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Análisis Económico

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco


analeco@correo.azc.uam.mx
ISSN (Versión impresa): 0185-3937
MÉXICO

2004
Fernando Jeannot Rossi
NUEVA ECONOMÍA
Análisis Económico, tercer cuatrimestre, año/vol. XIX, número 042
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco
Distrito Federal, México
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