmjcadedcotn `nacotc pmrm jm rcgnrem aurrdaujmr, m jm mepjdm-
adño y uod﬍amadño `c amrfns `nacotcs, pmrm ecknrmr jm prcscoadm `c `nacotcs
cxajusdvns co jms Sodvcrsd`m`cs Omadnomjcs anen gnrem c﬍adcotc `c snstcocr
y prnenvcr jm dovcstdfmadño snadmj. Qc mpjdam co jms trcdotm Sodvcrsd`m`cs ano
anovcodn smjvn co jm SOE`R
SOE`R,, m pcsmr `c quc cj Hnonrmljc Anosckn Qupcrdnr `c

<3

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` <3 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

jm Sodvcrsd`m` mprnlñ y susardldñ cj anovcodn9 on mså cj Anosckn Mam`äedan `c

jm Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms `c jm Qmju` y Qcrvdadn Qnadmj.
Rnr ntrm pmrtc, co cj emran `cj Ldacotcomrdn `c jm Rmtrdm y co ecenrdm
`cj prdecr Dognrec macram `c jm sdtumadño canoñedam y snadmj `c jm snadc`m`
mrfcotdom `urmotc cj prdecr Acotcomrdn `cj pmås rcmjdzm`n pnr Ldmjct Emssct, cj
AN@CQNA `dscýñ cj Rrnfrmem `c Dovcstdfmadño snlrc jm Qnadc`m` `c Mrfcotd-
om Anotcepnríocm (RDQMA).
M su vcz, m ﬍o `c gmvnrcacr jm gnremadño y matumjdzmadño pcremecotc
`c `nacotcs-dovcstdfm`nrcs `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, co maucr`n ano cj AN-
@CQNA, sc arcñ cj Rrnfrmem @natnrmr, quc, m pmrtdr `c uo sdstcem `c lcams,
pnsdldjdtñ maac`cr y ﬍omjdzmr cstu`dns `natnrmjcs, co gnrem on mrmoacjm`m, m
uom depnrtmotc amotd`m` `c frm`um`ns `c jm amrrcrm `c Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj.
Co jåocms fcocrmjcs, sc puc`c m﬍remr quc `urmotc cstc adajn jm gnremadño
mam`äedam `c Prmlmkm`nrcs Qnadmjcs sc `cspjdcfm co cj Qdstcem `c C`uamadño
Qupcrdnr Sodvcrsdtmrdn y Pcradmrdn, `cs`c cj aumj jm amrrcrm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj cs
`datm`m co onvcotm y `ns (4<) Sod`m`cs Mam`äedams, `c jms aumjcs vcdotdouc-
vc (<4) pcrtcocaco m Sodvcrsd`m`cs Omadnomjcs Rûljdams, adoan (3) m Sodvcrsd-
`m`cs prdvm`ms, uom (=) mj dostdtutn `c jm pnjdaåm gc`crmj y jms adoaucotm y sdctc
(36) rcstmotcs m dostdtutns `c amrrcrms tcradmrdms.
Anen sc puc`c mprcadmr, m pcsmr `c jns csgucrzns rcmjdzm`ns, jm emynr pmrtc
`c jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c jns y jms Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms
Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs co oucstrn pmås
sc `csmrrnjjm `cotrn `cj Qdstcem `c C`uamadño
C`ua madño Qupcrdnr Pcradmrdn `no`c sc lrdo-
`m jm amrrcrm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj ano uom `urmadño `c aumtrn mýns (0 mýns)
mýn s) y auyn
tåtujn cs Pcaodan Qupcrdnr co Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Qd ldco cstm rcmjd`m` anostdtuyc
uom jdedtmadño depnrtmotc, tmeldäo mlrc jm pnsdldjd`m` `c `csmrrnjjmr `dstdotns
tdpns `c mrtdaujmadnocs `cotrn `cj Qdstcem C`uamtdvn quc pcredtmo supcrmr jm
grmfecotmadño y mdsjmedcotn mj quc hdstñrdamecotc sc vdn rcjcfm`n.
M su vcz, co jms Sodvcrsd`m`cs Omadnomjcs sc lrdo`m jm amrrcrm `c Jdacoadm-
turm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj ano uom `urmadño `c 3 adoan mýns y sc ntnrfm cj tåtujn `c
Jdacoadm`n co Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Qdo celmrfn, `c emocrm prcnaupmotc cs ocacsm-
rdn m`vcrtdr quc sc hmo mldcrtn co Sodvcrsd`m`cs Omadnomjcs amrrcrms `c Jdaco-
admturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj ano tåtujns dotcrec`dns. Cstn, m`ceís `c rcsujtmr uom
sdtumadño onvc`nsm, anostdtuyc uom mjmrem depnrtmotc ym quc jm arcmadño `c jms
edsems dotcrpcjm tmotn m jm GMSMPQ anen m jm GMMRQ co rcjmadño m jm pnjåtdam
dostdtuadnomj quc hmo jjcvm`n mj rcspcatn mså anen tmeldäo doauepjco ano jm
Jcy Omadnomj y Gc`crmj `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj O² <6.26<, quc cstmljcac anen tåtujn
`c lmsc pmrm cj ckcradadn `c jm prngcsdño cj `c Jdacoadm`n/m co Prmlmkn Qnadmj.
Cstc csacomrdn `c jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs co
cj Qdstcem `c C`uamadño Qupcrdnr mrfcotdon prcscotm mjfuoms tcosdnocs y `ds-
putms quc m anotdoumadño sc prnpnoco, m ﬍o `c quc scmo rctnem`ms co guturns

<7

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` <7 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

`clmtcs. Gnremo pmrtc, m oucstrn cotco`cr, `c jms `dsausdnocs mûo pco`dcotcs

quc tcocens quc fcocrmr jns quc cstmens vdoaujm`ns `c emocrm `drcatm n do-
`drcatm ano jm gnremadño mam`äedam
mam`ä edam `c Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms
Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs co Mrfcotdom;

m. Jm cxdstcoadm `c prnpucstms aurrdaujmrcs hctcrnfäocms co sus anotc-

od`ns, `conedomadnocs, cstruaturm y `urmadño. Qc puc`co mprcadmr `d-
scýns aurrdaujmrcs `c amríatcr fcocrmjdstm-uodvcrsmjdstm y ntrns `dscýns
aurrdaujmrcs `c﬍od`ns `cs`c uom arcadcotc cspcad﬍amadño prnpdm `c
jns rcqucrdedcotns quc jm dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj cstm m`qudrdco`n mj
trmtmr `c fcocrmr rcspucstms dotcfrmjcs m jns prnljcems snadmjcs ane-
pjckns quc prcscotmo jms snadc`m`cs anotcepnríocms.
l. Jm prcscoadm `c prnycatns gnremtdvns pcosm`ns co rcjmadño ano jms ju-
ahms rcdvdo`damtdvms `c jns `dgcrcotcs envdedcotns snadmjcs co pns `c
jm anoqudstm `c `crcahns quc hmo cecrfd`n co Meärdam Jmtdom y ntrns
prnycatns mam`äedans y aurrdaujmrcs quc `mo prccedocoadm m jm `deco-
sdño täaodam dostruecotmj co `ctrdecotn `c jm `decosdño pnjåtdam.
a. Jm `c﬍odadño `cj dofrcsn drrcstrdatn y jm frmtud`m` `c jns cstu`dns su-
pcrdnrcs co cj emran `c jm rcgnrem `c jm Jcy `c C`uamadño Qupcrdnr O
<0.3<7/=443 y jm prcscoadm `dspmr `c pnjåtdams `c mpnyn m jms trmyca-
tnrdms c`uamtdvms pmrm prnenvcr jm frm`umadño quc dotcrpcjm jm tcosdño
cotrc maacsdldjd`m` y amjd`m` `c jns cstu`dns supcrdnrcs.
`. Jm ‚gnremadño prngcsdnomj― vs.
vs. jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c dotcjcatumjcs
aneprnectd`ns.
c. Jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs `c gucrtc scsfn
tcnrdadstm grcotc m prnpucstms `c gnremadño lmsm`ms co jm cxpcrdcoadm.
Jm cxpcrdcoadm cstí `m`m pnr jms hnrms `c amepn anen guo`mecotmadño
`cj smlcr ‑ hmacr.
g. Jm mrtdaujmadño `c jm gnremadño mam`äedam cotrc jns Dostdtutns tcradm-
rdns `c C`uamadño Qupcrdnr, prdnrdtmrdmecotc `c fcstdño pûljdam y jmd-
ans, cotrc jns Dostdtutns y jms Sod`m`cs Mam`äedams, mså anen prnen-
vcr dostmoadms `c mrtdaujmadño cotrc jms Sodvcrsd`m`cs Omadnomjcs cotrc
så y ano jms Sodvcrsd`m`cs
Sodvcrsd`m`cs jmtdonmecrdamoms.
f. Grcotc jm prcscoadm `c pcosmedcotn `nfeítdan quc `d﬍aujtm jm `dsau-
sdño cotrc cognqucs tcñrdans cs ocacsmrdn doanrpnrmr co jm gnremadño
mam`äedam jms `dsausdnocs prnpdms `cj pcosmedcotn jmtdonmecrdamon y
`csanjnodmj quc dotcrpcjco jm emtrdz gnremtdvm curnaäotrdam, mo`rnaäo-
trdam y tcnaäotrdam.

Amlc scýmjmr quc co cstc anotcxtn `c rcanonadedcotn y gnrtmjcadedcotn

`c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c frm`n co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

<6

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` <6 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

co Mrfcotdom nlscrvm mûo uom emram`m hctcrnfcocd`m`, m pcsmr `c jns euj-

tdpjcs csgucrzns rcmjdzm`ns pnr jm GMSMPQ, sdotctdzm`ns co cj @nauecotn Jd- 
ocmedcotns Aurrdaujmrcs Lísdans  (<228)
  (<228) `no`c sc prnpnoc uo emran aneûo
`c `dsausdño pmrm jms rcgnrems aurrdaujmrcs co Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Cs mså quc, eís
mjjí `c jns rcsujtm`ns nltcod`ns, sc rcmjdzñ uo csgucrzn pnjåtdan c d`cnjñfdan
depnrtmotc quc snstuvn jm fcocrmadño `c uo prnacsn `c rcgnrems aurrdaujmrcs
co Prmlmkn Qnadmj quc tuvn anen hnrdznotc jm mrtdaujmadño `c uo sdstcem `c
C`uamadño Qupcrdnr cotrc jms `dstdotms amrrcrms `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj co Mrfcotdom.
Cstc envdedcotn sc prn`ukn ano jms pnsdldjd`m`cs y jdedtmadnocs
jdedtmadn ocs quc prcsco-
tm uo Qdstcem `c Coscýmozm `c C`uamadño Qupcrdnr `no`c ancxdstco `dgcrcotcs
pcrspcatdvms tcñrdan-anoacptumjcs mså anen `dgcrcotcs cognqucs ectn`njñfdans.
Cstm hctcrnfcocd`m` anostdtuyc uom prcnaupmadño pcrn, m jm vcz, sc rcvcjm anen
rdquczm mj enecotn `c fcocrmr anotcod`ns aurrdaujmrcs eåodens quc pcredtmo
jm envdjd`m` `nacotc y cstu`dmotdj. Cs co jm jåocm `c cstc lmjmoac cotrc cj `clc
y cj hmlcr quc cj Rrnfrmem `c Doacotdvns @nacotcs (=441) fnzm mûo `c lucom
smju`, anotdoûm vdfcotc, rcfujmo`n jns en`ns, jns anotcod`ns, jn quc sc ﬍omoadm
n on anen Dovcstdfmadño `cotrn `c oucstrn Qdstcem uodvcrsdtmrdn.
Pmj vcz, co su hcrcoadm rcanoacptumjdzm`nrm, ano tn`ms sus juacs y sne-
lrms, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño anostdtuyc uo nlstíaujn cpdstcenjñfdan pcrn tmeldäo
npcrmtdvn pmrm gmadjdtmr jm doajusdño y macptmadño `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj `cotrn `cj
amepn `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs mrfcotdoms, quc tmeldäo co ntrms `dsadpjdoms
anen jm Qnadnjnfåm rcpu`dñ y rcahmzñ jm trm`dadño `cj cosmyn anen gnrem `c
dovcstdfmadño co jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs.

Cj csacomrdn anoarctn `no`c sc mprco`c y coscým jm Qdstcemtdzmadño

anen Ectn`njnfåm
Ectn`njnfåm `c Dovcstdfmadño
Dovcstdfmadño co jm Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj `c
Emr `cj Rjmtm
Amlc `mr aucotm `cj anotcxtn co cj quc sc coscým y mprco`c jm sdstcemtd-
zmadño co jm SOE`R y `c añen
añ en uom scrdc `c cvcotns `csmgnrtuom`ns pnsdldjdtñ
jm arcmadño `c uo cspmadn `c rc﬌cxdño quc `dcrm rcspucstm m jn quc cstmlm
naurrdco`n. Rcsc m quc jn hcens ecoadnom`n hmstm mquå vmrdms vcacs, ons
pmrcac ocacsmrdn cogmtdzmr cj hcahn `c quc uom aneprcosdño anen jm quc prc-
scotmens co cstc tcxtn macram `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño cs `cu`nrm `cj cognquc
quc sdtûm mj Prmlmkn Qnadmj anen uom `dsadpjdom `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs. Cs
co cstm dosardpadño y on co ntrm quc jm sdstcemtdzmadño rcqudcrc rcmjdzmr uom
scrdc `c anosd`crmadnocs co tnron m jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c jns y jms Prm-
lmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs co cj amepn `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs co jm Sodvcrsd`m`
Omadnomj `c Emr `cj Rjmtm.
<8

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` <8 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

Rmrm cstn, `clcens mtco`cr cspcadmjecotc m quc co jm Sodvcrsd`m` Om-

adnomj `c Emr `cj Rjmtm jm amrrcrm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj sc mjnkm co jm Gmaujtm` `c
Adcoadms `c jm Qmju` y `c Qcrvdadn Qnadmj. T m quc jm ectn`njnfåm `c sdstcem-
tdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj anotdoûm sdco`n uom pmrtc `c jm gnr-
emadño mam`äedam `c jns y jms
jm s cstu`dmotcs `c Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj `c jm SOE`R `c
emocrm ‚djcfåtdem―, on rcanonad`m.
Co uo anotcxtn `c ecknrm y prnenadño `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs co fcocrmj, y
co cspcadmj `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, rcmjdzm`n `urmotc cj adajn `c fnldcron idrahocrdstm,
idra hocrdstm,
jm amrrcrm `c Qcrvdadn Qnadmj `c jm SOE`R pcremocadñ mdsjm`m, mj emrfco `c jms
pnjåtdams y jdocmedcotns quc sc rcaneco`mlmo tmotn `cs`c cj AN@CQNA anen
`cs`c jm GMSMPQ. Anen pruclm cepårdam `c csm sdtumadño sc puc`c ecoadnomr
quc m jm gcahm anotdoûm sdo pn`cr en`d﬍amr cj onelrc `c jm amrrcrm y `c jm Gmauj-
tm`, sdco`n jm ûodam amrrcrm uodvcrsdtmrdm `cj pmås quc sc `conedom Qcrvdadn Qnadmj
co vcz `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Jm pcremocadm `c jm `conedomadño `c Qcrvdadn Qnadmj
co vcz `c Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj doauepjc ano uon `c jns prdoadpmjcs
prdoad pmjcs nlkctdvns prnpucstns
pnr GMSMPQ y pnr jm GMMRQ sdotctdzm`n co jm Jcy Omadnomj y Gc`crmj `c Prmlmkn
Qnadmj O² <626<, quc cstmljcac anen ûodam `conedomadño `cj tåtujn prngcsdnomj
cj `c Jdacoadm`n/m co Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Amlc scýmjmr quc m pmrtdr `c uom dodadmtdvm
cstu`dmotdj sc prcscotñ uo prnycatn `c Nr`comozm `c Anosckn Qupcrdnr y Anosckn
Mam`äedan m trmväs `cj aumj sc mprnlñ pnr uomoded`m` jm en`d﬍amadño `cj one-
lrc `c jm amrrcrm y `cj Påtujn, quc`mo`n mûo pco`dcotc cj onelrc `c jm Gmaujtm`
quc co lrcvc scrí trmtm`n co jm Msmeljcm Sodvcrsdtmrdm, cspcrmo`n anotmr ano uo
mpnyn gmvnrmljc `cj rcstn `c jm aneuod`m` uodvcrsdtmrdm.
M su vcz, cstm amrrcrm mjnkm`m co jm Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms `c jm Qmju` sc
`dgcrcoadm `c cj rcstn `c jms amrrcrms
a mrrcrms `c Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj quc sc coaucotrmo
coau cotrmo co jms
Gmaujtm`cs `c Adcoadms Qnadmjcs
Qnadmjc s y/n sc hmo anostdtud`n co Gmaujtm`cs
Gmau jtm`cs `c Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn
Qnadmj, sdco`n jns amsns eís celjceítdans cj `c jm SOJRSOJR,, cj `c jm
j m SOC\ y, mhn-
rm, jm SOA. Jm Jdacoadmturm co Qcrvdadn Qnadmj co jm SOE`R tmepnan pmrtdadpñ
`c jm emynr pmrtc `c jms rcgnrems aurrdaujmrcs co Mrfcotdom rcmjdzm`ms m ﬍ocs `c
jns mýns ‘82 y `urmotc jm `äam`m `c jns ‘42. Cstms rcgnrems co jåocms fcocrmjcs
cstmlmo sdfom`ms pnr jm dotcoadño `c rcaupcrmr cj jcfm`n rcanoacptumjdzm`nr y
acotrm`ms co jm prcnaupmadño `c jms príatdams `c gnremadño prcprngcsdnomj y co
añen rcsnjvcr jm `dvdsdño cotrc tcnråm y príatdam. Rnstcrdnrecotc, prn`uatn `c
ano﬌datns dotcrons y `c uom ardsds dostdtuadnomj depnrtmotc quc jjcvñ m jm macgmjåm
`c jm amrrcrm y `c jm Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms `c jm Qmju` y Qcrvdadn Qnadmj, on sc
pcredtdñ jm mpjdamadño `cj R\NQNA = y <. Rnr co`c, sc `csmprnvcahñ
`csmprn vcahñ uom depnr-
tmotc npnrtuod`m` `c cgcatumr jm rcgnrem aurrdaujmr y anosnjd`mr uom mepjdmadño
`c amrfns `nacotcs pmrm quc jm jjcvmrmo m amln.
Anen nlscrvmens, cotnoacs, jm Jdacoadmturm co Qcrvdadn Qnadmj, auyn pmsc
m jm Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj y Rjmo `c cstu`dns gucrno mprnlm`ns `urmotc jm ûjtd-

<4

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` <4 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

em `datm`urm aåvdan edjdtmr, ﬍rem`ns pnr cj `datm`nr Ldfonoc, on pmrtdadpñ `c

cstns prnacsns `c rcgnrem, sdco`n jm ûodam amrrcrm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj auyn Rjmo
`c cstu`dns anotdoûm sdo scr en`d﬍am`n `c emocrm dotcfrmj m pcsmr `c jns cs-
gucrzns rcmjdzm`ns pnr `dgcrcotcs frupns `c cstu`dmotcs, frm`um`ns y `nacotcs
`n acotcs
m jn jmrfn `c eís `c trcdotm mýns.
Co cstc anotcxtn pnjåtdan-mam`äedan sdfom`n tmotn pnr cj an-fnldcron uod-
vcrsdtmrdn anen pnr uom scrdc `c aucstdnocs mûo on `cvcjm`ms y `c ano﬌datns
on rcsucjtns, mvmozmens co jm rcmjdzmadño `c uom cxpcrdcoadm anoarctm `cs`c
jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño quc dodadm `c emocrm cxtrmaurrdaujmr ano cj Qcedom-
rdn-Pmjjcr `c Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño pmrm, co cj ujtden
mýn, doanrpnrmrsc anen pmrtc `c jns anotcod`ns `c jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño.

Jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño
Jms príatdams `c gnremadño mam`äedam `c jns y jms cstu`dmotcs `c jm Jd-
acoadmturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj co jm SOE`R sc `csmrrnjjmo co cj írcm `conedom-
`m ‚Msdfomturms cspcaå﬍ams― co uo emran `c trmlmkn aurrdaujmr lmsm`n co jns
prdoadpdns `c jm rcaupcrmadño `cj scotd`n `c jn anjcatdvn, co jm pmrtdadpmadño y
cj ckcradadn `c jm mutnoneåm m trmväs `c jm mprnpdmadño `cj prnycatn aneûo. Cj
cqudpn `c jm Aítc`rm y cj cqudpn `c príatdam sno anrrcspnosmljcs `cj prnacsn
`c coscýmozm y mprco`dzmkc quc sc `cspjdcfm m trmväs `c jm anostruaadño `c jns
Pmjjcrcs dotcfrm`ns `c príatdam `c gnremadño prngcsdnomj, auyns anotcod`ns eå-
odens hmo sd`n mprnlm`ns npnrtuomecotc pnr jm NAQ O² =870/20.
Cstm en`d﬍amadño pmradmj `c jms príatdams `c gnremadño mam`äedam pnsd-
ldjdtñ jm arcmadño `c uom cstruaturm `c príatdams dotcfrm`ms `ctmjjm`m m ano-
tdoumadño. Cstns Pmjjcrcs `c Rríatdam Dotcfrm`m sc anepjcecotmo y mrtdaujmo
    
     
Qdstcem `c Rríatdams `c gnremadño mam`äedam ﬍omjdzm co cj ûjtden odvcj `cj
Pmjjcr `c jm Rríatdam Dotcfrm`m.
Jm msdfomturm Qupcrvdsdño sc coaucotrm `cotrn `c jms msdfomturms quc gnr-
emo pmrtc `cj írcm cspcaå﬍am, on cs rcanonad`m aurrdaujmrecotc anen pmrtc
`c jms msdfomturms `c Rríatdams `c gnremadño mam`äedam `c jm Jdacoadmturm co
Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Cj matumj
ma tumj Rjmo `c cstu`dns rcanonac jm msdfomturm Qupcrvdsdño
anen uom msdfomturm tcñrdam ano uom amrfm hnrmrdm tntmj `c ==< hnrms y scem-
omj `c 0 hnrms, `dstrdlud`m co < hnrms `c ajmscs príatdams y < hnrms `c ajmscs
tcñrdan-príatdams.
Jm msdfomturm Qupcrvdsdño
Qupcrvdsdño cs uom msdfomturm tcñrdam `cj Írcm cspcaå﬍am,
sdo celmrfn, grcotc m jm muscoadm `c uom Rríatdam dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m
co cj matumj Rjmo `c cstu`dns, jm msdfomturm Qupcrvdsdño msuedñ jm depjc-

12

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 12 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

ecotmadño `c uo Qdstcem `c Rríatdam Dostdtuadnomj Qupcrvdsm`m, quc co csc

enecotn sc coanotrmlm m amrfn `c jm Rrngcsnrm Pdtujmr Amssdocjjd y jm Rrngcsnrm
M`kuotm Emråm Mofcjjnod. Co jm príatdam, cstm nedsdño anotñ ano uo maucr`n
cotrc jns `nacotcs, cstu`dmotcs y frm`um`ns `c jm amrrcrm, quc guoadñon hmstm
cj mýn <220 sdo en`d﬍amadño mjfuom. Jms príatdams `c gnremadño mam`äedam
`c jns y jms cstu`dmotcs `c jm Jdacoadmturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj co jm SOE`R
sc `dvd`c co `ns; jms Rríatdams aneuodtmrdms/ tcrrdtnrdmjcs quc sc `csmrrnjjmo
co jns PRD y jms `conedom`ms Rríatdams dostdtuadnomjcs, quc sc `csmrrnjjmlmo
`dmrdmecotc `urmotc uo mýn amjco`mrdn, ano uom amrfm hnrmrdm `c <2 hnrms
scemomjcs m amrfn `c frm`um`ns co Qcrvdadn Qnadmj quc msueåmo jm gnremadño
co Qcrvdadn `c jns y jms cstu`dmotcs. Cj rcanonadedcotn `c cstm Rríatdam `c
gnremadño mam`äedam jm rcmjdzmo jms `dgcrcotcs dostdtuadnocs `no`c sc `csm-
rrnjjm jm edsem. Jns y jms cstu`dmotcs aursmlmo `urmotc uo mýn jm msdfomturm
Qupcrvdsdño ano uom amrfm hnrmrdm `c =< hnrms scemomjcs y mprnlmlmo jns
anotcod`ns eåodens `c jm edsem.
M pmrtdr `cj mýn <220, hmldco`n msued`n jm Aítc`rm Amstcjjmons y Ecsahd-
od pnr anoaursn pûljdan `c npnsdadño y motcac`cotcs, m pmrtdr `c uo rcajmen
cstu`dmotdj quc `couoadñ quc jm Rríatdam `c gnremadño mam`äedam supcrvdsm`m
quc sc `csmrrnjjm co dostdtuadnocs on sc coanotrmlm anotcepjm`m co cj ma-
tumj Rjmo `c cstu`dns, sc fcocrñ uo oucvn maucr`n pnr cj aumj sc macptñ quc;

¶ Jm Aítc`rm Qupcrvdsdño,
Qupcrvdsdño, muoquc cs uom msdfomturm tcñrdam ano 0 hs
scemomjcs, anotdoumrm hmadäo`nsc amrfn `c jm `conedom`m ‚Rríatdam
dostdtuadnomj―9
¶ Jm Rríatdam dostdtuadnomj quc sc `csmrrnjjm co jm msdfomturm Qupcrvd-
sdno ON pn`åm scr nljdfmtnrdm, sdon quc tcoåm quc scr nptmtdvm ym quc on
sc coaucotrm `cotrn `c jm emjjm aurrdaujmr matumj9
¶ Jm Rríatdam
Rríatdam dostdtuadnomj tuvdcrm uom `urmadño `c mýn mam`äedan (emyn
m onvdcelrc) co vcz `c mýn amjco`mrdn (`c emrzn m emrzn) anen tdcoc
jm matdvd`m` mam`äedam jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño9
¶ Jm príatdam dostdtuadnomj
dostdtuadnomj tuvdcrm uom amrfm hnrmrdm cotrc =< y <2 hs
scemomjcs9
¶ Jm príatdam dostdtuadnomj pu`dcrm aursmrsc m `dstmoadm m ﬍o `c gmvnrcacr
jm rcdoscradño `c jns y jms cstu`dmotcs co `dstdotms jnamjd`m`cs9
¶ Jns supcrvdsnrcs gucrmo frm`um`ns y cstuvdcrmo emtrdaujm`ns, macptmo-
`n mså anepmrtdr jm rcspnosmldjd`m` `c jm gnremadño mam`äedam ano jns
y jms anjcfms.

Amlc scýmjmr quc `urmotc cstns `nac mýns jm emynråm `c jns y jms cstu`dmo-
tcs rcmjdzmrno `c emocrm nptmtdvm su Rríatdam `c gnremadño mam`äedam supcr-

1=

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 1= 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

vdsm`m co Dostdtuadnocs `cs`c jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño, anostdtuyco`n ästm

uom príatdam `c gnremadño mam`äedam jcfåtdem, ano mjtn frm`n `c vmjnrmadño
y rcanonadedcotn tmotn pnr jns y jms cstu`dmotcs anen pnr jns/ms frm`um`ns/ 
ms, pcrn on jcfmjdzm`m. Qd ldco sc rconvñ cj maucr`n cxdstcotc cotrc `nacotcs
y frm`um`ns, cstn on mjamozñ pmrm jcfmjdzmr cj edsen, ym quc on guc pnsd-
ljc doajudr cstms `cemo`ms co cj matumj Rjmo `c cstu`dns, anostdtuyco`n uom
`cu`m pco`dcotc `c jm mam`cedm ano an o jm gnremadño `c jns y jms Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms
Qnadmjcs co jm SOE`R.
Cs mså quc jm Rríatdam `c gnremadño mam`äedam supcrvdsm`m co Dostdtuadn-
ocs sc `csmrrnjjñ `cs`c jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño m pmrtdr `c uom doscradño
dostdtuadnomj/nrfmodzmadnomj. \cqudcrc, pnr uo jm`n, `c jm aneprcosdño tcñrd-
an‑príatdam `c jm gnremadño mam`äedam supcrvdsm`m `c jns y jms cstu`dmotcs `cj
ûjtden mýn `c jm Jdacoadmturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj, pnsdldjdtm pnocr co `díjnfn jms
`dstdotms msdfomturms quc gnremo pmrtc `c jms msdfomturms anrrcjmtdvms rcqucrd-
`ms pmrm aursmr
aursmr jm msdfomturm Qupcrvdsdño (ectn`njnfåm `c Amsn Qnadmj Do`dvd-
`umj, Dovcstdfmadño D y DD.
DD. M`edodstrmadño, Sod`m`cs `c Rríatdam D, DD, DDD y DW)
pntcoadmo`n c dotcfrmo`n jns nlkctdvns `c jms `dstdotms msdfomturms, cjdedomo`n
mså jm ajísdam `dvdsdño cotrc tcnråm y príatdam. Rnr ntrm pmrtc, rcqudcrc cotco`cr jm
edsem anen uo prnacsn anotdoun quc mlmram jm tntmjd`m` `cj pcrdn`n `c pcrem-
ocoadm `cj n `c jm cstu`dmotc co jm Dostdtuadño/ nrfmodzmadño y on uo enecotn
enec otn n
ctmpm `cj edsen. So prnacsn anotdoun quc dodadm ano jm do`uaadño mj amepn, cj
dofrcsn m jm Dostdtuadño sc`c/ nrfmodzmadño y ﬍omjdzm ano cj cfrcsn `c jm edsem,
jnfrmo`n mjamoacs `dgcrcotcs scfûo jm doscradño-dotcfrmadño `cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj
co jm dostdtuadño/scrvdadn/prnfrmem y scfûo jm ampmad`m`-`dspnodldjd`m` `c jns/ 
ms cstu`dmotcs y supcrvdsnrcs `c jm Dostdtuadño sc`c y mam`äedans.
Qnstcocr prnacsns c`uamtdvns `c gnremadño mam`äedam co Prmlmkn Qnadmj
rcqudcrc cstmljcacr maucr`ns eåodens quc jns gmadjdtco y cspcad﬍quco ajmrm-
ecotc `cs`c `ño`c sc pmrtc, m `ño`c sc cspcrm mrrdlmr y co quä ano`dadnocs
sc rcanrrcrí cj amedon. Jm prnpucstm quc sc sc guc ano﬍furmo`n `urmotc cstns
mýns pnoc cj äogmsds co jm rcjmadño tcnråm-príatdam, pmrm jn aumj prneucvc jm
mprchcosdño y aneprcosdño `c jns anotcod`ns `c ‚Qupcrvdsdño― m trmväs `c
uom dostmoadm tcñrdan-príatdam y `c jm Rríatdam supcrvdsm`m `c jm mtcoadño `c
jm `cemo`m `cj ‚amsn snadmj― co `ns íeldtns,íeldtns, íujdan y cxtrm-íujdan. Qc dotc-
frmo mså, hnrdznotmjecotc, anotcod`ns cpdstcenjñfdans, tcñrdan-ectn`njñfdans,
prnac`decotmj-npcrmtdvns y matdtu`domjcs, m ﬍o `c lrdo`mr cj snpnrtc lísdan
pmrm jm doanrpnrmadño `c jm Qupcrvdsdño y `c jm jñfdam `cemo`m-rcspucstm co jm
mtcoadño do`dvd`umj n gmedjdmr co jms Nrfmodzmadnocs snadmjcs `no`c oucstrns/ 
ms cstu`dmotcs `csmrrnjjmo su Rríatdam `c gnremadño mam`äedam.
Jm dostmoadm tcñrdam cstí anepucstm pnr `dgcrcotcs ckcs anoacptumjcs `c-
onedom`ns ‚ckcs tceítdans `c nrdcotmadño tcñrdam― quc sno tnem`ns anen

1<

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 1< 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

dosuens pmrm jns rcqucrdedcotns `cj rcanrrd`n `c jm Rríatdam `c gnremadño

mam`äedam supcrvdsm`m quc sc `csmrrnjjm co Dostdtuadnocs y Nrfmodzmadnocs `c
oucstrm snadc`m`. Qdeujtíocmecotc, am`m enecotn `cj prnacsn `c doscradño
co jm Rríatdam dostdtuadnomj pnsdldjdtm jm anostruaadño `c dotcrrnfmotcs quc,
`cs`c jm dotcrvcoadño dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m y sdtum`m, dotcrpcjc m jm tcnråm,
tcn råm,
co jm quc anonacr, vdvcoadmr y matumr sc rcajmemo rcaåprnamecotc.
Qc `csmrrnjjm mså, `cs`c cstm msdfomturm, uo prnacsn `c mprco`dzmkc dotc-
frm`n c dotcfrmj, ano suacsdvns enecotns `c såotcsds
såotcsds ‑macram `c jm mprnpdm-
adño `cj en`cjn rcarcm`n pnr jm rcdtcrmadño `c jm prnpdm cxpcrdcoadm y `c jm
mutnoneåm prnfrcsdvm jnfrm`m co jm dotcrvcoadño‑ y uo enecotn anoajusdvn
‑adcrrc `cj prnacsn, quc sc mlrc m jm cxpcrdcoadm prngcsdnomj `c rcpjdamrjm y
rcsdod﬍amrjm co ntrns amepns, ntrms prnljceítdams, ntrms dostdtuadnocs/ nrfmod-
zmadnocs snadmjcs.
Jm scjcaadño `c anotcod`ns quc sc prnpnoco co cj cspmadn tcñrdan rc-
﬍crco m jm nrdcotmadño quc sc prctco`c lrdo`mr, m jns nlkctdvns `c﬍od`ns co
anoanr`moadm ano jms anepctcoadms dodadmjcs y tcredomjcs `c jns y jms cstu-
`dmotcs y mj pcr﬍j `c prngcsdnomj quc sc qudcrc jnfrmr. Ectn`njñfdamecotc
cstm msdfomturm sc acotrm co jm rc﬌cxdño sdstceítdam y rmadnomj `c jm rcmjd`m`
sdtumadnomj. Depjdam uom anostruaadño trmosvcrsmj mj prnacsn ectn`njñfdan quc
m`qudrdrí `decosdnocs ätdan-pnjåtdams y gnrems aneuodamadnomjcs co uo prn-
acsn `c anostruaadño y an-anostruaadño, `c sdfod﬍amadño y rcsdfod﬍amadño quc
`ä jufmr m oucvms aneprcosdnocs quc gmadjdtco jm `dstdoadño `c jn susacptdljc
`c scr trmosgnrem`n. So So prnacsn rc﬌cxdvn, `no`c `nacotcs, cstu`dmotcs y
prngcsdnomjcs co Qcrvdadn pmrtdadpco matdvmecotc `c oucvms aneprcosdnocs
quc pcredtmo rcnrdcotmr cstrmtcfdms `c dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj ano scotd`n
aråtdan y cemoadpm`nr.
Qc cspcrm quc, `cspuäs `c hmlcrsc gnrem`n y tcocr cxpcrdcoadm co jm
sdstcemtdzmadño `urmotc aumtrn mýns `c Rríatdams `c gnremadño mam`äedam
(Dotrn`uaadño, trcs príatdams anjcatdvms), mj dodadmr jm Rríatdam `c gnremadño
mam`äedam supcrvdsm`m co Dostdtuadnocs/nrfmodzmadnocs snadmjcs cj / jm cstu-
`dmotc `c jm Jdacoadmturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj pnscm jms anepctcoadms dodadmjcs
quc sc `ctmjjmo m anotdoumadño,

Co gnrem mutñonem; Cjmlnrmadño do`dvd`umj `c dognrecs

Moíjdsds y anoacptumjdzmadño `c su príatdam
Nlscrvmadnocs sdstceítdams
Cotrcvdstms `c supcrvdsdño ano cj `nacotc m amrfn

11

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 11 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Ano supcrvdsdño; Wdvcoadmr sdtumadnocs `c supcrvdsdño

Moíjdsds, anoacptumjdzmadño y anotcxtumjdzmadño `c jm Dostdtuadño sc`c
\cmjdzmr cotrcvdstms do`dvd`umjcs n frupmjcs

\cmjdzmr cvmjumadnocs snadmjcs

Rrnpnocr cstrmtcfdms `c dotcrvcoadño
Dognrecs Qnadmjcs

@urmotc jm aursm`m `c jm msdfomturm Qupcrvdsdño y jm rcmjdzmadño `c jm

Rríatdam dostdtuadnomj/nrfmodzmadnomj supcrvdsm`m sc rcmjdzmo jms sdfudcotcs ma-
tdvd`m`cs `c mprco`dzmkc;

¶ Cjmlnrmadño `c dognrecs; rcfdstrn `c trmlmkns príatdans ano`uacotcs m

jm anostruaadño `cj emran tcñrdan rcgcrcoadmj quc nrdcotm cj trmlmkn `c
amepn y coamedom`ns m jm `csardpadño y moíjdsds `c jm cxpcrdcoadm, ano-

¶ ajusdnocs y prnpucstms
Cjmlnrmadño `drdfd`ms`cmj Pcsds
`c Motcprnycatn PQcrvdadn Qnadmj
csds `no`c `c jm nrfmodzmadño.
fcocrmjecotc jns y jms
cstu`dmotcs rc﬌cxdnomo macram `c su Rríatdam `c gnremadño mam`äedam
supcrvdsm`m.
¶ Cjmlnrmadño `cj aum`cron `c amepn; `cstdom`n m anosdfomr `mtns rcjc-
vmotcs `c jm cxpcrdcoadm co jms Dostdtuadnocs / Nrfmodzmadnocs snadmjcs
`c am`m amepn `c dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj (Maadño snadmj, C`uamadño,
  
¶ Cstu`dn `c amsn snadmj; mpjdamadño `c jm ectn`njnfåm m`caum`m pmrm cj
mlnr`mkc `c jm `cemo`m do`dvd`umj-gmedjdmr co jms Nrfmodzmadnocs vdoau-
jm`m mj amepn-dostdtuadño, mjamoac `c jm dotcrvcoadño y rnj prcvmjcotc.
¶ \c`maadño `c dognrecs ano äogmsds co cj rcfdstrn `c jm dotcrvcoadño, cj em-
ockn `c vnamlujmrdn cspcaå﬍an y cj `dsaursn prnpdn y `dstdotdvn `cj amepn.
¶ \c`maadño `c dognrecs pmrm supcrvdsdño; `cstdom`ns m trmlmkmr jns nls-
tíaujns `crdvm`ns `c jns prnacsns `c dotcfrmadño m jm Nrfmodzmadño,
prnacsn ectn`njñfdan y prnacsn `c jm cotrcvdstm. Cstío nrdcotm`ns m
trmlmkmr cjcecotns sulkctdvns y nlkctdvns m ﬍o `c rcsamtmr cj scotd`n y
sdfod﬍am`n `c jm maadño.
¶ \csnjuadño `c frdjjm `c matdvd`m`cs; cxpjdadtm
cxpjdadtm jms matdvd`m`cs `dmrdms prn-
frmem`ms y on prnfrmem`ms, m ﬍o `c gmadjdtmr jm nrfmodzmadño `cj trmlmkn
co jms Nrfmodzmadnocs. Pdco`c
Pdco`c m pnsdldjdtmr uom `dstrdluadño mprnpdm`m
mprnp dm`m co
guoadño `c jm anepjckd`m` y m cvdtmr jm supcrpnsdadño `c jm mfco`m.
¶ \csnjuadño `c fuåms `c cstu`dn;
cstu`dn; gnamjdzm cj anonadedcotn `c jm Doscr-
Doscr-
adño `cj Qcrvdadn Qnadmj co jm nrfmodzmadño, jm doscradño `cj cstu`dmotc
10

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 10 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

co cj Qcrvdadn Qnadmj `c jm nrfmodzmadño, `cj mjamoac `c jm dotcrvcoadño

dotcrvcoadño
quc rcmjdzm cj cstu`dmotc y `cj coaum`rc `c jm Qupcrvdsdño quc rcadlc
co jm dostdtuadño sc`c.Qc `drdfc m prnenvcr co cj cstu`dmotc jm ampm-
ad`m` `c rcfdstrmr y `csardldr jms anepctcoadms dodadmjcs prnpdms co
cj anotcxtn `cj scrvdadn `c uom nrfmodzmadño `ctcredom`m, mså anen jm
pmujmtdom y prnfrcsdvm m`qudsdadño `c oucvms anepctcoadms. Mså edsen
lrdo`mr dosuens pcrdñ`dans pmrm jm supcrvdsdño mam`äedam quc mlnom mj
anonadedcotn pmrtdaujmrdzm`n `cj prnacsn `c am`m cstu`dmotc.
¶ Rrntnanjn `c supcrvdsdño do`dvd`umj; Qc trmtm `c uo dostruecotn quc sc
anepjctm co am`m supcrvdsdño mam`äedam, mpjdamadño `cj `dmfoñstdan
GN@M, ano do`damadnocs `cj Qupcrvdsnr y gcahm prnlmljc `c jm prñxdem
supcrvdsdño ‑sd gucsc ocacsmrdn.
¶ \csnjuadño `c prntnanjn `c cvmjumadño `c jm dostdtuadño sc`c; Qc trmtm `c
uo prntnanjn ano `decosdnocs quc rcspno`co m jns mspcatns tcñrdan-täa-
odans y matdtu`domjcs. Doajuyc m`ceís uo cspmadn mldcrtn m ntrns mspca-
tns quc cj Qupcrvdsnr `c jm Dostdtuadño sc`c anosd`crc npnrtuon doanrpnrmr.

Cstm Rríatdam `c gnremadño mam`äedam quc sc `csmrrnjjm co jm msdfomturm

Qupcrvdsdño cstí pcosm`m anen uom cxpcrdcoadm gnremtdvm y jmlnrmj prcprngc-
sdnomj co uo amepn `c su dotcräs, ano supcrvdsdño `nacotc pcrsnomjdzm`m y
anepmrtd`m pnr uo prngcsdnomj `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj co scrvdadn y uo prngcsdnomj
`c Prmlmkn Qnadmj ano amrfn `nacotc, co cj íeldtn mam`äedan. Mså, prnpnoc
dotcfrmr aumtrn dostmoadms gnremtdvms;

¶ Doscradño dostdtuadnomj
¶ Mlnr`mkc `c jm `decosdño snadn-dostdtuadnomj c do`dvd`umj gmedjdmr
¶ Mprco`dzmkc vdvcoadmj `c jns anotcod`ns `c jm msdfomturm `c rcgcrcoadm
¶ Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm cxpcrdcoadm m trmväs `cj dognrec ﬍omj

Cstms dostmoadms sc pdcosmo co gnrem sdeujtíocm y anepjcecotmrdm, y

sñjn sc jms `dgcrcoadm m jns cgcatns pc`mfñfdans. Cstc prnacsn cstí nrdcotm`n
y cvmjum`n co gnrem `drcatm pnr jns Qupcrvdsnrcs `c jm Dostdtuadño sc`c quc
supcrvdsmo ‚do sdtu― cj antd`dmon `c jm príatdam c, do`drcatmecotc, pnr jns Qu-
pcrvdsnrcs mam`äedans `c emocrm ‚rcgcrcoadmj―.
Qc anoarctm m trmväs `c adoan `dspnsdtdvns pc`mfñfdans; uo cspmadn co
tcrrcon ‑‚Rríatdam co jm Dostdtuadño Qc`c―‑, trcs cspmadns
cspmadns íujdans ‑‚Pmjjcr
‑‚Pmjjcr tcñ-
rdan príatdan― scemomj‑ `c hnrm y ec`dm `c `urmadño, uom ‚Qupcrvdsdño frupmj
scemomj― `c hnrm y ec`dm `c `urmadño, ‚Qupcrvdsdño do`dvd`umj― `c 7 hnrms
moumjcs prnfrmem`ms y jm pnsdldjd`m` `c hnrms on prnfrmem`ms, pnr `cemo`m
`cj cstu`dmotc n jm Aítc`rm.

13

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 13 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Cstm msdfomturm cs jm ûodam `cj írcm cspcad﬍am quc dotcfrm `dgcrcotcs odvcjcs
`c anotcod`ns; Pcnråm `c jm Qupcrvdsdño, Rríatdam `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co jm @d-
ecosdño Do`dvd`umj gmedjdmr, Rríatdam `c jm doscradño prngcsdnomj y `c doscradño
`c jm prngcsdño co Nrfmodzmadnocs `c jm aneuod`m`, \cfdstrn cxpjåadtn `c jm
cxpcrdcoadm `c mprco`dzmkc. @dahn prnacsn cstí ec`dmtdzm`n pnr uom cstrmtcfdm
dotcoadnom`m co jm scjcaadño `c anotcod`ns, `dscýn `c `dspnsdtdvns pc`mfñfdans,
`dscýn `c dovcstdfmadño, prntnanjns c dostruatdvns, y snpnrtc `nacotc mam`äedan
y `c scrvdadn anostmotc. @c emocrm tmj quc cj cstu`dmotc quc mså jn `cscc puc-
`c rcaupcrmr jm cxpcrdcoadm, rcfdstrmo`n cj Dognrec ﬍omj anen Prmlmkn ﬍omj/ 
Pcsdom ‑prcvdstm co cj matumj Rjmo `c cstu`dns pmrm cj edsen mýn `c jm msdfom-
turm‑, sdceprc quc auepjdecotc jns rcqudsdtns prcvdns; prcscotmadño `cj Rjmo
y cjcaadño `c @drcatnr y An-`drcatnr ‑quc puc`co scr jns Qupcrvdsnrcs `c amepn
y mam`äedan‑, tcodco`n mså jm npnrtuod`m` `c anotmr ano jm nrdcotmadño `nacotc
`c jm dostmoadm mam`äedam (ano mepjdm cxpcrdcoadm co jns amepns `c Qmju`,
          
amrmatcråstdam `c jm prnljceítdam-nlkctn `c dotcrvcoadño `c su Rríatdam).

Cj Pmjjcr `c Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Rríatdam Dostdtuadnomj Qupcrvdsm`m

Jm snjdadtu` `c uo Dognrec `c jm Rríatdam Dostdtuadnomj Qupcrvdsm`m m jns y
jms cstu`dmotcs quc aursmlmo jm msdfomturm Qupcrvdsdño y rcmjdzmlmo su Rría-
tdam Dostdtuadnomj Qupcrvdsm`m co mjfuon `c jns amepns lísdans `c matumadño
prngcsdnomj `c﬍od`ns pnr jm Aítc`rm, kuotn m oucstrm ocacsd`m` anen cqudpn
Aítc`rm `c anotrdludr co cj mvmoac rcfujmr `c jns y jms cstu`dmotcs=, hdzn quc
pjmotcírmens uo Qcedomrdn `c Cxtcosdño `c Aítc`rm `conedom`n ‚Pmjjcr `c
sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm príatdam dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m―. Cj edsen cstí `cs-
tdom`n m cstu`dmotcs quc aursmo jm msdfomturm y m cstu`dmotcs quc hmldco`n
mprnlm`n jm edsem mûo on sc hmo frm`um`n pnr on pn`cr prcscotmr cj Rjmo `c
Pcsds anrrcspno`dcotc.
Cstc cspmadn sc vdcoc depjcecotmo`n hmac mjfuons mýns, anen Qcedomrdn
`c Cxtcosdño `c Aítc`rm (Wcr Mocxn). Cj edsen cstí pcosm`n anen uo `ds-
pnsdtdvn `c mscsnrmedcotn, msdstcoadm y manepmýmedcotn pmrm jm cjmlnrmadño
`c uo motcprnycatn `c Rjmo `c Pcsds
Pcsds quc `ä aucotm co gnrem guo`m`m y mrfu-
ecotm`m `c jm dotcrvcoadño snadmj rcmjdzm`m pnr cj/jm cstu`dmotc mvmozm`n/m
`c Jdacoadmturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj, co cj emran `c jns nlkctdvns `c jm aítc`rm

=. Rmrm mjamozmr jm frm`umadño, cj matumj Rjmo `c cstu`dns rcqudcrc, m`ceís `c hmlcr rco`d`n y
mprnlm`n 13 emtcrdms moumjcs, jm rcmjdzmadño `c uo Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn gdomj/Pcsds
gdomj/Pcsds co jm aumj jns y jms
j ms cstu-
`dmotcs `cenrmo cotrc uon y trcs mýns, tmr`mo`n co prnec`dn cotrc 7 m 4 mýns pmrm frm`umrsc.

17

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 17 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

Qupcrvdsdño, co uo amepn cspcaå﬍an `c dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj y co uom

dostdtuadño `ctcredom`m.
@dahn Pmjjcr, doanrpnrm`n co cj <2=7 mj cspmadn íujdan nljdfmtnrdn `c jm
Aítc`rm, sc suem m jns rcqucrdedcotns `c am`m uon `c jns Dognrecs mså anen
co gnrem anepjcecotmrdm jns `dgcrcotcs `dspnsdtdvns prnpucstns pnr jm Aítc-
`rm Qupcrvdsdño (cspmadn tcñrdan-príatdan dotcfrm`nr, cspmadn `c supcrvdsdño
mam`äedam frupmj). Pn`n cjjn gmadjdtm jm prnljcemtdzmadño `c jms dotcrvcoadnocs
snadmjcs, jm pucstm co aneûo y `dsausdño tmotn `c pcrspcatdvms tcñrdams anen
`c aucstdnocs ectn`njñfdams, pnsdldjdtmo`n `cs`c jm tmrcm `nacotc gnreujmr
oucvns dotcrrnfmotcs, rcgnreujmr prcfuotms cxdstcotcs, mscsnrmr, rcaneco`mr
ldljdnfrmgåm `c rcgcrcoadm y, cspcadmjecotc, manepmýmr co cstc prnacsn rc﬌cxd-
vn m oucstrns cstu`dmotcs.
Amlc majmrmr quc cstc Qcedomrdn-tmjjcr on prctco`c rccepjmzmr jns anotc-
od`ns `c uo Aursn `c Ectn`njnfåm `c Dovcstdfmadño, od jns anotcod`ns `c uo
Pmjjcr `c Pcsds, sdon quc sc gnamjdzm co jns mspcatns anoarctns `c anoacpadño,
anoacpadñ o,
pjmod﬍amadño, gnreujmadño y cjmlnrmadño `c uo trmlmkn ﬍omj quc `ä aucotm `c
jm dotcrvcoadño nrfmodzmadnomj n dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m, dotcotmo`n suemrsc
`cs`c uom prnpucstm mam`äedam m jm ocacsd`m` `c rcspno`cr m jns matumjcs
`csmgåns, m jms oucvms prnljcemtdzmadnocs y m jms nrdcotmadnocs `dsadpjdomrcs
vdfcotcs co cj amepn `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs jmtdonmecrdamoms.
Co cstc scotd`n, cj `csmgån quc sc cogrcotm co cstc Qcedomrdn-tmjjcr cs cj
`c rcspno`cr, sdeujtíocmecotc, m jm pjurmjd`m` tcñrdan-ectn`njñfdam `c jms
`dgcrcotcs príatdams dostdtuadnomjcs mså anen m jm `dvcrsd`m` prnycatns `c Prm-
Prm-
lmkns ﬍omjcs `c jns/ms cstu`dmotcs quc `cvdcoco `c su euy `dsåedj gnremadño
`urmotc jm amrrcrm.
Jns `dgcrcotcs motcprnycatns `c Rjmo `c Pcsds
Pcsds prnpucstns pnr jns/ms cstu-
`dmotcs sno anosd`crm`ns anen jns cjcecotns lísdans m pmrtdr `c jns aumjcs
sc prnguo`dzmo y momjdzmo jms aucstdnocs tcñrdan-ectn`njñfdams, mj tdcepn quc
sc `ctcatmo y rcsucjvco jns prnljcems príatdans, aneuocs co tn`n prnacsn `c
sdstcemtdzmadño `c uom dotcrvcoadño snadmj guo`m`m. Cstn hmac quc cj `dscýn
`cj Pmjjcr
Pmjjcr scm ﬌cxdljc, `c gnrem tmj quc puc`m anotcocr jms `dgcrcotcs dodadmtd-
vms fcocrm`ms pnr jns/ms cstu`dmotcs.
Rnr ntrm pmrtc, jm `doíedam quc prnpnoc cj Qcedomrdn-tmjjcr rcsujtm pmrtdau-
jmrecotc m`caum`m pmrm `mr aucotm `c jm `dvcrsd`m` `c jm dotcrvcoadño
dotcrvcoadñ o snadmj co
mj mlnr`mkc `c prnljceítdams snadmjcs quc `mo aucotm `c jm rcjmadño `dmjäatdam
`c jn pmrtdaujmr ano jn fcocrmj, `c añen jm snadc`m` anostruyc mj sukctn y añen
ästc anostruyc jm snadc`m`. M jn jmrfn `cj `csmrrnjjn `cj cspmadn, co `dgcrcotcs
coaucotrns prnfrmem`ns m tmj ﬍o, jns/ms cstu`dmotcs tdcoco jm npnrtuod`m` `c
prcscotmr sus Rrnycatns `c Prmlmkn Gdomj dotcfrm`nr, rc﬌cxdnomr macram `c sus
prnljcems y mvmoacs y jccr y anecotmr jms prnpucstms `c ntrns/ms cstu`dmotcs.

16

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 16 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Anoarctmecotc, hmy dostmoadms `c`dam`ms cspcadmjecotc m `dsautdr jns

mvmoacs `c am`m uon/m co jm cjmlnrmadño `cj motcprnycatn `c Pcsds pmrm jn
aumj sc `csmrrnjjmo jms sdfudcotcs matdvd`m`cs;

    

     -
  
pmjcs m jns mspcatns quc huldcrmo fcocrm`n emynrcs `d﬍aujtm`cs.
   
  
  
   

`c jns/ms `ceís cstu`dmotcs. Jm aråtdam co uo anotcxtn `c mprco`dzmkc
cordqucac ym quc gmvnrcac jm dotcfrmadño `c `dgcrcotcs pcrspcatdvms quc
prnvdcoco tmotn `c pcrsnoms `c `dgcrcotcs amepns `c dotcrvcoadño prn-
gcsdnomj mså anen `c `dgcrcotcs d`cotd`m`cs dostdtuadnomjcs quc mpnrtmo
mpn rtmo
edrm`ms pmrtdaujmrcs, `dgcrcotcs m jms `cj prnpdn cstu`dmotc.
             
motcprnycatns `c Pcsds `c jns/ms cstu`dmotcs.
     
 
    
gnrem grmfecotm`m, mdsjm`m, anen prnpdms `c uom Dostdtuadño, gmadjdtmr
pnocr co `díjnfn `dstdotms amtcfnråms tcñrdams quc pcredtco cjmlnrmr
uom guo`mecotmadño mrfuecotm`m tcñrdamecotc.

Qd ldco jm cstruaturm `cj Prmlmkn Gdomj sc dosardlc, co jåocms fcocrmjcs,

`cotrn `cj coaum`rc prnpdn `c jns `dscýns `c dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm co jms
Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, ym quc puc`co gnreujmrsc supucstns y/n dotcrrnfmotcs co
tnron m jm dotcrvcoadño snadmj rcmjdzm`m. Jm prnpucstm quc sc rcmjdzm co cj
Qcedomrdn-tmjjcr sc acotrm cspcaå﬍amecotc co jm ocacsd`m` `c cgcatumr uo
prnacsn rc﬌cxdvn m pmrtdr `c uom dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj, macram `c mjfuons
mspcatns n `decosdnocs rcjcvmotcs n cspcadmjecotc sdfod﬍amtdvms `c jm dotcr-
vcoadño snadmj co cj emran `c uom príatdam dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m, anostdtu-
yco`n cstn uom ano`dadño do`dspcosmljc pmrm pmrtdadpmr `cj edsen.
Cs mså quc cstm prnpucstm `c sdstcemtdzmadño `c jms dotcrvcoadnocs snadm-
jcs cgcatum`ms `cotrn `c jms príatdams dostdtuadnomjcs u nrfmodzmadnomjcs rcm-
jdzm`ms pnr oucstrns cstu`dmotcs `c qudotn mýn `c jm Jdacoadmturm co Prmlmkn
Qnadmj prctco`c dostmjmrjns co cj amepn `dsadpjdomr `cs`c uom lmsc `dgcrcotc m
jm rcanrrd`m pnr cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj co Mrfcotdom, co lûsquc`m `c su dosardpadño
`cotrn `cj `conedom`n anonadedcotn adcotå﬍an. Depjdam dodadmr uo rcanrrd`n
`dgcrcotc y quc on puc`c scr mlsnjutmecotc `ctcredom`n `c motcemon.
Cstm snjdadtu` `c prcscotmadño `cj Dognrec Gdomj `c jm príatdam dostdtu-
adnomj supcrvdsm`m sc anostdtuyñ co jm cxprcsdño emtcrdmj anoarctm quc `m
vdsdldjd`m` m jms suacsdvms såotcsds quc cj cstu`dmotc vm rcmjdzmo`n `urmotc cj
prnacsn `c mprco`dzmkc. Co tmj scotd`n, sc hm cjmlnrm`n uo `dscýn `c dovcs-
tdfmadño-maadño y prntnanjdzm`n uo dostruatdvn cxpjdamtdvn nrdcotm`n m gmadjdtmr

18

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 18 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

quc cj cstu`dmotc doanrpnrc jm dotcrvcoadño y rcfdstrc jm cxpcrdcoadm `cs`c uom

cxpjåadtm rcgcrcoadm cpdstcenjñfdan-tcñrdan-ectn`njñfdam.
Cj moíjdsds sdstceítdan `c jm príatdam dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m, cj pn`cr
`mr aucotm tcñrdam `c jm edsem y jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotns m pmrtdr `c jm
dovcstdfmadño, rcpcrautc co cj odvcj `c doscradño dostdtuadnomj `cj/jm cstu`dmotc
n prngcsdnomj, cj `csaulrdedcotn `c oucvms amtcfnråms anoacptumjcs quc cx-
pjdquco jm rcmjd`m` snadmj pmrm trmosgnremrjm, jm doajusdño `c jm `dsadpjdom co
cj `clmtc `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs.
Rnr ntrm pmrtc, amlc
am lc scýmjmr quc jm prcscotmadño `c Pcsds y Prmlmkns
Prmlmkns Gdom-
jcs co jm amrrcrm `c Jdacoadmturm co Qcrvdadn Qnadmj co jm SOE`R,
SOE`R, rcfujm`m pnr
jm Nr`comozm `c Anosckn Mam`äedan O» 631/48, quc cstmljcac jn sdfudcotc;

‚Cj mjueon cjcvmrí ec`dmotc ontm ano jns `mtns pcrsnomjcs `d-
rdfd`m mj @drcatnr `cj @cpmrtmecotn, trcs (1) kucfns ano jm sdfudcotc
dognremadño;
m) Pcem `cj trmlmkn, guo`mecotmadño y nlkctdvns.
l) Mspcatns m anosd`crmr co cj emran tcñrdan ano ecoadño `c ld-
ljdnfrmgåm.
c) Mspcatns ectn`njñfdans; omturmjczm `c jns nlkctdvns, tdpn `c
`dscýn, (cxpjnrmtnrdn, `csardptdvn, cxpjdamtdvn), `c﬍odadño `c jm
uod`m` `c moíjdsds, täaodams `c rcanjcaadño `c `mtns, ntrns an-
ecotmrdns quc anrrcspno`mo.
`) Amrmatcråstdams cspcaå﬍ams `cj trmlmkn, pu`däo`nsc
pu`däo`nsc trmtmr `c; =)
So cstu`dn tcñrdan ano mpnrtc `c pcrspcatdvms rconvm`nrms9 <)
Som dovcstdfmadño co írcms cspcaå﬍ams9 1) Som sdstcemtdzmadño
`c uom cxpcrdcoadm `c amepn. <

Cstm onremtdvm, sd ldco pcredtc co su doadsn ‚`― jm prcscotmadño `c trcs en-

`mjd`m`cs `c Prmlmkn Gdomj y/n Pcsds,
Pcsds, on cspcad﬍am jms `dgcrcoadms `c am`m uom
`c jms en`mjd`m`cs, sdedjdtu` quc sc rcgucrzm mj cstmljcacr uo ûodan gnremtn
`c uo pjmo `c dovcstdfmadño. Qdo celmrfn, m jm vcz quc cstmljcac cstm sucrtc `c
sdectråm, `ckm pjmotcm`m uom csadsdño euy aucstdnomljc; qudco hmac uom sds-
tcemtdzmadño on hmac dovcstdfmadño, qudco hmac dovcstdfmadño on sdstcemtdzm,
qudco hmac uo cosmyn on sdstcemtdzm od dovcstdfm…
Rnr ntrm pmrtc, co jm emjjm aurrdaujmr `cj matumj Rjmo `c Cstu`dns (=483),
jm Msdfomturm O² 13, `conedom`m Pcsds Gdomj, on tdcoc `c﬍od`ns anotcod`ns
eåodens od tmepnan tdcoc cqudpn `nacotc msdfom`n, `mo`n pnr scotm`n quc

<. NAM 631/48, Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms `c jm Qmju` y Qcrvdadn Qnadmj, SOE`R.

14

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 14 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

jm cjmlnrmadño `c tmj Prmlmkn Gdomj n Pcsds co aumjqudcrm `c sus en`mjd`m`cs

anostdtuyc cj rcsujtm`n `c uo prnacsn pcrsnomj quc sc rcmjdzm co mjfûo do`c﬍od-
`n cspmadn aurrdaujmr. Qd ldco cj Rjmo `c Cstu`dns cstmljcac uom `urmadño `c jm
amrrcrm `c adoan mýns pmrm mjamozmr cj tåtujn `c Jdacoadm`n co Qcrvdadn Qnadmj,
cj mvmoac rcfujmr `c jns cstu`dmotcs sc coaucotrm jcotd﬍am`n. Qc supnoc quc
cj hcahn `c hmlcr aursm`n 10 msdfomturms moumjcs ano uo prnec`dn `c ==< hs
am`m uom, pnsdldjdtmråm jm dostmoadm `c jm csardturm `c uo Prmlmkn Gdomj n Pcsds,
dovdsdldjdzmo`n `c cstm gnrem jm amrcoadm `c jm cspcad﬍ad`m` gnremtdvm co jm
csardturm mam`äedam y co jns prnacsns rc﬌cxdvns `c cjmlnrmadño `c trmlmkns `c
dovcstdfmadño depjdam`ns ano jms cxpcrdcoadms `c dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj.
        -
rrcrm prcscotmo cj Rjmo `c Pcsds ano cj 82% `c jms msdfomturms mprnlm`ms y
tmr`mo mprnxdem`mecotc `ns mýns eís co cotrcfmr jm Pcsds. Jms amusms `c
cstm jcotd﬍amadño `c jm emtråaujm puc`co scr vmrdms y on ons mtrcvcens m ano-
kcturmr. Jms m﬍remadnocs quc mquå cxpnocens `cvdcoco `c jm rc﬌cxdño `c scr
frm`um`ms `c cstm amrrcrm y `c oucstrm prnpdm príatdam `nacotc.
Cstm cxpcrdcoadm ons pcredtdñ rcanonacr quc jm Qdstcemtdzmadño on sc
prcscotm anen uom amtcfnråm uoåvnam mj dotcrdnr `c jm prngcsdño `cj Prmlmkn
Qnadmj, mså anen jms maadnocs `c csardldr uom príatdam, rcanpdjmr dognremadño y
nr`com`m arnonjñfdamecotc n cjmlnrmr uo Dognrec, såotcsds `c uom príatdam, n
cvmjumr jm edsem co rcjmadño m jns supucstns madcrtns n crrnrcs on sno jms
jm s quc
`c﬍oco jm Qdstcemtdzmadño.
Jm Qdstcemtdzmadño, anen cs mlnr`m`m
m lnr`m`m co Cj Pmjjcr `c Qdstcemtdzmadño `c
jm Rríatdam Dostdtuadnomj Qupcrvdsm`m, anostdtuyc uom ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstd-
fmadño prnpdm `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs quc pcredtc mvmozmr co jm aneprcosdño
a neprcosdño
`c jm tntmjd`m` anen prnacsn `doíedan, pnsdldjdtm cotco`cr jm anepjckd`m` `c
jns prnacsns snadmjcs mj `mr aucotm `c mrtdaujmadnocs `c tntmjd`m`cs pmradmjcs
co quc sc tdcoc co aucotm jm sdofujmrd`m` `c jm cxpcrdcoadm, jm uodvcrsmjd`m`
quc ano`cosm, jm pmrtdaujmrd`m` quc jc `m scotd`n (Onlrc, =448).

Cj Frupn `c Dovcstdfmadño Rrnljceítdams Qnadnaujturmjcs

        
=44< (\\ <64/=44<) co cj íeldtn `c jm Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms `c jm Qmju` y
Qcrvdadn Qnadmj `c jm Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj `c Emr `cj Rjmtm.
@cs`c csc mýn hm `csmrrnjjm`n `c emocrm dodotcrruepd`m ouecrnsns prn-
ycatns ldmoumjcs quc hmo ardstmjdzm`n co cvcotns mam`äedans y puljdamadnocs
cspcadmjdzm`ms. Ano cj Rrnycatn `c Dovcstdfmadño ‚Cognquc `csanjnodmj; Guo`m-
ecotns tcñrdans c depjdamoadms príatdams pmrm jm aneprcosdño `c jms prnljceí-
02

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 02 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

tdams snadmjcs co Meärdam Jmtdom― mpucstm m jm anosnjd`madño `c uo cspmadn `c

rc﬌cxdño dotcr`dsadpjdomrdm quc amomjdac y anosnjd`c co jm SOE`R jns mpnrtcs
tcñrdans quc `cs`c jms `dstdotms Sodvcrsd`m`cs `cj pmås sc cstío `csmrrnjjmo`n.
Jm pcrspcatdvm `csanjnodmj, hcrc`crm `c uom scrdc `c trm`dadnocs acotcom-
rdms `c rcsdstcoadm m jm anjnodzmadño co sus `dvcrsms gmactms, mså anen `cj ma-
adnomr y cj pcosmr `c `dvcrsns envdedcotns pnjåtdans y mam`äedans vdoaujm`ns
m prnacsns cemoadpm`nrcs, tdcoc anen rcgcrcoadm nljdfm`m jm anostdtuadño `cj
Rrnycatn En`crod`m` ‑ Anjnodmjd`m` ‑ @csanjnodmjd`m`, quc surfdcrm;

..m pmrtdr `c prcnaupmadnocs aneuocs `c uo frupn `c dotcjcatum-

jcs qudcocs, prnac`cotcs `c `dstdotms `dsadpjdoms tcñrdams y `dvcrsns
rcanrrd`ns dotcjcatumjcs, rcanonaco cj mfntmedcotn y/n anjmpsn `c jm
pntcstm` aråtdam `c jms tcnråms aråtdams curn-mofjn-acotrm`ms, cs `cadr,
dotrmen`croms. (@c Ntn, <2=<, p.7=)

Co oucstrn prcscotc anovujsdnom`n, prnpucstms y prnacsns anen sno cj

Luco Wdvdr caumtnrdmon, jm rcgnrem anostdtuadnomj `c Lnjdvdm, cj Gnrn Qnadmj
Euo`dmj, jm rcdvdo`damadño `c jns `crcahns c d`cotd`m` `c jns Rucljns Nrdfd-
omrdns, cotrc ntrns, sno cxpnocotcs `c uom rcmjd`m` quc trmzm `dvcrsns jmzns
ano jms rc﬌cxdnocs matumjcs `cj pcosmedcotn `csanjnodmj. Jm rcaupcrmadño `c
cstms trm`dadnocs, mså anen jms oucvms cxpcrdcoadms tmotn co cj amepn mam`ä-
edan anen co cj snadmj, coaucotrmo su anrrcjmtn
a nrrcjmtn co uom rcmjd`m` `dgcrcotc quc
mtrmvdcsm oucstrn anotdocotc co emtcrdm pnjåtdam, canoñedam y snadmj `urmotc jm
ûjtdem `äam`m. Cs co cj emran `c cstc pnst-ocnjdlcrmjdsen amrmatcrdzm`n anen
uo ‚fdrn m jm dzqudcr`m co oucstrn pmås y jm rcfdño― (Mcjn, Rärcz y Qmjcron,
<2==, p.=8), quc jm snadc`m` rcajmem m jm dovcstdfmadño oucvns anostruatns
tcñrdans y `dgcrcotcs prnljcemtdzmadnocs quc tcofmo jm pntcoadmjd`m` `c ane-
prco`cr jm rcmjd`m` y anostrudr prnpucstms `c trmosgnremadño.
M su vcz, `cs`c cj Rrnycatn `c Dovcstdfmadño ‚Dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj,
Qupcrvdsdño, y Qdstcemtdzmadño; `c﬍odadnocs anoacptumjcs `cs`c uo pcosmr
sdtum`n (<2=7-<2=6)― sc dodadñ uo prnacsn `c anostruaadño `dsadpjdomr `cs`c
y pmrm cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj quc pmrtc `c rcanonacr quc, ym scm pmrm cj ckcradadn `c
jm `nacoadm c dovcstdfmadño co cj amepn `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs anen pmrm
oucstrm dotcrvcoadño antd`dmom anen prngcsdnomjcs `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj, jns cogn-
qucs tcñrdans ectn`njñfdans curnaäotrdans quc coscýmens y mprco`cens co jm
mam`cedm euahms vcacs rcsujtmo dosu﬍adcotcs tmotn m jm hnrm `c `mr aucotm `c
jm anepjckd`m` y hctcrnfcocd`m` `c jn snadmj mså anen pmrm `cvcjmr jmsjm s oucvms
prnljceítdams snadmjcs quc m`qudcrc jm aucstdño snadmj m pmrtdr `cj sdfjn XXD,
on sñjn co oucstrn pmås sdon tmeldäo co jm rcfdño. Rnr jn tmotn, sc prnpnoc,
`cs`c uo pcosmr sdtum`n, mlnr`mr `c gnrem sdstceítdam jm rcjmadño cotrc tcnråm

0=

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 0= 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

y príatdam m pmrtdr `c uom rc﬌cxdño aråtdam quc pcredtm rcanonacr jms `dgcrcotcs
pnsturms pmrm prn`uadr anonadedcotn co Prmlmkn Qnadmj, `cs`c jns cognqucs
matumjcs `c jm cpdstcenjnfåm co Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, mså anen do`mfmr macram `c
jns mjamoacs y rcjmadnocs quc sc cstmljcaco cotrc jms amtcfnråms `c dotcrvco-
adño co jn snadmj, supcrvdsdño y sdstcemtdzmadño cotrc så y cotrc cstms amtcfnråms
y jm rcmjd`m` snadmj quc sc prctco`c trmosgnremr.
           -
omrdns `c Cxtcosdño `c Aítc`rm, gnremo pmrtc `c jns `dgcrcotcs `dspnsdtdvns quc hc-
ens `dscým`n pmrm manepmýmr jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c oucstrns cstu`dmotcs.
cstu`dmotcs.
Edcotrms rcmjdzmo su Rríatdam Dostdtuadnomj Qupcrvdsm`m, jns/ms cstu`dmotcs an-
edcozmo m `c﬍odr cj prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño co jm dostdtuadño co jm quc rcmjdzmo
su príatdam `c gnremadño mam`äedam co cj amepn lísdan `c dotcrvcoadño prngcsdn-
omj. Mquå jm sdstcemtdzmadño, anen ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm, on pn-
sdtdvdstm, anostdtuyc cj amedon m trmväs `cj aumj mqucjjns/ms cstu`dmotcs doajdom`ns
m jm dovcstdfmadño puc`co rc`c﬍odr cj prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño co uo prnljcem `c
anonadedcotn. Eís m`cjmotc dotcotmrcens `mr aucotm `c cstc prnacsn.
Jm mrtdaujmadño cotrc Qupcrvdsdño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj, jm
dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj
snadmj y jm ectn`njnfåm `c sdstcemtdzmadño,
sdstcemtdzmadño, anostdtuyco
anostdtuyco
uom tråm`m co jm quc sc ano﬍furmo `dgcrcotcs rcjmadnocs quc pnsdldjdtmo jm
prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn sdtum`n macram `c jn snadmj mså anen manepm-
ýmr jns prnacsns `c ameldn snadmj.

\canoacptumjdzmadño,
\canoacptumjdzmadño, sdstcemtdzmadño y pcrspcatdvms tcñrdams
Co uo mrtåaujn tdtujm`n ‚Cj prnacsn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño co Prmlmkn
Qnadmj y su rcjmadño
rcjmadño ano jm sdstcemtdzmadño
sdstcemtdzmadño `c príatdams snadmjcs― cjmlnrm`n
pnr jms anjcfms @c Emrdods, Qmepcrdn y Wcrño (<220), `nacotcs dovcstdfm`nrms
`c jm amrrcrm `c Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj `c jm SOE`R,
SOE`R, sc anoacptumjdzm uom cxpcrdcoadm
`c hucrtms aneuodtmrdms `csmrrnjjm`ms co lmrrdns `c jm adu`m` `c Emr `cj Rjmtm
`urmotc cj mýn <220.
Cstc aruac cotrc \canoacptumjdzmadno y sdstcemtdzmadño ons dostmjm co cj
`clmtc cpdstcenjñfdan. Jms mutnrms m﬍remo quc cs mhå `no`c sc aucstdnom jm
adcoadm en`crom naad`cotmj, `no`c sc sdcotmo jms lmscs pmrm rcpjmotcmr jms
onadnocs `c nlkctdvd`m` y anostruaadño `c anonadedcotn, `no`c sc puc`c `mr
aucotm `cj jufmr `c jm príatdam co jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn, `no`c cs
ocacsmrdn dotcotmr rcsnjvcr `dmjäatdamecotc jm rcjmadño tcnråm-príatdam.
Jms puotumjdzmadnocs quc rcmjdzmo `mo aucotm `c añen cstm rcjmadño cotrc
cj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño co Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj y jm Qdstcemtdzmadño,
pmrm jms mutnrms, sc anostruyc
anostruyc cpdstcenjñfdamecotc;
cpdstcenjñfdamecotc;

0<

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 0< 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

¶ Qc `m jm uod`m` cotrc cj nlkctn y sukctn `c anonadedcotn. Jm Qdstcemtd-

zmadño aucstdnom cstc supucstn `c nlkctdvd`m` pjmotcío`nsc jm uod`m`
cotrc cj nlkctn y sukctn `c anonadedcotn, doanrpnrío`nsc jm `decosdño
d`cnjñfdam m jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotns. Rdcosm jm príatdam anen
uom anokuoadño `c smlcrcs, smlcrcs adcotå﬍ans y jns smlcrcs `c jm prn-
pdm aneuod`m` ano jm quc sc trmlmkm, smlcrcs quc sc hmo d`n dostdtu-
yco`n anen amedons pmrm jm maadño y quc quc`mo anen smlcrcs co jm
prnpdm ecenrdm anjcatdvm `c jns matnrcs snadmjcs.
¶ Qc rcanonac jm hdstnrdad`m` `c jms príatdams snadmjcs y co cstn
cstn jm hdstn-
hdstn-
rdm anen jm pnsdldjd`m` `c ameldn m trmväs `c jm rcaupcrmadño aråtdam `c
jns prnacsns `c jm aneuod`m`.
¶ Qc pjmotcm jm uod`m` cotrc cj nlkctn y sukctn `c anonadedcotn c doanr-
doanr-
pnrm jm `decosdño d`cnjñfdam m jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotns. Qc
pnstujm jm príatdam anen anokuoadño `c smlcrcs tcñrdans ano jns `c `d-
vcrsns matnrcs snadmjcs, sc hmo d`n dostdtuyco`n amedons pmrm jm maadño
y quc`mo co jm ecenrdm anjcatdvm `c jns matnrcs snadmjcs.
¶ Qc rcanonac jm onadño `c anepjckd`m` `c jns prnacsns snadmjcs co jns

täredons `c C`fmr Enrdo. (<220, p.7)

Ntrn mutnr quc tmeldäo rcaupcrm cstm `decosdño cpdstcenjñfdam `cj Envd-
edcotn \canoacptumjdzm`nr cs Onrlcrtn Mjmyño;

Ano cj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño jns Prmlmkm`nrcs Qn-

admjcs `c cstm anrrdcotc msuedcrno pmrm så ‑`c jm emocrm eís matdvm m
jn jmrfn `c su hdstnrdm‑ jm tmrcm `c anoacptumjdzmr
anoa cptumjdzmr tmotn cj nlkctn `c su
dotcrvcoadño anen su príatdam. (<220, p.=0)

Anoacptumjdzmr tmotn cj nlkctn `c dotcrvcoadño anen su príatdams depjdañ

edrmr jms dotcrvcoadnocs, jn quc jns Prmlmkm`nrcs Qnadmjcs hmaåmens `c emocrm
ecaíodam y grmfecotmrdm m trmväs `cj usn `c ectn`njnfåms quc prnguo`dzmlmo
`dgcrcoadms macram `c jn snadmj, quc sñjn hmlåmo
hmlåm o sd`n anostrud`ms `c emocrm dos-
truecotmj anen cs jm `dvdsdño cotrc amsn, frupn y aneuod`m`. Pmeldäo depjdañ
edrmr jm tcnråm snadmj quc pnr csc enecotn tcoåm uom gucrtc deprnotm pnsdtdvdstm
y mlrdrsc m ntrn pjcxn `c amtcfnråms, emtrdacs anoacptumjcs, cognqucs tcñrdans.
Cs kustmecotc co cstm tmrcm `c anoacptumjdzmr tmotn cj nlkctn `c su dotcrvco-
adño anen su príatdam co jm quc mou`mens jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño
co jn snadmj co anoanr`moadm ano jn pjmotcm`n
pjmotcm `n pnr \nsm Emråm Adgucotc aumo`n rc-
anonac jm cxdstcoadm `c `dvcrsns ‚mrfuecotns snlrc jm dotcfrmadño ectn`njñfdam y
jm rcjmadño tcnråm-príatdam, quc sc emtcrdmjdzmo co jm prnpucstm `c sdstcemtdzmadño
`c cxpcrdcoadms, m pmrtdr `c jm rcanoacptumjdzmadño― (<2==, p.=).
Mså cotco`d`n, cstc Envdedcotn gnremjdzm su cxdstcoadm `urmotc `dgcrcotcs co-
aucotrns nrfmodzm`ns prdoadpmjecotc co Lrmsdj pnr jm Annpcrmadño c Dotcrameldn
01

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 01 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

co Qcrvdadn Qnadmj ALADQQ, co Rnrtn Mjjcfrc (=473), Mrmxí (=476) y Pcrcsñpnjds

(=462), cotrc ntrns. @cs`c mjjå sc cxtco`dñ pnr cj rcstn `cj anotdocotc, m`qudrdco`n
cj scjjn pmrtdaujmr `c am`m anotcxtn, pnr jn aumj `clc scr momjdzm`n m jm juz `c jns
prnacsns `c en`crodzmadño co jns quc sc dosardldcrno am`m uon `c oucstrns pmåscs.
Co jåocms fcocrmjcs, y co anoanr`moadm ano jm emynråm `c jns mutnrcs quc
cstu`dmo cstc Envdedcotn, pn`cens `cadr quc cj Envdedcotn `c \canoacp-
tumjdzmadño co Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj drruepc co Meärdam Jmtdom cotrc jms `äam`ms `cj
‘72 y ‘62, anen uo envdedcotn tåpdamecotc jmtdonmecrdamon, uo envdedcotn
mutñonen y prnpdn `c jm amtcfnråm prngcsdnomj jmtdonmecrdamom (Rmrrm, <220,
p.=8), quc dosardptn co uo anotcxtn y enecotn hdstñrdan rcmjdzm uo csgucrzn
mam`äedan y pnjåtdan pnr `mr rcspucstm m jms prnljceítdams `c Meärdam Jmtdom.
Ästc rcsujtn scr uo Envdedcotn quc mlmrañ vmrdns pcrdn`ns hdstñrdans,
anen ldco scýmjm Omtmjdn Idsocremo (=480), `dstdofudco`n `ns ctmpms, quc
sc mrtdaujmo y anepjcecotmo ano prnpucstms `c ntrns mutnrcs anen jm `c Czc-
qudcj Mo`cr Cff (=440).
Jm prdecrm, quc vm `c =473 m =474, `m aucotm `c frupns `c `nacotcs
y cstu`dmotcs `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj quc, ‚anosustmoadm`ns ano jm rcmjd`m` co jm

quc vdvco ymtrmlmkmo,

rcspno`co `ckmo
jm edsem, `c macptmr scr
cspcadmjecotc mfcotcs pmsdvns(Idsocremo,
cj guoadnomjdsen― `c en`cjns quc on
=480,
p.03). Cstc aucstdnomedcotn sc dodadm co jms mujms c dotcrpcjm mj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj
trm`dadnomj. Cstc prdecr enecotn `c jm \canoacptumjdzmadño cs cj quc cstí
vdoaujm`n m jns prnacsns `c En`crodzmadño quc sc `csmrrnjjmo co Meärdam Jm-
tdom co cj emran `c jm Mjdmozm pmrm cj prnfrcsn anen pmrtc `c jm anotrmngcosdvm
onrtcmecrdamom motc cj mvmoac `cj aneuodsen y `cj snadmjdsen. Rrdem jm prc-
naupmadño pnr jn tcaonarítdan, pnr jn dostruecotmj pnr coadem `c jn pnjåtdan.
Jm scfuo`m sc dodadm co =474 y anotdoûm hmstm cj `åm `c hny. Rnoc cj äo-
gmsds co jm tcnråm y cj eätn`n adcotå﬍an quc pcredtdñ jm cjmlnrmadño y pucstm
co príatdam `c `dstdotms mjtcromtdvms ectn`njñfdams. Cstc pcrdn`n sc dodadm ano
cj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño anen uom rupturm ano cj `conedom`n
Prmlmkn Qnadmj trm`dadnomj quc, do﬌ucoadm`n ym scm pnr jm ﬍jmotrnpåm n pnr uom
gucrtc hcrcoadm pnsdtdvdstm c hdfdcodstm, tmotn co jm trm`dadaño curnpcm anen co
jm onrtcmecrdamom, csado`åm jn pnjåtdan `c jn snadmj, jm edjdtmoadm pnjåtdam `c jm
príatdamm adcotå﬍am. Dostruecotmjecotc cstn sc depjcecotmlm `cs`c uom ec-
tn`njñfdm pmrm mlnr`mr jm prnljceítdam snadmj co ctmpms (amsn, frupn y aneuod-
`m`) quc cxajuåm cj ano﬌datn y on rcaupcrmlm jm dotcfrmjd`m` od jm anepjckd`m`
`c jn snadmj. Co cstm ctmpm anotdoûm hmldco`n uom prcnaupmadño ectn`njñfdam.
Qdo celmrfn, anen m﬍rem \cpcttd (<2==), jns ﬍omjcs `c jns ‘72 prn`uaco uom
csadsdño cotrc jm pnsdadño `conedom`m ‚`csmrrnjjdstm― y mqucjjns quc anedcozmo
m `dmjnfmr ano jm tcnråm emrxdstm, quc ym fnzmlm `c uom mepjdm `dgusdño.
Rcosmr cstm pnradño `c hdstnrdm `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj quc ons dotcrcsm rcaupc-
rmr co rcjmadño mj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño rcqudcrc vnjvcr jm edrm`m

00

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 00 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

m uo euo`n quc sc coanotrmlm pnjmrdzm`n, `dvd`d`n co `ns frmo`cs ljnqucs

              
suram`m pnr `dgcrcotcs cxpcrdcoadms pnjåtdams y snadmjcs anen gucrno jm \cvnju-
adño Eckdamom `c =4=2, jm \cvnjuadño Lnjdvdmom `c =43<, jms cxpcrdcoadms `c
          

co Lrmsdj, cj mvmoac `c cxpcrdcoadms snadmjdstms y aneuodstms m pmrtdr `c jm \cvn-

juadño aulmom (=434), cj fnldcron `c Qmjvm`nr Mjjco`c co Ahdjc y jm \cvnjuadno
Odamrmfúcosc `c ﬍ocs `c jns ‘62, cotrc ntrms cxpcrdcoadms quc sc sc hmldmo `c-
smrrnjjm`n, anen uom ajmrm rcgcrcoadm pnjåtdam `c quc crm pnsdljc, `cs`c jm cs-
pcad﬍ad`m` jmtdonmecrdamom y mpnym`ns co jms trm`dadnocs do`cpco`cotdstms `c
             
ano jms oucvms y `dgcrcotcs gnrems `cj depcrdmjdsen co sus `dstdotms vcrsdnocs
(cspmýnjm, dofjcsm, grmoacsm y pnstcrdnrecotc onrtcmecrdamom) pmrm mpnrtmr m jm
anostruaadño `c uo prnycatn `dstdotn `c snadc`m` lmsm`n co jm kustdadm snadmj y
jm mutn`ctcredomadño `c jns pucljns m vdvdr snlcrmomecotc. Rcrn tmeldäo cstc
prnacsn rcvnjuadnomrdn cemoadpmtnrdn guc dotcrruepd`n pnr `datm`urms aåvdan-
edjdtmrcs quc co `dstdotms pmrtcs `c Meärdam Jmtdom sdjcoadmrno, pcrsdfudcrno,

scaucstrmrno,
 rnlmrno, tnrturmrno,
 `csmpmrcadcrno.
         
anrrdcotc ardtdam co jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs quc aucstdnom cj @csmrrnjjdsen. Jms
Sod`m`cs mam`äedams aucstdnomo cj eätn`n, jm dotcrvcoadno, jm d`cotd`m` y
jns anotcod`ns `c jm prngcsdño, prnpnodco`n anostrudr anonadedcotns `cs`c jm
príatdam, ano lmsc co cj eätn`n adcotå﬍an, `cs`c jms ano`dadnocs pmrtdaujmrcs
`c jns prnljcems snadmjcs anen gnrem `c rcanostruaadño tcñrdam.
Cs mså quc `urmotc cstc prnacsn snadmj, pnjåtdan y canoñedan pnr cj aumj
mtmrvcsmlm Meärdam Jmtdom y anen pmrtc `c jns csgucrzns quc sc rcmjdzmlmo pnr
`mr aucotm `c jm pmrtdaujmrd`m`, jm cxacpadnomjd`m` `c Meärdam Jmtdom, co lusam
`c uo prnacsn `c anostruaadño `c uo pcosmedcotn prnpdn sc guc anostdtuyco`n
uo anrpus `c jdlrns quc on sc jcåmo co jm mam`cedm, quc crmo emrfdomjcs mj
sdstcem n﬍admj, y quc `mlmo aucotm `c jns `dgcrcotcs emtdacs, `c jm ‚edxturm―
`c csc pcosmedcotn quc sc cstmlm cofco`rmo`n ‚`cs`c mlmkn ‚ y ‚ pnr gucrm―.
Qc prn`ukn pcosmedcotn y tcnråm co guoadño `c `couoadmr quc jm pnlrczm y
jm cxpjntmadño on sno omturmjcs, sdon quc hmy uo nr`co snadmj y cstm gnrem `c
kcrmrquåm cstí snadmj, canoñedam y pnjåtdamecotc anostrud`m. Qc omturmjdzm co
jms anoacpadnocs y gnrems `c vcr y cotco`cr cj nr`co snadmj, cj euo`n quc ons
rn`cm; anostruyc uo scotd`n aneûo. Cstc pcosmedcotn snadmj on sñjn tuvn quc
cogrcotmr jm `couoadm anen príatdam `c couoadmadño sdon quc m`ceís mlnoñ m
jm anostruaadño `c uom snadc`m` y uo ‚hnelrc oucvn―.
Rmrtc `c cstns csgucrzns `c prn`uaadno tcxtumj, `c `dsausdnocs, `c edjd-
tmoadm pu`dcrno scr sdotctdzm`ns co trcs jåocms tcnrdams. Som, jm Pcnrdm `c jm
@cpco`coadm, m trmväs `c jms prn`uaadnocs `c Phcntnodn @ns Qmotns, Cordquc

03

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 03 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

          
jm Pcnjnfåm
Pcnjnfåm `c jm jdlcrmadño, m pmrtdr `cj Anoadjdn Wmtdamon Qcfuo`n sc prn`uac
uom scrdc `c `nauecotns `cs`c jm Anogcrcoadm Cpdsanpmj Jmtdonmecrdamom
(ACJME) anen Ec`cjjdo (=478 ) y Rucljm ( =464) , y co jms jm s prn`uaadnocs `c
`dgcrcotcs tcxtns m amrfn `c Rc`rn Amsmj`dmfm, Hcj`cr Amecrm, Jcnomr`n Lngg
, cotrc ntrns. Gdomjecotc, jm c`uamadño jdlcrm`nrm n c`uamadño `cj nprded`n
co jms prn`uaadnocs `c Rmujn Grcdrc y jm gnreujmadño `cj Csqucem Anoacptumj
\cgcrcoadmj Npcrmtdvn (CA\N) quc rcmjdzm Cordquc Rdahño \dvdcrc `cs`c jm
Rsdanjnfåm Qnadmj co Mrfcotdom.
Pn`ms cstms do﬌ucoadms mpnrtmrno nrdcotmadnocs tcñrdams y ectn`njñfdams
quc, `c maucr`n m Mjlcrtn Rmrdsd (<223), gnremrno jms sdfudcotcs anrrdcotcs
`c pcosmedcotn co Meärdam Jmtdom. Rnr uo jm`n, jms anrrdcotcs ‚jdlcrmadnods-
tms― surfd`ms co Meärdam Jmtdom `urmotc cj sdfjn XX, auyn ckc cstmlm acotrm-
`n co trcs mspcatns prdoadpmjcs; jm ocacsd`m` `cj ameldn snadmj rm`damj, jm
aucstdño d`cotdtmrdm y jm eåstdam `cj hnelrc oucvn. Rnr cj ntrn, jm anrrdcotc
emrxdstm, quc surfc vdoaujm`m m prngcsdnomjcs aneprnectd`ns pnjåtdamecotc.
Co su tcxtn Rcrspcatdvms ectn`njñfdams co trmlmkn snadmj , Jcnomr`n Noocttn

Rdmzzc (<22=) snstdcoc

jmtdonmecrdamons, quc, tmotn
sc mpjdamrno jms co Ahdjc anen
vcrsdnocs co cj rcstn
emtcrdmjdstms `c jns pmåscs
`dmjäatdams co jm
anostruaadño ectn`njñfdam `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj co `ns `c sus cxprcsdnocs; emr-
xdsen‑jcododsen y tmeldäo jm `cj pcosmedcotn `c Emn Psc Psc Puof,
Puof, suem`n m jm
`dgusdño `c jms d`cms `c Mjthusscr m trmväs `c Emrtm Hmrocaicr quc prnpnoc
uom jcaturm eís cstruaturmj y adcotå﬍am `c jm `dmjäatdam. Qcfûo cj mutnr, on
dofrcsmrno co cstm `dsausdño jms prnpucstms `c jns ocnemrxdstms anen Juiías,
            
vcz pnr quä jm dotcrprctmadño `cj emrxdsen co csc Envdedcotn cstuvn sdceprc
jdfm`m m jm vdsdño cstruaturmj y on cxpcrdecotñ cj fdrn `dmjäatdan `cj emrxdsen
aråtdan quc rcaupcrñ jns Emousardtns canoñedan ﬍jnsñ﬍ans  `c  `c Emrx grcotc m jm
nrtn`nxdm `cj emrxdsen `c Cstm`n.
@cs`c csms prn`uaadnocs cs quc sc tnrom pnsdljc couecrmr jns mutnrcs c do-
do -
vcstdfm`nrcs quc hmo anotrdlud`n mj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño, prn-
`uadco`n frmo amotd`m` `c tcxtns ano nrdcotmadnocs tcñrdams c d`cnjñfdams `d-
gcrcotcs; Mjwdo `c Lmrrns, Qcon Anrocjy, Hdjj, Rnrzcamosid, Octtn, Qdcrrm, @dcfn
Rmjem, @upnot, Lnrds Jdem, Idssocremo, Mjmyño, Hcremo Irussc, Mo`cr Cff,
          
M pcsmr `c jm prnsardpadño y qucem `c tcxtns quc sugrdcrno mjfuons mutnrcs `u-
rmotc jm jmrfm y nsaurm onahc `c `datm`urms depjcecotm`ms co Meärdam Jmtdom,
mûo cxdstc uo frmo oûecrn `c `nauecotns, rcvdstms `c `dvujfmadño y uom mepjdm
jdtcrmturm mam`äedam quc prnvcc uo vmstn anokuotn `c `c﬍odadnocs y rcjmtns co
tnron mj envdedcotn `c jm \canoacptumjdzmadño, quc `m aucotm `c su prnjå﬍am,
hctcrnfäocm y ‑pnr quä on‑ anotrm`datnrdm prn`uaadño. Pmj vcz `c mhå su am-

07

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 07 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

ríatcr envdecotdstm, quc jc pcredtc nsadjmr `cotrn `c `dgcrcotcs pcrspcatdvms,

príatdams y pnsdadnocs d`cnjñfdams sdo pcr`cr `c vdstm cj oåajcn acotrmj quc jms
mfjutdom; anotrdludr mam`äedam y pnjåtdamecotc m `mr rcspucstm `cs`c tcnråms
pnrpdms m jns prnljcems `c jms snadc`m`cs jmtdonmecrdamoms.
Rnr su pmrtc, Idsocremo (=480), sdfudco`n m Pcrcsm Rnrzcamosid, scýmjm
trcs anrrdcotcs cpdstcenjñfdams prnpdms `c cstm ctmpm;
c tmpm;
m. tcaodadsen ocnpnsdtdvdstm, mpjdamo`n cj eätn`n hdpntätdan‑`c`uatdvn mj
Prmlmkn Qnadmj, `dsadpjdom quc mpmrcac
mpm rcac mså anen uom tcaonjnfåm snadmj9
l. anoadcotdzm`nrm, rctnemo`n cj nlkctdvn c`uamtdvn, pcrn coamrm`n co uo
mprco`cr `c jm fcotc m pmrtdr `c uo cognquc fjnlmjdzm`nr `c jm rcmjd`m`
y uom rcvmjnrdzmadño `cj hnelrc y `c jm príatdamm, y tcodco`n anen
lmsc jm ﬍jnsngåm cxdstcoadmjdstm y pcrsnomjdstm y
a. `dmjäatdam, pnodco`n äogmsds co jm príatdam, cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj mpuotñ m
uom prmxds snadmj adcotå﬍am, ano jm ﬍omjd`m` `c trmosgnremr sdtumadnocs
prnljcems co jns edarnsdstcems canoñedans. (=480, p.06- 08)

Rn`cens`cs`c
tcs tcñrdams, m﬍remrjnsquc
quccstns gucrno
sc jcyñ mjfuonsjmtdonmecrdamom,
jm rcmjd`m` `c jns tcxtns, mutnrcs, anrrdco-
fcocrmo`n uom
gucrtc doad`coadm co jms prn`uaadnocs tcñrdams, mså anen co cj `csmrrnjjn `c uom
u om
eåstdam `c aneprnedsn edjdtmotc quc sc cxprcsñ `c `dgcrcotcs emocrms y pnr
cj aumj jns Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs, mj dfumj quc euahns ntrns, nptmlmo pnr jns
pnlrcs, ym scm mlmo`nomo`n jns amrfns quc `cscepcýmlmo co dostdtuadnocs pû-
ljdams n prdvm`ms, sueío`nsc m jns prnacsns rcvnjuadnomrdns m trmväs `c jm juahm
mrem`m, prnjctmrdzío`nsc y/ n edjdtmo`n snadmj y pnjåtdamecotc.
Anen sc puc`c mprcadmr, cstm cxtcosdño co cj tdcepn y co jm vmstc`m` `cj
cspmadn jmtdonmecrdamon doajuyc `dgcrcotcs emtrdacs tcñrdams quc `clco scr
rcanonad`ms co rcjmadño m jm trm`uaadño y mprnpdmadño quc sc rcmjdzmrno `c
mutnrcs y tcxtns co csc pcrdn`n hdstñrdan. Co su trmlmkn tdtujm`n ‚Prmlmkn Qn-
admj; Dotcfrmadño ectn`njñfdam, sdstcemtdzmadño c dotcr`dsadpjdomrdc`m`―, Emråm
 
   
  
     
snlrc jm dotcfrmadño ectn`njñfdam y jm rcjmadño tcnråm-príatdam quc m su cotco-
`cr sc emtcrdmjdzm co Meärdam Jmtdom co jm sdstcemtdzmadño cotco`d`m anen;

uo prnacsn `c anostruaadño snadmj `cj anonadedcotn quc pcredtc

rc﬌cxdnomr snlrc jm príatdam, pmrm mprco`cr `c cjjm, anoacptumjdzmrjm,
aneprco`crjm y pntcoadmrjm. Ruc`c mpnrtmr mj `cscepcýn prngcsdn-
omj aneprnectd`n y pcrtdocotc, `c jm trmosgnremadño `c ano`dadnocs
`c docqud`m`, dokustdadm, `dsardedomadño, pnlrczm, quc mlnr`mens co
oucstrns anotcxtns antd`dmons y jmlnrmjcs. (<2==, p.0)

06

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 06 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

M su vcz  rcmjdzm uom edrm`m rctrnspcatdvm co rcjmadño m jns motcac`cotcs

`c jm sdstcemtdzmadño co Meärdam Jmtdom;

jms prdecrms rcgcrcoadms m jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c cxpcrdcoadms co Meä-

rdam Jmtdom, cj usn `cj täredon y su prdecrm `dvujfmadño, sc dodadmo m pmrtdr
pmrt dr
`c ﬍ocs `c jm `äam`m `cj scscotm, co cj emran `c anrrdcotcs rconvm`nrms
co quc sc ‚lusam rc`c﬍odr, `cs`c jm pmrtdaujmrd`m` `c jm cxpcrdcoadm jmtd-
onmecrdamom, jns emrans `c dotcrprctmadño y jns en`cjns `c dotcrvcoadño
          
jm sdstcemtdzmadño; cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj rcanoacptumjdzm`n, jm c`uamadño `c
m`ujtns, jm c`uamadño pnpujmr, jm tcnjnfåm `c jm jdlcrmadño, jm tcnråm `c jm
`cpco`coadm y jm dovcstdfmadño-maadño-pmrtdadpmtdvm (<2==, p.3)

\csujtm `c dotcräs scýmjmr uom `c jms anrrdcotcs quc ecoadnom Emråm \nsm
     
    
pjmotcm Nrjmo`n Gmjs Lnr`m, co cj aruac ano jm c`uamadño pnpujmr, anostdtuyc
uom jåocm depnrtmotc `c trmlmkn quc hm `m`n jufmr m ouecrnsms prn`uaadnocs

mam`äedams, snadmjcs
envdedcotns m sdstcemtdzmadnocs rcmjdzm`ms
y, cspcadmjecotc, pnr jufmr
hm `m`n jms prnpdms aneuod`m`cs
m ouecrnsms cxpcrdco-u
adms `c trmosgnremadño snadmj.
Jm prnpucstm `c sdstcemtdzmadño quc sc prnpnoc co cstc trmlmkn andoad`c ano
cstm ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstdfmadño co cj hcahn `c lmsmrsc co jm cxpcrdcoadm anen
puotn `c dodadn pmrm jm gnreujmadño `c jns dotcrrnfmotcs quc nrdcotco prnpdmecotc
prnpdmeco tc
cj prnacsn `c dovcstdfmadño. Qdo celmrfn, uom `c jms aucstdnocs co jms quc sc
`dgcrcoadmo, cs co quc cj prnacsn rc﬌cxdvn co uom cstí rcmjdzm`n pnr jm prnpdm
aneuod`m` n envdedcotn snadmj ano mpnyn n on `c mfcotcs cxtcrons (`nacotcs,
dovcstdfm`nrcs, cta,), edcotrms quc co jm ntrm cj prnacsn rc﬌cxdvn cstí acotrm`n co
cj prnpdn Prmlmkm`nr Qnadmj quc jjcvñ m amln jm dotcrvcoadno co jn snadmj.
Rmrm ﬍omjdzmr, pn`cens `cadr quc tmj vcz jm nrdfdomjd`m` `c cstc pcrdn`n
hdstñrdan, y `cj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj, cstä
`m`m pnr jns pjmotcns quc sc snstcoåmo vdoaujm`ns ano jns `clmtcs y jms ju-
ahms `c csc enecotn y quc cstmlmo acotrm`ns co trcs aucstdnocs lísdams; jm
`cj ameldn snadmj rm`damj, jm `c jm d`cotd`m` y jm `c jm eåstdam `cj ‚hnelrc
oucvn― (Rmrdsd, <223). T, T, eís cspcaå﬍amecotc `cs`c
`c s`c cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, pnr jm
‚dotcfrmadño ectn`njñfdam― vdoaujm`m m jm dotcrpcjmadño quc q uc sc cgcatuñ `c jns
          
p.=), co jm ocacsd`m` `c cstmljcacr uom rcjmadño rcaåprnam cotrc tcnråm y pría-
tdam, mså anen co jm ocacsd`m` `c fcocrmr aneprnedsn snadmj `cs`c ‚jm anos-
truaadño `c anonadedcotn msnadm`n m pn`cr― (<2==, p.3). Cs co cstms ajmvcs
quc tmj vcz hmy quc dodadmr uo prnacsn `c rcvdsdño `c cstc pcrdn`n y jns `clmtcs
quc sc fcocrmrno mj dotcrdnr `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj.

08

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 08 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

Cj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño co Mrfcotdom

Rnr su pmrtc, cj Envdedcotn \canoacptumjdzm`nr co Mrfcotdom prnenvåm jm
sdstcemtdzmadño anen gnrem `c rcfdstrmr príatdams snadmjcs quc aucstdnomsco y
gnreujmsco prnpnsdadnocs `dgcrcotcs m jms pnsdadnocs ﬍jmotrñpdams y anoscrvm`n-
rms `cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Qc dosardldñ co uom anrrdcotc pnjåtdan-d`cnjñfdam en`cr-
odzm`nrm, prnpdm `cj mufc cxpmosdvn `cj ampdtmjdsen `urmotc jns mýns ‘32 y ‘72,
quc cogmtdzñ cj arcadedcotn canoñedan aumotdtmtdvn m pmrtdr `c jms dovcrsdnocs
quc ckcradñ cj fnldcron co Mrfcotdom `urmotc cj pcrdn`n `csmrrnjjdstm, co cj quc
          
Rmrm amrmatcrdzmr sdotätdamecotc mjfuoms `c jms anotrm`daadnocs y `csmgåns
co jns quc sc coanotrmlm doecrsn cj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño co
Mrfcotdom, pmrtdens `c uo moíjdsds cgcatum`n pnr Mrturn Jmfum`n @uam co su
tcxtn Jm anostruaadño `c jm aucstdño snadmj. Cj `csmrrnjjdsen pnstpcrnodstm 
pns tpcrnodstm . Mjjå
cj mutnr `m aucotm `c jm gnrem co quc sc `c﬍odcrno jns prnljcems snadmjcs, jms
mjtcromtdvms `c snjuadño m jms quc sc mrrdlmrno, jm emocrm co jm quc sc anoac-
låm jm aneuod`m` pnjåtdam y jms gnrems `c matumadño `cj Cstm`n anen entnr
`cj `csmrrnjjn y jms gnrems `c ckcradadn `c jns `crcahns snadmjcs y jm `cenarm-
adm. @cs`c cstc csqucem, mlnr`m y `c﬍oc jns `dgcrcotcs anotcxtns `cs`c jns
aumjcs sc nrfmodzm cj `dsaursn `csmrrnjjdstm `c Grdfcrdn y Grno`dzd;

m. Cj anotcxtn co cj quc cecrfc cj `dsaursn `cj `csmrrnjjn y su

su delrd-
           
y Rrcldsah anen pmrtc `c jm rcgcrcoadm dotcjcatumj, aneprnectd`ns
ano jms tcnråms `c en`crodzmadño y ano tn`ms mqucjjms maadnocs quc
pnsdldjdtmrmo jm trmosdadño `c snadc`m`cs trm`dadnomjcs m snadc`m`cs
en`croms. Cj `csmrrnjjn do`ustrdmj, jm en`crodzmadño y jm anotcoadño
`cj aneuodsen anostdtuåmo jm ajmvc pmrm cogrcotmr jns prnljcems sn-
admjcs, prn`uatn `cj mtrmsn.

l. Cj anotcxtn
fnldcron `c `c jm `cenarmadm
trmosdadño, ano cj tutcjm`m,
pcrnodsencoprnsardptn
cj quc Grno`dzd msuec
y ano uom uo
hctc-
rnfäocm anmjdadño quc jn jjcvm mj pn`cr. @ns tcems naupmrno cj acotrn
`cj `clmtc; cj `csmrrnjjn canoñedan `cj pmås y jm onremjdzmadño `c jms
dostdtuadnocs rcpuljdamoms mecomzm`ms pnr csc ‘hcahn emj`dtn `cj pmås
        
qucråm vnjvcr mj pn`cr. Co rcjmadño mj `dsaursn `cj `csmrrnjjn, cj mutnr `m
aucotm `c añen sc vm trmemo`n cotrc `dgcrcotcs matnrcs quc dotcrvdc-
oco co jm csacom `c csc enecotn hdstñrdan, anen sno Rrcldsah, \nfc-
         
eís `cstmam`ns. Cj puotn acotrmj `cj `clmtc crm jm `c﬍odadño pnjåtdan-
canoñedam quc `clåm kufmr cj Cstm`n y su rcjmadño ano jns ampdtmjcs prd-

04

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 04 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

vm`ns, cspcadmjecotc cxtrmokcrns co jm canoneåm omadnomj, cj prnljcem

`c jm mutnsu﬍adcoadm cocrfätdam, y jms rcjmadnocs cotrc `csmrrnjjn rurmj
y arcadedcotn do`ustrdmj.
a. Jm prngcsdnomjdzmadño `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs co cj pmås `c jm emon `cj
`dsaursn `cj `csmrrnjjn y `c jm en`crodzmadño. Cj `dsaursn `c jm ACRMJ
y jm canoneåm `cj `csmrrnjjn anostdtuåmo uo pcosmedcotn co `clmtc co
jm rcfdño. Qdo celmrfn, cj `csmrrnjjdsen co jm vcrsdño Grdfcrdn ‑Grno`d-
zd tuvn sus sdofujmrd`m`cs, ym quc pmrtåm;

… `c uo `dmfoñstdan quc co mjfuons mspcatns rcanr`mlm mj rcvdsdn-

odsen hdstñrdan ‑mj econs co su cqudpmrmadño ano cj sul`csmrrnjjn ano
cj anjnodmjdsen‑, cj `csmrrnjjdsen quc d`cotd﬍añ m jm prnpucstm pnjåtd-
am `c Grno`dzd pmrtåm `c jm amrmatcrdzmadño `c jm cstruaturm canoñedam
`cj pmås anen sul`csmrrnjjm`m. Rmrm supcrmr cstm sdtumadño crm ocac-
smrdn mlmo`nomr uo en`cjn canoñedan quc `csamosmlm co cj scatnr
mfrncxpnrtm`nr, mj tdcepn quc depnrtmlm jns dosuens ocacsmrdns pmrm
m`cjmotmr jm sustdtuadño `c depnrtmadnocs anemo`m`m pnr jm do`ustrdm

jdvdmom… Rmrm crm

Qd cj prdecrn jnfrmrjn, cj `csmrrnjjn
uo anoacptn `clåm
`c purm manepmýmrsc
rmåz canoñedam,`c
cj dotcfrmadño.
`c dotcfrm-
adño tcodm anoontmadnocs pnjåtdams y, co namsdnocs snadmjcs. Cj `csmrrn-
jjn depjdamlm dovcrsdño co dogrmcstruaturm, do`ustrdm pcsm`m, rcaursns
cocrfätdans (co jm äpnam, prdnrdtmrdmecotc pctrñjcn). Rmrm cjjn, sc `c-
låm rcaurrdr tmotn mj ampdtmj omadnomj anen mj cxtrmokcrn, pucs scfûo jm
híldj cxprcsdño quc hmlåm mauým`n Grdfcrdn jn quc depnrtmlm írcm cj
omadnomjdsen `c ﬍ocs. Jm pmrtdadpmadño `cj ampdtmj cxtrmokcrn, co cstm
pcrspcatdvm, crm sñjn uo ec`dn pmrm supcrmr cj `ctcrdnrn `c jns täredons
`c dotcrameldn, `crdvm`n `c jm cstruaturm trm`dadnomj `cj pmås. Cj Cstm`n
scråm cj coamrfm`n `c pjmod﬍amr csm dovcrsdño9 cj nlkctdvn, `csmrrnjjmr cj
ecram`n omadnomj y rc`uadr ‑jn eís rípd`mecotc pnsdljc‑ jm `dgcrcoadm
ano jns pmåscs acotrmjcs. (Jmfum`n @uam, <2==. p.38-34)

Co rcjmadño mj puotn `c jm dotcfrmadño co ajmvc pnjåtdam, cj mutnr snstdcoc

quc jm dotcfrmadño crm mj edsen tdcepn hnrdznotc y ano`dadño ym quc anostd-
tuåm cj amedon pmrm jm anostruaadño `c csc frmo ljnquc quc sc npno`råm m jns
dotcrcscs anotrmrdns mj `csmrrnjjn do`ustrdmj.

`. Cj anotcxtn pmsm`n `c jm aucstdño snadmj; cj mutnr `m aucotm, co prd-

ecrm dostmoadm, `c jm dostmjmadño `cj `dsaursn pcrnodstm quc dotrn`uac
oucvms mrtdaujmadnocs ym quc on mpcjmlm od m jm amrd`m`, od mj anotrnj
`c jms `conedom`ms ‚ajmscs pcjdfrnsms―, sdon mj `clcr `c snjd`mrd`m`
y mj `crcahn m jm vd`m quc msdståm m jns quc on cstío ampmadtm`ns pmrm

32

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 32 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

cj trmlmkn. Cstms oucvms mrtdaujmadnocs sc `mo cotrc jms amtcfnråms `c

snjd`mrd`m` y kustdadm snadmj `no`c cj `csmrrnjjdsen `clcrí cgcatumr su
anostruaadño `dsaursdvm `dgcrcotc m jms `cj `dsaursn pcrnodstm.

@c cstm gnrem, sc pjmotcm jm ocacsd`m` `c cogrcotmr cj prdecr `csmgån `c

fnldcron quc cs cj `c `canostrudr cj `dsaursn pcrnodstm co tn`ns jns amepns,
sdco`n ocacsmrdn dostmjmr cj @csmrrnjjdsen `cspuäs `c Rcrño, `ckmo`n `c jm`n y
pnr gucrm jm onadño `c kustdadm snadmj. (Jmfum`n @uam, <2==).
Ästc guc uo pcrdn`n pjmfm`n `c anotrm`daadnocs, snpcahms, emjms dotcrprctm-
adnocs y tmeldäo nedsdnocs, on sñjn `cj `dsaursn pcrnodstm quc guc `cenodzm`n y
prnsardptn `c jms prn`uaadnocs mam`äedams `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs co fcocrmj y
co pmrtdaujmr `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, sdon `c jms príatdams snadmjcs y pnjåtdams quc ‑co
täredons `c Lnm Wcoturm `c Qnusm Qmotns (<227)‑ `clco scr mlnr`m`ms `cs`c;

Jm Qnadnjnfåm `c jms Muscoadms cotco`d`m anen uo prnac`d-

edcotn trmosfrcsdvn, uom snadnjnfåm dosurfcotc pmrm dotcotmr ens-
trmr quc jn quc on cxdstc cs prn`uad`n matdvmecotc anen on cxds-

tcotc, anen
amrtmljc, uom mjtcromtdvm
dovdsdljc on arcåljc,
m jm rcmjd`m` anen`cj
hcfceñodam uomeuo`n.
mjtcromtdvm
T cs `cs-
cstn
jn quc prn`uac jm anotrmaadño `cj prcscotc, jn quc `dsedouyc jm
rdquczm `cj prcscotc. (<227, p.=<)

Jm nedsdño y muscoadm `cj pcrnodsen co jm vd`m antd`dmom `c oucstrn puc-

ljn y `c sus dostdtuadnocs m pmrtdr `c =433 sdfod﬍añ `dcadnahn mýns `c prns-
ardpadño pnjåtdam, `c pcrscauadño, `c eucrtc, pcrn tmeldäo `c \csdstcoadm.
Pmj vcz cstm snadnjnfåm quc prnpnoc Lnm Wcoturm `c Qnusm Qmotns ons pcr-
edtm dodadmr co Prmlmkn Qnadmj mjfûo amedon rcpmrmtnrdn co rcjmadño m jm csamsm
prn`uaadño mam`äedam macram `c jm Guo`madño Cvm Rcrño y cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj y
jm rcjmadño ano jms amtcfnråms quc dotrn`ukn cj pcrnodsen; `crcahns snadmjcs,
`crcahns pnjåtdans, kustdadm snadmj, cotrc ntrns. Cs jjmemtdvm jm csamsm ecoadño,
ecoa dño,
pnr on `cadr oujm, `c uo tcem quc, anen ästc, `clcråm scr mlnr`m`n `c emoc-
rm eís rdfurnsm. Jm nedsdño quc mpmrcac co `c jcaturm, `c `dsausdnocs, `c jms
prn`uaadnocs tcxtumjcs `c `dgcrcotcs mutnrcs quc anotrdluycrno m jm `c﬍odadño
` c﬍odadño
`c uo Envdedcotn Omadnomj y Rnpujmr, gnrem pmrtc `c jms anotrm`daadnocs co
cstc Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño co Mrfcotdom quc, co su mgío `c
rupturm ano jms `conedom`ns pnsdadnocs anoscrvm`nrms `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, on
pu`n mprcadmr cj amríatcr rcvnjuadnomrdn `cj edsen, co täredons `c ecknrm-
edcotn `c jms ano`dadnocs `c vd`m y mepjdmadño `c `crcahns m jms doecosms
emynråms cxajud`ms y co cspcadmj m jns y jms eís huedj`cs `c oucstrm Rmtrdm.
Pmj vcz cs co csc mgío `c rupturm ano cj `conedom`n Prmlmkn Qnadmj ano-
scrvm`nr, co jm ocacsd`m` cstrmtäfdam y tíatdam `c anostrudr uo cocedfn, quc,

3=

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 3= 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

pnr `dgcrcotcs entdvns, sc vdoaujñ emsdvm y maråtdamecotc m jm anrrdcotc `c

Prmlmkn Qnadmj onrtcmecrdamon rcprcscotm`n co jms `conedom`ms ‚Rdnocrms
`cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj―, mj anoscrvm`urdsen y,
y, pnstcrdnrecotc, co uom trmspnjmadño
amsd emodqucm m ‚tn`m― jm pcrspcatdvm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj mofjnsmkño anen jm
dotrn`uaadño `cj depcrdmjdsen ymoqud co oucstrms mujms, `csanonadco`n y ned-
tdco`n jms pnsdadnocs prnfrcsdstms quc jms edsems Rdnocrms, co su anotcxtn,
snstcoåmo co `cgcosm y mpnyn m jms juahms mlnjdadnodstms, m jns `crcahns `c
jms eukcrcs, mj sugrmfdn gcecodon, cotrc ntrms rcdvdo`damadnocs (Prmld, <227).
Cstm adcrtm `cenodzmadño `c jms pdnocrms `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj rcsujtñ guoadn-
omj mj enecotn `c dostmurmr ntrms pnsdadnocs. Rcrn m jm vcz `d﬍aujtñ jm pnsd-
ldjd`m` `c rcanonacr ntrms trm`dadnocs `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, quc pnr su hcrcoadm
anjnodmj cspmýnjm cstmlmo doajud`ms co jms príatdams `c myu`m vdoaujm`ms m jm
Dfjcsdm Amtñjdam y m uo d`cmrdn `c amrd`m`. T cs mhå `no`c pn`cens scýmjmr pnr
jn econs trcs jåocms `c cvmofcjdzmadño quc cstuvdcrno vdoaujm`ms m jm anoquds-
tm y quc m`ceís dotrn`ukcrno onadnocs macram `c jm pnlrczm, `c jns pnlrcs y
`c añen sc `clc prnac`cr m nrfmodzmr jm myu`m snadmj anen gucrno jms ñr`cocs
kcsuåtdams, jms ñr`cocs grmoadsamoms y `nedodams.

Jm nedsdño
hcsdño `c cstms Mjdmozm
m jm `conedom`m rcgcrcoadms,
rcgcrcoadms,
pmrmco
cj prdoadpdn, tuvn su
su anotrmamrm
Rrnfrcsn prnpucstm co jm m`-
pnr cj fnldcron `c
jns CCSS pmrm prnenvcr cj `csmrrnjjn `c jns pmåscs sul`csmrrnjjm`ns y, y, `c csm
emocrm, depc`dr cj mvmoac `cj snadmjdsen, `cj aneuodsen, co jm rcfdño y, co
cspcadmj, `cj pcrnodsen co Mrfcotdom.
On gucrno tdcepns scoadjjns,quc sc puc`mo momjdzmr `c emocrm ldomrdm,
cju`dco`n jms anotrm`daadnocs, jdedtmadnocs, mecomzms, prnsardpadnocs, aco-
surms prnpdms `c jm äpnam. Cstm anepjckd`m` pnjåtdam gnremlm pmrtc `c jm vd`m
antd`dmom `c jns/ms anjcfms co pmrtdaujmr y `c jm snadc`m` mrfcotdom co su
anokuotn. \cadäo m pmrtdr `c jm `crnfmadño `c jms jcycs `c nlc`dcoadm `cld`m
y puotn ﬍omj, jm rcmjdzmadño `c jns kudadns pnr `cjdtns `c jcsm huemod`m`, jm
ano`com `c \cprcsnrcs, jm rcaupcrmadño `c odctns, cj kudadn m jns `cjdtns amu-
sm`ns pnr jm AOS co Emr `cj Rjmtm y co cspcadmj co jm aneuod`m` uodvcrsdtmrdm
`c Emr `cj Rjmtm, jm rcmpcrturm `c amrrcrms acrrm`ms pnr jm `datm`urm, jm rcstd-
tuadño `c nlrms jdtcrmrdms y `c `dgcrcotcs tcxtns quc hmlåmo sd`n acosurm`ns,
prnhdld`ns, cotrc ntrms aucstdnocs, fcocrñ cj emran pnjåtdan `c jdlcrtm` y rcs-
pctn ocacsmrdn y prnpdn `c jm vd`m
vd`m `cenarítdam pmrm pn`cr dodadmr jns cstu`dns
ocacsmrdns `c uo enecotn `c oucstrm hdstnrdm quc mûo vdvc cotrc onsntrns.
Anen ldco scýmjm Onrlcrtn Mjmyño;

Cj rcvucjn y anovujsdño quc hmlåmo namsdnom`n jms oucvms d`cms

co jns prngcsdnomjcs eís trm`dadnomjcs `dn pmsn jucfn m jms `couo-
adms y cstdfemtdzmadnocs hmadm jns scatnrcs eís matdvns quc m`hc-
råmo m jms oucvms anrrdcotcs `c jm \canoacptumjdzmadño. Hmadm cj mýn

3<

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 3< 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

=474 gucrno pmrm`dfeítdams jms mausmadnocs `c jm msdstcotc snadmj

Emrtm Czaurrm, Wdacprcsd`cotm pmrm Meärdam Jmtdom `c jm Sodño Amtñ-
jdam Dotcromadnomj `c Qcrvdadn Qnadmj (SADQQ). Czaurrm, rcprcscotmotc
        
CA\N y m anjcfms `c Srufumy y `c Ahdjc `c scr ‚amlcacrms nrfmod-
zm`ms `cj envdedcotn aneuodstm `cotrn `cj Qcrvdadn Qnadmj―. Emrtm
Czaurrm hmlåm sd`n @drcatnrm Omadnomj `c Msdstcoadm Qnadmj `urmotc
jm `datm`urm edjdtmr `c jm jjmem`m ‚\cvnjuadño Jdlcrtm`nrm―, quc `c-
           
=3 `c emyn `c =438, `cldäo`nsc rcanr`mr quc cj =² `c emyn `c
csc mýn msuedñ cj @r. Mrturn Grno`dzd anen Rrcsd`cotc anostdtuadn-
omj. Co kujdn `c =476, lmkn ntrm `datm`urm edjdtmr coamlczm`m pnr cj
       
amtñjdan y njdfírqudan, sc rcmjdzñ co Lucons Mdrcs ‑ano eís `c =.<22
pmrtdadpmotcs `c Mrfcotdom y `c ntrns <3 pmåscs `cj euo`n‑ cj XD
Anofrcsn Euo`dmj `c jm SADQQ, ano cj tcem ‚Rrnenadño Huemom
y Qcrvdadn Qnadmj. \cspnosmldjd`m` `c jns Ardstdmons―. Rrcadsmecotc

Emrtm Czaurrm
domufurmjcs `cjguc
@r.uom `c Rudflñ
\mûj jns Rrcsd`cotcs `cj Anofrcsn,
y `c ajmusurm ano `dsaursns
`cj @r. M`njgn Ardttn,
Qcarctmrdn y Qulscarctmrdn, rcspcatdvmecotc, `c Rrnenadño y Msdstco-
adm `c jm Aneuod`m` `cj fnldcron edjdtmr, auyns eíxdens `drdfcotcs sc
mutnprcsueåmo `c ardstdmons. Pmeldäo, `cs`c ntrms pcrspcatdvms, sc
mlnedoñ `c jm \canoacptumjdzmadño. Jm trmlmkm`nrm snadmj mrfcotdom
Mjdadm Rcdrc cxprcsñ rcadcotcecotc quc; ‚Jm rcanoacptumjdzmadño crm
pmrm mqucjjns quc on cstmlmo co jmsjm s nrfmodzmadnocs mrem`ms y quc tc-
oåmo tdcepn pmrm hmacr jm rcanoacptumjdzmadño. Onsntrns `dsautåmens
sd cstmlm ldco quc jn huldcrmo emtm`n m \uaad n on. Tn ec cotcrä `c
jm rcanoacptumjdzmadño pnr mjfuom rcvdstm quc jjcfñ m eds emons quc
on smlåm `c quä crm, crm `c ntrn íeldtn, `c jm fcotc quc cstmlm co jm
mam`cedm. Onsntrns ärmens edjdtmotcs quc mpmrtc tcoåmens uo tåtujn,
quc on crm odofûo nrfujjn…―.
Cj `csprcadn hmadm jm matdvd`m` dotcjcatumj y mam`äedam y jm d`cm-
jdzmadño aumsd rcjdfdnsm `c jms maadnocs mrem`ms, tmeldäo anjdsdnomrno
an jdsdnomrno
ano cstc prnacsn `c trmosgnremadño `c jm prngcsdño. Mjfuons mtmamlmo
m jm \canoacptumjdzmadño pnr ‚aneuodstm― y ntrns jm mtmamlmo pnr
‚mam`cedadstm―.― (<220, p.=1)

Ano sus juacs y sus snelrms, on puc`c `ckmr `c scýmjmrsc quc cj prnpñsdtn
`cj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño guc cj `c prn`uadr uo ameldn tmotn co
cj anotcod`n d`cnjñfdan anen co cj emran anoacptumj vdfcotc hmstm csc en-
ecotn co jm prngcsdño. Cstc csgucrzn pnr anotrdludr m jm prn`uaadño `c tcnråms,

31

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 31 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

pcosmedcotns, quc `dcrmo aucotm `c jm sdofujmrd`m` `c jm prmxds

p rmxds quc sc `csmrrn-
jjmlm co Meärdam Jmtdom
Jm tdom jn rcmjdzmrno Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs (`nacotcs uodvcr-
sdtmrdns, cstu`dmotcs,mjgmlctdzm`nrcs, edjdtmotcs snadmjcs y edjdtmotcs pnjåtdans).
Jm sdstcemtdzmadño sc dostmjm co Meärdam Jmtdom anen uom ectn`njnfåm
pmrm jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn sdtum`n `urmotc cj prnacsn `c prngcsdnom-
jdzmadño `cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj y anosnjd`madño `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs co Meärdam
Jmtdom.Co cstc emran, y vdoaujm`ms m tn`ms cstms `doíedams, surfco jms prdec-
rms rcgcrcoadms m jm sdstcemtdzmadño quc, pmrm Mrfcotdom, prcscotmrno mjfuoms
aucstdnocs aneuocs y ntrms `dgcrcotcs co rcjmadño mj csacomrdn jmtdonmecrdam-
on quc cstmlm co `dsputm.
@urmotc jm rcmpcrturm `cenarítdam y cj adajn `c fnldcron ocnjdlcrmj sc
anedcozm m csardldr macram `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño, sc nrfmodzmo rc`cs `c do-
tcrameldn `c cxpcrdcoadms, sc anedcozm m lusamr prcadsdnocs snlrc cj nlkctn
`c sdstcemtdzmadño y cj prnacsn `c rcaupcrmadño
rcaupc rmadño `c jm cxpcrdcoadm. Co Prmlmkn
Qnadmj sc rctnemo jms príatdams prc-prngcsdnomjcs co Dostdtuadnocs y, `cs`c jm
         -
adm `c jms príatdams prc-prngcsdnomjcs `c cstu`dmotcs ano uom prnpucstm quc
          
Cj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño, mj dfumj quc jm sdstcemtdzmadño, `clc
scr rcvdsdtm`n y cstu`dm`n sdstceítdam y rdfurnsmecotc, ym on `cs`c pnsdadnocs
emodqucms n emamrtdstms, sdon `cs`c jm rdfurnsd`m` prnpdm `c jms Adcoadms Qnadm-
jcs. Eís mjjí `c jns madcrtns n crrnrcs, jm sdstcemtdzmadño mou`m`m co cj Envdedco-
Envded co-
tn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño, sc anostdtuyñ co uom onvc`m` quc, co täredons cpds-
tcenjñfdans, prnpnoc smj`mr jm `dvdsdño cotrc tcnråm y príatdam co Meärdam jmtdom.
M en`n `c såotcsds, qucrcens cxprcsmr quc jm prnpucstm quc sc rcmjdzm m
anotdoumadño macram `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño jm rcaupcrm anen uom ectn`njnfåm
`c dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm, on pnsdtdvdstm, `c jmrfm trm`dadño co
c o cj Prmlmkn Qn-
admj quc sc couoadm `cu`nrm
`cu`n rm `c jns mpnrtcs `cj emrxdsen y quc pcredtc, `cs`c
cj pcosmedcotn aråtdan jmtdonmecrdamon, fcocrmr rcspucstms anotcxtumjdzm`ms m
jms ano`dadnocs `c prn`uaadño y rcprn`uaadño snadmj.

Som oucvm jcaturm `cj csacomrdn `c pcrspcatdvms pmrm cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj

¾Añen puc`c vcrsc cstc trmem`n hctcrnfäocn co jm matumj sdtumadño `cj
        
csm lûsquc`m `c jm cspcad﬍ad`m` prnpdm `c uo anotcxtn> ¾Grcotc m jm hcrcoadm
`c jms `datm`urms aåvdan edjdtmrcs y cj jcfm`n ocnjdlcrmj cs ocacsmrdn rcmjd-
zmr uom oucvm rcanoacptumjdzmadño>
Qmjtmo`n `dstmoadms tcepnrmjcs y tcodco`n anen emran cj csacomrdn ecoadn-
om`n co cj mpmrtm`n motcrdnr, pn`cens `cadr quc grcotc m uo `dsaursn fjnlmjdzm`n

30

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 30 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

y ocnjdlcrmj, `cstdtuycotc `c jm snlcrmoåm `c jns Cstm`ns omadnomjcs, cj gnrtmjcad-

edcotn `cj Ecransur prdecrn y jm Auelrc `c jms Meärdams (Emr `cj Rjmtm, <223)
anostdtuycrno `ns hdtns pnjåtdans mjtmecotc sdfod﬍amtdvns co Meärdam Jmtdom, quc
pcredtdcrno, co `cenarmadm, cgcatumr uom `c jms emynrcs trmosgnremadnocs `c
oucstrms snadc`m`cs co täredons `c kustdadm snadmj co jns ûjtdens tdcepns.
Cs mså quc cstc tdcepn `c prnguo`ns ameldns puc`c rcprcscotmr uom ouc-
vm npnrtuod`m` pmrm mlnr`mr jns `djcems quc prcscotmo oucstrms snadc`m`cs
`cs`c cj pcosmedcotn aråtdan jmtdonmecrdamon. Cstc pcosmedcotn rcaupcrm jms
ecknrcs trm`dadnocs `cj pcosmedcotn omadnomj, pnpujmr y jmtdonmecrdamon, sus
`dgcrcotcs `dsputms y `clmtcs mûo on smj`m`ns. Jms anotrdluadnocs quc cstms
jåocms cgcatûmo m uo pcosmr-hmacr `mo aucotm `cj amríatcr sdoarñodan;

...quc vmo m`qudrdco`n jns mvmoacs y rctrnacsns `c jms juahms pn-

pujmrcs9 `c jms vcrtdcotcs quc lusamo anostrudr uo anotdocotc mutñon-
en y kustn, `c mepjdm dotcfrmadño y pmrtdadpmadño snadmj, grcotc m jns
dotcotns `c anosnjd`madño `c jns `nedodns ocnanjnodmjcs. (Mrfuec`n
M., =441, p. =34).

Qmlcens quc jm Hdstnrdm on sc rcpdtc `c dfumj emocrm. Qdo celmrfn, rcan-

onacr cj amríatcr sdoarñodan `c jm edsem, cotco`d`m anen andoad`coadm n sd-
eujtmocd`m` `c hcahns co cj tdcepn, pcredtc rcaupcrmr jms `dgcrcotcs gnrems
`c mrtdaujmadño ocacsmrdms cotrc cj pcosmedcotn y jm maadño, cotrc jm tcnråm y
jm príatdam, cotrc cj pcosmedcotn aråtdan y jms gnrems `c juahm y rcsdstcoadm mj
pcosmedcotn ocnjdlcrmj9 mså anen tmeldäo rcc`dtmr jns sucýns jdlcrtmrdns `c
             
sus pcosmedcotns y maadnocs m jm uod`m` `c Oucstrm Meärdam.
Meärdam Jmtdom sc anostdtuyñ co uo jnaus  `c  `c couoadmadño domufurmj `cj
pcosmedcotn aråtdan jmtdonmecrdamon, co cj emran tcñrdan-anoacptumj-pnjåtdan-
d`cnjñfdan m pmrtdr `cj aumj sc puc`co rctnemr vdckns dotcrrnfmotcs `c jms Adco-
adms Qnadmjcs jmtdonmecrdamoms, `cs`c `no`c mrtdaujmr y pcosmr,
pcosmr, on sñjn jm
cspcad﬍ad`m` hdstñrdam y pnjåtdam `c oucstrms snadc`m`cs, sdon jm anostruaadño
`c uo nr`co euo`dmj eís kustn y snjd`mrdn quc `ä rcspucstms `dgcrcotcs m jns
prnljcems snadmjcs hdstñrdans.
Cs co cstm lûsquc`m quc, `cs`c `dgcrcotcs prn`uaadnocs
prn`uaadn ocs mam`äedams quc
         
`c jm SOE`R (Anotd, Hcred`m y Ecsahdod, <2=<-<2=3), sc snstdcoc quc cj
Prmlmkn Qnadmj, anen `dsadpjdom, sc cstruaturm m pmrtdr `c `dvcrsms tcosdnocs.
Som `c cjjms cs jm quc sc `m cotrc jm mprnpdmadño `c tcnråms `cj pcosmedcotn
naad`cotmj en`cron (pnsdtdvdsen, guoadnomjdsen, gconeconjnfåm, emrxdsen,
cotrc ntrms, euy `dgcrcotcs cotrc så, pcrn anepmrtdco`n tn`ms jms rmdfmelrcs
`cj rmadnomjdsen co sus vcrsdnocs d`cmjdstms n cepdrdstms), quc tdcoc anen uom

33

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 33 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

`c sus anoscaucoadms jm rcjmadño prnljceítdam quc pnscc cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj ano

jm rcjmadño tcnråm-príatdam. Ntrm cs mqucjjm quc anogrnotm ano prcsupucstns `c
jm En`crod`m`, rcsamtmo`n jms pmrtdaujmrd`m`cs `c jn snadmj co
c o oucstrns tcrrdtn-
rdns, anen cs cj amsn `cj pcosmedcotn `csanjnodmj (co `díjnfn ano cj prnycatn
`canjnodmj n prnycatn en`crod`m`/anjnodmjd`m`), quc co uo scotd`n mepjdn
gnrem pmrtc `c uom anrrdcotc `cj pcosmedcotn aråtdan jmtdonmecrdamon quc rc-
aupcrm jns cstu`dns aujturmjcs, mjfuoms vcrtdcotcs ocnemrxdstms, pnstcstruatu-
rmjcs, pnsanjnodmjcs, jm ﬍jnsngåm jmtdonmecrdamom, cj pcosmedcotn omadnomj, jm
cpdstcenjnfåm `cj sur, cj pcosmedcotn do`dfcodstm, cj gcedodsen ocfrn, cotrc
ntrns. Cstm pcrspcatdvm pnsdldjdtm uom mprnxdemadño aråtdam `cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj
m jns prnljcems snadmjcs, sus fcocmjnfåms vdoaujm`ms mj anjnodmjdsen mså anen
sus pmrtdaujmrcs gnrems `c cxprcsdño co jm rcmjd`m` snadmj matumj, anostdtuyäo-
`nsc jm aråtdam co uom pntcotc hcrrmedcotm `c dotcrpcjmadño `cj amepn `c jms
prnljceítdams snadmjcs jmtdonmecrdamoms `cs`c cj pcosmedcotn `csanjnodmj,
`cs`c cj aumj rcsujtm `c dotcräs pn`cr pcosmr‑hmacr cj Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj mrfcotdon
co Meärdam Jmtdom.
Cj rcanrrd`n quc hcens prnpucstn co cstc ampåtujn rcspno`c m jm ocacsd`m`

`c prcscotmr
mepjdm, pjurmj,jm co
trmem anepjckm
anostmotc `c rcjmadnocs
envdedcotn, `cs`cquc anostdtuyco
jm quc jm pcrspcatdvm
pcosmens-hmacens cj
Prmlmkn Qnadmj co jms `dgcrcotcs dostmoadms `c trmlmkn co jm SOE`R y, co cspc-
admj, amrmatcrdzmr cj en`n co quc cotco`cens cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, co cj emran `c
jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, pmrm cj quc jm sdstcemtdzmadño sc anovdcrtc co uo en`us
npcrmo`d  prdvdjcfdm`n
 prdvdjcfdm`n `c maacsn m jn snadmj co cj `nljc scotd`n `c aneprcosdño
y trmosgnremadño `c jn snadmj.
Cstc en`n `c aneprco`cr cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj anen ‚aråtdan― on rcedtc co ml-
snjutn m uo frupn n tco`coadm n d`cnjnfåm mj dotcrdnr `c jm prngcsdño. Anen hcens
scýmjm`n ym co mjfuons trmlmkns (Anotd y Ecsahdod, <2=3), hmljmr `c ‚Prmlmkn
Qnadmj aråtdan― on puc`c sdfod﬍amr uom oucvm ‚en`m― pmrm `csdfomr jm prngcsdño;

Prmlmkn Qnadmj aråtdan on cqudvmjc m amjd﬍amrjn `c ‚rcvnjuadnomrdn―,

‚trmosgnrem`nr― n ‚pnpujmr―, jn aumj rcprcscotm jm vdsdño ecsdíodam
y co`nfcodstm, quc dfonrm jm anepjckd`m` y anotrm`datnrdc`m` `cj rcmj
pmpcj snadmj `c jm prngcsdño, tmotn co jm rcprn`uaadño `c jms rcjmadnocs
snadmjcs, `cj nr`co snadmj, anen co jm `cgcosm `c `crcahns y anoqudstms
`c jm pnljmadño trmlmkm`nrm y sulmjtcrom. Co rcmjd`m`, jn aråtdan co cj
Prmlmkn Qnadmj cxprcsm sulstmotdvmecotc uom ampmad`m`, uom pnsturm,
uom pcrspcatdvm `c aråtdam co cj moíjdsds snadmj `cj prngcsdnomj y co su
maadnomr. Cj ‚Prmlmkn
‚Prmlmkn Qnadmj aråtdan― on sdfod﬍am ntrm ansm sdon jm aråtdam
anen hcrrmedcotm `c moíjdsds y hnrdznotc `c maadño `c jns prngcsdnom-
jcs. (Enotmýn, <2=0, p.<0)

37

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 37 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

Cs co cj emran `c cstm trm`dadño `cj pcosmedcotn aråtdan jmtdonmecrdamon

quc sc snstdcoc quc, sd ldco cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj anen `dsadpjdom sc sdstcemtdzm co
Mrfcotdom m pmrtdr `c jm tcracrm `äam`m `cj sdfjn XX, doscrtn co cstns prnacsns
hcrc`crns `cj Hdfdcodsen, cj edsen sc hm cstruaturm`n co Mrfcotdom m pmrtdr `c
`dvcrsms tcosdnocs. Som `c cjjms cs jm quc sc `m cotrc jm mprnpdmadño `c tcnråms
`cj pcosmedcotn naad`cotmj en`cron (pnsdtdvdsen, guoadnomjdsen, gconeconjnfåm,
emrxdsen, cotrc ntrms, euy `dgcrcotcs cotrc så, pcrn anepmrtdco`n tn`ms jms rmd-
fmelrcs `cj rmadnomjdsen co sus vcrsdnocs d`cmjdstms n cepdrdstms) y mqucjjms quc
anogrnotmo ano prcsupucstns `c jm En`crod`m`, rcsamtmo`n jms pmrtdaujmrd`m`cs
`c jn snadmj co oucstrns tcrrdtnrdns. Cxdstc, pnr tmotn, uom cxpcrdcoadm
cxpcrdco adm `cj nr`co `c
jm trm`uaadño tmotn co jns `clmtcs mam`äedans anen co cj ckcradadn prngcsdnomj,
`c cstms anrrdcotcs quc sc npnoco mj rmadnomjdsen curnacotrdstm y mlnfmo pnr uo
pcosmr sdtum`n9 trm`uaadño `c amtcfnråms y rc﬌cxdnocs quc sc rc`c﬍oco co tmotn
nrdcotm`nrcs `cj maadnomr prngcsdnomj anoarctn. (Hcred`m y Ecsahdod, <2=3)
Qd ldco cstms pnsdadnocs tcñrdams, quc rcspno`co m pmrm`dfems prnpdns y `d-
gcrcotcs `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, ‚anovdvco― mûo, tmotn co jm dotcrvcoadño prn-
gcsdnomj anen co jns íeldtns `c jm gnremadño mam`äedam, am`m uon surfdñ y sc

`csmrrnjjñ `mo`n rcspucstm

Jms trcs pnsdadnocs tcñrdamsmcouoadm`ms
enecotns motcrdnrecotc
hdstñrdans anenanotdcoco
m anotcxtns `dgcrcotcs.
co su dotcrdnr,
`clmtcs mûo on smj`m`ns n acrrm`ns. M `dgcrcoadm `c ntrms `dsadpjdoms `c jms Adco-
adms Qnadmjcs, cstms `dgcrcoadms on sc trmedtmo m trmväs `c uom emynr y prn`uaadño
mam`äedam sdon quc sc eucstrmo co cogrcotmedcotns y pnjmrdzmadnocs co jms quc
sc pcrsnomjdzmo jns ano﬌datns y `csmaucr`ns cxdstcotcs. @c mjjå jm ocacsd`m` `c
rcaupcrmr jm anepjckd`m` `cj scotd`n `c jn ‚aråtdan― co Prmlmkn Qnadmj.
Son `c jns en`ns `c rcaupcrmr cstm anepjckd`m`
a nepjckd`m` pmrtc `c doajudr jms prn-
pucstms tcñrdams `c ntrns rcprcscotmotcs `cj emrxdsen aråtdan y, jckns `c nauj-
tmr n sdjcoadmr jms jcaturms eís ano﬌datdvms, prnpdadmr cj anonadedcotn `c jns
`clmtcs quc sc hmo fcocrm`n co tnron m jm aneprcosdño `cj emrxdsen. Cstn,
cotrc ntrms ansms, pnrquc co cjjn rcsd`c uo pntcoadmj trmosgnrem`nr pmrm cj Prm-
lmkn Qnadmj quc on cs ecrmecotc couoadmtdvn od tcñrdan, sdon quc depjdam ntrm
vdsdño `cj anepjckn tcnråm-príatdam y, ano äj, `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj.
Quem`n m tn`ns jns cognqucs quc ym hcens ecoadnom`n, mjfuons `c jns
mpnrtcs `c jm `conedom`m Csaucjm `c Grmoigurt, anen mjfuons ntrns sdo `u`m,
ons pcredtco uom dotcrvcoadño `cs`c y anotrm Emrx, co cj edsen scotd`n co
quc cs `cscmljc pcosmr ano y anotrm am`m uon `c jns mutnrcs quc hmo momjdzm-
`n anyuoturms hdstñrdan-snadmjcs pmrtdaujmrcs quc on sno jm oucstrm. Cstm pcrs-
pcatdvm, `c uom aråtdam econs co`ñfcom y ano`csaco`dcotc mlrc ano econs
`d﬍aujtm`cs y anotrm`daadnocs jms pnsdldjd`m`cs `c anostruaadño `c uo Prmlmkn
Qnadmj aråtdan co Meärdam Jmtdom.
Rmrm dotrn`uadrsc co cstm pcrspcatdvm tcñrdam, tmo `cu`nrm `c sus mo-
tcac`cotcs aråtdans pcrn m jm vcz tmo cepjmzm`m co jm sdtumadño pmrtdaujmr

36

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 36 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

`c jm anjnodmjd`m`, cs ocacsmrdn prcfuotmrsc; ¾Auíj cs cj scotd`n y jm ocac-

sd`m` `c anotdoumr hmljmo`n `c `csanjnodmjd`m`, sd `cspuäs `c jms fucrrms
pnr jm Do`cpco`coadm Meärdam Jmtdom hm anognrem`n uod`m`cs pnjåtdan-m`-
edodstrmtdvms `c gucrtc prcscoadm tcrrdtnrdmj `conedom`ms Cstm`ns-Omadño
do`cpco`dcotcs y snlcrmons co täredons pnjåtdans, dostdtuadnomjcs y can-
oñedans> ¾Cxdstco mûo hny gnrems anjnodmjcs quc rcqudcrco `c csgucrzns
`csanjnodzm`nrcs> ¾Auíjcs sno jms emrams, jms hucjjms quc mûo pcrsdstco
co oucstrms snadc`m`cs>
Jm pnsdadño quc sc snstdcoc `cs`c oucstrn cqudpn `c dovcstdfmadño pmrtc
`c m﬍remr quc;

m.- Co Meärdam Jmtdom co fcocrmj y co Mrfcotdom co pmrtdaujmr, cj anjnodmjds-

en on anostdtuyc uom rcmjd`m` supcrm`m sdon quc su matumjd`m` anovdvc
lmkn `dgcrcotcs gnrems `cotrn `cj Cstm`n-Omadño, pu`dco`n rcanonacr
cotnoacs quc Mrfcotdom anotdoûm mtrmvcsm`m pnr jm tcosdño cxdstcotc
cotrc anjnodmjd`m` ‑ anjnodmjdsen.
l. Cj anjnodmjdsen y jm anjnodmjd`m` gnremo pmrtc `c uo prcscotc co `dsputm

`no`c cj pcosmedcotn
jm rcsdstcoadm `csanjnodmj,
mj mvmsmjjmedcotn anen
mj quc sc uo
vdn pcosmr sdtum`n
snectd`m quc surfc
y gnrzm`m `c
Meärdam
Jmtdom m pmrtdr `cj prnacsn `c anoqudstm y anjnodzmadño
anjnodzma dño y `cj rcanonadedco-
tn m jm sdtumadño `c snectdedcotn y cxpjntmadño `c jm aumj gucrno våatdems
jns `conedom`ns pmåscs pcrdgärdans, jns sulmjtcrons, jns cxpjntm`ns…
a. Rcosmr `csanjnodmjecotc on sñjn ons pcredtc vdsumjdzmr cj prnacsn `c
‚trmosdadño `cj anjnodmjdsen en`cron m jm anjnodmjd`m` fjnlmj― (Ams-
    
    
 
rcanonacr quc jm vdfcoadm `c jms cstruaturms `c pn`cr gnrem`ms `urmotc
sdfjns `c cxpmosdño anjnodmj curnpcm, jm hcrcoadm `c jm lurnarmadm cstmtmj
cspmýnjm, jm `dvdsdño dotcromadnomj `cj trmlmkn cotrc acotrn y pcrdgcrdms
y jm kcrmrqudzmadño ätodan-rmadmj `c jms pnljmadnocs, on sc hmo trmosgnr-
em`n sdfod﬍amtdvmecotc ano cj ﬍o `cj anjnodmjdsen od ano jm gnremadño
`c jns Cstm`n-Omadño co jm pcrdgcrdm. Qdon quc pcrsdstc co uo sdstcem;
cj euo`n ampdtmjdstm, pmtrdmramj, ardstdmon aäotrdan, naad`cotmjnaäotrdan,
     

@cs`c cj jnaus  cpdstäedan
  cpdstäedan `c jm `csanjnodmjd`m`, cj ampdtmjdsen fjnlmj
anotcepnríocn rcsdfod﬍am y rc`decosdnom cxajusdnocs prnenvd`ms pnr kcrmr-
quåms fjnlmjcs `c pn`cr; cpdstäedams, cstätdams, ätodan-rmadmjcs, fcoärdan-
scxumjcs, motrnpnaäotrdams, cotrc ntrms. On puc`c scr cotco`d`n sñjn anen
uo sdstcem canoñedan, anen fcocrmjecotc sc jcc `cs`c jm canoneåm pnjåtd-
am, od anen uo sdstcem aujturmj, anen jn prcscotmo jns cstu`dns aujturmjcs
pnstanjnodmjcs mofjnsmknocs.

38

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 38 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

@cs`c cstm pcrspcatdvm `csanjnodmj, cj ampdtmjdsen anognrem uom rc` fjnlmj `c

pn`cr anepucstm pnr prnacsns pnjåtdans,
pnjåtdans, canoñedans, aujturmjcs,
aujturmjcs, `no`c csms eûj-
eûj-
tdpjcs rcjmadnocs `c pn`cr (rmadmjcs, ätodams, canoñedams, cpdstäedams, scxumjcs
y `c fäocrn y rcjdfdnsms) emotdcoco y rcprn`uaco cj sdstcem m csamjm jnamj-fjnlmj
          

Rnocrons co anotmatn `c emocrm sdstceítdam ano cj pcosmedcotn aråtdan

jmtdonmecrdamon, ano cj pcosmedcotn `csanjnodmj, ons pcredtdñ on sñjn tnemr
`dstmoadm, co täredons `c cxtrmýmedcotn, `c jms anrrdcotcs en`croms curnaco-
trm`ms `cs`c jms quc hmldtumjecotc pcosmens jn snadmj9 sdon quc guo`meco-
tmjecotc ons hdzn `mr aucotm `c jm gmjtm quc hmaco cstms tcnråms snadmjcs m jm
hnrm `c mvmozmr co cj trmtmedcotn `c jms prnpdms emodgcstmadnocs `c jm aucs-
tdño snadmj jmtdonmecrdamom, mrfcotdom. Ons pcredtdñ rcanonacr jm pntcoadm
quc pnscc cstc pcosmr sdtum`n quc, ano `dgcrcotcs emtdacs, pcredtc uo en`n
`dgcrcotc `c pcosmr jm prn`uaadño‑adraujmadño-mprnpdmadño `cj anonadedcotn.
Co pmjmlrms `c Ircdecr (<2=3), cotnoacs,

..arccens quc cs pnsdljc prnenvcr uo ‚prnfrmem aneprnectd-

`n― pcrn`c
en`cjn quc
jnsocacsdtm cjmlnrmrsc Cstc
pmåscs acotrmjcs. m pmrtdr `c ntrns`clcråm
prnfrmem ckcs, `dgcrcotcs `cj
sustcotmrsc,
motc tn`n, co jm fcocrmadño `c tcnråms y cxpjdamadnocs quc, co vcz
`c mpjdamr maråtdamecotc y ecaíodamecotc jms tcnråms `c en`m Y…U
dotcrrnfmrons snlrc jm vmjd`cz `c `dahms tcnråms pmrm oucstrn anotcxtn
Y…U C doec`dmtmecotc, prnpnocr emrans cxpjdamtdvns arcmtdvns quc,
hmadco`n usn `c jns hmjjmzfns cepårdans, ngrczamo hcrrmedcotms `c
dotcrvcoadño econs dofcoums y eís aneprnectd`ms ano uo `csmrrnjjn
adcotå﬍an quc scm ûtdj y quc `ntc `c scotd`n m jns prnacsns `c prn`ua-
adño `c anonadedcotn co oucstrm rcfdño (<2=3, p.0).

@caåmens mj dodadn `c cstc Ampåtujn quc jm \canoacptumjdzmadño, co su

pcrspcatdvm aråtdam, cgcatuñ uo depnrtmotc csgucrzn
csgucrzn pnr trmtmr `c rcfdstrmr csms
oucvms gnrems `c dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj quc dotcrpcjmlmo y tnemlmo `ds-
tmoadm `c jms príatdams snadmjcs prnpdms `c jm lcoc﬍acoadm, `cj adcotd﬍adsen
pnsdtdvdstm n `c jm tcaonarmadm y quc prctco`åmo, ano tn`ns sus madcrtns y crrn-
rcs, manepmýmr jns prnacsns pnpujmrcs `c nrfmodzmadño snadmj y pnjåtdam quc
﬍omjdzmrmo ano jm pnlrczm y cxpjntmadño. Cs co csm lrcahm quc sc mlrc `no`c
sc guo`c, sc eczajm cj pcosmedcotn aråtdan jmtdonmecrdamon, quc mj `cadr `c
C`fmr`n Jmo`cr, ‚sc hm hcahn co jns eírfcocs9 co jm `cgcosm `c gnrems
moacstrmjcs mjtcromtdvms mj anonacr, co jm rcsdstcoadm aujturmj, n msnadm`ms m
juahms pnjåtdams y/n prnacsns `c envdjdzmadño pnpujmr― (<222, p.=1)
Cs mså quc cj pcosmedcotn `csanjnodmj, anen pmrtc `cj pcosmedcotn arå-
tdan jmtdonmecrdamon,co tmotn moíjdsds rc﬌cxdvn, gnrem pmrtc `c cstns tdpns `c

34

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 34 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

pcosmedcotns quc sc `csmrrnjjmo pnodco`n co `u`m cj scotd`n mpmrcotc `c jm

rcmjd`m` snadmj y tmeldäo matumo`n, dotcrvdodco`n, trmosgnremo`n jm edsem.
Anostdtuyc uom gnrem `c pcosmr, quc on sc snectc m jm trm`dadño y mj nr`co `c
jms ansms, sdon quc rcaupcrm jm `decosdño utñpdam, mj prctco`cr couoadmrsc y
matumr `cs`c ntrn jufmr,
jufmr, anostdtuyco`n uom prnvnamadño mj `csmrrnjjmr gnrems
`c dotcrvcoadño quc dotcrpcjco y sc dotcrpcjco grcotc m uo
u o nr`co snadmj c dostd-
tuadnomj quc rcprn`uac jm `csdfumj`m` y jm dokustdadm snadmj.
Jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj dosardptm `cotrn `c cstm
pcrspcatdvm `c pcosmedcotn `m aucotm `c jm gcauo`m rcjmadño cpdstäedam quc
sc `m m pmrtdr `c `ns täredons, `ns maadnocs; ‚sdstcemtdzmr― c ‚dotcrvcodr―.
Amtcfnråms melms mauým`ms pnr cj anjcatdvn `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, sd ldco am`m
uom pnscc su prnpdm `c﬍odadño, mjamoac y nlkctn, sc coaucotrmo co jm rcmjd`m`
åotdemecotc vdoaujm`ms, sdco`n `dgåadj pcosmr uom sdo jm ntrm.
Hmacens rcgcrcoadm m jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj, `cs`c jm jcaturm pns-
tcstruaturmjdstm quc cgcatûm Mjgrc`n Amrlmjjc`m, quc dosardptm co uo emran
tcñrdan anoacptumj y ectn`njñfdan gmvnrcac jm anostruaadño `c oucvms dotcrpc-
jmadnocs, oucvms gnrems `c hmacr vdsdljc mj ntrn, m jm dostdtuadño, mj Cstm`n, m

jm snadc`m`,
snadmjcs jm dokustdadm, cj
anotcepnríocns. @cpm`cadedcotn
cstm emocrm, yscjm`cspcfm
anepjckd`m`
`c jm `c jns prnljcems
trm`dadño onrem-
tdvm y `cj scotd`n eís cxtco`d`n
cxtco`d`n `c jm pmjmlrm dotcrvcoadño prnvcodcotc
prnvcodcotc `cj
täredon co jmtåo dotcrvcodn , quc puc`c scr trm`uad`n anen ‚vcodr cotrc― n
‚dotcrpnocrsc―, pu`dco`n scr cotco`d`m co su anoacpadño eís ajísdam, tmotn
anen sdoñoden `c ec`dmadño, dotcrscaadño, myu`m n annpcrmadño n anen sdoñ-
oden `c dotrnedsdño, dokcrcoadm, dotrusdño, ancradño n rcprcsdño.
Msdedsen, cj mutnr m﬍rem quc m pmrtdr `c rcaupcrmr, pnr `dgcrcotcs våms, uom
edrm`m macram `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj sdtum`n co Meärdam Jmtdom,jm dotcrvcoadño co jn
snadmj gnrem pmrtc `c uo prnacsn snadn-hdstñrdan pnsdadnom`n `cs`c jms príatdams
snadmjcs jdfm`n m trcs cjcecotns ajmrmecotc `c﬍od`ns; jm onadño `c snadc`m`, cj
anoacptn `c aucstdño snadmj y jm anostruaadño `c príatdams y amepns `c anonad-
edcotn, prnpnodco`n jm pnsdldjd`m` `c rcaupcrmr jm `dmjäatdam cotrc jn fcocrmj‑pmr-
fcocrm j‑pmr-
tdaujmr, cotrc jm snadc`m` y jm sdofujmrd`m` `cj sukctn.
sukctn . M su vcz, `cs`c jm fcocmjnfåm
gnuamujtdmom, `c﬍oc jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj anen `dspnsdtdvn quc sc cotrn-
ectc co uo cspmadn ym quc cxdstc uom `cemo`m hmadm ästm, anostdtuyäo`nsc jm
`cemo`m anen matn guo`m`nr `c jm dotcrvcoadño. Cstm `cemo`m prnvdcoc tmotn `c
jms pcrsnoms quc mau`co m Dostdtuadnocs u nrfmodsens anen `c jms Dostdtuadnocs,
jm mfco`m `c pnjåtdams pûljdams, cotrc ntrns, anostdtuyco`n mså uom maadño pnjåtdam
quc pcredtc dodadmr uo prnacsn rc﬌cxdvn y guo`m`n vdsdldjdzmo`n c dotcrpcjmo`n jns
hdjns dovdsdljcs quc sukctmo, mûo, mjfuoms gnrems `c príatdam anoscrvm`nrms `cj
nr`co snadmj, anostdtuyäo`nsc mså, co uo dostruecotn `c trmosgnremadño snadmj.

72

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 72 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmr, dotcrvcodr, dovcstdfmr

Ampåtujn DD

Qdstcemtdzmr, dotcrvcodr, dovcstdfmr1

Jm sdstcemtdzmadño anen dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm y aråtdam

Co cj ampåtujn motcrdnr hcens do`dam`n lrcvcecotc mjfuons `c jns eneco-
tns ajmvcs `c jm Hdstnrdm `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj co jm pmrtc `cj euo`n quc hmldtm-
ens, sus aruacs y vdoaujmadnocs ano ntrms jmtdtu`cs y jm trmem `c pcrspcatdvms
tcñrdams y `clmtcs co jns quc sc dostmjm jm aucstdño `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño. Anen
rcspucstm m jm hcrcoadm pnsdtdvdstm `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, sc prnpnoc co cstm pu-
ljdamadño rcaupcrmr jm sdstcemtdzmadño anen uom ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstdfmadño
aumjdtmtdvm, on pnsdtdvdstm, `c jmrfm trm`dadño co cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, quc sc couo-
adm `cu`nrm `c jns mpnrtcs `cj emrxdsen y quc pcredtc `cs`c cj pcosmedcotn
aråtdan jmtdonmecrdamon fcocrmr rcspucstms anotcxtumjdzm`ms m jms ano`dadnocs
`c prn`uaadño y rcprn`uaadño snadmj `c oucstrn pucljn.
puc ljn. Cstm `c﬍odadño `c sdstc-
emtdzmadño tnem `dstmoadm `c mqucjjms quc jm anosd`crmo anen;

…csardldr n `csardldr uom príatdam, rcanpdjmr uom dognremadño snlrc

uom príatdam y prcscotmr jm edsem nr`com`m arnonjñfdamecotc n cjmln-
rmr uo dognrec-såotcsds `c uom príatdam, snlrc jn quc sc hdzn n cvmjumr

co rcjmadño m jns madcrtns n crrnrcs jm edsem (Ecsahdod, <2=1, p.0).

Ons dotcrcsm pmrtdr `c uom aneprcosdño anepjckm `c jm ectn`njnfåm `c
sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño quc `cs`c uom pcrspcatdvm mepjdm cotdco-
`c quc sc trmtm `c uom ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm prnpdm `c jms
Adcoadms Qnadmjcs quc sc `dgcrcoadm pnr pmrtdr `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj,
`c jm cxpcrdcoadm, `c jm príatdam.

1. Muoquc cjjm on hmym qucrd`n anepmrtdr jm mutnråm `c cstc ampåtujn, jms rcgjcxdnocs quc jn
dotcfrmo hmo sd`n `csmrrnjjm`ms ano jm cstrcahm anjmlnrmadño `c Emråm Juz @mhuj, sdo auyns
mpnrtcs huldcrm euy `dgåadj mrtdaujmr cstc oûajcn acotrmj `cj tcxtn; vmym mquå ed rcanonadedco-
tn y mfrm`cadedcotn m jns mpnrtcs `c jm anjcfm.

7=

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 7= 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Co cstm jåocm, jns mpnrtcs quc rcmjdzm Hufn [cecjemo (<223) co su tcxtn
‚Wnjuotm` `c anonacr. Cj sukctn y su pcosmedcotn co cj pmrm`dfem aråtdan―
rcsujtmo euy sdfod﬍amtdvns m jm hnrm `c pjmotcmr jm ocacsd`m` `c `csmrrnjjmr
co cj sukctn su vnjuotm` `c anonacr, co cj emran `c uo pmrm`dfem aråtdan c
hdstñrdan, jn quc depjdamråm jm ‚mepjdmadño `c jm sulkctdvd`m`―, n scm ‚anoku-
fmr jm ampmad`m` `c anostruaadño tcñrdam ano cj `csmrrnjjn `c jm vnjuotm` `c
anostrudr rcmjd`m`cs snadmjcs. Cs cstn `c trmosgnremr
trmosgnremr pnsdldjd`m`cs co rcmjd-
`m`cs tmofdljcs, mså anen mlrdr cj pcosmedcotn m jms rcsdfod﬍amadnocs `c jns
anoacptns ano jns quc cstmens anostruyco`n cj anonadedcotn co uo `ctcred-
om`n enecotn hdstñrdan. \cqudcrc m su vcz pjmotcmrsc prnljcems y rcaupcrmr
cj ‚pcosmedcotn amtcfnrdmj―. Cstn, scfûo cj mutnr, `cemo`m ‚quc cj sukctn
anostruym su anonadedcotn `cs`c jms dotcrrnfmotcs quc scpm gnreujmr `cs`c cj
enecotn hdstñrdan co quc cstí
c stí doscrtn― (<223, p.6).
Qc cotdco`c m jm edsem, co prdoadpdn, anen uom hcrrmedcotm ectn`njñfd-
am quc pcredtc uom dotcrprctmadño aråtdam `cj prnacsn vdvd`n co jm Rríatdam `c
gnremadño mam`äedam supcrvdsm`m, cgcatum`m co uo anotcxtn dostdtuadnomj co
uo pcrdn`n `ctcredom`n.
Amlc scýmjmr quc jm Rríatdam `c gnremadño mam`äedam rcmjdzm`m co jm Aí-
tc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño0, co jm amrrcrm `c Jdacoadmturm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj, pnsd-
ldjdtm `c﬍odr uo prnljcem `c dovcstdfmadño, `c anonadedcotn, `dgcrcotc m uo
prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño, m pmrtdr `c dotcrpcjmr jns en`ns sdofujmrcs co jns
quc sc anostruyc jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj `cs`c uo pcosmr sdtum`n. Jm
sdstcemtdzmadño cs cotco`d`m cotnoacs anen uo prnacsn `c rcaupcrmadño y
mprnpdmadño `c uom dotcrvcoadño snadmj co cj emran `c uom príatdam gnremtdvm
`ctcredom`m, quc mj rcjmadnomr hdstñrdamecotc sus anepnocotcs tcñrdan-pría-
tdans, pcredtc aneprco`cr y cxpjdamr jns anotcxtns, jns scotd`ns, guo`mecotns,
jñfdams y mspcatns prnljceítdans quc prcscotm jm edsem co jm snadc`m` ano-
tcepnríocm, ano cj ﬍o `c mpnrtmr m jm trmosgnremadño `c jm rcmjd`m` y aumjd﬍amr
jm aneprcosdño `cj prnacsn `c dotcrvcoadño snadmj.
Jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj anen ectn`njnfåm `c
dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm co cj emran `c uo cognquc hcrecoäutdan-aråtdan pn-
sdldjdtm, cotnoacs, `mr rcspucstms m jm dotcrpcjmadño `c jms cxpcrdcoadms, jm
pucstm co `díjnfn co uom trmem anoacptumj m en`n `c emran tcñrdan y `cs`c
uom `ctcredom`m emocrm `c jccr jm rcmjd`m`. Rnr su pmrtc,
pm rtc, jm ectn`njnfåm aum-
jdtmtdvm sc cotdco`c anen mqucjjm quc;

0. Aítc`rm uldam`m co cj ûjtden mýn `c jm Jdacoadmturm co Qcrvdadn Qnadmj. Son `c jns nlkctd-
vns guo`mecotmjcs `c jm ecoadnom`m msdfomturm tdcoc quc vcr ano prnenvcr jm vmjnrmadño `c
jm supcrvdsdño anen príatdam sdstceítdam `c coscýmozm y gnremadño pcremocotc quc anotrd-
luym m jm anostruaadño y mprnpdmadño `cj quchmacr prngcsdnomj ano aneprnedsn ätdan-pnjåtdan.

7<

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 7< 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmr, dotcrvcodr, dovcstdfmr

…sc dotcrcsm pnr jm vd`m `c jms pcrsnoms, pnr sus pcrspcatdvms

sulkctdvms, pnr sus hdstnrdms, pnr sus anepnrtmedcotns, pnr sus cxpc-
rdcoadms, pnr sus dotcrmaadnocs, pnr sus maadnocs, pnr sus scotd`ns, c
dotcrprctm m tn`ns cjjns `c gnrem sdtum`m, cs `cadr, uldaío`njns co cj
anotcxtn pmrtdaujmr co cj quc tdcoco jufmr. Prmtm
Prmtm `c aneprco`cr `dahns
anotcxtns y sus prnacsns, rcaurrdco`n m jm amusmjd`m` jnamj pmrm cxpjd-
 
    

Rnsdldjdtm jm anostruaadño `c uom cstrmtcfdm ectn`njñfdam quc pnoc co `díjnfn

`dgcrcotcs cognqucs ectn`njñfdans anen cj ctonfrí﬍an, cj `c cstu`dn `c amsns,
cotrc ntrns, mså anen `dstdotms täaodams `c dovcstdfmadño snadmj ‑jms cotrcvdstms co
prnguo`d`m`, nlscrvmadño `nauecotmj, nlscrvmadño on pmrtdadpmotc, nlscrvmadño
pmrtdadpmotc, cotrc ntrms. Jm ectn`njnfåm `c sdstcemtdzmadño on sñjn pnscc uom
jmrfm trm`dadño co cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj jmtdonmecrdamon sdon quc cstmljcac, anen ano-
`dadño do`dspcosmljc, pmrtdr `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj rcmjdzm`m, pcredtdco`n;

...rcaupcrmr, `cs`c jm prn`uaadño tcñrdam `c jns/ms mutnrcs prnpdns

...rcaupcrmr,
`cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, jms rcsnomoadms pnjdgñodams, jns `clmtcs (...) co cj
dotcrdnr `c jm `dsadpjdom, grcotc m jms prnljceítdams snadmjcs anotce-
pnríocms (Ecsahdod, <2=1, pp.0-3)

Co cstm jåocm, cj cognquc `c jm ectn`njnfåm `c sdstcemtdzmadño quc mquå sc

prnpnoc pmrtc `c cotco`cr m jm edsem anen uom gnrem pmrtdaujmr `c dovcstdfm-
adño snadmj on pnsdtdvdstm, quc m pmrtdr `c uo prnacsn `c rc﬌cxdño prnljcemtdzm
`dgcrcotcs `decosdnocs `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj. Cstm pnsdadño ons
            
 
cotdco`co jm sdstcemtdzmadño anen uo;

…prnacsn `c rc﬌cxdño c dotcrprctmadño aråtdam `c uom dotcrvcoadño

prngcsdnomj n `c uo mspcatn `c cjjm, quc pmrtc `c jm cxpjdadtmadño `cj
emran cpdstcenjñfdan, tcñrdan y vmjnrmtdvn `cs`c cj aumj sc dotcrvdon y
`cs`c cj aumj sc rcmjdzm jm rc﬌cxdño. (<220, p.==)

\caupcrmr jn rcmjdzm`n gnrem pmrtc `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño, pcrn on cs jm ectn-

`njnfåm `c sdstcemtdzmadño co så edsem, sdon uom pmrtc. Qmo`nvmj Ívdjm m﬍rem quc;

jm sdstcemtdzmadño sdrvc m `ns nlkctdvns; ecknrmr jm príatdam mså

anen cordqucacr, anogrnotmr y en`d﬍amr cj anonadedcotn tcñrdan cxds-
tcotc, anotrdluyco`n m anovcrtdrjn co uom hcrrmedcotm ûtdj pmrm cotco-
`cr y trmosgnremr jm rcmjd`m`―. (<22=, p.==7).

71

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 71 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

@cs`c cstm pnsdadño, jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj

sc prcscotm anen uom ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstdfmadño adcotå﬍am quc prctco`c
supcrmr cj `dvnradn cotrc ‚jn tcñrdan― y ‚jn príatdan―. Rmrtc `c anoacldr jm
m`qudsdadño y prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotns y sus rcsujtm`ns anen enecotns
co jns sc pnoc co kucfn uom dotcrvcoadño guo`m`m y `no`c jm muscoadm `c uom
tcnråm gucrtc fcocrmjecotc prneucvc jm mpcjmadño m pnsdadnocs pnan momjdzm-
`ms, `c amríatcr `dantñedan y cxajuycotc, nltcodäo`nsc anen rcsujtm`n uo
anokuotn `c rcspucstms `nfeítdams y, m vcacs, guo`mecotmjdstms, quc jjcvmo
do`cgcatdljcecotc m uom mlsnjutm pnlrczm `c prnpucstms cstrmtäfdams co jm
   
Rnocr m `dmjnfmr jn tcñrdan y jn príatdan `urmotc cj prnacsn `c sdstcemtdzm-
adño pnsdldjdtm aneprco`cr jm anepjckd`m` `cj prnljcem snadmj y `c jms `dgcrco-
tcs rcjmadnocs quc sc cstmljcaco cotrc cj Cstm`n y jm snadc`m` m pmrtdr `c jms
`dgcrcotcs pnjåtdams pûljdams depjcecotm`ms co jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj. Cs
mså quc jm sdstcemtdzmadño anotrdluyc m rcmjdzmr jms ec`dmadnocs anoacptumjcs
cotrc jns mpnrtcs tcñrdans y cj moíjdsds cepårdan quc on sno vdsdljcs m jm pcracp-
adño doec`dmtm, pnodco`n co cvd`coadm quc tn`m cxpcrdcoadm cs ampturm`m c
dotcrprctm`m m pmrtdr `c uo jufmr tcñrdan y vmjnrmtdvn `ctcredom`n `cs`c cj aumj
sc sdfod﬍am jm rcmjd`m`. Jm sdstcemtdzmadño pnsdldjdtm, cotnoacs, jm aneprcosdño
mrtdaujm`m `c cstms ec`dmadnocs, gmvnrcadco`n mså jm rcmjdzmadño `c uo moíjdsds
aråtdan `c jm prnljceítdam anostrud`m anen nlkctn‑sukctn `c anonadedcotn. @c
cstm emocrm jm sdstcemtdzmadño ons pcredtc ‚cotco`cr jm anepjckd`m` `c jns
prnacsns snadmjcs, mj `mr aucotm `c mrtdaujmadnocs `c tntmjd`m`cs pmradmjcs co
quc sc tdcoc co aucotm jm sdofujmrd`m` `c jm cxpcrdcoadm, jm uodvcrsmjd`m` quc
ano`cosm, jm pmrtdaujmrd`m` quc jc `m scotd`n― (Ecsahdod, <2=1, p.0).
M su vcz, anosd`crmens ocacsmrdn cstmljcacr y hmacr cxpjåadtms jms ano`d-
adnocs prcvdms y ocacsmrdms pmrm jm utdjdzmadño `c jm ectn`njnfåm `c sdstcemtd-
zmadño `cs`c jm pcrspcatdvm quc cstmens pjmotcmo`n;

¶ M tn`m sdstcemtdzmadño jc motcac`c uom príatdam.

¶ Pn`n sukctn cs sukctn `c anonadedcotn y pnscc pcracpadnocs y smlcr
maueujm`n quc cordqucaco jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj.
¶ Cj prnacsn `c sdstcemtdzmadño cs uo prnacsn `c dotcrjnauadño cotrc su-
kctns, `no`c sc ocfnadmo `dsaursns, tcnråms y anostruaadnocs aujturmjcs.
¶ Co uo prnacsn `c sdstcemtdzmadño dotcrcsmo tmotn cj prnacsn anen cj
prn`uatn.

Rnr jn aumj, jm ectn`njnfåm `c sdstcemtdzmadño, `cs`c uom pnsdadño on

anoscrvm`nrm co jn pnjåtdan y on pnsdtdvdstm co jn cpdstcenjñfdan, anotrdluyc m;

70

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 70 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmr, dotcrvcodr, dovcstdfmr

¶ Som anostruaadño
anostruaadño snadmj `c anonadedcotn m pmrtdr `c jm rc﬌cxdño macram
`c añen sc sdofujmrdzm y/n pmrtdaujmrdzm jn snadmj, `c jm cxpjdadtmadño `c
jm `dmjäatdam edarn ‑ emarn snadmj co jm quc jm snadc`m` anostruyc mj
sukctn y ästc, m su vcz, anostruyc snadc`m`.
¶ Som aneprcosdño
aneprcosdño dotcfrmj `c oucstrm dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj,
prngcsdnomj, quc do-
ajuyc jms sdfudcotcs `decosdnocs; ätdan-pnjåtdams, tcñrdan-anoacptumjcs,
tcñrdan-anoacptumjc s,
prnac`decotmjcs, npcrmtdvms y anotcxtumjcs.

@c cstm emocrm, anosd`crmens quc jm ectn`njnfåm `c sdstcemtdzmadño

`c jms dotcrvcoadnocs snadmjcs pnsdldjdtm jm utdjdzmadño `c täaodams prnpdms `c
jm dovcstdfmadño snadmj aumjdtmtdvm, mså anen `c jm anostruaadño `c `dgcrcotcs
hcrrmedcotms `c rcfdstrn, prnacsmedcotn c dotcrprctmadño `c jm dognremadño,
quc `c emocrm m`caum`m y rdfurnsm pcredtc rcmjdzmr jms ec`dmadnocs tcñrdan-
anoacptumjcs quc snstdcoco jm mrtdaujmadño tcñrdan-príatdam, on sñjn co jns prn-
acsns `c dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj `cs`c cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, sdon tmeldäo uom
príatdam `c dovcstdfmadño quc `ckc `c pnocr mj nlkctn anen cj `ctcredomotc
ûjtden `cj anonadedcotn y jm vcr`m`.
Co cstc mpmrtm`n sc pn`río coanotrmr mjfuons `c jns guo`mecotns macram
`c pnr quä jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño anostdtuyc uom ectn`njnfåm
quc pnsdldjdtm pnocr co `díjnfn jms pcrspcatdvms sdofujmr, pmrtdaujmr y uodvcr-
smj, mså anen supcrmr jm csadsdño guo`madnomj cotrc tcnråm y príatdam, cotrc
`dsadpjdom y prngcsdño quc hm amrmatcrdzm`n mj Prmlmkn Qnadmj `cotrn `c jms
Adcoadms Qnadmjcs. Qd ldco snstcocens quc co cstc ckcradadn rc﬌cxdvn co tnr-
on m jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj on hmy rcactms, oucstrm cxpcrdcoadm do`dam
quc tmepnan sc puc`c aneldomr, suemr y mfrcfmr `cs`c aumjqudcr jufmr n
`c aumjqudcr emocrm; mj trmtmrsc `c uo mlnr`mkc `cs`c jm anepjckd`m` `c jn
snadmj y `cs`c jm tmrcm `c jm dovcstdfmadño-dotcrvcoadño, am`m cjcecotn `clc
scr cvmjum`n co guoadño `c sus supucstns y sus pntcoadmjd`m`cs co cj prnacsn.
Jn quc `caåmens motcrdnrecotc puc`c trm`uadrsc co jm ocacsd`m` `c lus-
amr anhcrcoadm y anrrcspno`coadm cotrc jns couoadm`ns tcñrdans y jms dotcrvco-
adnocs snadmjcs, co cj csgucrzn
c sgucrzn pnr pcosmr cj hmacr. Cstm anhcrcoadm on sc lus-
am m jm hnrm `c ‚`csardldr― n ‚momjdzmr― jm dotcrvcoadño sdon quc `clc lusamrsc
ym co cj prnacsn `c jm prnpdm dotcrvcoadño quc co så edsem cstí mtrmvcsm`m
pnr supucstns tcñrdans, euahms vcacs depjåadtns co jms edsem príatdams `c
dotcrvcoadño. Mså, cj pcosmr jm dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj on cs uo prnacsn
prcvdn n pnstcrdnr mj hmacr `c jm dotcrvcoadño co så, sdon quc melms maadnocs
cstío depjdam`ms eutumecotc.
Rnr cstn edsen, anosd`crmens quc jm ectn`njnfåm `c sdstcemtdzmadño
puc`c anostdtudrsc anen uom hcrrmedcotm quc, co npnsdadño ano jms cpdstc-
enjnfåms pnsdtdvdstms lmsm`ms prdoadpmjecotc co jm vcrd﬍amadño, jnfrc cvdtmr

73

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 73 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

cj cepdrdsen c do`uatdvdsen trm`dadnomjcs. Co su tcxtn @dmjäatdam `c jm Do- 

vcstdfmadño Adcotå﬍am          
co cstns cognqucs sd on ons pjmotcmens mlmo`nomr csc aåraujn `c eutums
`ctcredomadnocs quc sc `mo cotrc cj nlkctn y jm tcnråm, cotrc cj nlkctn y cj
sukctn, y cxpcrdecotmr `cs`c ntrms pnsdadnocs ectn`njñfdams, quc ons myu`co
m cotco`cr añen jm tcnråm sc aneprco`c co su jdfmzño ano prnacsns hdstñrdans
anoarctns, co jms rcjmadnocs snadmjcs co jns quc sc guo`m su vmjd`cz.
Som dovcstdfmadño snadmj quc utdjdac uom ectn`njnfåm aumjdtmtdvm, anen jm
prnpucstm `c sdstcemtdzmadño quc dotcotmens anostrudr, anosd`crm deprcsado-
`dljc dosardldr jm ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstdfmadño co uo emran tcñrdan-anoacptumj
ano (y on `cs`c) cj aumj sc cjdfco mjfuoms amtcfnråms `cs`c jms aumjcs pn`m-
ens anecozmr m `mr aucotm `c jm rcmjd`m` snadmj `cs`c Meärdam Jmtdom. Co csm
jåocm, jm anostruaadño `c emrans tcñrdans quc sc rcfdstrco co uom pcrspcatdvm
aråtdam, mj en`n quc gucrm couoadm`n prdecrn pnr jm Csaucjm `c Grmoigurt y su
jcaturm `c Emrx, pcrn tmeldäo outrd`m `c jms `dgcrcotcs rccjmlnrmadnocs `cj
pcosmedcotn aråtdan jmtdonmecrdamon y `csanjnodmj, mlrco uom pnsdldjd`m` ajm-
rm `c rcouoadmr m jms pnsdadnocs uodjmtcrmjcs, acrrm`ms, quc cecrfco doajusn mj
dotcrdnr `c euahns moíjdsds hdstñrdan-emtcrdmjdstms.
Jm pcrspcatdvm aråtdam, `cu`nrm `c cstms jåocms `c pcosmedcotn, ons myu`m
m rcouoadmr m `dgcrcotcs prctcosdnocs, anen jm `c uom uodvcrsmjd`m` quc cx-
pjdamråm jm pmrtdaujmrd`m` (quc on cs jn edsen quc mlmo`nomr jm amtcfnråm `c
tntmjd`m`), jm `c uo sucjn scfurn fmrmotdzm`n pnr uo ‚nlkctn―
‚ nlkctn― quc pcredtc `drd-
edr `dgcrcoadms co jm dotcrprctmadño `c jns ‚sukctns― y ons pcredtc vdsumjdzmr jm
﬍aadño quc sc naujtm co jm supucstm ocutrmjd`m` vmjnrmtdvm `cj anonadedcotn.
Qdo celmrfn, rcouoadmr m cstms prctcosdnocs on sdfod﬍am
sdfod﬍am rcouoadmr m jm rdfu-
rnsd`m` n mj cjcecotn aråtdan quc ocacsmrdmecotc vm uod`n mj mlmo`non `c jm
ectmgåsdam tmj anen Emrx jm cotco`åm aumo`n dovdrtdñ jns täredons `cj moíjdsds
hcfcjdmon. Jn aråtdan, cotnoacs, cs ocfmr, on `cs`c jm ecrm prnpnsdadño sdon
`cs`c cj ckcradadn `c pcosmedcotn/maadño, jm `dvdsdño cotrc tcnråm y prmxds,
sukctn y nlkctn. @cs`c cstm pnsdadño, jm ectn`njnfåm `c sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm
dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj pnsdldjdtm jm `dsputm pnr jms dotcrprctmadnocs y, ano
cjjm, pnr jm ano﬍furmadño `c jm rcmjd`m`, pnr su anoscrvmadño n trmosgnremadño.
Pn`m `dsputm, co csc scotd`n, cs uom juahm pnjåtdam pnr `cgco`cr `ctcredom`ms
ano﬍furmadnocs pnsdljcs, sus guo`mecotns y sus anoscaucoadms.
Mj dostmjmr jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj `cotrn `c jms
cstrmtcfdms `c dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvms, y co cj emran `c jms Adcoadms Qnadm-
jcs, ons `dstmoadmens `c mqucjjms vdsdnocs quc pjmotcmo quc sdstcemtdzmadño
c dovcstdfmadño om`m tdcoc quc vcr cotrc så. Qnstco`rcens quc jm sdstcemtdzm-
adño `c jm dotcrvcoadño, n ecknr, jm rc﬌cxdño prnljcemtdzm`nrm y `csomturmjd-
zmotc quc `cldcrm manepmýmr m jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño ‑y quc

77

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 77 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmr, dotcrvcodr, dovcstdfmr

cs dohcrcotc m cjjm co cj en`n co quc jm anoacldens‑ cs uom gnrem `c dovcs-

           
cjjn, cotco`cens jm sdstcemtdzmadño anen uo;

...prnacsn `c rc﬌cxdño c dotcrprctmadño aråtdam `c uom dotcrvcoadño prngc-

sdnomj n `c uo mspcatn `c cjjm, quc pmrtc `c jm cxpjdadtmadño `cj emran
cpdstcenjñfdan, tcñrdan y vmjnrmtdvn `cs`c cj aumj sc dotcrvdon y `cs`c
cj aumj sc rcmjdzm jm rc﬌cxdño (<220, p.=2)

Mså pjmotcm`m, jm sdstcemtdzmadño prnpdadm jm vdsdldjd`m` `c mqucjjn quc pcr-

emocac coauldcrtn co jm dotcrvcoadño, cs `cadr, mqucjjns cjcecotns tcñrdans,
d`cnjñfdans y vmjnrmtdvns, doajusn cjcecotns `c adcrtn scotd`n aneûo quc, sdo
scr rcanonad`ns, npcrmo co jm dotcrvcoadño `cs`c uom cspcadc `c monodemtn.
Mså anen ons `dstmoadmens `c jms pnsdadnocs quc pdcosmo m jm sdstcemtd-
zmadño pnr gucrm `c jm dovcstdfmadño, tmeldäo ons `dstmoadmens `c jns pjmotcns
quc jm cotdco`co anen uom rcaupcrmadño moca`ñtdam `c jm príatdams, sdo ec-
`dmadnocs anoacptumjcs. @dscotdens `c mqucjjns pjmotcns quc anosd`crmo quc
jm ecrm rcaupcrmadño `c jm príatdam prn`uac, sdo eís, anonadedcotn.
Oucstrm prnpucstm, pnr tmotn, dotcotm mpnrtmr m jm aneprcosdño `c jm sds-
tcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño anen hcrrmedcotm ectn`njñfdam quc pcredtm
prnljcemtdzmr jm dotcrvcoadño n mspcatns `c cjjm y rc﬌cxdnomr m pmrtdr `c csm
prnljcemtdzmadño, fcocrmr prcfuotms y anostrudr prnljcems `c anonadedcotn m
pmrtdr `c prnljcems `c dotcrvcoadño y vdacvcrsm. Jm dotcrvcoadño y jm rc﬌cxdño
snlrc cjjm npcrm anen puotn `c pmrtd`m, uo puotn `c pmrtd`m quc scrí ec`dm`n
anoacptumjecotc, pmrm pn`cr pcosmr co jm pnsdldjd`m` `c prn`uadr anonadedcotn
anonadedc otn
y `csaulrdr cj anonadedcotn quc cstmlm depjåadtn co jm prnpdm dotcrvcoadño.

Jm aucstdño acotrmj `cj prnljcem y su anostruaadño; rcaupcrmo`n

rcaupcrmo`n jms
vnacs `c jns Ntrns
Anen vcrcens, pcosmr y anostrudr prnljcems `c anonadedcotn m pmrtdr
`c uo prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño, n co jm prnpdm dotcrvcoadño, sñjn cs pnsdljc
          
Qmdlcoc, <2=2). Jm sdstcemtdzmadño, jckns `c rcanostrudr moca`ñtdamecotc jm
cxpcrdcoadm `c uom príatdam, anjmlnrm co jm prnljcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvco-
adño n `c uo mspcatn `c cjjm, co jm rc﬌cxdño quc `c cjjn surfc, co jm lûsquc`m
`c cjcecotns tcñrdans-anoacptumjcs quc pcredtmo cxpjdamr `dahms rcjmadnocs;
co `c﬍odtdvm, co jm anostruaadño `c ec`dmadnocs anoacptumjcs quc mpnrtco juz
snlrc cj prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño.
76

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 76 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

@cs`c cstc puotn `c vdstm, jm rc﬌cxdño prnljcemtdzm`nrm `c jm sdstcemtd-

zmadño `cldcrm pnsdldjdtmr, motc tn`n, jm fcocrmadño `c prcfuotms y, `cs`c mjjå,
ouoam `c emocrm jdocmj, jm anostruaadño `c prnljcems. Jm sdstcemtdzmadño,
anen pmrtc `c jms cstrmtcfdms `c dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvms, `clc scr manepm-
ým`m pnr cj ckcradadn anostmotc `c jm vdfdjmoadm cpdstcenjñfdam. Anen m﬍remo
Lnur`dcu, Ahmelnrc`no y Rmsscrno;

...jm gmedjdmrd`m` ano cj uodvcrsn snadmj anostdtuyc cj nlstíaujn

cpdstcenjñfdan pnr cxacjcoadm pmrm cj snadñjnfn pnrquc prn`uac anotd-
oumecotc anoacpadnocs n sdstcemtdzmadnocs ﬍atdadms Y…U cj snadñjnfn
on hm smj`m`n aucotms ano jm snadnjnfåm cspnotíocm y `clc depnocrsc
uom pnjäedam dodotcrruepd`m ano jms coacfucac`nrms cvd`coadms quc
prcscotmo, m lmkn prcadn, jms djusdnocs `cj smlcr doec`dmtn (=463, p.<6)

Cstm gmedjdmrd`m` ano cj uodvcrsn snadmj cstí pnr `ceís prcscotc co cj Prm-
lmkn Qnadmj; cj edsen cspmadn quc cs csacomrdn `c dotcrvcoadño, co cj quc am`m
`åm ons `cscepcýmens, sc prnpnoc mquå anen csacomrdn
c sacomrdn co cj aumj anecozmr m
anostrudr prcfuotms, y co guoadño `c cjjn, prnljcems. Anen dognremo Lcromj`n
-
              
`nrcs Qnadmjcs y msued`ns pnr cjjns jns uldam co uom pnsdadño `no`c jm urfcoadm
y frmvc`m` `c jms sdtumadnocs y jm rmpd`cz `c jms rcspucstms m `mr cs
c s jn antd`dmon,
jn aneûo y on jm cxacpadño― (<220, p.=1). M pcsmr `c cjjn, jms mutnrms sno ajm-
rms mj m﬍remr quc cj csgucrzn pnr jnfrmr uom aneprcosdño eís n econs mamlm`m
`c jm rcmjd`m` snadmj on anostdtuyc uo ‘pjus— npadnomj m jm dotcrvcoadño. Cxpjdamo
quc jm rc﬌cxdño snlrc jm dotcrvcoadño sc trmtm ‚`cj auepjdedcotn n on `c jm
rcspnosmldjd`m` quc jc amlc m qudco ckcrac jm prngcsdño Y…U jm rc﬌cxdño snlrc jm
edsem Yjm dotcrvcoadñoU y jm gnremadño tcñrdam macram `cj en`n `c pcosmrjm cs
uo mspcatn depnstcrfmljc `cj ckcradadn prngcsdnomj― (<220, p.<).
Anen ecoadnomens motcs, jm rc﬌cxdño prnljcemtdzm`nrm snlrc cj prnljc-
em `c dotcrvcoadño ons `cldcrm anovnamr m pcosmr y fcocrmr prcfuotms. Csms
prcfuotms sno jm ajmvc `cj prnacsn `cj quc dotcotmens `mr aucotm mquå, co
tmotn jm gnreujmadño `c cjjms ons pcredtdrí jm anostruaadño `cj prnljcem. Co-
tco`cens mså quc jm dotcrprctmadño `c jm rcmjd`m` on cs uo rc﬌ckn trmospmrcotc
`c jn quc naurrc co cjjm, sdon quc jms dotcrprctmadnocs quc fcocrcens sc co-
aucotrmo ec`dm`ms anoacptumj, tcñrdam c d`cnjñfdamecotc. Mså mprchco`cens
jm rcmjd`m`, maac`cens m cjjm, `cs`c uo rcanrtc quc rcmjdzm cj n jm Prmlmkm`nr/m
Prmlmkm`nr/m
Qnadmj. Rnr cjjn cs guo`mecotmj cxpjdadtmr `cs`c `ño`c cstmens jcyco`n jm
rcmjd`m` y pcredtdr quc ästm ons dotcrpcjc, `csmo`mr mqucjjns jufmrcs aneuocs
quc ym ons rcsujtmo añen`ns n hmldtumjcs. Co ntrms pmjmlrms, cs ocacsmrdn
`csomturmjdzmr oucstrn en`n `c vcr y mprchco`cr jm rcmjd`m`.

78

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 78 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmr, dotcrvcodr, dovcstdfmr

M`dadnomjecotc, jms mutnrms motcs rcgcrcoadm`ms `mo aucotm `c añen ‚Lm-

ahcjmr` cotdco`c quc cj anonadedcotn adcotå﬍an cs jm rcspucstm m uom prc-
fuotm, sd on huln prcfuotm on hmy anonadedcotn adcotå﬍an. Cstm prcfuotm, m
su vcz, on cs cspnotíocm, cs anostrud`m pnr cj dovcstdfm`nr― (<220, p.0). Co
rmzño `c cjjn, Lnur`dcu, Ahmelnrc`no y Rmsscrno cxpusdcrno ano madcrtn quc;

...cj puotn `c vdstm ‑`dac Qmussurc‑ arcm cj nlkctn Y…U anen jn

scýmjm Emrx ‚jm tntmjd`m` anoarctm, anen tntmjd`m` `cj pcosmedco-
tn, anen uo anoarctn `cj pcosmedcotn cs, do gmat, uo prn`uatn `cj
pcosmedcotn― Y…U ‚on sno ‑`dac Emx Vclcr‑ jms rcjmadnocs rcmjcs
cotrc :ansms? jn quc anostdtuyc cj prdoadpdn `c `cjdedtmadño `c jns
`dgcrcotcs amepns adcotå﬍ans sdon jms rcjmadnocs anoacptumjcs cotrc
jns prnljcems― (=463, p.3=).

Jm pcrspcatdvm aråtdam co jm gnreujmadño/anostruaadño `cj prnljcem sc pcr-

edtc prnguo`dzmr jns dotcrrnfmotcs mlrdco`n aucstdnocs `cj nr`co rc﬌cxdvn quc
myu`mo m `cs`dlukmr jns anotnrons ﬍aadnomjcs `c jm `dvdsdño sukctn-nlkctn `c jm
cpdstcenjnfåm pnsdtdvdstm. Mså, ‚om`m sc npnoc eís m jms cvd`coadms `cj scotd-
`n aneûo quc jm `dgcrcoadm cotrc nlkctn ‚rcmj―, prcanostrud`n pnr jm pcracp-
adño y nlkctn adcotå﬍an, anen sdstcem `c rcjmadnocs cxprcsmecotc anostrud`n―
(Lnur`dcu, Ahmelnrc`no y Rmsscrno, =463, p.3<). Rnr tmotn, jm fcocrmadño `c
jm prcfuotm y jm anostruaadño `cj prnljcem, cs `cadr, jn quc trm`dadnomjecotc
sc jjmem jm ‚anostruaadño `cj nlkctn―, cs pmrtc `c uom anostruaadño tcñrdam,
anoacptumj, amtcfnrdmj quc cs ocacsmrdn cxpjdadtmr pmrm quc on fcocrc jm dju-
sdño `c ‚ocutrmjd`m`― u ‚nlkctdvd`m`― co cj scotd`n `c uo rcmjdsen dofcoun.
Co cstc emran, oucvmecotc, cj prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño sc anostdtuyc
sñjn anen puotn `c pmrtd`m. M pmrtdr `c äj, jm fcocrmadño anosadcotc y guo`m`m
`c prcfuotms, quc pn`råmens anosd`crmr `djceítdams, ons jjcvmrío m jm anos-
truaadño `cj prnljcem. Cstc prnacsn kmeís scrí jdocmj, prnjdkn y `drcatn, eís
ldco cstmrí amrmatcrdzm`n pnr jm anogusdño y jms ocacsmrdms d`cms y vucjtms `c
tn`n prnacsn `c anostruaadño. Co cstc enecotn `clcens tcocr co aucotm quc
‚uo nlkctn `c dovcstdfmadño, pnr eís pmradmj y pmracjmrdn quc scm, on puc`c scr
`c﬍od`n y anostrud`n sdon co guoadño `c uom prnljceítdam tcñrdam― (Lnur`dcu,
Ahmelnrc`no y Rmsscrno, =463, p.30).
          
y jm rmpd`cz quc rcqudcrco jms rcspucstms co jm dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj tdcoco
uo cspmadn y uo tdcepn ldco `ctcredom`n, mj edsen tdcepn quc sno drrcvcr-
sdljcs. Jns/ms Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms
Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs, pnr jm gucrtc deprnotm dotcrvcotdvm `c
oucstrm gnremadño y pnr cj jufmr msdfom`n y msued`n co jm `dvdsdño `cj trmlmkn,
cstmens euahn eís hmldtum`ns m envcrons co cj íeldtn `c jm dotcrvcoadño.

74

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 74 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Rnr cjjn, co cj emran `c jm prnpucstm quc mquå prcscotmens, `c jm rc﬌cxdño

prnljcemtdzm`nrm quc pnsdldjdtm jm sdstcemtdzmadño, quc anostruyc uo prnljc-
em `c anonadedcotn m pmrtdr `c uo prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño ‑ano uo gucrtc
trmlmkn `c anostruaadño `c prcfuotms y ec`dmadnocs anoacptumjcs‑ cs ocacsm-
    

…co rcjmadño ano cj tdcepn `c jm príatdam, cj tdcepn `c jm adcoadm

co ameldn, cs ‚dotcepnrmj―. Rmrm cj momjdstm cj tdcepn sc `cstruyc;
puc`c sdoarnodzmr, puc`c tntmjdzmr Y…U co `c﬍odtdvm, cstms ano`dadn-
ocs `c supcrmr jns cgcatns `cj tdcepn (puc`c vnjvcr m vcr jn ﬍jem`n,
puc`c vnjvcr m csauahmr jn frmlm`n, puc`c vnjvcr m jccr sus ontms `c
amepn), hmac `csmpmrcacr jms urfcoadms (=443, p.==6).

Cs ocacsmrdn `decosdnomr jm ocacsd`m` `c cstns cspmadns, quc on sno

mkcons m jm dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj, n on `cldcrmo scr mkcons mj `dscýn `c
dotcrvcoadnocs guo`m`ms. Som vcz eís, on sc trmtm `c uo pjus `c jm dotcrvco-
adño sdon quc sc trmtm `cj ckcradadn `c uom rcspnosmldjd`m` co cj ckcradadn `c
jm prngcsdño. M`dadnomjecotc, y muoquc on cs nlkctn `c cstc ampåtujn, cjjn ons
jjcvmrí m anotdoumr mjfuoms juahms co cj amepn `c jms dostdtuadnocs co jms quc
ons `cscepcýmens, co tmotn cs grcaucotc quc jns cepjcm`nrcs ons jdfuco,
‑y co namsdnocs onsntrns msuemens maråtdamecotc‑ euahn eís mj hmacr quc
mj pcosmr, anen sd uo hmacr guo`m`n on ocacsdtmrm `c uo pcosmr `cjdlcrm`n,
anen sd on sc trmtmrm, ocacsmrdmecotc, `c uo pcosmr-hmacr. Aumo`n sc anosd-
`crm quc cs pnsdljc cj ecrn ‚hmacr― sdepjcecotc sc cstí naujtmo`n cj pcosm-
edcotn quc jn guo`mecotm y pnsdldjdtm.
Jm sdstcemtdzmadño tmj anen jm prnpnocens, cotnoacs, pcredtdråm
pcred tdråm m jns/ms Prm-
lmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs rcmjdzmr adcrtn cxtrmýmedcotn `c jn anosd`crm`n antd`dmon,
sd tcocens co aucotm quc cj edsen cspmadn co cj quc `csmrrnjjm n `csmrrnjjñ su
dotcrvcoadño cs cj edsen snlrc cj quc fcocrm prcfuotms y anostruyc prnljcems.
Co rcjmadño ano cjjn, cs grcaucotc quc, `cspuäs `c dotcrvcodr uo tdcepn co
cj edsen cspmadn fcnfrí﬍an n co tnron m jm edsem prnljceítdam, jns/ms jn s/ms prngc-
sdnomjcs arcmo quc anonaco jms rcjmadnocs quc sc `mo co tnron m csc amepn,
quc puc`co anosd`crmr su amepn. Qdo celmrfn, cs ocacsmrdn `mr aucotm `c
quc jm doanrpnrmadño `cj/jm Prmlmkm`nr/m Qnadmj co `dahn cspmadn on cstí cxcotm
`c rcprcscotmadnocs eutums co jms quc sulymaco depjåadtmecotc y m vcacs
doanosadcotcecotc rcjmadnocs `c ajmsc, `c fäocrn, `c pn`cr, `c ctodm, cotrc
ntrms, `c maucr`n mj cspmadn naupm`n.
Mså, hmadco`n uo pmrmjcjdsen ano cj pjmotcn `c Jdos \dlcdrn (=484), jm
rc﬌cxdño prnljcemtdzm`nrm quc trmc mpmrckm`m jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcr-
vcoadño prnpnoc, pnr tmotn, fcocrmr adcrtn `dstmoadmedcotn/mprnxdemadño `cs-

62

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 62 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmr, dotcrvcodr, dovcstdfmr

`c uo jufmr ntrn m jm dotcrvcoadño. Co `c﬍odtdvm, `csantd`dmodzmrjm, pnocrjm co

`u`m, pcredtdr prcfuotmrsc m pmrtdr `c cjjm y trmosdtmr hmadm jufmrcs on cxpjn-
rm`ns. Jm sdstcemtdzmadño pn`råm cotnoacs anjmlnrmr co jm anovcrsdño `c ‚jn
gmedjdmr co cxñtdan, usmo`n ‑pnr prdoadpdn y pnr rmadnomjdzmadño ectn`njñfd-
am‑ uom pnsdadño `c cxtrmýmedcotn― (=484, p.=43). @cs`c cstc pjmotcn, cj/jm
Prmlmkm`nr/m Qnadmj cs dovdtm`n m `cscepcýmrsc anen ‚mfcotc ‚rnepc`nr― `c
jm rutdom― (=484, p.=47), `c su prnpdm rutdom, pmrm jnfrmr mså prnljcemtdzmrjm.
           -
jcfdn `c jm tntmjdzmadño anen uom `c jms ano`dadnocs `c pnsdldjd`m` ano quc
aucotm cj momjdstm pmrm uom aneprcosdño m`caum`m. Mså, puc`c anostrudr uom
edrm`m ‚sdoñptdam `c jm tntmjd`m` y `c jm uod`m` `c jms rcjmadnocs (sdoarnodzmr,
vcr co cj edsen dostmotc hcahns quc sñjn cxdstco co jm suacsdño)― (=443,
p.==6). Cstc prdvdjcfdn `c jm tntmjdzmadño supnoc pmrm cj momjdstm, m`ceís, jm
‚ocutrmjdzmadño `c jms guoadnocs príatdams, cs `cadr, jm pnsdldjd`m` `c pnocr
cotrc pmräotcsds jns usns príatdans Y…U Rnr ntrn jm`n, depjdam jm pucstm co
emrahm `c dostruecotns `c ctcrodzmadño― (=443, p.==6) Ano cstns ûjtdens sc
rc﬍crc m csardturms, täaodams `c rcfdstrn y moíjdsds, tcnråms, eätn`ns.
Hmstm mquå, hcens dotcotm`n `mr aucotm `c quc jm fcocrmadño `c prc-
fuotms y jm anoscaucotc anostruaadño `cj prnljcem, quc surfc m pmrtdr `c
jm rc﬌cxdño prnljcemtdzm`m `cj prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño, ons sdtûm ocacsm-
rdmecotc co uom anostruaadño tcñrdan-anoacptumj. Jckns `c pjmotcmr mså uom
cspcadc `c dotcjcatumjdsen, arccens quc co oucstrm prngcsdño/`dsadpjdom, hds-
tñrdamecotc euahn eís jdfm`m mj hmacr quc mj pcosmr, cs ocacsmrdn rcmjdzmr
csgucrzns pnr cstmljcacr ec`dmadnocs anoacptumjcs, `ntmo`n `c uom emynr
anepjckd`m` oucstrm aneprcosdño `c jm rcmjd`m` y pnr co`c co cj `dscýn `c
dotcrvcoadnocs guo`m`ms.
Cs depnrtmotc tcocr co aucotm quc pmrm jm anostruaadño `c uo prnljcem
`c anonadedcotn m pmrtdr `c uo prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño on sc `clc pmsmr
pnr mjtn quc cxdstdrío depjdamoadms cotrc qudco rcmjdzm jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c
jm dotcrvcoadño y jns mfcotcs snadmjcs. Cjjn ons `clcrí pcredtdr `cstcrrmr tn`m
prctcosdño `c nlkctdvd`m` co täredons pnsdtdvdstms `c anostruaadño `c ` c anonad-
edcotn, mså anen scr rdfurnsns co cj rcanonadedcotn `c tmjcs depjdamoadms y
prcscotmrjms anen pmrtc `c jm rcjmadño cxdstcotc y on mkcom m jm anostruaadño
    
       
nljdfmadño `c rcvdsmr y cxpnocr su prnpdn prnacsn momjåtdan y sus prnac`dedco-
tns tmo anepjctm y vcrmzecotc anen jc scm pnsdljc― (<227, p.3).
Anen ecoadnom Qmutu; ‚cj nlkctdvn `c dovcstdfmadño sc `crdvm `c oucstrns
rmznomedcotns tcñrdans. M vcacs cepczmens m pcosmr `cs`c jn cepårdan y
mremens cj moajmkc tcñrdan9 ntrms vcacs pn`cens rc﬌cxdnomr `cs`c jms tcnråms
eís fcocrmjcs― (<223, p.0=). @c maucr`n m jn quc vcodens vdco`n, co fcocrmj

6=

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 6= 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

cstns prnacsns sc `mo co gnrem sdeujtíocm, hmadco`n cotrmr co kucfn, co jm

edsem anepjckd`m` rc﬌cxdvm, jn quc trm`dadnomjecotc sc hm `c﬍od`n anen
jn cepårdan y jn tcñrdan. Rmrm quc `dahm rc﬌cxdño scm prnljcemtdzm`nrm y sc
anostdtuym co uom sdstcemtdzmadño co cj scotd`n quc jm prnpnocens, anen gnr-
em `c dovcstdfmadño snadmj co scotd`n on pnsdtdvdstm, `clc do`cgcatdljcecotc
jjcvmrons m jm anostruaadño `cj moajmkc tcñrdan-anoacptumj y m jm rcmjdzmadño `c
jms ec`dmadnocs anoacptumjcs ocacsmrdms.
Mså, jm rc﬌cxdño m pmrtdr `cj prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño quc rcmjdzmens co
jm sdstcemtdzmadño ons pcredtdrí aucstdnomr y `cscotrmemr mqucjjn quc sc ons
prcscotm anen omturmj. Ons pnsdldjdtmrí, cotnoacs, rnepcr ano jm dofcoud`m`
`c jn mpmrcotcecotc `m`n, ano jm djusdño `cj smlcr doec`dmtn, ano jms rcjmadn-
ocs mpmrcotcs, pmrm anostrudr ntrms rcjmadnocs. Anen ecoadnom Rmrdså;

…mj `cspcfmr m jm príatdam adcotå﬍am `c jm djusdño `c jn cepård-

an anen jn doec`dmtn y amepn `c uo ardtcrdn `c ûjtdem dostmoadm, y
acotrmrsc co jm tcnråm anen cstrmtcfdm `c anostruaadño `cj nlkctn, sc
mlrc cj amedon pmrm rcjmadnomr tcnråms eís
eí s anepjckms ano nlkctns eís
anepjckns. (<224, p.<6)

Cj prnljcem `cj anonadedcotn `c uom sdstcemtdzmadño-dovcstdfmadño sc

pjmotcm `cs`c jm dotcrvcoadño rcspnosmljc. Anen prnpnoc @usscj sdfudco`n
m Jcvdoms, ‚cj prnljcem sc pjmotcm `cs`c jm prnxded`m` edsem quc, pnr ntrm
pmrtc, co tmotn quc doec`dmtm, cs sdo prnljcem― (@usscj, <22=, p.<86).

Rcosmr-hmacr n cj anonadedcotn quc sc prn`uac `cs`c jm sdstcemtdzmadño

Co jm emrmým `c `dsputms co cj dotcrdnr `c jms adcoadms, jm aucstdño `cj
vmjnr `cj anonadedcotn prn`uad`n cs uon `c jns puotns eís íjfd`ns `cj `clmtc.
Wmrdns mutnrcs hmo momjdzm`n cstm aucstdño, enstrmo`n jms doanosdstcoadms `c
mjfuoms vmjnrmadnocs trm`dadnomjcs quc, `crdvm`ms `c uom pcrspcatdvm prnguo-
`mecotc dostruecotmjdstm, anotdoûmo vdfcotcs hny co `åm.
Ano Hcjcr (<220) pn`cens cvd`coadmr jm cxdstcoadm `c adcrtm kcrmrqudzm-
adño adcotå﬍am co jm quc cj vmjnr eíxden cs mtrdlud`n m jm adcoadm purm ‚pnr
su supucstm acramoåm ano cj pcosmr sdo hmacr y quc sc depnoc cotnoacs anen
jm mutäotdam tmrcm tcñrdam― (<220, p.0). M cjjm jc scfudråm jm adcoadm mpjdam`m,
m jm quc sc msuec anen `cpco`dcotc `c jns anonadedcotns prn`uad`ns pnr jm
adcoadm purm, sdco`n uom tcnråm quc ym cepdczm m eczajmrsc ano jm príatdam.
Jucfn mpmrcacråm jm tcaonjnfåm, ano su pmpcj aumsd-adcotå﬍an pnr su acramoåm
mj hmacr sdo pcosmr. Anen m﬍rem cj mutnr ‚cstm `dvdsdño `cj trmlmkn cotrc adco-

6<

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 6< 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmr, dotcrvcodr, dovcstdfmr

adm purm, mpjdam`m y tcaonjnfåm ckcrac uom do﬌ucoadm `ctcredomotc co oucstrm

           
m coanotrmr uom `c jms rmznocs quc hmo jjcvm`n m econsprcadmr jm sdstcemtd-
zmadño anen uom ecrm `csardpadño `c jm cxpcrdcoadm príatdam, `dgcrcoadm`m `c
jm pnsdldjd`m` `c anostrudr anonadedcotn.
Co cj emran `c jm tmo onelrm`m rcjmadño tcnråm-príatdam/dotcrvcoadño,
tcnråm-príatdam /dotcrvcoadño, smlcr-
hmacr, pcosmr-hmacr,
pcosmr-hmacr, sucjc snstcocrsc grcaucotcecotc quc cxdstc uom `csvdoau-
jmadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj cotrc cj pcosmedcotn tcñrdan y jms dotcrvcoadnocs quc
sc `csmrrnjjmo, quc on pcredtco `mr aucotm od `c sdtumadnocs anoarctms `no`c
sc emtcrdmjdzm jm vd`m od anostrudr ec`dmadnocs anoacptumjcs quc vdoaujco jms
dotcrvcoadnocs ano cj sustcotn tcñrdan. Doajudens oucstrm prnpucstm `c sdstcem-
tdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño, cotnoacs, co jm pnsdldjd`m` `c mlrdr uo amedon pmrm
anecozmr m emramr y rcemramr jms jåocms cxdstcotcs c dovdsdldjdzm`ms y anostrudr
mqucjjms, mûo docxdstcotcs, cotrc emran anoacptumj (tcnråm) y príatdam (dotcrvco-
adño), cotrc pcosmr y hmacr, mpnrtmo`n m jm jcfdtdemadño `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj anen
prngcsdño/`dsadpjdom quc pdcosm y hmac anokuotmecotc. Co pmjmlrms `c Hcjcr
(<220), pn`råmens `cadr quc dotcotmens quc oucstrm prnpucstm pmrm cotco`cr
jm sdstcemtdzmadño puc`c mlrdr amedon co ‚jm tmrcm `c cjuad`madño `c jms y jns
trmlmkm`nrcs snadmjcs, cstn cs, anjmlnrmr ano jm tmrcm `c pcosmr jn quc sc hmac y
smlcr jn quc sc pdcosm co cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj― (<220, p.=).
Anosd`crmens quc jm sdstcemtdzmadño, co cj scotd`n quc jm prnpnocens, cs
uom gnrem `c dovcstdfmadño snadmj, y pnr tmotn puc`c prn`uadr anonadedcotn.
           
pmrtdr `c jm prnljcemtdzmadño quc surfc `c jm rc﬌cxdño co jm dotcrvcoadño. Mså,
jm fcocrmadño `c prcfuotms m pmrtdr `c jm dotcrvcoadño ons dovdtmrí, sd `cad`d-
ens sdstcemtdzmr `c cstc en`n, m jm anostruaadño `cj prnljcem. Csm anostrua-
adño `cj prnljcem, muoquc pmrtm `c uo prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño, `clcrí scr
tcñrdan-anoacptumj.
Cs co cstc puotn co `no`c anlrm scotd`n jm aneprcosdño `c jm sdstcem-
tdzmadño anen gnrem `c dovcstdfmadño snadmj co scotd`n on pnsdtdvdstm. Msu-
edens quc jm rcprcscotmtdvd`m` y jms pnsdljcs fcocrmjdzmadnocs ‑mjtmecotc
ocacsmrdms co ntrms dovcstdfmadnocs‑ on rcsujtmo ocacsmrdmecotc acotrmjcs co
uo tdpn `c dovcstdfmadño anen cj quc mquå prnpnocens, `cotrn `cj pmrmfums `c
jms cstrmtcfdms `c dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvms. Rnr tmotn, on ons acotrmrcens co
jm rcprcscotmtdvd`m` anen så co jm rdfurnsd`m`. Co cstc scotd`n, on depnrtmrí
mhnrm sd jn quc do`mfmens y prnljcemtdzmens co uo cspmadn y tdcepn `ctcred-
om`n cs fcocrmjdzmljc m ntrns sdedjmrcs, pcrn så depnrtmrí cstmljcacr jms rcjm-
adnocs pnr jms aumjcs cjjn suac`c mjjå, co csc amsn pmrtdaujmr. Cstc
Cstc prnacsn, co
prdoadpdn, rcqucrdrí uo csgucrzn pnr anonacr c do`mfmr jns motcac`cotcs cxds-
tcotcs co tnron m jm prnljceítdam. T, co scfuo`n jufmr, cstmljcacr rcjmadnocs

61

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 61 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

tcñrdan-anoacptumjcs quc ons mpnrtco juz snlrc cj prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño,

`cvcod`n jucfn `c uo prnacsn `c anostruaadño `c ec`dmadnocs anoacptumjcs,
co prnljcem `c anonadedcotn.
\canr`cens mquå quc, anen `dkdens motcs, ‚jns `mtns sñjn jnfrmo hmljmr
aumo`n jm tcnråm jcs mpnrtm cj `no `cj jcofumkc― (Lnrño, <223; =0). Cj puotn
`c jm do`mfmadño pnr jns
jn s motcac`cotcs cxdstcotcs on rcsujtm econr. Cs grcauco-
tc quc qudco dotcrvdcoc co uom `ctcredom`m prnljceítdam n co uo `ctcredom-
`n amepn jn anosd`crc anen prnpdn, anen suyn, anosd`crmo`n quc anonac amsd
tn`n `c äj. \csujtm ocacsmrdn mquå oucvmecotc tco`cr cj emotn `c jm `u`m y
aneprco`cr quc uon, co cstc amsn qudco sdstcemtdzm y, pnr tmotn, dovcstdfm,
‚on `csadco`c `c jns adcjns pmrm rcvcjmr jm vcr`m`9 pcrtcocac m uom aneuod`m`
mam`äedam quc jn prccxdståm, `c emocrm quc jm rcgcrcoadm m ntrns pcosm`nrcs
      
Qdo celmrfn, uom vcz rcanpdjm`n y momjdzm`n cj sustcotn cxdstcotc cs oc-
acsmrdn aneprco`cr, m su vcz, quc jm sdstcemtdzmadño;

…rcqudcrc `c sukctns mutñonens ampmacs `c pjmotcmrsc prnljc-

ems, `c mpjdamr sus smlcrcs sdo mgcrrmrsc m jns anonadedcotns
anonadedco tns trm`dadn-
omjcs, dostdtuadnomjcs n prcvdmecotc rcfujm`ns Y…U uo sukctn cemo-
adpm`n Y…U uo sukctn ampmz `c anostrudr uo smlcr aråtdan, prcpmrm`n
pmrm `dstmoadmrsc `c anoacptns y pjmotcmedcotns adcrtns y supucstm-
    

Co rcjmadño ano cj tdpn `c anonadedcotn fcocrm`n

fcoc rm`n m pmrtdr `c jm sdstcemtd-
zmadño, mjfuons mutnrcs hmo `dgcrcoadm`n cotrc jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn
tcñrdan y jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn príatdan, cotco`dco`n quc;

…m `dgcrcoadm `cj anonadedcotn tcñrdan, quc cs depcrsnomj y uod-

vcrsmj, quc sc dotcrcsm eís pnr cxpjdamr cj euo`n quc pnr matumr co
äj, y quc sc gnreujm co uo `dsaursn `c fcocrmjdzmadnocs9 cj anonad-
edcotn príatdan sc amrmatcrdzm pnr scr sdtumadnomj y nrdcotm`n m jm
maadño (Enozmjvn, <2==, p.=<4).

         

…cstms amrmatcråstdams `cj anonadedcotn príatdan pnsdldjdtmo

anostrudr nrdcotmadnocs motc jns aucstdnomedcotns vdoaujm`ns m jm rd-
furnsd`m` co jns prnacsns `c sdstcemtdzmadño. Cj rctn cstí co ano-
scfudr quc cstns prnacsns pcredtmo aneprco`cr ‑y cxpjdamr‑ jms sd-
tumadnocs cogrcotm`ms co jm príatdam y prn`uadr anonadedcotns quc

60

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 60 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmr, dotcrvcodr, dovcstdfmr

fuåco m`caum`mecotc jm maadño guturm, rcaurrdco`n m jm rc﬌cxdño, jm

dotcrprctmadño aråtdam y jns mpnrtcs tcñrdans anen
a nen ‚dostruecotns― quc
anotrdluymo m cstm aneprcosdño y cxpjdamadño. Mså tmeldäo, cstns an-
onadedcotns rcjmadnom`ns ano jm maadño `cemo`mrío emynr prnguo`d-
zmadño co jm guo`mecotmadño tcñrdam `c oucstrn quchmacr (Lmromahcm
     

Momjdzmo`n cstms pnsturms, anosd`crmens quc jm `dstdoadño cotrc melns

tdpns `c anonadedcotns anjmlnrm ano jm csadsdño tcnråm-príatdam quc, sdceprc
doanoajusm, hm amrmatcrdzm`n oucstrm gnremadño. Rnr tmotn, on jjmemråmens mj
anonadedcotn quc prn`uac jm sdstcemtdzmadño anonadedcotn príatdan. Qdo ce-
lmrfn, sd arccens quc jm fcocrmadño `c prcfuotms quc pnsdldjdtco jm rc﬌cxdño
prnljcemtdzm`nrm snlrc uo prnljcem `c dotcrvcoadño, anostruyco`n mså uo
prnljcem `c anonadedcotn, jjcvmrí m jm fcocrmadño `c uo anonadedcotn víjd`n,
rdfurnsn, sdtum`n, quc puc`c scrvdr mj `dscýn `c dotcrvcoadnocs guo`m`ms y quc
`dgåadjecotc scm fcocrmjdzmljc.
Rnr ntrm pmrtc, rcaupcrmo`n jns mpnrtcs `c Qmutu, pn`cens `cadr quc;

…jms prdoadpmjcs cstrmtcfdms pmrm prn`uadr `mtns co jm dovcstd-

fmadño aumjdtmtdvm sno, cotrc jms gucotcs prdemrdms, jm cotrcvdstm sc-
ed-cstruaturm`m y co prnguo`d`m`, y jm nlscrvmadño pmrtdadpmotc y on
pmrtdadpmotc9 y, cotrc jms gucotcs scauo`mrdms, tn`n tdpn `c tcxtn cs-
ardtn, amrtms, `nauecotns, mutnldnfrmgåms, rcfdstrns, pncems, onvcjms,
y ntrms puljdamadnocs. Jns ﬍jecs, jns vd`cns y gntnfrmgåms puc`co scr
gucotcs scauo`mrdms maacsdljcs y `dspnodljcs pmrm jm dovcstdfmadño n
cj prnpdn dovcstdfm`nr puc`c prn`uadrjms anen ec`d`ms on nlstruatd-
vms co rccepjmzn n anepjcecotmo`n, pnr ckcepjn, jms cotrcvdstms u
nlscrvmadño (<223, p.16).

Rnr cjjn, mj doajudr jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño anen uom gnrem `c

dovcstdfmadño snadmj co cj emran `c jms cstrmtcfdms `c dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm,
ästm pn`rí y `clcrí anepjcecotmrsc ano jms cstrmtcfdms ecoadnom`ms pnr Qmutu
(<223). Hmstm mquå hcens qucrd`n rcuodr, prnljcemtdzmr y `clmtdr mjfuons `c jns
mpnrtcs guo`mecotmjcs mj en`n co quc prnpnocens cotco`cr jm sdstcemtdzmadño
y scýmjmr jms pnsdldjd`m`cs quc hmldjdtm pmrm uom trmosgnremadño `cj Prmlmkn
Qnadmj. Co jms scaadnocs quc sdfuco `mrcens aucotm `c jns ano`dadnomedcotns,
nlkctdvns y rcsujtm`ns `c oucstrm prnpdm cxpcrdcoadm, quc anognrem cj puotn `c
pmrtd`m y cj entnr, mûo co envdedcotn, `c cstm lûsquc`m ceprco`d`m.

63

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 63 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 67 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Jm `doíedam `cj pcosmr-hmacr `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño co ajmvc mam`äedam

Ampåtujn DDD

Jm `doíedam `cj pcosmr-hmacr `c jm

sdstcemtdzmadño co ajmvc mam`äedam

Som demfco pmrm pcosmr jm tmrcm mam`äedam `c jm emon `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño

M jm hnrm `c dodadmr cstc trmycatn mam`äedan `c sdstcemtdzmadño, pcosmens jm
cjmlnrmadño `c uo Rjmo `c Pcsds `cs`c jm ectígnrm `c uom príatdam moacstrmj quc
`csmrrnjjmo jms eukcrcs `c oucstrm Meärdam; cj tckd`n m tcjmr. Cstc mrtc tcxtdj, y co
            
Pmrmluan jnamjdzm`ms co cj acotrn sur `c Lnjdvdm, rcsujtm pntcotc pmrm pn`cr pn`c r pcosmr
cj prnacsn `c sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj `cs`c uom príatdam
anoarctm. Cstns tcjmrcs `mo aucotm `c jm vd`m antd`dmom `c jms aneuod`m`cs, `c
sus gnrems `c anoacldr y anostrudr jm sdofujmrd`m` `c sus d`cotd`m`cs, pcrn quc
m jm vcz mpnrtmo m jm aneprcosdño `c uo euo`n aneûo quc tdcoc quc vcr ano jm
gnrem `c scr y cstmr mecrdamon, mj `cadr
`c adr `c \n`njgn Iusah (=444). Cj tckd`n m tcjmr tcjm r
quc prmatdamo jms eukcrcs `c cstm aneuod`m` sc `csmrrnjjm `c emocrm pcrsnomj
‑hmy uom tckc`nrm pnr am`m tcjmr. Qdo celmrfn, anostdtuyc uom príatdam anjcatdvm
quc depjdam cj `csmrrnjjn `c `dvcrsms matdvd`m`cs; anen, pnr ckcepjn, aud`mr jms
jjmems, jms amlrms n jms mjpmams, amr`mr jm jmom, hdjmr y tcýdr jm jmom, mremr y mkus-
tmr cj tcjmr, mremr jm ur`delrc, `dscýmr y tckcr
tck cr cj tcjmr. Cj tcjmr, cotnoacs, pnscc uo
`nljc amríatcr. Rnr uo jm`n, cs uom pdczm/prn`uatn `c uom maadño sulkctdvm dos-
ardptm co uom maadño
tckcr, pu`dco`n a njcatdvm.
anjcatdvm.
rcanonacrsc Rcrn, m jmtdpns
`dgcrcotcs vcz, `c
cs uo `dspnsdtdvn
tcjmrcs manr`csquc sc utdjdzm
m jns pm rm
pmrm
emtcrdmjcs
quc sc vmo m tckcr, mså anen tmeldäo mj prn`uatn quc sc qudcrc jnfrmr.
Cstns tcjmrcs `mo aucotm `c jm vd`m antd`dmom, rcaupcrmo jns sucýns, jns
tcenrcs, jms gmotmsåms `c jms tckc`nrms; puc`co scr jcå`ns m en`n `c jdlrns.
Cstm príatdam pcredtdñ m jms eukcrcs, co uo usn sdoarñodan `cj tdcepn, rcmjdzmr
jms matdvd`m`cs prnpdms `c jm vd`m antd`dmom quc fmrmotdzmo jm vd`m pcrn, m jm
vcz, omrrmr su hdstnrdm, anostrudr cj scotd`n `c jn aneûo, rcanostrudr uom aujtu-
rm y uom ecenrdm anjcatdvm quc rcsdstc m jm hcfcenoåm aujturmj curnaäotrdam.
M pmrtdr `c cstm csacom tmo gärtdj, cotco`cens m jm sdstcemtdzmadño anen
pmrtc `c csm príatdam rc﬌cxdvm quc pnoc co rcjmadño jn sulkctdvn ano jn an-
jcatdvn, jn emarn ano jn edarn, jn fcocrmj ano jn pmrtdaujmr, pcredtdäo`nons

66

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 66 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

rcsdstdr `cs`c cj íeldtn mam`äedan y, `c mjfuom emocrm sdedjmr m jms eukcrcs

            
jn snadmj `cs`c uo pcosmr curnaäotrdan.

Hcrrmedcotms, do`damadnocs y ckcepjns

Jm prnpucstm `c cstruaturm `c Rjmo `c Pcsds quc sc prcscotm m anotdoum-
adño sc coaucotrm co anostruaadño. Jm edsem surfc `c jm cxpcrdcoadm
c xpcrdcoadm `csmrrn-
jjm`m `urmotc jns mýns co quc depjcecotmens Pmjjcr
Pmjjcr `c Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm
dotcrvcoadño co jm Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj `c Emr `cj Rjmtm. Cs cj rcsujtm`n `c
uo prnacsn mldcrtn `c `clmtc ano anjcfms y cstu`dmotcs `c `dvcrsms `dsadpjdoms
quc sc hmo suem`n m jm rc﬌cxdño aråtdam quc ons dotcrcsm rcmjdzmr snlrc oucs-
trms príatdams `cotrn `c jm Sodvcrsd`m`.
M anotdoumadño sc prcscotmo, cotnoacs, m en`n `c ckcepjn y `c hcrrmedco-
tms pmrm jm prnpdm rc﬌cxdño, mjfuons grmfecotns `c jns Rjmocs `c Pcsds cjmlnrm-
`ns y prcscotm`ns pnr jns cstu`dmotcs quc rcmjdzmrno cj Pmjjcr,
Pmjjcr, y quc ym gucrno
mprnlm`ns. M ec`d`m quc sc prcscotmo cstns grmfecotns, sc anecotmo n sufdc-
rco cjcecotns quc, cotco`cens, puc`co outrdr jm sdstcemtdzmadño ceprco`d`m.
Am`m uon `c jns åtces sdfudcotcs anrrcspno`c m uon `c jns rcqucrd`ns pmrm cj
Rjmo `c Pcsds `c jm Jdacoadmturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj `c oucstrm SOE`R. Anen vc-
rcens, mjfuons `c cjjns on rcqudcrco emynr `csmrrnjjn, pcrn ntrns hmldjdtmo anos-
truaadnocs `dsåedjcs, pnr jn quc sdotctdzmens oucstrms sufcrcoadms m anotdoumadño.

- Dosardpadño dostdtuadnomj
Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj `c Emr `cj Rjmtm
Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms `c jm Qmju` y Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj
@cpmrtmecotn Rc`mfñfdan `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj (Qc puc`c doajudr jnfn dos-
tdtuadnomj)

- Påtujn
Wcr añen sc `c﬍oc cj tåtujn pmrm on naujtmr jm `decosdño prnljceítdam y
pmrm mlstrmcrsc `c jms csadsdnocs ectn`njñfdams quc hcens scýmjm`n (dovcstd-
fmadño, cosmyn, sdstcemtdzmadño). Wnjvcrcens snlrc cstn eís m`cjmotc.

- Mutnrcs/ms
Onelrc `c jns n jms cstu`dmotcs quc vmo m sdstcemtdzmr jm dotcrvcoadño
co jn snadmj. Anostdtuyc uom ano`dadño do`dspcosmljc pmrm pn`cr rcmjdzmr cstm
ectn`njnfåm hmlcr pmrtdadpm`n `c cstm cxpcrdcoadm.

- @drcaadño m amrfn
Qc sufdcrc quc cj @drcatnr n @drcatnrm scmo `nacotcs dovcstdfm`nrcs uod-
vcrsdtmrdns ano cxpcrdcoadm co dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm
68

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 68 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Jm `doíedam `cj pcosmr-hmacr `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño co ajmvc mam`äedam

- An-`drcaadño m amrfn
Dfumj quc pmrm cj amsn `c jm `drcaadño. Pmeldäo puc`c scr uo/m Prmlmkm`nr/m
Qnadmj quc on cstä co jm mam`cedm y quc hmym pmrtdadpm`n `c jm cxpcrdcoadm m
en`n `c Qupcrvdsnrm dostdtuadnomj.

-Gcahm
Mýn `c dodadn `cj Rjmo `c Pcsds.
Pcsds.

- Påtujn
Rmrm jm `c﬍odadño `cj tåtujn sc rcanedco`mo `ns pnsdldjd`m`cs;
         
    
 
prnacsn `c sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj. Ano uo
sultåtujn quc doajuym tmotn jms amtcfnråms ajmvcs anen jms rcgcrcoadms
cepårdams (jufmr, pcrdn`n, cta.) co jms quc sc dosardlc jm cxpcrdcoadm.
      -
       
adms cepårdams (jufmr, pcrdn`n, cta.) co jms quc sc dosardlc jm cxpcrdcoadm.

M en`n `c ckcepjn sc prnpnoco cstns tåtujns;

- PÅPSJN; ‚Aruzmr jm Amjjc―
  Wd`m Antd`dmom y Adajns `c vd`m `c jns/ms kñvcocs quc pmrtdadpmo
`cj Rrnfrmem `c \cspnosmldjd`m` Qnadmj
Qnadmj Anepmrtd`m ‚Covdño― co jm
adu`m` Emr `cj Rjmtm `urmotc cj pcrdn`n <2=2-<2=1
Mutnrm; Rrnacjjd, Xdecom
- PÅPSJN; \cprn`uaadño snadmj c dotcrfcocrmadnomj
dotcrfcocrmadnomj `c jm emtcrod`m`
tceprmom y cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m co cj Acotrn `c Qmju` O²<,
Lmrrdn Rucrtn `c jm adu`m` `c Emr `cj Rjmtm, Rrnvdoadm `c Lucons Mdrcs,
<2=3
  Mutnrms; Amrjm Mrrdnjm y Amedjm Ecjjm

- Pcem
Qufcrdens quc sc `c﬍om uom rcjmadño fcocrmj quc depjdquc y anotcofm jm
sdofujmrd`m` `c jn snadmj quc sc qudcrc mlnr`mr. M en`n `c ckcepjn sc prnpn-
oco cstns tcems;

Mutnrms; Amrjm Mrrdnjm y Amedjm Ecjjm

Pcem; \cprn`uaadño snadmj c dotcrfcocrmadnomj `c jm emtcrod`m` tceprm-
om y cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m

Mutnrm; Rrnacjjd, Xdecom

Pcem; Rnjåtdams snadmjcs pmrm jm doajusdño snadmj `c kñvcocs co sdtumadño
`c vujocrmldjd`m`.

64

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 64 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

-Rmjmlrms ajmvcs
Jms pmjmlrms ajmvcs sc anostruyco scjcaadnomo`n mqucjjms amtcfnråms prdo-
adpmjcs quc, pnr su frm`n `c fcocrmjdzmadño, pcredtmo cjmlnrmr cj cotrmem`n
anoacptumj ocacsmrdn pmrm pn`cr rcpcosmr c dotcrpcjmr jm dotcrvcoadño rcmjdzm-
`m. Qd anosd`crmens cj Emran Pcñrdan anen uom trmem `c rcjmadnocs quc sc
anostruyco co tnron m jn snadmj, jms pmjmlrms ajmvcs sno pmrtc `c jm ur`delrc
`c oucstrn tckd`n, matumo`n anen nrfmodzm`nrcs `cj trmlmkn. Mj dfumj quc cj
rcsueco, pcredtco m oucstrn jcatnr uldamrsc rípd`mecotc grcotc mj tcxtn, co-
tco`cr `c quä sc trmtm. M en`n `c ckcepjn sc prnpnoco cstms pmjmlrms ajmvcs;

Mutnrms; Amrjm Mrrdnjm y Amedjm Ecjjm

\cprn`uaadño snadmj- rcprn`uaadño dotcrfcocrmadnomj `c jm emtcrod`m`
tceprmom - príatdams snadmjcs y cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m- pnjåtdams
snadmjcs - eukcrcs em`rcs m`njcsacotcs.

- \csueco;
Cj rcsueco cs `c amríatcr dognremtdvn. Qc prnpnoc quc scm uo tcxtn anrtn
quc on supcrc jms qudodcotms (322) pmjmlrms mprnxdem`mecotc, co cj quc sc
dognrec cj anotcod`n `cj trmlmkn, jns prnpñsdtns prdoadpmjcs y jns rcsujtm`ns
quc sc prctco`co jnfrmr. Pmeldäo puc`c doajudrsc lrcvcecotc jm rcgcrcoadm
ectn`njñfdam macram `c añen sc vm m rcmjdzmr jn quc sc prnpnoc. M en`n `c
ckcepjn sc prnpnoc cstc rcsueco;

Mutnrms; Amrjm Mrrdnjm y Amedjm Ecjjm

Jm rcmjdzmadño `c jm Rríatdam dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m co cj Acotrn `c
Qmju` Euodadpmj O² < `urmotc cj adajn mam`äedan <2=3 pcredtdñ rcanon-
acr quc co jms kñvcocs `c cotrc =3 y =8 mýns `c jm [nom Rucrtn `c jm adu-
`m` `c Emr `cj Rjmtm quc mjjå anoaurrco cxdstc, jucfn `cj omadedcotn `cj
prdecr hdkn (pnr cj aumj sc anostdtuyco co em`rcs m`njcsacotcs), príatdams
snadmjcs y cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m quc pnsdldjdtmråmo dotcrruepdr cj
`conedom`n aåraujn dotcrfcocrmadnomj `c jm pnlrczm.
Cj Rjmo `c Pcsds sc cstruaturm co tnron m jm dotcrpcjmadño `c jms rcjm-
adnocs cxdstcotcs cotrc rcprn`uaadño dotcrfcocrmadnomj `c jm emtcrod`m`
y `c jm pnlrczm y, co guoadño `c cjjn, snlrc jms cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c
vd`m y jms príatdams snadmjcs quc depjcecotmo jms eukcrcs em`rcs m`n-
jcsacotcs quc anoaurrco mj Acotrn `c Qmju` Euodadpmj O² <. Qc tdcoc co
aucotm quc jms `dgcrcotcs cxprcsdnocs `c jm aucstdño snadmj co jns csac-
omrdns matumjcs eucstrmo jm ocacsd`m` `c uom mprnxdemadño quc tcofm co
aucotm jms `dgcrcotcs rcjmadnocs quc sc cstmljcaco cotrc jms `decosdnocs
emarnsnadmjcs, tcrrdtnrdmjcs y edarnsnadmjcs.
Qc lusam rcanonacr jms príatdams snadmjcs y cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c
vd`m depjcecotm`ms pnr mqucjjms eukcrcs em`rcs m`njcsacotcs quc pcr-

82

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 82 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Jm `doíedam `cj pcosmr-hmacr `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño co ajmvc mam`äedam

edtco cstmljcacr emtdacs y/n rupturms co jm rcjmadño `drcatmecotc prn-

pnradnomj quc sucjc cstmljcacrsc cotrc jm rcprn`uaadño dotcrfcocrmadnomj
`c jm emtcrod`m` tceprmom y `c jm pnlrczm co cstm sdtumadño cspcaå﬍am
         
uo pcosmedcotn sdtum`n quc pcredtm uo macramedcotn quc rcaupcrc y
gnrtmjczam, co jms sdofujmrd`m`cs prcscotcs, jm cxprcsdño `c jns prnljcems
snadmjcs. @c maucr`n ano Amrlmjjc`m, cj mlnr`mkc `cs`c cj pcosmedcotn
sdtum`n depjdam `mr aucotm `cj mtrmvcsmedcotn `c `ns ckcs; cspmadmjcs-
fcnfrí﬍ans y tcepnrmjcs-hdstñrdans. @cs`c cstm pcrspcatdvm, jm dotcrvco-
adño co jn snadmj sc pntcoadm co guoadño `c sus pnsdldjd`m`cs `c mlnr`mkc
`cs`c jm sdofujmrd`m` cspmadmj, hdstñrdam y sulkctdvm.
Co rcjmadño m jns mspcatns ectn`njñfdans, cs ocacsmrdn m`cjmotmr quc
cstc Rjmo `c Pcsds sc dosardlc `cotrn `c jns jdocmedcotns ectn`njñfdans `c jm
dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm, `c﬍odco`n anen cstrmtcfdm ectn`njñfdam jms hcrrm-
edcotms lrdo`m`ms pnr jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jns täredons
quc jm pjmotcmo Ecsahdod (<2=1) y cj cqudpn quc jjcvm m`cjmotc cj Pmjjcr `c
Qdstcemrdzmadño3. Cs ocacsmrdn `mr aucotm `c cjjn co tmotn jm sdstcemtdzmadño

on
lmknscQnadmj.
anostdtuyc anenecoadnom
Pmj anen uom amtcfnråm uoåvnam
jm mutnrm, mj dotcrdnr
‚pmrm mjfuons`cj anjcatdvn
mutnrcs `c Prm-
sdstcemtdzmr
cs prn`uadr anonadedcotn adcotå﬍an on pnsdtdvdstm, edcotrms quc pmrm ntrns
sdstcemtdzmr jm príatdam depjdam uom gnrem `c anoacptumjdzmadño `c jm príatd-
am sdo jjcfmr pnr cjjn m jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn adcotå﬍an― (Ecsahdod,
            
y \n`råfucz (<220), cotco`cens quc jm sdstcemtdzmadño sc anostdtuyc anen
uom hcrrmedcotm ectn`njñfdam `c dovcstdfmadño co scotd`n on pnsdtdvdstm.
Cs mså quc jm mprnxdemadño mj prnljcem `c cstu`dn pjmotcm`n co cstm
Pcsds cstuvn `m`m pnr jm rcmjdzmadño `c jm Rríatdam dostdtuadnomj supcrvd-
sm`m co cj Acotrn `c Qmju` O» < `c jm adu`m` `c Emr `cj Rjmtm `urmotc cj
mýn <2=3 co cj emran `c jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño `c jm Jdacoadmturm co
Prmlmkn Qnadmj `c jm SOE`R.

- Dotrn`uaadño;
Jm Dotrn`uaadño anostdtuyc uom omrrmadño prcjdedomr `cj tcxtn co jm aumj
sc `m aucotm `cj nlkctn `c cstu`dn, `cj prnljcem m mlnr`mr, jm depnrtmoadm `cj
tcem, jm ectn`njnfåm m utdjdzmr. Ruc`c rcaupcrmr cj Åo`dac `cj trmlmkn, rcmjd-
zmo`n uom lrcvc rcscým `c am`m uon `c jns Ampåtujns prnpucstns, mså anen

3. Cj cqudpn cs anognrem`
anognrem`nn pnr jm Jda. Rmujm Ecsahdod, anen `nacotc m`kuotm `c jm Aítc`rm
Qupcrvdsdño y arcm`nrm `cj Pmjjcr `c Qdstcemtdzmadño quc sc anostdtuyc anen cxtcosdño `c
jm Aítc`rm, jm Jda. Emråm Juz @mhuj, jm Jda. Pmemrm Qnsm, jm Jda. \nedom \mepnj`d Mfudjmr,
              
\nedom Anotd y jm @rm. \nsmjåm Lmjtmr.

8=

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 8= 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

`mr aucotm `c jns mutnrcs / tcxtns `c rcgcrcoadm. Mrtdaujm jms pmrtcs co uo tn`n,
`no`c cj jcatnr puc`c anonacr `c emocrm ‚dodadmj― jm dovcstdfmadño. M en`n
`c ckcepjn sc prnpnoc cstm Dotrn`uaadño;

Mutnrms; Amrjm Mrrdnjm y Amedjm Ecjjm

Co cj emran `c jm rcmjdzmadño `c jm Rríatdam dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m7,
surfc jm doqudctu` pnr rcmjdzmr jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn
snadmj m pmrtdr `c nlscrvmr, co oucstrn quchmacr antd`dmon, jns prnacsns `c
cemoadpmadño y rcmjdzmadño pcrsnomj `c eukcrcs m`njcsacotcs em`rcs, co-
trc =3 y =8
=8 mýns `c c`m`, co cj emran `c prnacsns hdstñrdans quc sc `mo
co jm matumjd`m`, anen sno; cj rcanonadedcotn `c jns `crcahns scxumjcs y
rcprn`uatdvns `c jm eukcr, jm anostruaadño snadmj `c jm eukcr anen sukctn
`c `crcahns y jm depjcecotmadño `c jms pnjåtdams pûljdams y snadmjcs ano
cognquc `c fäocrn y `c `crcahns.
Cstc Rjmo `c Pcsds prnpnoc rcmjdzmr uom rc﬌cxdño snlrc jm dotcrvcoadño
co jn snadmj rcmjdzm`m co cj emran `c jm príatdam dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m
co cj Acotrn `c Qmju` O»< `c jm adu`m` `c Emr `cj Rjmtm co cj emran `c jm

Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño
tc `cj prnljcem `c jmscJdacoadmturm
`c cstu`dn co Prmlmkn
tdcoc co aucotm Qnadmj. Rmrm
jm anoacpadño cj rcanr-
`c jm eukcr
anen sukctn `c `crcahns, jms pnjåtdams pûljdams y snadmjcs cxdstcotcs pmrm
cj pcrån`n tnem`n (mýn <2=3) y jm onremtdvm vdfcotc, ano cj nlkctdvn `c
do`mfmr co jms cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m depjcecotm`ms pnr eukcrcs
em`rcs m`njcsacotcs `c =3 m =8 mýns co cj cstmljcadedcotn `c emtdacs co
jm rcprn`uaadño snadmj y co jm rcprn`uaadño dotcrfcocrmadnomj `c jm pnlrczm.
Qnstcocens quc jm suemtnrdm `c jns prnacsns hdstñrdans co jns quc sc
cstruaturmo pnjåtdams pûljdams y snadmjcs quc anosd`crmo m jm eukcr anen
sukctn `c `crcahns prn`uadråmo en`d﬍amadnocs co jms príatdams snadmjcs
doanrpnrm`ms co jm pnljmadño quc msdstc
m sdstc mj Acotrn `c Qmju`. Qc `m jufmr m
jm depjcecotmadño `c cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m quc cstmljcaco em-
tdacs y rupturms co jm rcprn`uaadño `c jm pnlrczm y co jm anotdoud`m` `c
jm rcprn`uaadño snadmj `c jms edsems `cspuäs `cj prdecr hdkn, cspcaå﬍am-
ecotc co rcjmadño m jm emtcrod`m` tceprmom.
           
`äam`ms sc hm prn`uad`n uom `dsedouadño `c jms rcstrdaadnocs y tmlûcs
scxumjcs, uom dodadmadño eís tceprmom `c jms rcjmadnocs scxumjcs, uo
ameldn co cj sdfod﬍am`n `cj pjmacr co jm scxumjd`m`, cspcadmjecotc pmrm

7. Jm edsem sc rcmjdzñ co cj Acotrn `c Qmju` O²< `c jm adu`m` `c Emr @cj Rjmtm lmkn jm
Qupcrvdsdño co amepn `c jm Jda. Momstmsdm Lnomoon y jm Qupcrvdsdño Mam`äedam `c jm Jda.
Ardstdom Íjvmrcz co cj emran `c jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño `c jm Jdacoadmturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj
`c jm Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj `c Emr `cj Rjmtm.

8<

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 8< 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Jm `doíedam `cj pcosmr-hmacr `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño co ajmvc mam`äedam

jms eukcrcs, y uom macptmadño arcadcotc `c jm `dvcrsd`m` `c npadnocs sc-

xumjcs. Anen jm mutnrm ecoadnom;

…Cstn on sdfod﬍am quc muecotc jm gcauo`d`m` m`njcsacotc. Jn

quc naurrc cs quc su gcauo`d`m` on hm `dsedoud`n `c jm edsem em-
ocrm quc co jms eukcrcs `c c`m`cs emynrcs. Cs pnr csn quc cj tntmj `c
`c
jns omadedcotns puc`c cstmr muecotmo`n jm prnpnradño auyms em`rcs
sno euy kñvcocs. Cstns celmrmzns `c eukcrcs kñvcocs sc anoacotrmo
cspcadmjecotc co pnljmadnocs quc vdvco co sdtumadnocs `c pnlrczm,
sdtumadnocs `no`c jns scrvdadns `c smju` on rcspno`co m jms ocacsd-
           

Co rcjmadño ano oucstrn tcem `c cstu`dn, hmy `mtns quc `ceucstrmo

uom cstrcahm rcjmadño cotrc jm c`m` co quc jm em`rc tuvn su prdecr hdkn y
jm c`m` `cj prdecr celmrmzn `c sus hdkms. Ano grcaucoadm sucjc m﬍remrsc
quc uom emtcrod`m` tceprmom cs, sdo `u`m, uo gmatnr `c rdcsfn y tdco`c
m doanrpnrmr m jms kñvcocs em`rcs co uo adajn `c rcprn`uaadño dotcrfcoc-

rmadnomj
cotnoacs`cjmsjm npnrtuod`m`cs
pnlrczm. Msuedr jms rcspnosmldjd`m`cs
c`uamadnomjcs `c ardmozm
y naupmadnomjcs, jdedtmråm
aneprnec-
tdco`n cj guturn prnpdn y cj `c sus hdkns c hdkms.
@c cstm emocrm sc msnadm m jm emtcrod`m` m`njcsacotc ano jm rcprn-
`uaadño `c jm pnlrczm pnr su rcjmadño ano jm `cscradño csanjmr, cepjcns
prcamrdns y uom emynr doad`coadm cotrc eukcrcs quc vdvco co ano`dadño `c
pnlrczm. (Emstrn Omaamrmtn, <2=3)
Qd ldco co jms m`njcsacotcs prnvcodcotcs `c scatnrcs pnpujmrcs sucjc
msnadmrsc jm anoarcadño `c jm emtcrod`m` ‑muo co jns amsns co quc jns hdkns
on hmymo sd`n lusam`ns‑ ano jm rcmjdzmadño `c uou o prnycatn `c vd`m y jm pnsd-
ldjd`m` `c anotmr ano ‚mjfn― prnpdn co sdtumadnocs `c vujocrmldjd`m` snadmj
y canoñedam (Ahcam, <221 co Adothdm Hmsdada, <2=<, p.=84), nlscrvmens
quc jm emtcrod`m`, co namsdnocs anen jms mquå cstu`dm`ms, rcprcscotm uo
ameldn co jms trmycatnrdms `c vd`m `c jms eukcrcs em`rcs m`njcsacotcs, quc
`m jufmr jucfn `cj prdecr hdkn mj `cscn `c rcmjdzmadño pcrsnomj tmotn `cs`c
cj puotn `c vdstm c`uamtdvn mså anen jmlnrmj y snadmj. Anen dognrem Jcrm;

…Msdedsen, cs depnrtmotc anosd`crmr, `cs`c oucstrn puotn `c vdstm,

quc co cj moíjdsds `c trmycatnrdms cs guo`mecotmj prcstmr cspcadmj mtco-
adño m jns pcrån`ns `c ameldn n do﬌cxdño (hdstñrdans n pcrsnomjcs), pnr su
rcpcrausdño co jm anotdoud`m` n ameldn co jms trmycatnrdms. Cstn supnoc
quc cxdstco ‚enecotns ajmvc― n ‚ou`ns― co jm vd`m `c jns sukctns, en-
ecotns `c trmosdadño n ‚pmsn―, quc mecrdtmo uom nlscrvmadño edouadnsm
pmrm cotco`cr mqucjjns mspcatns quc rcsujtmo rcjcvmotcs co cj prnacsn `c

81

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 81 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

prn`uaadño y rcprn`uaadño snadmj Y…U Jm trmycatnrdm sc anostdtuyc co uo

prnacsn co cj quc sc pnoco `c emod﬍cstn jms `dspnsdadnocs y príatdams
`c `dvcrsns matnrcs. T, sd ldco cxdstc uom anrrcjmadño cotrc csms príatdams
y cj nrdfco snadmj, on sc `clc snsjmymr cj cjcecotn `c anostruaadño quc
am`m matnr ‑sukctn, gmedjdm, aneuod`m`‑ `csmrrnjjm m jn jmrfn `c tn`m jm
cxpcrdcoadm vdtmj. Co csm anostruaadño `c jm trmycatnrdm sc pnoco co kucfn
uo sdooûecrn `c gmatnrcs quc am`m sukctn n frupn tnem co aucotm (n on),
anosadcotc n doanosadcotcecotc, co su maadnomr (Jcrm, ct mj,
m j, <226, p.18)

Rnr cjjn, ons dotcrcsm do`mfmr macram `c auíjcs sno jms príatdams sn-
admjcs quc, doanrpnrm`ms co cj hmldtus, sc anostdtuyco anen cstrmtcfdms
gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m co cj dotcotn `c cstmljcacr emtdacs y rupturms co jms
gnrems `c rcprn`uaadño snadmj quc rcpcrautmo co jm dotcrrupadño `c jm
rcprn`uaadño dotcrfcocrmadnomj `c jm pnlrczm.
Cs mså quc prnpnocens `mr aucotm `c añen jms eukcrcs em`rcs m`n-
jcsacotcs, anen anoscaucoadm `c jm emtcrod`m`, depjcecotmo cstrmtcfdms
gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m quc rcano﬍furmo sus trmycatnrdms `c vd`m ano jm dotco-

adño
omo`n`cpmrm
doscrtmrsc
oucstrntmotn co cjtcepnrn-cspmadmj
cspmadn íeldtn jmlnrmj mså
`canen c`uamtdvn,
cstu`dn, aucstdn-
jns mpnrtcs quc
do`damo quc jm emtcrod`m` sc anostdtuyc anen ûodan prnycatn `c vd`m `c
eukcrcs pnlrcs. Do`mfmrcens sd jm dotrn`uaadño `c emtdacs y rupturms co
jm rcprn`uaadño snadmj jucfn `cj prdecr hdkn do﬌uyc co jm dotcrrupadño `cj
aåraujn `c rcprn`uaadño dotcrfcocrmadnomj `c jm pnlrczm n on.
M pmrtdr `c cjjn, cstm tcsds prnpnoc anonacr
anon acr auíjcs sno jns gmatnrcs quc
ano`dadnomo jms cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m `c jms eukcrcs `c scatnrcs
pnpujmrcs quc anoaurrco mj Acotrn `c Qmju` O²< `c jm [nom Rucrtn `c jm
adu`m` `c Emr `cj Rjmtm, quc prn`uaco uom rcano﬍furmadño co cj prnycatn
`c vd`m `c ästms jucfn `c jm emtcrod`m`.

-@c﬍odadño `cj prnljcem

@cotrn `cj `dscýn `c dovcstdfmadño quc prnpnocens, jm `c﬍odadño `cj prn-
ljcem `c dovcstdfmadño cs jm pmrtc acotrmj `cj Rjmo `c Pcsds. Cs ocacsmrdn quc cj
prnljcem sc gnreujc `c emocrm ajmrm y quc sc guo`c co uom anostcjmadño `c prc-
fuotms quc, m pmrtdr `c uom dotcrpcjmadño sdstceítdam, dovdtc m jm rc﬌cxdño, ons mjckc
`c jm `csardpadño y ons dostmjc co cj pmotmonsn tcrrcon `c jm `u`m, `c jn doadcrtn…
Jm gnreujmadño `cj prnljcem `clc dosardldrsc co uo amepn am epn prnljceítdan,
co cj quc sc cspcad﬍quc co tdcepn y cspmadn, `c emocrm sdtum`m, quä pmrtc
`cj tn`n qucrcens anonacr. M jm vcz, pn`cens rcmjdzmr cj amedon dovcrsn; `cs-
`c csm pmrtc quc anonadens, vdoaujmrons ano jm tntmjd`m` oucvmecotc.
Cj rcfdstrn `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj prcscotm`n `c emocrm sdstceítdam y
sdotätdam puc`c scr cj dodadn `c jm `c﬍odadño `cj prnljcem. Doajudrjn co jm gnreu-

80

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 80 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Jm `doíedam `cj pcosmr-hmacr `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño co ajmvc mam`äedam

jmadño `cj prnljcem anotrdluyc m quc jm edsem scm dotcrpcjm`m y on quc`c co uo

rcjmtn `csardptdvn, ansd﬍am`n. Rmrm rcaupcrmr jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj prnpn-
ocens, m en`n `c fuåm, uom scrdc `c prcfuotms quc m anotdoumadño `ctmjjmens;

=.- ¾Co quä anotcxtn snadmj, pnjåtdan, canoñedan, aujturmj, sc jjcvñ m amln jm do-
tcrvcoadño co jn snadmj>
jm dotcrvcoadño> ¾Auíj cs¾Auíj cs cj anotcxtn
cj emran onremtdvndostdtuadnomj co quc
quc rcfujm csm sc dosardlc
dotcrvcoadño>
<.- ¾Auíjcs gucrno jns entdvns co jns quc sc guo`m jm scjcaadño `c cstm
dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj> ¾Co quä supucstns sc lmsñ>
1.- ¾Auíj guc cj prnpñsdtn `c jm edsem>
      
3.- ¾Añen sc `csmrrnjjñ>
7.- ¾Auíjcs gucrno jns nlstíaujns, ano﬌datns n `d﬍aujtm`cs on prcvdstns>
6.- ¾Auíjcs gucrno jms trmosgnremadnocs mjamozm`ms>

Rmrm jm gnreujmadño `cj prnljcem, pmrtdens `c rcanonacr jms lrcahms cxds-

tcotcs cotrc jm onremtdvm y jms príatdams snadmjcs quc sc `csmrrnjjmo. Qc prn-
pnoc rcpcosmr y rc`dscýmr dotcrvcoadnocs snadmjcs guo`m`ms co rcjmadño m jm
prnljceítdam y manr`cs m jms rcmjd`m`cs, m jms edrm`ms y csqucems `c pcosm-
edcotn co quc cstms sdtumadnocs anepjckms sc `csmrrnjjmo. M en`n `c ckcepjn
sc prnpnoc cstc `dscýn `c `c﬍odadño `c prnljcem;

Mutnrms; Amrjm Mrrdnjm

Mrrdnjm y Amedjm Ecjjm
Rrn`uatn `c jms trmosgnremadnocs pnjåtdams, canoñedams y snadmjcs `c jm
`äam`m `c jns ‘42, amrmatcrdzm`m pnr jm jdlcrmadño `cj ecram`n y jm rctrmaadño
`cj Cstm`n co jms csgcrms `c rcfujmadño y prntcaadño, jns ceprcsmrdns jnamjcs
`cj scatnr pcsqucrn anecozmrno m tcradmrdzmr jm prn`uaadño. Stdjdzmo pmrm cjjn
jm ﬍furm `c annpcrmtdvms `c trmlmkn, coaulrdco`n mså rcjmadnocs jmlnrmjcs `c `c-
pco`coadm (S\LMJ, <2==). @c cstm gnrem, jns trmlmkm`nrcs pdcr`co `crcahns
jmlnrmjcs y snadmjcs anoqudstm`ns, aucstdño quc rcpcrautc pmrtdaujmrecotc co
cj íeldtn `c jm Qmju` pûljdam, muecotmo`n jm `cemo`m pnr pmrtc `c mqucjjns
quc motcs pnscåmo anlcrturm snadmj y sc mtco`åmo co cj íeldtn prdvm`n.
@c maucr`n m uo `dmfoñstdan moumj `cj Acotrn `c Qmju` O» <, sc m﬍rem
quc jm prdoadpmj naupmadño jmlnrmj `c jm znom sc `m co jms pjmotms prnacsm-
`nrms `c pcsam`n, `no`c sc rcprn`uac cj ecram`n dognremj `c jm canoneåm
amrmatcrdzm`n pnr ano`dadnocs jmlnrmjcs prcamrdms
prcam rdms y on rcfdstrm`ms, ano mjtns
åo`dacs `c maad`cotmldjd`m`, jckns `cj d`cmj `c trmlmkn `cacotc 6  prnpucstn

6. Cj trmlmkn `cacotc  cs
  cs `c﬍od`n anen ‚mqucjjm naupmadño prn`uatdvm quc cs kustm-
ecotc rceuocrm`m y quc sc ckcrac co ano`dadnocs `c jdlcrtm`, cqud`m`, scfurd`m` y
rcspctn m jm ano`dadño huemom― (Jmomrd, <223, p.<1).

83

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 83 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

pnr NDP. Msdedsen, hmy mstdjjcrns pmrm emotcodedcotn `c lmrans, pcrsnoms

quc trmlmkmo anen emrdocrns y pcsam`nrcs.
pcsam`n rcs. Ntrm gucotc jmlnrmj cs jm fmstrn-
oñedam, `cld`n m jm frmo amotd`m` `c rcstmurmotcs co jm znom, `c lmjocmrdns,
            
@cs`c cj `dmfoñstdan ecoadnom`n, sc snstdcoc quc ano grcaucoadm jms
eukcrcs m`njcsacotcs cotrc =3 y =8 mýns quc anoaurrco
anoa urrco mj Acotrn `c Qmju`
O» < on cstu`dmo od trmlmkmo, vdvco ano sus pm`rcs co gmedjdms cxtcosms, uld-
am`ms co jm adu`m` anen anoscaucoadm `c edfrmadnocs dotcroms, co uo írcm
fcnfrí﬍am `c pnlrczm urlmom y scfrcfmadño cspmadmj. Cj Qcrvdadn Qnadmj `cj
Acotrn `c Qmju` O» < tdcoc anen prdoadpmj nlkctdvn fmrmotdzmr cj maacsn m jm
Qmju` `c odýns y odýms cotrc 2 y 7 mýns `c c`m`. Cj våoaujn ano jns odýns y
odýms sc `m m trmväs `c sus pm`rcs, `c emocrm eís `drcatm ano jms em`rcs,
`ío`nsc `c cstm gnrem cj prnacsn `c dotcrvcoadño `cs`c jm ctmpm `cj ce-
lmrmzn. Eís mjjí `c jm dognremadño prcjdedomr quc mrrnkm cstc `dmfoñstdan,
co cj `csmrrnjjn `c cstc Prmlmkn Gdomj `c Pcsds do`mfmrcens co tnron m jms
trmycatnrdms `c vd`m `c jms eukcrcs em`rcs
em` rcs m`njcsacotcs cotrcvdstm`ms y jms
cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m pnr cjjms depjcecotm`ms m ﬍o `c dovcstdfmr

snlrc uom pnsdljc

emtcrod`m` rcano﬍furmadño
tceprmom `cvd`m.
y prnycatns `c sus príatdams snadmjcs co tnron m jm

- Prmem anoacptumj n Emran Pcñrdan

Rrnpnocens quc, co cstm dostmoadm `cj Rjmo `c Pcsds,
Pcsds, jm trmem anoacptumj
quc cs ocacsmrdn anostrudr rctnec jns ampåtujns tcñrdans prcscotm`ns co cj
Åo`dac. @c emocrm prcjdedomr, co am`m uon `c cstns ampåtujns sc couoadmo
jms tcnråms, jns `clmtcs quc sc `mo co cj amepn. Cs depnrtmotc rctnemr jms
pmjmlrms ajmvcs y `c﬍odr jms edsems sdo amcr co jm anogcaadño `c uo fjnsmrdn.
M anotdoumadño sc prcscotmo jns pnsdljcs ampåtujns m `csmrrnjjmr co jm Pcsds
Pcsds
           
y pn`río cstmr sukctns m en`d﬍amadnocs prnpdms `cj prnacsn `c trmlmkn anen m
jms sufcrcoadms `c jm anedsdño cvmjum`nrm.

¶ Ampåtujn =; Anoacpadnocs co tnron m jm rcprn`uaadño snadmj, jms cstrmtc-

fdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m y jms príatdams snadmjcs.
\ctnemrcens jns mpnrtcs cgcatum`ns pnr `dgcrcotcs mutnrcs, anen Lnu-
        
sñjn `c﬍oco y amrmatcrdzmo jms cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m `c jms
cstrmtcfdms `c jm rcprn`uaadño snadmj, quc doajuyc jm rcjmadño ano jm
pcracpadño `c pnjåtdams pûljdams y snadmjcs.
¶ Ampåtujn <; Jm emtcrod`m` tceprmom y jm rcprn`uaadño snadmj.
Qc rcvdsmo c dotcrpcjmo jns `clmtcs co tnron m jm rcjmadño cotrc rcprn`ua-
adño dotcrfcocrmadnomj `c jm pnlrczm, rcprn`uaadño snadmj y emtcrod`m`

87

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 87 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Jm `doíedam `cj pcosmr-hmacr `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño co ajmvc mam`äedam

tceprmom, momjdzmo`n mutnrcs/ms quc mlnr`co jm prnljceítdam pjmotcm`m.

¶ Ampåtujn 1; @crcahns scxumjcs y rcprn`uatdvns `c jms eukcrcs y jns `c-
rcahns `c jms/jns odýms/ns.
Qc pno`río `c emod﬍cstn jms jcycs y onremtdvms vdfcotcs co rcjmadño m
jns `crcahns scxumjcs y rcprn`uatdvns `c jms eukcrcs y jns `crcahns `c
jms/jns odýns/ms. Hmadco`n hdoampdä co jm anoacpadño `c jm eukcr anen
sukctn `c `crcahn y jns mvmoacs quc sc `dcrno `urmotc jns ûjtdens mýns
co emtcrdm `c fäocrn.
¶ Ampåtujn 0; Rnjåtdams pûljdams y snadmjcs `c prnenadño y prntcaadño `c `c-
rcahns y ano cognquc `c fäocrn co cj amepn `c jm smju` emtcron-dogmotdj.
  @csmrrnjjmrcens cj anotcod`n `c jms pnjåtdams pûljdams y snadmjcs ano
cognquc `c fäocrn depjcecotm`ms `urmotc cj mýn <2=3 co cj Acotrn
`c Qmju` O» < quc tuvdcrno doad`coadm co jms m`njcsacotcs em`rcs
anoaurrcotcs mj edsen. M smlcr; Msdfomadño Sodvcrsmj pnr Hdkn (MSH),
Rrnfrmem Quemr/omacr, cj Rrnfrmem Omadnomj `c Qmju` Qcxumj y Rrn-
      

¶ Ampåtujn =; Anoacpadnocs
fdms gmedjdmrcs copríatdams
`c vd`m y jms tnron
pría m jmsnadmjcs.
tdams rcprn`uaadño snadmj, jms cstrmtc-
\ctnemrcens jns mpnrtcs cgcatum`ns pnr `dgcrcotcs mutnrcs, anen Lnu-
        
sñjn `c﬍oco y amrmatcrdzmo jms cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m `c jms
cstrmtcfdms `c jm rcprn`uaadño snadmj, quc doajuyc jm rcjmadño ano jm
pcracpadño `c pnjåtdams pûljdams y snadmjcs.
¶ Ampåtujn <; Jm emtcrod`m` tceprmom y jm rcprn`uaadño snadmj.
Qc rcvdsmo c dotcrpcjmo jns `clmtcs co tnron m jm rcjmadño cotrc rcprn`uaadño
dotcrfcocrmadnomj `c jm pnlrczm, rcprn`uaadño snadmj y emtcrod`m` tceprm-
om, momjdzmo`n mutnrcs/ms quc mlnr`co jm prnljceítdam pjmotcm`m.
¶ Ampåtujn 1; @crcahns scxumjcs y rcprn`uatdvns `c jms eukcrcseukcrcs y jns `c-
rcahns `c jms/jns odýms/ns.
Qc pno`río `c emod﬍cstn jms jcycs y onremtdvms vdfcotcs co rcjmadño m
jns `crcahns scxumjcs y rcprn`uatdvns `c jms eukcrcs y jns `crcahns `c
jms/jns odýns/ms. Hmadco`n hdoampdä co jm anoacpadño `c jm eukcr anen
sukctn `c `crcahn y jns mvmoacs quc sc `dcrno `urmotc jns ûjtdens mýns
co emtcrdm `c fäocrn.
¶ Ampåtujn 0; Rnjåtdams pûljdams y snadmjcs `c prnenadño y prntcaadño `c `c-
rcahns y ano cognquc `c fäocrn co cj amepn `c jm smju` emtcron-dogmotdj.
  @csmrrnjjmrcens cj anotcod`n `c jms pnjåtdams pûljdams y snadmjcs ano
cognquc `c fäocrn depjcecotm`ms `urmotc cj mýn <2=3 co cj Acotrn
`c Qmju` O» < quc tuvdcrno doad`coadm co jms m`njcsacotcs em`rcs
anoaurrcotcs mj edsen. M smlcr; Msdfomadño Sodvcrsmj pnr Hdkn (MSH),

86

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 86 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Rrnfrmem Quemr/omacr, cj Rrnfrmem Omadnomj `c Qmju` Qcxumj y Rrn-

      
  Co cj mpmrtm`n ectn`njñfdan `mens aucotm `c jns ampåtujns `c dotcrprc-
tmadño aråtdam, anostrud`ns m pmrtdr `c jm rc﬌cxdño co tnron m jm dotcrvco-
adño co jn snadmj y `cj moíjdsds `c jms cotrcvdstms co prnguo`d`m` y nlscr-
vmadnocs pmrtdadpmotcs. Jns edsens sno tnem`ns anen emran y sustcotn
cj `csmrrnjjn `c jns ampåtujns =, <, 1 y 0 rcadcotcecotc couoadm`ns.

- Nlkctdvns fcocrmjcs y cspcaå﬍ans `cj trmlmkn `c sdstcemtdzmadño;

Jns nlkctdvns `mo aucotm `cj prnpñsdtn `c jm dovcstdfmadño, `cj pmrm quä. Qc
sufdcrc `dgcrcoadmr cotrc nlkctdvns fcocrmjcs, rc﬍rdäo`nsc m pjmotcns m jmrfn pjmzn
macram `c jns rcsujtm`ns cspcrm`ns, y nlkctdvns cspcaå﬍ans n rcsujtm`ns prcadsns.
Pcodco`n co aucotm cstn y m en`n `c ckcepjn pjmotcmens jns sdfudcotcs nlkctdvns;

Mutnrms; Amrjm Mrrdnjm y Amedjm Ecjjm

Nlkctdvn
=. \canonacr jms rcjmadnocs cxdstcotcs cotrc jm rcprn`uaadño `cj aåraujn

dotcrfcocrmadnomj
tdams snadmjcs quc `c jm pnlrczm jms
depjcecotmo y jmseukcrcs
cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs
em`rcs `c vd`mcotrc
m`njcsacotcs y pría-
=3
y =8 mýns `c jm [nom Rucrtn quc anoaurrco mj Acotrn `c Qmju` O² < co jm
adu`m` `c Emr `cj Rjmtm `urmotc cj mýn <2=3.
Nlkctdvns cspcaå﬍ans
=. m) \cfdstrmr jms cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m quc depjcecotmo eukc-
rcs m`njcsacotcs cotrc =3 y =8 mýns m pmrtdr `c jm emtcrod`m` tceprmom.
=. l) Do`mfmr macram `c jm rcjmadño cxdstcotc cotrc jms eukcrcs em`rcs
m`njcsacotcs y cj maacsn m jms pnjåtdams pûljdams y snadmjcs.
=. a) Amrmatcrdzmr jms príatdams snadmjcs (snadncanoñedams, c`uamtdvms,
aujturmjcs y jmlnrmjcs) `c jms eukcrcs m`njcsacotcs quc anoaurrco mj Aco-
trn `c Qmju` O» < m prdnrd y pnstcrdnrd m jm emtcrod`m`.

Jm cxpjdadtmadño ectn`njñfdam anen dosardpadño co cj `clmtc

Som ecoadño mpmrtc, `cotrn `c jns åtces `cj Rjmo `c Pcsds, ecrcac jm
aucstdño `c jm ectn`njnfåm. Jm prnpucstm `c Prmlmkn Gdomj quc prnpnocens
rcanonac jm sdstcemtdzmadño anen uom gnrem pmrtdaujmr `c dovcstdfmadño snadmj
on pnsdtdvdstm. Jm sdstcemtdzmadño anen ectn`njnfåm `c dovcstdfmadño aumjdtm-
tdvm mlrc uo amedon quc ons pcredtc anostrudr prcfuotms m pmrtdr `cj ‚nlkctn―
`c dotcrvcoadño, anostdtuyäo`njn anen ‚nlkctn― `c anonadedcotn. Rnsdldjdtm jm
rc﬌cxdño co tnron m jm prnljceítdam co aucstdño y prcscotm uom prcnaupmadño
acotrmj pnr rcmjdzmr mpnrtcs
mpnrtcs quc anotrdluymo co jm rc`c﬍odadño `c jm dotcrvco-

88

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 88 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Jm `doíedam `cj pcosmr-hmacr `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño co ajmvc mam`äedam

           

m﬍remo quc jm sdstcemtdzmadño cs cotco`d`m anen uo;

…prnacsn `c rc﬌cxdño c dotcrprctmadño aråtdam `c uom dotcrvcoadño

prngcsdnomj n `c uo mspcatn `c cjjm, quc pmrtc `c jm cxpjdadtmadño `cj
emran cpdstcenjñfdan, tcñrdan y vmjnrmtdvn `cs`c cj aumj sc dotcrvdon y
`cs`c cj aumj sc rcmjdzm jm rc﬌cxdño. (<220, p.=2).

Qc anosd`crm mquå quc cj prnacsn `c sdstcemtdzmadño pcredtc anostrudr

ec`dmadnocs cotrc tcnråm c dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj, anostdtuyäo`nsc anen
hcrrmedcotm víjd`m `c moíjdsds quc anotrdluym m jm anognremadño `c dotcrvco-
adnocs guo`m`ms, pnsdldjdtmo`n jm aneprcosdño mrtdaujm`m cotrc tcnråm y príatd-
am, auyms rcjmadnocs on sno vdsdljcs m jm pcracpadño doec`dmtm. Co cstm jåocm,
Qmo`nvmj Ívdjm m﬍rem quc ‚jm sdstcemtdzmadño sdrvc m `ns nlkctdvns; ecknrmr jm
príatdam y cordqucacr, anogrnotmr y en`d﬍amr cj anonadedcotn tcñrdan cxdstcotc,
anotrdluyco`n m anovcrtdrjn co uom hcrrmedcotm ûtdj pmrm cotco`cr y trmosgnr-
emr jm rcmjd`m`― (Qmo`nvmj Ívdjm, <22=, p.==7).

M ﬍o `c quc
macramedcotn cstmanostruatdvn
aråtdan, ectn`njnfåmy sc anostdtuym
prnpnsdtdvn mj co uo en`n
prnljcem `c cspcaå﬍an `c
dovcstdfmadño
`c﬍od`n, anosd`crmens `c suem depnrtmoadm cotco`cr jm sdstcemtdzmadño co
täredons `c prnacsn, anen uo ckcradadn anostmotc quc pnsdldjdtc cj mprco`dzmkc
y nr`coc jm tnem `c `cadsdnocs pmrm jm dotcrvcoadño.
         
depjdam supucstns tcñrdans, `m`n quc ästms sno anosd`crm`ms tcnråms co matn;
‚jm täaodam mpmrcotcecotc eís ocutrmj anotdcoc uom tcnråm depjåadtm `c jn
snadmj― (<2=2, p.=1).
      

…on lmstm ano rcanonacr quc cj nlkctn adcotå﬍an sc anostruyc

sdon quc hmy quc smlcr anostrudrjn `cjdlcrm`m y ectñ`damecotc, ec-
`dmotc täaodams y prnac`dedcotns `c anostruaadño m`caum`ns ano jns
prnljcems pjmotcm`ns. Jns prnac`dedcotns `c anostruaadño on cxpjd-
adtm`ns, on anosadcotcs ‑muoquc on pnr cjjn econs prcscotcs co cj
matn `c anonadedcotn‑ , tdcoco emynrcs pnsdldjd`m`cs `c on scr ano-
trnjm`ns, y pnr jm edsem rmzño, emynrcs pnsdldjd`m`cs `c scr dom`c-
aum`ns ano cj nlkctn `c cstu`dn (=443, p.=7)

Pcodco`n co aucotm cstn, jms täaodams tnem`ms co anosd`crmadño pmrm sds-

tcemtdzmr jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj y `csardldr sus gmatnrcs ano`dadnomotcs,
co cj emran `c jm dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm, pnsdldjdtm cj usn `c `dgcrcotcs
täaodams. Jm nlscrvmadño pmrtdadpmotc, jm tnem `c rcfdstrn, jm rcmjdzmadño `c

84

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 84 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

cotrcvdstms co prnguo`d`m`, jms cotrcvdstms scedcstruaturm`ms, jm nlscrvmadño

`nauecotmj, jm nlscrvmadño on pmrtdadpmotc y jm nlscrvmadño pmrtdadpmotc, co-
trc ntrms, anognremo jm amkm `c hcrrmedcotms quc tcocens m `dspnsdadño pmrm
pn`cr mprchco`cr jm sdofujmrd`m` `c jn snadmj, pmrm rcspno`cr jns dotcrrnfmotcs
quc anostdtuyco oucstrn prnljcem `c dovcstdfmadño.
M en`n `c ckcepjn sc prnpnoc cstc `dscýn `c `c﬍odadño `c ectn`njnfåm
`c sdstcemtdzmadño;

Mutnrms; Amrjm Mrrdnjm y Amedjm Ecjjm

M pmrtdr `c jm rc﬌cxdño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co cj emran `c jm Rríatdam dos-
tdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m, anostrudens cj prnljcem `c anonadedcotn m mlnr`mr
co cstm Pcsds. Cj edsen rctnem jms cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m y príatdams
snadmjcs `c jms eukcrcs em`rcs m`njcsacotcs quc hmldtmo co cj írcm prnfrmeí-
tdam `cj Acotrn `c Qmju` O» < `c jm [nom Rucrtn `c jm adu`m`
a du`m` `c Emr `cj Rjmtm,
tcodco`n co aucotm cj anotcxtn y jns prnacsns hdstñrdans mså anen cj scotd`n
`c jms príatdams `cs`c jns prnpdns matnrcs.
Cj `dscýn `c dovcstdfmadño quc sc prnpnoc pmrm `csmrrnjjmr uom sdstcemtd-

zmadño `c `c
fcocrmjcs jm dotcrvcoadño co jnaumjdtmtdvm,
jm dovcstdfmadño snadmj sc mrtdaujmo`n
dosardlc `cotrn `c jns jdocmedcotns
`c emocrm anepjceco-
tmrdm ano täaodams prnpdms `c jm ectn`njnfåm ctonfrí﬍am.
    
…Jm dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm sc dotcrcsm pnr jm vd`m `c jms pcrsnoms, pnr
sus pcrspcatdvms sulkctdvms, pnr sus hdstnrdms, pnr sus anepnrtmedcotns, pnr
sus cxpcrdcoadms, pnr sus dotcrmaadnocs, pnr sus maadnocs, pnr sus scotd`ns, c
dotcrprctm m tn`ns cjjns `c gnrem sdtum`m cs `cadr, uldaío`njns co cj anotcxtn
pmrtdaujmr co cj quc tdcoco jufmr. Prmtm
Prmtm `c aneprco`cr `dahns anotcxtns y sus
prnacsns, rcaurrdco`n m jm amusmjd`m` jnamj pmrm cxpjdamrjns (<226, p.11).
          
cotco`d`m anen uo ‚prnacsn `c rc﬌cxdño c dotcrprctmadño aråtdam `c uom dotcr-
vcoadño prngcsdnomj n `c uo mspcatn `c cjjm, quc pmrtc `c jm cxpjdadtmadño `cj
emran cpdstcenjñfdan, tcñrdan y vmjnrmtdvn `cs`c cj aumj sc dotcrvdon y `cs`c
cj aumj sc rcmjdzm jm rc﬌cxdño― (<220, p.==). Ecsahdod cstmljcac quc rctnemr
cstm amtcfnråm pcredtc ‚rcaupcrmr, `cs`c jm prn`uaadño tcñrdam `c jns/ms mu-
tnrcs prnpdns `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, jms rcsnomoadms pnjdgñodams, jns `clmtcs quc
co cj dotcrdnr `c jm `dsadpjdom, grcotc m jms prnljceítdams snadmjcs anotcepnrí-
ocms― (<2=1, pp.0-3).
Qc m﬍rem quc jm sdstcemtdzmadño sdrvc m `ns nlkctdvns; ecknrmr jm príatdam,
jm dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj, y cordqucacr,
cordqucacr, anogrnotmr y en`d﬍amr cj anonad-
edcotn tcñrdan cxdstcotc, anotrdluyco`n m anovcrtdrjn co uom hcrrmedcotm ûtdj
pmrm cotco`cr y trmosgnremr jm rcmjd`m`. Rnr tmotn,

42

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 42 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Jm `doíedam `cj pcosmr-hmacr `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño co ajmvc mam`äedam

Y…U Jm sdstcemtdzmadño sc anostdtuyc co uom amtcfnråm quc pcr-

edtc mvmozmr co jm aneprcosdño `c jm tntmjd`m` anen prnacsn `doí-
edan quc sc trmosgnrem edcotrms jns vdvdens y anonacens. Rnsdldjdtm
cotco`cr jm anepjckd`m` `c jns prnacsns snadmjcs, mj `mr aucotm `c
mrtdaujmadnocs `c tntmjd`m`cs pmradmjcs co quc sc tdcoc co aucotm jm
sdofujmrd`m` `c jm cxpcrdcoadm, jm uodvcrsmjd`m` quc ano`cosm, jm pmr-
tdaujmrd`m` quc jc `m scotd`n (Onlrc,=448) (Ecsahdod, <2=1, p.0).

Ano cstc trmlmkn, sc prctco`c anostdtudr uom sdstcemtdzmadño m pmrtdr `c jm

rc﬌cxdño `cj prnacsn `c dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj quc hcens nlscrvm`n y `c
jm quc hcens pmrtdadpm`n co cj emran `c jm príatdam dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m
cgcatum`m co cj Acotrn `c Qmju` O²< anen cstu`dmotcs mvmozm`ms `c jm Jdaco-
Jda co-
admturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Cs mså quc, `urmotc cj prnacsn `c sdstcemtdzmadño,
sc prctco`c pnocr m `dmjnfmr jn tcñrdan y jn príatdan, dotcrpcjío`nsc eutum-
ecotc, pcredtdäo`nons aneprco`cr jm anepjckd`m` `c jm rcmjd`m` cstu`dm`m y,
m pmrtdr `c cjjn, pnocr co rcjmadño ano jms `dgcrcotcs pnjåtdams pûljdams depjc-
ecotm`ms co jm dotcrvcoadño.

Jms täaodams
pjmotcm`m sno jmsmprnpdms
utdjdzmr`c
pmrm mlnr`mr jm cspcad﬍ad`m`
jm dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm; `c jm prnljceítdam
jm nlscrvmadño pmr-
tdadpmotc, tnem `c rcfdstrns `c coaucotrn y cotrcvdstms co prnguo`d`m` ano
`dgcrcotcs m`njcsacotcs eukcrcs em`rcs cotrc =3 y =8 mýns n ano hdkns hmstm
uo mýn `c c`m`. Qc trmlmkm co tnron m jm anognremadño `c jm rcvdsdño ldljdnfrí-
﬍am quc ano﬍furm cj emran tcñrdan m pmrtdr `c anostrudr oûajcns sdfod﬍amtdvns.
Qc rcsdfod﬍amo jns `nauecotns rcjcvmotcs m pmrtdr `c anoacptns fuåm pmrm pn-
ocrjns co `díjnfn ano jm dognremadño y jns `mtns quc surkmo `c jms cotrcvdstms
co prnguo`d`m`, jms nlscrvmadnocs pmrtdadpmotcs y jns rcfdstrns `c jns tmjjcrcs.
Jm scjcaadño `c jms cotrcvdstm`ms sc rcmjdzmrí co lmsc mj anonadedcotn
prcvdn `c jms mutnrms, prnpdn `c jm rcmjdzmadño `c jm Rríatdam dostdtuadnomj
supcrvdsm`m. @c maucr`n m dovcstdfmadnocs `c tdpn aumjdtmtdvms, cj oûecrn `c
cotrcvdstms sc `c﬍odrí `c maucr`n m jm smturmadño `c jms amtcfnråms tnem`ms
pmrm cj moíjdsds, cs `cadr, aumo`n jms oucvms cotrcvdstms on mrrnkco `mtns `dgc-
rcoadm`ns rcspcatn m jms motcrdnrcs. Eís mjjí `c csn, sc cstdem rcmjdzmr cotrc 3
y 6 cotrcvdstms co prnguo`d`m`.
M`dadnomjecotc sc pn`rí anotmr cj moíjdsds `c gucotcs `c `mtns scauo`m-
rdms, prnvdstms pnr cj Acotrn `c Qmju` O² <, cstns sno; rcfdstrns `c celmrm-
zns y pmrtns, m ﬍o `c sdstcemtdzmr cj emtcrdmj co guoadño `c jm dovcstdfmadño
prnpucstm. Cstms täaodams `c rcjcvmedcotn y sdstcemtdzmadño `c dognremadño
pcredtdrío rcmjdzmr ec`dmadnocs anoacptumjcs cotrc jns mpnrtcs tcñrdans y cj
moíjdsds cepårdan pmrm uo moíjdsds aråtdan `c jm prnljceítdam tnem`m pmrm cj
cstu`dn. Cstc ûjtden pmsn hmldjdtmrí jm cxtrmaadño `c anoajusdnocs y jm cjmlnrm-
adño `c puotns `c vdstm y jms sufcrcoadms prnpdms `c jm dovcstdfmadño.

4=

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 4= 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

@cs`c jm cxpcrdcoadm ectn`njñfdam quc prnpnocens, y cspcadmjecotc co

cj tcrrcon `cj pcosmr-hmacr mam`äedan `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño, ästm cs cotco`d-
`m anen uom dotcrprctmadño aråtdam `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj. @m`n quc
cstmens mlnr`mo`n cspcaå﬍amecotc jm dostmoadm `c jm prcscotmadño `cj Rjmo
`c Pcsds
Pcsds y ym quc tmotn cj trmlmkn `c amepn anen cj trmlmkn rc﬌cxdvn co tnron m
jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj mûo on sc hm rcmjdzm`n hmldtumjecotc, prnpnocens
rcaupcrmr jns dotcrrnfmotcs acotrmjcs `cs`c jns quc sc pjmotcñ cj prnljcem `c
dovcstdfmadño y quc pnsdldjdtco dotcrpcjmr jm emtrdz anoacptumj `cs`c jm quc
sc `dscýñ jm dotcrvcoadño co guoadño `c rcatd﬍amr y/n rmtd﬍amr jns couoadm`ns
tcñrdans pnstujm`ns co rcjmadño m uom dotcrvcoadño sdtum`m. Som vcz eís, m
en`n `c ckcepjn, sc prnpnoc jcj sdfudcotc `dscýn `c Dotcrprctmadño aråtdam `c
jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj.

Mutnrms; Amrjm Mrrdnjm y Amedjm Ecjjm

Qc prnpnoco trcs ampåtujns quc, m pmrtdr `cj emran tcñrdan anostrud`n
co jns ampåtujns =, <, 1 y 0, y tnemo`n anen dosuen jm dotcrvcoadño co
jn snadmj `cj prnacsn `c supcrvdsdño, jm dognremadño `c jms cotrcvdstms co

prnguo`d`m`,
aucotm `c jnscjrcsujtm`ns
rcfdstrn `canostrud`ns
jns tmjjcrcs ycojm cj
nlscrvmadño
prnacsn `cpmrtdadpmotc,
rcmjdzmadño `mrío
`c jm
  
Ampåtujn M; Jms cstrmtcfdms gmedjdmrcs `c vd`m depjcecotm`ms pnr jms
eukcrcs em`rcs m`njcsacotcs `c =3 m =8 mýns `c jm [nom Rucrtn. Emtdacs
y ¾rupturms> co jm rcprn`uaadño dotcrfcocrmadnomj `c jm pnlrczm.
Ampåtujn L; Jm sdofujmrd`m` `c jm emtcrod`m` `cspuäs `cj prdecr hdkn co
jms eukcrcs em`rcs m`njcsacotcs `c scatnrcs pnpujmrcs `c jm [nom Rucrtn.
Ampåtujn A; ¾Añen cs scr m`njcsacotc em`rc co jns scatnrcs pnpujm-
rcs> Som amtcfnråm quc, `cs`c jms príatdams, on sc ano`dac ano jm jcfdsjm-
adño vdfcotc.
@c cstm gnrem vcens añen cj `dscýn ectn`njñfdan lmsm`n co jm sds-
tcemtdzmadño mlrc oucvns `csmrrnjjns pnsdljcs pmrm jm dovcstdfmadño y jm
dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj. Jns amsns cxpucstn mquå sñjn qudcrco ngrcacr
uom lrcvc pmutm `c jns fdrns quc m`qudcrco jmsjm s cjmlnrmadnocs mam`äedams
`cu`nrms `c cstc cognquc. @c odofûo en`n cstms cxpcrdcoadms mfntmo jms
aucstdnocs pjmotcm`ms od prctco`co acrrmr, co uom gnrem mamlm`m, jms jm s pn-
sdldjd`m`cs quc jm sdstcemtdzmadño, cotco`d`m anen dovcstdfmadño aråtdam,
mlrco pmrm cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj. @cs`c jm sdstcemtdzmadño quc prnpnocens,
on hmy gnrem `c dovcstdfmr n dotcrvcodr quc on cstä cotrmo`n co cj `clmtc
pnr cj pcosmr-hmacr co Adcoadms Qnadmjcs.

4<

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 4< 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

Anoajusdnocs

Rrcfuotmo`n amedomens

Hcens prnpucstn uo rcanrrd`n quc aucstdnom, co euahns `c sus trmens,

jm gnrem hmldtumj co jm quc sc anoadlc jm príatdam `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, sus våo-
aujns `dsadpjdomrcs, sus `ctcredomadnocs d`cnjñfdams y tcñrdams y jns anotnrons
`c su prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn.
anonadedc otn. Anen rcspucstm m csns aucstdnomedcotns,
m jm `cscstmldjdzmadño `c jufmrcs aneuocs y añen`ns pmrm cj quchmacr `cj

Pacrtczms,
rmlmkn Qnadmj `cotrn
sdon eís y gucrm
ldco jåocms`cgärtdjcs
jm mam`cedm,
ma m`cedm, on hcens
`c rc﬌cxdño ngrcad`n Rucrtms
y `c trmlmkn. anotuo`cotcs
mldcr-
tms quc ano`uaco m sdtdns y m cxpcrdcoadms quc mûo tdcoco quc scr `c﬍od`ns y
auym `c﬍odadño on tdcoc puotns doano`dadnom`ns, sdon quc cs eñvdj y anepjckm
anen jn cs jn snadmj edsen.
Jm sdstcemtdzmadño, `cj en`n co quc jm prnpnocens, ons dovdtm m suspco`cr,
`ctcocr, prnguo`dzmr co cj tdcepn `c jm dotcrvcoadño, m ectcrons co jm dotcrvco-
adño, m prcfuotmrjc y prcfuotmrons, m anostrudr m pmrtdr `c cjjm prnljcems. Ocac-
smrdn cs `cadr quc jm anostruaadño `c csns prnljcems
prnlj cems cs `c uom åo`njc `dgcrcotc
m jm rcspucstm quc rcqudcrco jns prnljcems `c dotcrvcoadño, rcspucstms quc on
sñjn ons cxdfco jms Dostdtuadnocs quc ons anotrmtmo sdon tmeldäo jms pcrsnoms
ano jms quc trmlmkmens, doecrsms co prnacsns co jns quc euahms vcacs sc kucfm
jm vd`m y sus ano`dadnocs emtcrdmjcs. Cj tdpn `c prnljcem quc dotcotmens anos-
trudr mquå supnoc jm pucstm co suspcosn, jm dotcrvcoadño,
dotcrvcoad ño, su `csmutnemtdzmadño.
\canr`cens oucvmecotc quc, muoquc `dahm suspcosdño scm momjåtdam, rcqudcrc
tdcepns y cspmadns pmrm pn`cr jjcvmrsc m`cjmotc, pmrm anecozmr m prcfuotmrons,
m `csantd`dmodzmr, m `csomturmjdzmr y m do`mfmr co emrans tcñrdan-anoacptumjcs
quc ons pcredtmo mepjdmr oucstrn en`n `c pcosmr.
Jmecotmljcecotc, co grcaucotcs namsdnocs jm dotcrvcoadño, qudzís pnr scr
príatdam antd`dmom `c jns/ms Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs, sc vucjvc omturmjdzm`m
y, pnr tmotn, njvd`m jm prcfuotm. Qc guo`c ano jn `m`n y sc vucjvc cedocotc-
ecotc príatdam, uo hmacr sdo pcosmr. Jm sdstcemtdzmadño, co tmotn gnrem `c
dovcstdfmadño snadmj quc rcaupcrm jm rc﬌cxdño `c jm dotcrvcoadño, `clc lusamr

41

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 41 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

cxpjdadtmr jns guo`mecotns y puotns `c vdstm quc pcremocaco depjåadtmecotc

prcscotcs co jm dotcrvcoadño y co jm gnrem `c pcosmr
pc osmr y mgrnotmr sus prnljcems.
Jm sdstcemtdzmadño cs mså sdceprc; pcosmr-hmacr, hmacr-pcosmo`n, pcosmr jn
hcahn... y on hmacrjn snjns/ms.
Cj tåtujn `c cstms lrcvcs jåocms `c adcrrc rcaucr`m cj prdoadpdn zmpmtdstm
`cj ‚prcfuotmo`n amedomens―, quc nrdfdomjecotc rcedtc m ‚uom pnjåtdam motd-
mutnrdtmrdm, on `c hmljmr sdon `c csauahmr― (Hnjjnwmy, ct.mj, <228, p.=8). Co
cj tcrrcon `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño, csc motdmutnrdtmrdsen `cvdcoc `c jm rupturm
ano jn cstmljcad`n, sc dosardlc co jm suspcosdño `c jm maadño nljdfm`m, `c jm
rcspucstm scfurm y ‚mutnrdzm`m―. Rcrn, m jm vcz, cj prdoadpdn ‚prcfuotmo`n am-
edomens― m`qudcrc co cstc tcrrcon ntrn scotd`n pnsdljc. Co jm lûsquc`m `cj
anonadedcotn quc ano`uzam m jm trmosgnremadño, co jm lûsquc`m `c jm trmos-
gnremadño quc supnoc sdceprc uo anonadedcotn, on hmy entnr eís pntcotc
quc cj `c jm dotcrrnfmadño. Cj pcosmr-hmacr co Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, co Prmlmkn
Qnadmj, rcqudcrc jm prnguo`dzmadño co jm prcfuotm pnrquc sñjn `cs`c cjjm fcred-
omo jms do﬍odtmecotc `dvcrsms gnrems `c dotcrvcodr aråtdamecotc co jn snadmj.
 

40

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 40 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Ldljdnfrmgåm

Ldljdnfrmgåm

       Pn`n mqucj gujfnr. Jm
pnjåtdam  mrfcotdom `cspuäs `cj ocnjdlcrmjdsen. Lucons Mdrcs, Oucvm Prdjac
     Prmlmkn Qnadmj Cemoadpm`nr `c jm
`dsadpjdom m jm do`dsadpjdom . Rmrmoí; Guo`madño Jm Hco`dkm.
\canoac ptumjdzmadño. Anofrcsn
Mjmyño, O. (<220). Macram `cj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño.
Omadnomj @c Mrmxí m Emr `cj Rjmtm. 13 mýns `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj Jmtdonmec- 
rdamon. Anofrcsn Omadnomj `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj . Emr `cj Rjmtm ‑ M`CAQ.
Mo`cr-Cff, Czcqudcj. (=440). Hdstnrdm `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj . Lucons Mdrcs; Jueco.
Mrfuec`n, M. (=486).So hnrdznotc sdo acrtczms; Meärdam Jmtdom motc jm \cvn- 
juadño Adcotå﬍an-Päaodam . Lucons Mdrcs; Ruotnsur/Djct.
Hny.. \cvdstm Anoadcoadm
Mquåo, Onrm. (<227). Jns `csmgåns `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj Hny
Qnadmj. Oucvm Äpnam . Añr`nlm. Csaucjm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Mýn W O» 6/8
C`dadño @nljc.
             -
tdzmadño `c cxpcrdcoadms; prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotns `cs`c y pmrm jm
príatdam. Pco`coadms & \ctns , (=3), 46-=26.
          -
em `c prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn adcotå﬍an, `cs`c uom pcrspcatdvm on
pnsdtdvdstm. \cvdstm Ano﬌ucoadm  (0).
 (0).
    Dognrec snlrc cj cstm`n `c jms ajmscs nlrcrms mr- 
fcotdoms . Jm Rjmtm; Edodstcrdn `c Prmlmkn `c jm Rrnvdoadm `c Lucons Mdrcs.
Lnrño, M. (<223). Rrñjnfn. Co Qmutu, \. (anep.) (<223). Pn`n cs tcnråm; nlkc- 
tdvns y eätn`ns `c dovcstdfmadño . Lucons Mdrcs; Juedcrc.
       Cj n﬍adn `c snadñjnfn .
Lucons Mdrcs; Qdfjn XXD C`dtnrcs.
Amrlmjjc`m, M. (<22<). ‚Jm Dotcrvcoadño―. Dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj, jm cx- 
ajusdño c dotcfrmadño co jns oucvns csacomrdns snadmjcs . Lucons Mdrcs;
Rmd`ñs, pp. 4=-=26.
Amrlmjjc`m, M. (<226 ). Csauahmr jms príatdams . Lucons Mdrcs; Cspmadn.

43

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 43 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Amrlmjjc`m, M. (<2=1). Jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj anen prnacsn. Som mprnxd- 

emadño ectn`njñfdam . Lucons Mdrcs; Cspmadn.
   Cj fdrn `canjnodmj; rc﬌cxdnocs pmrm uom
`dvcrsd`m` cpdstäedam eís mjjí `cj ampdtmjdsen fjnlmj . Lnfntí; Qdfjn `cj
Hnelrc C`dtnrcs.
        
sdstcemtdzmadño c dotcr`dsadpjdomrdc`m`. DW Anofrcsn Dotcromadnomj `c Prm- 
lmkn Qnadmj; Prmlmkn Qnadmj y trmos`dsadpjdomrdc`m` co cj sdfjn XXD . Sodvcr-
   
Ahdoahdjjm Enotcs, Emrans. (<22=). Gnremadño prngcsdnomj; `csmgåns mam`ä- 
edans y pnjåtdans pmrm cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj  Ymrahdvn
  Ymrahdvn R@GU. Anstm \dam. SA\.
\caupcrm`n `c; http;//www
http;//www.ts.uar
.ts.uar.ma.ar/ldomrdns/`nacotc/p`-222268.p`g.
.ma.ar/ldomrdns/`nacotc/p`-222268.p`g.
         
a neprcosdño `cj emrxdsen co Prmlmkn Qnadmj. \cvds- 
Ontms pmrm mepjdmr jm aneprcosdño
tm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj RJM[M RÛLJDAM. \caupcrm`n `c; www.gah.uodaco.
c`u.mr/pjmzmpuljdam
            -
anoacptumjdzmadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj y su rcjmadño ano jm sdstcemtdzmadño
`c príatdams snadmjcs. Cj mpnrtc `cj pcosmedcotn snadnjñfdan. WD Knrom`ms
`c Qnadnjnfåm . Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms Qnadmjcs, Sodvcrsd`m` `c Lucons Md-
rcs, Lucons Mdrcs.
@c Ntn, M. (<2=<). Pdcepn `c hnecomkcs/tdcepns`canjnodmjcs;
hnecomkcs/tdcepns`can jnodmjcs; Grmotz Gmono.  
Lucons Mdrcs, @cj Qdfon.
`c Qnusm Qmotns, Lnm Wcoturm. (<227). ‚Jm Qnadnjnfåm `c jms Muscoadms y jm
canjn fåm `c smlcrcs―. \convmr jm
Qnadnjnfåm `c jms Cecrfcoadms; pmrm uom canjnfåm
tcnråm aråtdam y rcdovcotmr jm cemoadpmadño snadmj. \caupcrm`n co; http;// 
ldljdntcamvdrtumj.ajmasn.nrf.mr/mr/jdlrns/c`dadno/smotns/Ampdtujn%<2D.p`g
@usscj, C. (<22=). Hmadm uom Gdjnsngåm Rnjåtdam Aråtdam . Cspmým; @csajäc `c
Lrnwocr C`dtnrdmj.
GMSMPQ. (=447). Jm cspcad﬍ad`m` `cj trmlmkn snadmj y jm gnremadño prngcsdn- 
omj . Lucons Mdrcs; Cspmadn C`dtnrdmj.
PQ. (=444). Aurråaujue c dovcstdfmadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj . Lucons Mdrcs;
GMSMPQ.
GMSM
Cspmadn C`dtnrdmj.
GMSMPQ. (<228). Jdocmedcotns Aurrdaujmrcs Lísdans. Lucons Mdrcs; Cspmadn
C`dtnrdmj.
    

    
Jmtdonmecrdam. Ntrm jcaturm m jns tríosdtns cotrc jm c`uamadño pnpujmr y jm
pc`mfnfåm snadmj. Ífnrm S.Q.L. Wnj.=7, o.=, pp.71-63.
   \cstns Rmepcmons; adcoadm, cosmyn y pnjåtdam co
jm aujturm mrfcotdom `cj sdfjn XX . Lucons Mdrcs; Anjdhuc.

47

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 47 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Ldljdnfrmgåm

       

Qcedomrdn Dotcromadnomj `c jm Emcstråm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj; cotrmem`ns
anoacptumjcs co Prmlmkn Qnadmj; amtcfnråms y prnljceítdams `c jm dotcr- 
vcoadño. Jm aucstdño `c jn tcñrdan co jm dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj . Rmrmoí;
SOC\ Ruljdamadnocs.
        
Huemo Mrahdtcaturc; Knuromj ng thc Qnadnjnfy ng Qcjg-Ionwjc`fc . Wnj. 8,
Dss. <. \caupcrm`n co; http;//sahnjmrwnris.uel.c`u/huemomrahdtcaturc/ 
vnj8/dss</3
           -
adño, anoacpadño y rc`maadño. Anostruaadño `c prnycatns co Adcoadms Qn- 
admjcs; Dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm, Maadño snadmj y Fcstdño aujturmj . Mrfcotd-
om, AMDATP, ANODACP.
   Rdcrrc Lnur`dcu, jms príatdams snadmjcs . Rnsm`ms; Sod-
vcrsdtmrdm SO@E.
Hcjcr, E. (<220). Jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn co cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj y jm
anoqudstm `c mutnoneåm. Csacomrdns. \cvdstm Dostdtuadnomj , Mýn 0, O» 8,
scptdcelrc. Jm Rjmtm, Csaucjm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj-SOJR.
Qnadmj-SOJR.
Hcred`m, E.9 Ecsahdod, R. (<2=3). Prmlmkn Qnadmj sdtum`n; rupturms cpdstcenjñ-
fdams ano cj pcosmedcotn mofjnsmkño y curnacotrm`n. DD Qdepnsdn Dotcrom- 
adnomj Dotcr`dsadpjdomrdn M`umoms `cj Anonadedcotn . ADCAQ ANODACP SOA.
     [mpmtdsen. \c﬌cxdño tcñrdam y sulkctdvd`m`cs
cecrfcotcs . Eäxdan, C`dadnocs Hcrrmedcotm.
Idsocremo, Omtmjdn (ct. mj.). (=480) Pcnråm y Rríatdam `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Cj
eätn`n; Dotcrvcoadño Prmosgnrem`nrm . Lucons mdrcs; Huemodtms.
Ircdeco, R.
R. (<2=3). Jm adcoadm anen nlkctn `c jms Adcoadms Qnadmjcs co Meä-
rdam Jmtdom; dovcstdfmr c dotcrvcodr. Aum`crons `cj Rcosmedcotn Aråtdan Jm- 
tdonmecrdamon  O²
  O² 6, scptdcelrc <2=3. AJMAQN. \caupcrm`n co; http;// 
ldljdntcam.ajmasn.c`u.mr/ajmasn/sc/<2=3=2=3==<124/Aum`cronRAJ-O<6
QcfCpnam.p`g
Iusah, \n`njgn (=444). Meärdam prnguo`m. Lucons Mdrcs; Ldljns.
Jmfum`n @uam, M. (<2==). Jm anostruaadño `c jm aucstdño snadmj Cj `csmrrnjjds- 
en pnstpcrnodstm . Lucons Mdrcs; Cspmadn.
Jmomrd, E. C. (<2=2). Prmlmkn `cacotc anen ckc `c cqud`m`. Som oucvm mfco-
`m co jms pnjåtdams snadmjcs. Anogcrcoadm acotrmj. WDD Anofrcsn Omadnomj y
=cr Anofrcsn Dotcromadnomj `c Dovcstdfmadño `c jm Sodvcrsd`m` Amrmlnln.
Wcoczucjm.
Jmo`cr, C`fmr`n. (<222). ‚Adcoadms Qnadmjcs; smlcrcs anjnodmjcs y curnaäo-
trdans―. Jm anjnodmjd`m` `cj smlcr; curnacotrdsen y adcoadms snadm- 
jcs. Rcrspcatdvms jmtdonmecrdamoms . Lucons Mdrcs, AJMAQN, pp.==-02.

46

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 46 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Jcy Gc`crmj `c C`uamadño O» <0.=43.

<0.=43. (=443).
Jcy `c C`uamadño Qupcrdnr O» <0.3<=. (=443).
Jcy Gc`crmj `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj O» <626<. Lnjctåo N﬍admj `c jm \cpûljdam
Mrfcotdom, Mýn AXXDD. Oûecrn 11213. @dadcelrc `c <2=0.
Jcy Omadnomj `c C`uamadño O² <7.<27. (<2=3)
Jcy `c depjcecotmadño cgcatdvm `c jm rcspnosmldjd`m` `cj Cstm`n co cj odvcj
`c C`uamadño Qupcrdnr O² <6.<20. (<2=3).
       
príatdam, uo cosmyn snlrc jm pcrspcatdvm motrnpnjñfdam. Aum`crons `c Mo- 
trnpnjnfåm Qnadmj. Dostdtutn `c Adcoadms Motrnpnjñfdams, Gmaujtm` `c Gdjn-
sngåm y Jctrms-SLM, Wnj. <, O». =.
Em`ncry,, Nsamr (ct. mj). (<2=1). Jm `cenarmadm mrfcotdom; anen csacomrdn `c
Em`ncry
`dsputm hcfceñodam. \nsmrdn; SO\ C`dtnrm.
Emrx, Imrj (<220). Emousardtns canoñedan-﬍jnsñ﬍ans `c =800 . Lucons Mdrcs;
Anjdhuc.
Emtus, Pcrcsm. (<220). Mpuotcs snlrc jm Dotcrvcoadño Qnadmj . Qmotm Gc; C`d-
adnocs SOJ.
Ecsahdod, Rmujm. (<2=1). Jm coscýmozm `c jm ectn`njnfåm `c sdstcemtdzm-
adño `c jm dotcrvcoadño snadmj co jm gnremadño mam`äedam `c Prmlmkm`nrcs
Qnadmjcs; cj amsn `cj Pmjjcr `c cxtcosdño `c Aítc`rm ‚Qdstcemtdzmadño `c
jm dotcrvcoadño snadmj dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m― co jm SOE`R (<2=<-
<2=1). XXD Coaucotrn Omadnomj `c jm Gc`crmadño Mrfcotdom `c Sod`m`cs
mam`äedams `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj GMSMPQ;
GMSMPQ; Rnjåtdams y príatdams `c coscýmozm
cos cýmozm
 y mprco`dzmkc co Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj . Edsdnocs, SOME.
Enotmýn, A. (<2=0). ‚Pcnråm y príatdam `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj aråtdan; `csmgåns pmrm
jm supcrmadño `c jm grmfecotmadño pnsdtdvdstm y pnst-en`crom―. Rrnacsns
`c dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj; anotrdluadnocs mj ckcradadn prngcsdnomj
aråtdan . Jm Rjmtm; Anjcfdn `c Msdstcotcs Qnadmjcs n Prmlmkm`nrcs Qnadmjcs
`c jm Rrnvdoadm `c Lucons Mdrcs.
Enozmjvn, M. (<2==). \c﬌cxdnocs co tnron m jm sdstcemtdzmadño anen prn`ua-
prn`ua -
adño `c anonadedcotns pmrm jm aneprcosdño `c jm príatdam. Dostdtutn `c

       
Onlrc, \. (=448). Jm amtcfnråm `c jm ec`dmadño co scrvdadn snadmj;
s nadmj; dostruecotn
tcñrdan c dotcrvcotdvn . Qán Rmujn
Nr`comozm `cj Anosckn Mam`äedan 631, Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms `c jm Qmju` y
Qcrvdadn Qnadmj, SOE`R. (=448)
Nr`comozm `cj Anosckn Qupcrdnr. O² =870. SOE`R.
SOE`R. (<220).
Rmrdsd, Mjlcrtn. (<223). Jns mvmtmrcs `cj jdlcrmadnodsen co jm hdstnrdm `c Meä-
rdam Jmtdom. \cvdstm  Anoadcoadm Qnadmj Oucvm äpnam. Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj
`c Añr`nlm, Ruljdamadño `c jm Csaucjm `c Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj, Mýn W, O» 6 ‑ 8.

48

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 48 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Ldljdnfrmgåm

         

co Meärdam Jmtdom. XWDD Qcedomrdn Jmtdonmecrdamon `c Csaucjms `c Prm- 
lmkn Qnadmj.             
htej/rcanoacptumjdzmadno/rcan-23. ht e.
Rjmo `c cstu`dns y anrrcjmtdvd`m`cs. Amrrcrm Jdacoadmturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj.
Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms `c jm Qmju` y Qcrvdadn Qnadmj, SOE`R.
SOE`R. (=483).
Rdmzzc, Jcnomr`n Noocttn (<22=). Rcrspcatdvms ectn`njñfdams co trmlmkn sn- 
admj. Cspmým; Cspmadn C`dtnrdmj.
         -
jmtdonm ecrdamon. \cvds- 
zmadño `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj mrfcotdon, co cj anotcxtn jmtdonmecrdamon.
tm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj Rjmzm Rûljdam. Pmo`dj, GAH ‑ SOARLM, Mýn DW, O² 3.
\docsd, C`umr`n. (<2=3). Gdjnsngåm (y) Rnjåtdam `c jm Sodvcrsd`m`  (=cr
 (=cr c`.) Jns
     
\nzms Rmfmzm, Emrfmrdtm. (=448). Som pcrspcatdvm tcñrdam ectn`njñfdam `c jm
dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj . Lucons Mdrcs; Cspmadn.
\nzms Rmfmzm, Emrfmrdtm. (<22=). Jm dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj co rcjmadño ano
jm aucstdño snadmj. Cj amsn `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj . Lucons Mdrcs; Cspmadn.
   @dmjäatdam `c jm Dovcstdfmadño Adcotå﬍am . Lucons Mdrcs;
Hcjfucrn C`dtnrcs.
Qmo`nvmj Ívdjm, M. (<22=). Rrnpucstm ectn`njñfdam pmrm sdstcemtdzmr jm pría- 
tdam prngcsdnomj `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj. Lucons Mdrcs; Cspmadn.
Qmutu, \. (anep.) (<223). Pn`n cs tcnråm; nlkctdvns y eätn`ns `c dovcstdfm- 
adño . Lucons Mdrcs; Juedcrc.
Prmld, L. (<227). Jm `decosdño täaodan-dostruecotmj co Prmlmkn Qnadmj . Luc-
ons MdrcQ; Cspmadn.
     Cstrmtcfdms `c dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm .


 
[cecjemo, H. (<223). ‚Wnjuotm` `c Anonacr, Cj sukctn y su pcosmedcotn co
cj pmrm`dfem aråtdan―. Íothrnpns . Lmracjnom; Acotrn `c Dovcstdfmadnocs
Huemoåstdams `c jm Sodvcrsd`m` Mutñonem `c Ahdmpms.

44

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` 44 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =22 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Mocxn

Mocxn

Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms `c jm Qmju` y Qcrvdadn Qnadmj

@cpmrtmecotn `c Qcrvdadn Qnadmj
Aítc`rm; Qupcrvdsdño
Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj `c Emr `cj Rjmtm

Rrnycatn `c Cxtcosdño `c Aítc`rm; AÍPC@\M QSRC\WDQDÑO

@cptn. Rc`mfñfdan `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj NAM <68/2=
QCEDOM\DN @C CXPCOQDÑO @C AÍPC@\M

¶ Påtujn; Pmjjcr `c Ectn`njnfåm `c QDQPCEMPD[MADÑO `c jms dotcrvcoadnocs

snadmjcs.
¶ ÍELDPN; Aítc`rm QSRC\WDQDÑO. @cpmrtmecotn Rc`mfñfdan `c Prmlmkn
Qnadmj SOE@R
¶ EN@MJD@M@; Pcñrdan- Rríatdan
¶ @CQPDOMPM\DNQ @CJ R\NTCAPN; cstu`dmotcs rcfujmrcs `c jm Aítc`rm
Qupcrvdsdño `c jm Jda. Prmlmkn Qnadmj `cj mujm Emr `cj Rjmtm y jns /ms cstu-
`dmotcs quc mprnlmrno Qupcrvdsdño mýns motcrdnrcs y m`cu`mo jm prcsco-
tmadño `c su Prmlmkn Gdomj pmrm auepjdecotmr su frm`umadño y nptco pnr
utdjdzmr jm ectn`njnfåm `c sdstcemtdzmadño
¶ JSFM\ @C \CMJD[MADÑO; Mujm Emr `cj Rjmtm. @cpmrtmecotn Rc`mfñfdan
`c Prmlmkn Qnadmj, Aítc`rm Qupcrvdsdño. Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms `c jm Qmju`
y Qcrvdadn Qnadmj. SOE`R.

=.Annpcrmadño dotrm c dotcrdostdtuadnomj

 
=. Guo`mecotmadño `cj prnycatn

Cs aneûo pn`cr anostmtmr jm `csvdoaujmadño arcadcotc quc cxdstc cotrc

cj pcosmedcotn tcñrdan y jms príatdams snadnaujturmjcs quc sc `csmrrnjjmo, fc-

=2=

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =2= 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

ocrmjecotc sulnr`dom`ms m uo nr`co snadmj dostdtuadnomj `nedomotc quc on

pcredtc `mr aucotm `c sdtumadnocs anoarctms, `no`c sc emtcrdmjdzm jm vd`m. Co
cstc scotd`n, jm prnljcemtdzmadño `cj prnacsn `c dotcrvcoadño snadmj `cs`c cj
Prmlmkn Qnadmj anostdtuyc
a nostdtuyc cj emran co cj quc sc dosardlc cstc Pmjjcr.
Amlc `cstmamr quc cstc tmjjcr sc prnpnoc anen uom dostmoadm `c cxtcosdño
`c jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño, uldam`m co cj ûjtden mýn `c jm Jdacoadmturm co
Qcrvdadn Qnadmj. Cstn cs pnsdljc `m`n quc jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño prnpnoc
uo mprco`dzmkc vdvcoadmj, pmrtdadpmtdvn, acotrm`n co cj prnacsn `c mprco`dzmkc,
m trmväs `c jm rcsnjuadño `c prnljcems quc surfco `c jm príatdam antd`dmom `c
jns cstu`dmotcs. Jns anotcod`ns tcñrdans nrfmodzm`ns co uom cstruaturm jñfdam,
﬌cxdljc y `dspnodljc tcemtdzmo jms `d﬍aujtm`cs quc eís doad`co co su matdvd`m`,
n `mo snpnrtc m ocacsd`m`cs, entdvmadnocs c dotcrcscs. Rnr ntrn jm`n, jm dotc-
rmaadño `dmjäatdam cotrc cj cstu`dmotc y cj anotcxtn `c jm príatdam dostdtuadnomj
jn anogrnotmo ano jm vdmldjd`m` príatdam, on sñjn ano jns anotcod`ns quc vm do-
anrpnrmo`n, sdon tmeldäo ano jns anoacptns,
anoac ptns, prcanoacptns y csqucems prcvdns.
Cs mså quc, co cstm jåocm, cj moíjdsds aråtdan c dotcfrmj
dotcf rmj `c jns prnljcems quc
mpmrcaco anen rcjcvmotcs co cj matumj csacomrdn mrfcotdon y `c jms pnjåtdams
snadmjcs quc dotcotmo mlnr`mrjns, anostdtuyc uom lmsc do`dspcosmljc pmrm jm
aneprcosdño `cj amepn prnljceítdan `cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj. M su vcz, jm supcrvd-
sdño, co su `decosdño pc`mfñfdam, anostdtuyc uo dostruecotn prdvdjcfdm`n `c
gnremadño prngcsdnomj pmrm jns/ms Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs quc anepjcecotm
jm prnpucstm cjmlnrm`m pmrm cstc Pmjjcr.
Pmjjcr.
Jm rc﬌cxdño sdstceítdam `c jm rcmjd`m` sdtumadnomj pnsdldjdtm uo prnacsn `c
anostruaadño y an-anostruaadño, `c sdfod﬍amadño y rcsdfod﬍amadño quc qu c `m jufmr m
oucvms aneprcosdnocs `c jn quc naurrc, mså anen gmadjdtm `dstdofudr jn susacp-
tdljc `c scr trmosgnrem`n. Cstc prnacsn rc﬌cxdvn, `no`c `nacotcs, cstu`dmotcs
y trmlmkm`nrcs snadmjcs doscrtns co uom Dostdtuadño y co uo Qcrvdadn Qnadmj cspc-
aå﬍an pmrtdadpmo matdvmecotc `c oucvms aneprcosdnocs quc pcredtmo rcnrdcotmr
cstrmtcfdms `c dotcrvcoadño snadmj. Cj moíjdsds sdstceítdan `cj `dsaursn `cj su-
pcrvdsm`n macram `c su dotcrvcoadño, cj pn`cr `mr aucotm tcñrdam `c jm edsem
y jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotns m pmrtdr `c jm dovcstdfmadño rcpcrautco co cj
odvcj `c doscradño dostdtuadnomj `cj cstu`dmotc y/n prngcsdnomj, tmotn pmrm trmos-
gnremrjm anen pmrm doajudr jm `dsadpjdom co cj `clmtc `c jms Adcoadms
Adcoadms Qnadmjcs.
Cs mså quc `cs`c cstc Pmjjcr `c Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño prngc-
sdnomj co Dostdtuadnocs sc lusam lrdo`mr m jms/ns cstu`dmotcs jms hcrrmedcotms
lísdams quc jcs pcredtmo dotrn`uadrsc co jms prnljceítdams snadmjcs, `cs`c
uom pcrspcatdvm dotcfrmj, m ﬍o `c pnsdldjdtmr jms trmspnsdadnocs y ec`dmadn-
ocs anoacptumjcs ocacsmrdms quc gmvnrczamo cj `csmrrnjjn `c uom pcrspcatdvm
rcjmadnomj `c jns prnljcems snadmjcs. Cstm edrm`m rcjmadnomj, co täredons `c
          

=2<

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =2< 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Mocxn

amusmjd`m`cs cstruaturmjcs ec`dmtms c doec`dmtms, mså anen `c su anotcxtn y

ano jms pnjåtdams snadmjcs co quc sc dosardlc su príatdam prngcsdnomj antd`dmom.
Cstc Pmjjcr on aurrdaujmr ngrcac m jns cstu`dmotcs uo enecotn prdvdjcfdm`n
           
`díjnfn y rc﬌cxdño pmrm quc jns cstu`dmotcs vdmldjdaco uo prnacsn `c såotcsds
quc tnem anen lmsc su cxpcrdcoadm `c gnremadño mam`äedam co jm cspcad﬍ad-
`m` `c jm `dsadpjdom, m pmrtdr `c jns mvmoacs tcñrdan-ectn`njñfdans quc gucrm
`csmrrnjjmo`n m jn jmrfn `cj ckc `c gnremadño prngcsdnomj. Msdedsen, pcredtc co
cj anepjckn prnacsn `c cgcatumr uom jcaturm aråtdam `cj csacomrdn snadmj c dostd-
tuadnomj co cj quc sc dosardlc jm dotcrvcoadño, mlnr`mr jms prdoadpmjcs amtcfnråms
anoacptumjcs quc mtrmvdcsmo am`m uon `c jns amepns lísdans `c dotcrvcoadño
prngcsdnomj, anostdtuyco`n uo cspmadn ldsmfrm quc prnpdadc uom trmosgcrcoadm
tmotn co jn quc rcspcatm m jm dotcrvcoadño anen m jm dovcstdfmadño.
M trmväs `c uo prnacsn rc﬌cxdvn, tmotn pcrsnomj anen frupmj, sc prnpnoc
anovcrtdr jns prnljcems `c dotcrvcoadño snadmj co prnljcems `c anonadedcotn.
Cstm pnsdldjd`m` `c rcpcosmr co su eujtdpjdad`m` jns prnljcems snadmjcs pnsd-
ldjdtm mpnrtmr snjd`mrdmecotc co jm aumjd﬍amadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj.
Cj Pmjjcr rcqudcrc `c jm anostruaadño `c uo cspmadn quc gmadjdtc jm pucstm
co aneûo, jm pnsdldjd`m` `c cxprcsmr `u`ms, doanrpnrmr y rc`dsautdr cognqucs
tcñrdans quc gmadjdtco jm prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn, pnr jn quc sc rcqudcrc y
sc cstdeujm jm pmrtdadpmadño matdvm `c jms/ns cstu`dmotcs co rcvdsmr y mrtdaujmr
sus anonadedcotns m pmrtdr `cj dotcrameldn `c sus prn`uaadnocs mam`äedams.
@c cstm emocrm, cstc cspmadn cs anoacld`n anen íeldtn `c prn`uaadño y `c
pntcoadmadño `c jms hmldjd`m`cs pcrsnomjcs y frupmjcs.
Cj prcscotc Pmjjcr sc cstruaturm m pmrtdr `c uo ckc tcñrdan - príatdan quc
jc pcredtc mj cstu`dmotc cj mlnr`mkc `c anoacptns tcñrdans lísdans snlrc jns
prnljcems snadmjcs, mpjdam`ns mj moíjdsds príatdan `c jns edsens, anen gnrem
`c prnenvcr uom jcaturm `doíedam `c jm rcmjd`m` snadmj, d`cotd﬍amo`n matnrcs
y anotcxtns co jns quc sc dosardlco. Qc cstruaturm co aumtrn ljnqucs, `cs`c jns
aumjcs sc prnpnoc dodadmr jm `dsausdño macram `cj sdfod﬍am`n snadmj c hdstñrdan
`c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj, co jm ocacsd`m` `c `csomturmjdzmr jn `m`n c dod-
admr uo prnacsn `c rc﬌cxdño aråtdam quc pcredtm anostrudr `cs`c jm anepjckd`m`
uo prnljcem snadnhdstñrdan, mså anen, m pmrtdr `c jns cjcecotns momjåtdans quc
pcredtco rcaupcrmr jm cxpcrdcoadm `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj pn`cr dodadmr
y mvmozmr co aucstdnocs tcñrdams y npcrmtdvms prnpdms `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño
Co cstm jåocm sc prnpnoc quc, mj ﬍omjdzmr cj Pmjjcr,
Pmjjcr, jns/ms cstu`dmotcs quc
pmrtdadpmrno `cj edsen cjmlnrco uo Rjmo `c Prmlmkn Gdomj, quc jcs pcredtm
dodadmr `cs`c su prnacsn `c frm`umadño.
f rm`umadño. Qc prnpnoc m tmj ﬍o quc cstc Prmlmkn
Gdomj Dotcfrm`nr rcaupcrc jm `dmjäatdam cotrc jn fcocrmj y jn pmrtdaujmr, mså anen
jns mspcatns aråtdans mj anonadedcotn y sdofujmrcs `c jm prnljceítdam snadmj.

=21

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =21 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

=. Motcac`cotcs

Anen prdoadpmj motcac`cotc pn`cens ecoadnomr jm cxpcrdcoadm m`qudrd`m

co jm prnpdm Aítc`rm, anen pmrtc `cj prnacsn `c coscýmozm - mprco`dzmkc co cj
emran `c jm msdfomturm Qupcrvdsdño.
Jm en`d﬍amadño `cj Rrnfrmem `c Prmlmkn @nacotc (RP@), cgcatum`n pmrm cj
anoaursn rcfujmr `c motcac`cotcs y npnsdadño pnr jm Rrng. Pdtujmr y M`kuotm, prc-
scotm`n co cj mýn <220, doajuåm jm cjmlnrmadño `c uo trmlmkn ﬍omj anen dos-
tmoadm dotcfrm`nrm `c jm Rríatdam dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m. Cs mså quc cj matumj
RP@ prcvä jm mrtdaujmadño `c `ns `decosdnocs `c anotcod`ns;
anotcod` ns; príatdam y tcñrdam9
`ns íeldtns; dostdtuadño sc`c y uodvcrsd`m`9 y aumtrn ckcs tcñrdan anoacptumjcs;
supcrvdsdño, dostdtuadño, ectn`njnfåm y rcjmadño, quc sc anepjckdzmo m ec`d`m
quc trmosaurrc cj prnacsn `c mprco`dzmkc, rcqudrdco`n suacsdvms aneprcosdnocs
y rcnrdcotmadnocs pmrm jm maadño, `no`c cj trmlmkn ﬍omj dotcfrm`nr `c jm Aítc`rm
sc anostdtuyc co uom hcrrmedcotm guo`mecotmj pmrm gmvnrcacr snjd`mrdmecotc
tmotn cj prnacsn `c rc﬌cxdño anen cj `c mrfuecotmadño.
Ntrn motcac`cotc depnrtmotc anostdtuyc jm prnpucstm `c tmjjcr `c Prmlmkn
Gdomj cjmlnrm`m pnr jm Anedsdño `c Pcsds `cj @cpmrtmecotn Rc`mfñfdan `c
Qcrvdadn Qnadmj.
Amlc `cstmamr quc cj tmjjcr sc jjcvm m amln `cs`c hmac 3 mýns, co sus
dodadns ano uom en`mjd`m` prcscoadmj `c 8 coaucotrns. M su vcz, sc `datñ co
cj Rmrtd`n `c jm Anstm, co jm jnamjd`m` `c Qmotm Pcrcsdtm, ano cj ﬍o `c pn`cr
manepmýmr m jms cstu`dmotcs `c jm Amrrcrm `c Jda. co Qcrvdadn Qnadmj ano sc`c
mjjå. Qc m`kuotm dognrec `c jns rcsujtm`ns `c jms maadnocs jjcvm`ms m amln co
jms c`dadnocs motcrdnrcs `c cstc tmjjcr.
tmjjc r.

=. Nlkctdvns fcocrmjcs

=. @csmrrnjjmr prnacsns `c rc﬌cxdño aråtdam co tnron m jm cjmlnrmadño `cj

anonadedcotn hdstñrdan - snadmj quc pnsdldjdtco jm aneprcosdño `c jns
prnacsns hdstñrdan-snadmjcs anoarctns co jns quc sc dosardlc jm dotcrvco-
adño co jn snadmj.
<. Lrdo`mr cjcecotns momjåtdans quc pcredtmo d`cotd﬍amr jms mrtdaujmadnocs
cxdstcotcs cotrc jms tcnråms snadnjñfdams, pnjåtdams y canoñedams y jms
pmrtdaujmrd`m`cs `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj.
1. Gmvnrcacr co jms/ns cstu`dmotcs jms ampmad`m`cs lísdams quc jc pcred-
tmo cj mlnr`mkc `c jms `dstdotms prnljceítdams snadmjcs quc cecrfco co
cj matumj anotcxtn mrfcotdon.
           -
adño y jms hcrrmedcotms ectn`njñfdams ocacsmrdms pmrm manepmýmr cj

=20

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =20 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Mocxn

          

tcñrdan ectn`njñfdam.

=. Depmatn cxpcatmtdvms `c jnfrn ;

Jm matdvd`m` prnpucstm mpuotm m jm gnremadño anotdoum `c jns cstu`dmotcs

dotcrcsm`ns mså anen `c jns `nacotcs-dovcstdfm`nrcs, `nacotcs uodvcrsdtmrdns y
frm`um`ns `cj amepn snadmj. Jm edsem rc`uo`mrí co uom matumjdzmadño `c jns
`clmtcs mj dotcrdnr `c jm msdfomturm y `c `dsadpjdoms m﬍ocs y,
y, co anoscaucoadm,
pn`rí ngrcacr uo lcoc﬍adn m jm aneuod`m` co fcocrmj.

Rrnfrmem momjåtdan
Rrcscotmadño
Rrcscotmadño `cj cqudpn `nacotc, `dsausdño `c anotcod`ns y ldljdnfrmgåm
`cj Qcedomrdn/Pmjjcr, rcjmtn ldnfrí﬍an y trmlmkn príatdan dodadmj. Rrcscotmadño
mujm vdrtumj. Qnadmjdzmadño `c cxpcrdcoadms motcrdnrcs m pmrtdr `cj rcjmtn `c
frm`um`ns quc pmrtdadpmrno `c cstc cspmadn.

Ljnquc D; jm supcrvdsdño anen prnacsn `c moíjdsds

@dsausdño cotrc jm onadño `c supcrvdsdño, jm onadño `c dotcrvcoadño co
jn snadmj y jm sdstcemtdzmadño. Cstmljcacr rcjmadnocs y `dgcrcoadms. ¾Rmrm quä
qucrcens sdstcemtdzmr cstm dotcrvcoadño co pmrtdaujmr> ¾Auíjcs sno jns mspca-
tns acotrmjcs `c cstm dotcrvcoadño quc ons dotcrcsm sdstcemtdzmr> ¾Co quä ano-
       

   



Ljnquc DD; sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj; mjamoacs y

jdedtmadnocs
¾M quä sc anosd`crm anonadedcotn adcotå﬍an>
         

¾Cs pnsdljc prn`uadr anonadedcotn m pmrtdr `c jm cxpcrdcoadm> Mpnrtcs `c
jm ‚cpdstcenjnfåm `c grnotcrm― ([ceecjemo) y `c jm ‚Cpdstcenjnfåm `cj Qur―
`c Lnmvcoturm `c Qnuzm Qmotns.
¾Jm sdstcemtdzmadño prn`uac anonadedcotn adcotå﬍an>, ¾@cs`c `ño`c>,
¾Rmrm qudäo> Cstmljcacr rcjmadnocs y `dgcrcoadms cotrc Dovcstdfmadño, Dotcrvco-
adño, Qdstcemtdzmadño y Qupcrvdsdño co Prmlmkn
Prmlmkn Qnadmj

=23

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =23 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Ljnquc DDD; anostruaadno `cj amepn prnljceítdan

¾Añen mvmozmr `c jm anostruaadño `cj prnljcem mj moíjdsds `c jm cvd`coadm
cepårdam>
¾Añen gnreujmr dotcrrnfmotcs `c dovcstdfmadño> ¾Rrcfuotms `drcatrdacs>
Mpnrtcs `c jm Pcnråm Aråtdam m jm anostruaadño `cj amepn prnljceítdan
             -
ljcaco jm `dmjäatdam cotrc jns prnljcems do`dvd`umjcs/gmedjdmrcs y jns prnljc-
ems snadmjcs>

Ljnquc DW; jm rc`maadno `cj pjmo `c tcsds

          
sno jns rcqudsdtns gnremjcs `c prcscotmadño pmrm cj íeldtn mam`äedan> ¾Auí-
jcs sno jns rcqudsdtns gnremjcs `c prcscotmadño pmrm jm Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms
`c jm Qmju` y Qcrvdadn Qnadmj `c jm SOE@R>

==. Pdtujn `cj tmjjcr; sdstcemtdzmadno `c jm dotcrvcoadño Rrngcsdnomj co

dostdtuadnocs

=<. En`mjd`m`; prcscoadmj / vdrtumj

=1. @nacotcs rcspnosmljcs;

Co cj emran `c jm tmrcm `nacotc quc sc `csmrrnjjm `cs`c jm Aítc`rm Qu-
pcrvdsdño sc nrfmodzm jm `dstrdluadño `c matdvd`m`cs scemomjcs, anen tmeldäo
jm prn`uaadño co `nacoadm cjmlnrmo`n emtcrdmjcs prnpdns ano ﬍ocs `d`íatd-
ans. Jm cxpcrdcoadm anepmrtd`m `c vmrdns mýns co cstns íeldtns uodvcrsdtmrdns,
fmrmotdzm uom annr`domadño ﬌ud`m y c﬍amz co nr`co mj auepjdedcotn `c jns
nlkctdvns prnfrmeítdan

Jda. Rmujm Ecsahdod (Rrng. M`kuotm), Jda. \nedom \mepnj`d

\mepnj` d Mfudjmr (K.P.R), Jda. Pmemrm Qnsm (K.P.R),
(K.P.R),
Jda. Em. Juz @mhuj (Lcamrdm ANODACP)

@nacotcs dovdtm`ns pnr ljnquc;

LJN]SC DD/DDD; ANOQP\SAADNO @CJ AMERN R\NLJCEÍPDAN @rm. \nedom Anotd (SOE@R)
LJN]SC W; JM \C@MAADNO @CJ RJMO @C PCQDQ @rm. \nsmjåm Lmjtmr (SOE@R)
n dotcfrmotcs `c su cqudpn

=27

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =27 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Mocxn

Rrnpucstm pc`mfnfdam;

Cj tmjjcr sc `csmrrnjjmrí m jn jmrfn `c aumtrn ljnqucs quc depjdamo cj `c-

smrrnjjn `c trcdotm y `ns coaucotrns `urmotc cj pcrdn`n aneprco`d`n cotrc
emrzn y onvdcelrc `cj prcscotc mýn mam`äedan ano uom grcaucoadm scemomj
prcscoadmj co jns quc sc jjcvmrío m amln `dgcrcotcs matdvd`m`cs y ckcradadns
nrdcotm`ns m auepjdr ano jns nlkctdvns prnpucstns co guoadño `c jms ocacsd`m-
`cs cspcaå﬍ams `cj prnacsn `c mprco`dzmkc.
Jns coaucotrns msuedrío uo amríatcr tcñrdan-príatdan quc depjdam jm de-
pjcecotmadño `c `dgcrcotcs en`mjd`m`cs `c trmlmkn quc cstdeujco jm pmrtdad-
pmadño, jm mprnpdmadño aråtdam `c anotcod`ns y cj `csmrrnjjn `c ampmad`m`cs.
Anen hcens ecoadnom`n, jms matdvd`m`cs
matdvd`m`c s `c tmjjcr sc msdcotmo co frmo ec`d-
`m co jm príatdam dovcstdfmtdvm y co jm prn`uaadño `c jns cstu`dmotcs pnr jn quc sc
rcqudcrc, pmrmjcjmecotc mj manepmýmedcotn `cj `nacotc, uom pmrtdadpmadño
pmrtdadpmadñ o matdvm
`c jns edsens co jm rcmjdzmadño `c jns trmlmkns príatdans cotrc jns coaucotrns.

M pmrtdr `c cstc mýn jns cstu`dmotcs pn`río dofrcsmr mj mujm vdrtumj Qdstc-
emtdzmadño, co `no`c coanotrmrmo jns anotcod`ns, ldljdnfrmgåm, trmlmkns príatd-
ans, vd`cns y ntrns jdois anen snpnrtc y prnpucstm pc`mfñfdam. Anosd`crmens
cj usn `cj mujm vdrtumj anen hcrrmedcotm guo`mecotmj pmrm jms ocacsd`m`cs c
dotcrcscs `c oucstrns cstu`dmotcs, anen mså tmeldäo uo rcaursn pc`mfñfdan
quc pcredtc mfdjdzmr y nptdedzmr cj guoadnomedcotn `cj tmjjcr.

Qc rcqudcrc, m`ceís, jm jcaturm `c jm ldljdnfrmgåm sufcrd`m muoquc jm eds-

em cs `c amríatcr nrdcotmtdvn y hm sd`n scjcaadnom`m co guoadño `c mpnymr jns
prnacsns `c dovcstdfmadño co emrahm
Cj aursm`n `cj tmjjcr cs scemomj y prcscoadmj, pu`dco`n utdjdzmr cj sn-
pnrtc vdrtumj anen anepjcecotmrdn `c jm matdvd`m` prcscoadmj. Jns `nacotcs
drío manepmýmo`n jm `doíedam frupmj y rcspno`dco`n m jms ocacsd`m`cs `c
åo`njc tmotn tcñrdam anen príatdam, co cj emran `c jn quc `conedomens su-
pcrvdsdño `cj trmlmkn frupmj. Cj pjmo `c trmlmkn rcspno`c m jns jdocmedcotns
fcocrmjcs `cj prnfrmem, pcrn sc m`caum mj pcr﬍j `c am`m frupn `c trmlmkn,
dotcrcscs, cxpcrdcoadm prc- prngcsdnomj y cspmadn dostdtuadnomj co quc sc hm-
jjmo doscrtns, `c en`n quc euahms `c jms `c﬍odadnocs npcrmtdvms `cj prnacsn
`c mprco`dzmkc pn`río rcsnjvcrsc uom vcz anonad`n cj pcr﬍j y cj oûecrn `c
mjueons pmrtdadpmotcs.

=26

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =26 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

=1. Ldljdnfrm﬍m pnr ljnquc;

Amrlmjjc`m, M. <226 ‚Csauahmr jms príatdams― C`. Cspmadn, Ls. Ms. Mrf.
Amrlmjjc`m M., <22<, ‚Jm Dotcrvcoadño― co Dotcrvcoadño co jn snadmj, jm
cxajusdño c dotcfrmadño co jns oucvns csacomrdns snadmjcs, C`. Rmd`ñs, Ls
Ms Mrf., píf. 4=-=26
Emjjmr`d Emoucj, <2=1, Rrnacsns `c dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj;
Mpnrtcs pmrm aneprco`cr su pmrtdaujmrd`m` Acotrn `c cstu`dns
dotcr`dsadpjdomrdns co prnljceítdams dotcromadnomjcs y jnamjcs, SODACO, Mrf
LJN]SC D;
Ecsahdod, Rmujm, <2=1, Jm coscýmozm `c jm ectn`njnfåm `c
JM QSRC\WDQDNO
sdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño snadmj co jm gnremadño mam`äedam
ANEN R\NACQN @C
`c Prmlmkm`nrcs Qnadmjcs; cj amsn `cj tmjjcr `c cxtcosdño `c aítc`rm
MOMJDQDQ
‚Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm dotcrvcoadño snadmj dostdtuadnomj supcrvdsm`m―
co jm SOE@R (<2=<‑<2=1) pnocoadm prcscotm`m co cj emran `c GMSMPQ
Edsdnocs

Emtcrdmj mu`dnvdsumj anepjcecotmrdn;

‚Amrlmjjc`m.ep0― - Anogcrcoadm `cj @r. Mjgrc`n Amrlmjjc`m pmrm cj aursn
`c annr`dom`nrcs AMK
Lcromj`n `c ]udrnz y \n`råfucz; Jm Qdstcemtdzmadño anen gnrem `c
prn`uaadño `c anonadedcotn adcotå﬍an, `cs`c uom pcrspcatdvm on
pnsdtdvdstm―. Gmaujtm` Omadnomj `c Auyn. Gmaujtm` `c As. Rnjåtdams y
Qnadmjcs. \cvdstm Ano﬌ucoadm. Mýn =. Ouecrn 0. <220
Adgucotcs Fdj \., Prmlmkn Qnadmj; Dotcfrmadño Ectn`njñfdam, Qdstcemtdzmadño
c Dotcr`dsadpjdomrdc`m` pnocoadm prcscotm`m, pmrm cj DW Anofrcsn
Dotcromadnomj `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj; Prmlmkn Qnadmj y trmos`dsadpjdomrdc`m` co
cj sdfjn XXD. Sodvcrsd`m` Mutñonem `c Kuírcz, `dvdsdño eujtd`dsadpjdomrdm
co Oucvn Amsms Frmo`cs, Rrnfrmem `c Jdacoadmturm co Prmlmkn Qnadmj,
Mam`cedm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj.
[cecjemo H, <2=2, Rcosmr tcñrdan y pcosmr cpdstäedan; Jns rctns `c jms
LJN]SC DD; Adcoadms Qnadmjcs jmtdonmecrdamoms. Dostdtutn Rcosmedcotn y Aujturm co
QDQPCEMPD[MADNO Meärdam m. a. ‚Coscýmr m pcosmr―
@C JM [cecjemo Hufn E, <2=<, Qulkctdvd`m` y rcmjd`m` snadmj co Qulkctdvd`m`cs
DOPC\WCOADNO pnjåtdams; `csmgåns y `clmtcs jmtdonmecrdamons, Ajmu`dm Rdc`rmhdtm
QNADMJ Cahmo`åm, Íjvmrn -@åmz Fñecz, Rmljn Wneemrn, anepdjm`nrcs. =ª c`.
-- YLnfntíU; Sodvcrsd`m` @dstrdtmj Grmoadsan Knsä `c Amj`ms, <2=<.
Sodvcrsd`m` @dstrdtmj Grmoadsan Knsä `c Amj`ms Dostdtutn pmrm jm
Dovcstdfmadño C`uamtdvm y cj @csmrrnjjn Rc`mfñfdan‑D@CR,
Rc`mfñfdan‑D@CR, Anosckn
Jmtdonmecrdamon `c Adcoadms Qnadmjcs - AJMAQN
Qmepcrdn, C., @c Emrdods, O., & Wcrño, K. (<220, Onvdcelrc). Lnjctåo
cjcatrñodan. Qurí Csaucjm `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj `c jm Sodvcrsd`m` `c Anstm
\dam. \ctrdcvc` Kujdn <6, <2=2, grne http;//www.ts.uar.ma.ar
http;//www.ts.uar.ma.ar
 Kmrm Hnjjd`my N., Jm sdstcemtdzmadño `c cxpcrdcoadms y jms anrrdcotcs
Doonvm`nrms `cj pcosmedcotn jmtdonmecrdamon ‑ uom mprnxdemadño
hdstñrdam. Acotrn `c Cstu`dns y Ruljdamadnocs Mjgnrkm; www.mjgnrkm.nrf

=28

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =28 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Mocxn

Emtcrdmj mu`dnvdsumj anepjcecotmrdn;

m.- [cecjemo H., ‚Ecotcs `cj Qur; - Rmrtc = (Qcrdc Acrczn C`dtnrcs)
Gdjnsngåm y Rnjåtdam― - Cj sukctn y su `dsaursn co Meärdam Jmtdom; Hufn
[cecjemo ‚Ecotcs `cj Qur― http;//ynutu.lc/pR3XfHT-[K]
http;//ynutu.l c/pR3XfHT-[K]
LJN]SC DD; l.- [cecjemo H., ‚Ecotcs `cj Qur― - Rmrtc <; Cj sukctn y su `dsaursn co
QDQPCEMPD[MADNO
@C JM Meärdam Jmtdom .Acrczn C`dtnrcs©
www.acrcznc`dtnrcs.ane. <2=2
http;//ynutu.lc/jNI8vr4qSjn
DOPC\WCOADNO a.- Lnmvcoturm `c Qnusm Qmotns; ¾Rnr quä jms cpdstcenjnfåms `cj
QNADMJ Qur>― ‐ Qcfuo`n adajn `c coaucotrns; Cspmadns @c Anjnodmjcs.
‚Sodvcrsd`m`, envdedcotn. http;//ynutu.lc/IL7\lTVgzi2
`.- ‚Anogcrcoadm Lnmvcoturm `c Qnusm smotns SOA\
http;//ynutu.lc/1m6pcns7JR8
@d Adnoc W., <227, Pcxtns csanfd`ns `c R. Lnur`dcu y anecotmrdns.www.
pjmod﬍amadno.fcnmecrdam.nrf/ldljdntcam.hte#tcxtns Rjmod﬍amadño
y nr`comedcotn tcrrdtnrdmj (y meldcotmj)SLM-GGyJ-@cpmrtmecotn `c
Fcnfrmgåm, @cpmrtmecotn `c Fcnfrmgåm, Rjmod﬍amadño y nr`comedcotn
tcrrdtnrdmj
Fhdsn M., Qdstcemtdzmadño. So pcosmr cj hmacr, quc sc rcsdstc m pcr`cr su
mutnoneåm, Guo`madño Sodvcrsdtmrdm Juds Medfñ | Ec`cjjåo, Anjneldm
Fnozíjcz Qmdlcoc M., (=443), Jns smlcrcs, jm adcoadm y cj eätn`n. Jm
dovcstdfmadño y jm dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj, \nsmrdn, doä`dtn.
Fnozíjcz Qmdlcoc M., (<220), Cj nlkctn `c dotcrvcoadño prngcsdnomj, uo edtn
`cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj, C`dtnrdmj Guo`madño Guturn Qnjd`mrdn-ADMRR,
Qnjd`mrdn-ADMRR, <226.
LJN]SC DDD;
Futdärrcz M., Rn`cr, híldtus y rcprcscotmadnocs; rcanrrd`n pnr cj anoacptn
ANOQP\SAADNO
`c vdnjcoadm sdelñjdam co Rdcrrc Lnur`dcu, \cvdstm Anepjutcosc `c
@CJ AMERN
C`uamadñoWnj. =3 Oûe. = (<220) <84-122 DQQO; ==12-<047
R\NLJCEÍPDAN
Irepntda A., Lmrrño C., ‚Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Rríatdam―. Co jm mrcom `c jm
dotcrvcoadño snadmj. Mpuotcs `cs`c cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj. <2=<

Emtcrdmj mu`dnvdsumj anepjcecotmrdn;

m.- ‚Anovcrsmo`n ano cj @r. Mjgrc`n Fhdsn― ‐ Anogcrcoadm snlrc
Dovcstdfmadño
http;//ynutu.lc/GeiIjQnsgAi
l.- Rdcrrc Coaucotrn
‚ - Amomj Lnur`dcu (= `c 6)― Qcrdc; ‚Frmo`cs. Rcosm`nrcs `cj sdfjn XX
http;//ynutu.lc/S8\roEDjwES

=24

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` =24 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Annpcrmtdvm Acotrn `c Cstu`dns pmrm jm C`uamadño Rnpujmr <2=2. Jm

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c Cxpcrdcoadms;
uo eätn`n pmrm depujsmr prnacsns cemoadpm`nrcs, Deprcotm Csaucjm `c
Amrdaumn, m`sardtm mj Qdstcem Omadnomj `c Deprcotms `c jm Guo`madño
LJN]SC D W;
C`dtnrdmj Cj pcrrn y jm rmom.
\C@MAADNO @CJ
RJMO @C PCQDQ Jno`nýn Srdlc @ ySodvcrsd`m`
sdstcemtdzmadño. Mtchnrtûm F;`cJns pmsns co
Motdnqudm cj amedonAnjneldm
| Ec`cjjåo, `c jm
Adgucotcs Fdj \., Jm csardturm; ajmvc co prnacsns `c sdstcemtdzmadño
`c cxpcrdcoadms, Rrnfrmem `c Prmlmkn Qnadmj, Sodvcrsd`m` `c jm Qmjjc |
Lnfntí, Anjneldm

(Co tn`ns jns amsns sc trmtm `c grmfecotns y ampåtujns `c jns tcxtns scjca-
adnom`ns pnr jns @nacotcs)

! Gcahms y jufmr `c rcmjdzmadño;

LJN]SC MSJM E@R Adajn Mam`äedan <2=3

Rrcscotmadño emrzn <2=7

D mlrdj y emyn <2=7

DD kuodn y kujdn <2=7

DDD mfnstn y scptdcelrc <2=7

DW natulrc y onvdcelrc <2=7

Dodadm emrtcs =6 `c emyn `cj <2=7, co jm Gmaujtm` `c Adcoadms `c jm

Qmju` y Qcrvdadn Qnadmj Mujm O² 08 `c =7.12 m =8 hs

! @urmadño `cj prnycatn; adajn mam`äedan <2=7

! Anstns - ﬍omoadmadno;
Cj Pmjjcr on pnscc anstn mjfuon pmrm jns cstu`dmotcs, anostdtuyco`n pmrtc
`c jm ngcrtm frmtudtm y pûljdam `c oucstrm uodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj
Qc snjdadtm m jm Qcarctmråm `c Cxtcosdño Sodvcrsdtmrdm `c oucstrm Gmaujtm` jm
fcstdño `cj matn m`edodstrmtdvn anrrcspno`dcotc, `cj cspmadn íujdan mså anen jm
anogcaadño `c jns acrtd﬍am`ns ﬍omjcs pmrm jns msdstcotcs y jns `nacotcs dovdtm`ns.

==2
==2

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` ==2 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam, jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms...

Åo`dac

Macram `c jm mutnrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mfrm`cadedcotns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Rrnjnfn, `c \uth Rmrnjm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Dotrn`uaadño  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =1

Ampåtujn D.
Lrcvc hdstnrdm `c uom rcjmadño doanoajusm cotrc jm gnremadño mam`äedam,
jm Qdstcemtdzmadño y jms pcrspcatdvms tcñrdams co cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj . . . =6
Anosd`crmadnocs macram `c jm gnremadño mam`äedam
`c jns y jms Prmlmkm`nrcs/ms Qnadmjcs co cj Qdstcem `c C`uamadño
Qupcrdnr mrfcotdon  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =6
Cj csacomrdn anoarctn `no`c sc mprco`c y coscým jm Qdstcemtdzmadño
anen Ectn`njnfåm `c Dovcstdfmadño co jm Sodvcrsd`m` Omadnomj Omadnomj
`c Emr `cj Rjmtm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <8
Jm Aítc`rm `c Qupcrvdsdño 
Qupcrvdsdño . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Cj Pmjjcr
Pmjjcr `c Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Rríatdam Dostdtuadnomj Qupcrvdsm`m  Qupcrvdsm`m . . 17
  . . . . . . . . . .
      02
\canoacptumjdzmadño, sdstcemtdzmadño y pcrspcatdvms tcñrdams  tcñrdams  . . . . . . . 0<
Cj Envdedcotn `c \canoacptumjdzmadño co Mrfcotdom  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
Som oucvm jcaturm `cj csacomrdn `c pcrspcatdvms pmrm cj Prmlmkn Qnadmj  . . 30

Ampåtujn DD.
Qdstcemtdzmr, dotcrvcodr, dovcstdfmr  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7=
Jm sdstcemtdzmadño anen dovcstdfmadño aumjdtmtdvm y aråtdam  aråtdam . . . . . . . . . 7=
Jm aucstdño acotrmj `cj prnljcem y su anostruaadño;
rcaupcrmo`n jms vnacs `c jns Ntrns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Rcosmr-hmacr n cj anonadedcotn quc sc prn`uac `cs`c
jm sdstcemtdzmadño 
sdstcemtdzmadño . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<

==
====

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` === 2=/2</=8 =<;<1

 

Qdstcemtdzmadño `c jm Dotcrvcoadño co Prmlmkn Qnadmj

Ampåtujn DDD.
Jm `doíedam `cj pcosmr-hmacr `c jm sdstcemtdzmadño
co ajmvc mam`äedam  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Som demfco pmrm pcosmr jm tmrcm mam`äedam `c jm emon `c jm
sdstcemtdzmadño  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Hcrrmedcotms, do`damadnocs y ckcepjns 
ckcepjns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Jm cxpjdadtmadño ectn`njñfdam anen dosardpadño co cj `clmtc  . . . . . . . 88

Anoajusdnocs. Rrcfuotmo`n amedomens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Ldljdnfrmgåm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Mocxn  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =2=

==
==<<

DOP Qdstcemtdzmadno 2=-rcv2=.do`` ==< 2=/2</=8 =<;<1