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EXURFUDFLDFRORQLDODSURSyVLWRGH7$5RPHUR VLJOR;9,,, grabada por Fernando Brambila me resultaría eficaz. La monumentalidad escénica de
(OPDJQRSURSLHWDULRTXHVHYDSHUILODQGRFRPRVXE\DFHQWH\ la Oda al Paraná aquí se condensa y se perfila. Es que el espacio de ese trabajo se recorta en dos planos
FRPSOHPHQWDULR GHO /DYDUGpQ TXH HVFULEH YHUVRV WHDWUR FDUWDV principales: allá al fondo, flotan las cúpulas de la ciudad como si lo brumoso corroborara la
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OR PHQRV KDVWD /XVVLFK \ +HUQiQGH] H LQFOXVR PiV DOOi FRQ ORV con ese diseño que apunta a ser un documento que se demora en alegoría. Porque si aquí cerca, en
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223 224
David Viñas Literatura argentina y política I
225
IV. CRISIS DE LA CIUDAD SEÑORIAL DE LOS GENTLEMEN-ESCRITORES A LA
PROFESIONALIZARON DE LA LITERATURA
La población más heterogénea y más curiosa de la República es, seguramente, la que Veo que te inundan con encargos de estatuas; yo tengo, en parte, la culpa. He
acabo de visitar y que vive perdida entre los pajonales que festonean las costas combatido todos los concursos y pregonado que si quieren obras de arte, no se las pidan a
entrerrianas y santafecinas, allá en la región en que el Paraná se expande triunfante. ¡Qué cualquiera sino a los grandes artistas y hoy por hoy al arte francés. Te han nombrado
imponente y qué majestuoso es allí el gran río!... ministro de escultura y tienes que aceptar. Aquí no dicen: esto es de Falguièrre, sino esto
lo mandó Cané.
FRAY MOCHO, Un viaje al país de los matreros, 1897.
Carta de Pellegrini a Cané
Cuando Ingenieros salió por primera vez de Buenos Aires, favorecido, en un momento
en que le sonrió la vida, con la misión y el viático que le hizo dar el general Roca —único
como creo haber dicho ya, entre nuestros presidentes, por su amistad con los escritores...
Fue reprobada por varios diputados la apreciación personal que hice de un gran poeta
argentino, cuyas ideas anarquistas me habían sorprendido sobremanera y de quien dije
que había restablecido sus relaciones con el erario público por medio de un proyecto de
revista, que contaba ya con el apoyo de todos los ministerios.
259 260
FLORENCIO SÁNCHEZ Y LA REVOLUCIÓN DE LOS INTELECTUALES ser gentleman era un ideal incuestionable. Dios estaba de su parte, el liberalismo había
triunfado. Hasta las contradicciones fundamentales también parecían superadas (como el
M'hijo el dotor reflejando costumbres vividas, produjo una revolución.
conflicto con Chile por los Pactos de Mayo de 1902), se las atenuaba de alguna manera
(con el restablecimiento de las garantías constitucionales suspendidas durante las
Florencio Sánchez, El teatro nacional.
sesiones de prórroga del Congreso o la reanudación de las relaciones con el Vaticano), se
intentaba anularlas cuando vibraban de manera inquietante (Ley de Residencia de 1902) o
canalizarlas (con el sistema electoral uninominal o el proyecto de Código del Trabajo)
Ya en su primera obra importante —M'hijo el dotor—adviértese una ruptura violenta
cuando los sectores más sagaces encabezados por Joaquín V. González imponían su
entre lo que es en ella reproducción feliz de la realidad campesina y el desdichado uso de
criterio.
formas intelectualizadas del lenguaje. Cuando se obstina en lo segundo, escribe Nuestros
Correlativamente, todo parecía en su sitio, cada cosa estaba en su lugar y las pautas
hijos y Los derechos de la salud. Pero éstas son, precisamente, con toda su mala retórica,
permanentes de la nacionalidad resultaban verificables. Sólo faltaba cultura, una cultura
las más ambiciosas de su pluma, aquellas en que cifró sus más caras esperanzas. ¿Por
nacional. Porque si un campeón de Chapadmalal era tenido por algo tan irrefutable como
qué?
otro importado de la región de Warwickshire, no había motivo alguno para que los
productos culturales del país no alcanzaran ese nivel (v. Francisco Soto y Calvo, De la falta
Antonio Larreta, El naturalismo en el teatro de Florencio Sánchez.
de carácter en la literatura argentina; Calixto Oyuela. El criollismo de Obligado). Empero,
recortándose sobre ese común denominador, las actitudes de los intelectuales, si bien se
insertaban en una constelación de matices, se iban nucleando hasta establecer una
OLIGARQUÍA Y NACIONALISMO CULTURAL
polarización: a un sector de marcada tendencia estetizante no le preocupaba tanto que los
Hacia 1900 la Argentina necesita un arte nacional:: lo reclaman sus grupos resultados culturales más celebrados de una cultura nacional se distinguieran por sus
tradicionales, lo apoya Roca directamente o a través del fervor y de las anexiones peculiaridades, como que exhibiesen una factura análoga a la de los europeos. Eso fue el
intelectuales de su ministro González, lo teorizan los escritores conectados con el grupo modernismo —escuela literaria cuasi oficial de la élite en su etapa triunfante—, la poesía y
gobernante ya cada rato apelan a él las estructuras periodísticas articuladas con esos la prosa modernistas y, en el teatro, la piéce bien faite. Dicho de otra manera: los
intereses. Se trata de una vieja carencia qué, por lo menos, puede remontarse a sus rubenianos, El Mercurio de América, Larreta y Ángel de Estrada en la novela. José León
iniciales formulaciones alrededor de 1837 y que, en los últimos años del siglo XIX y a lo Pagano en el teatro, Emilio Becher en el ensayo. La acentuación de lo peculiar como logro
largo de la década que concluye en el Centenario, se actualiza como un concomitante de un arte nacional fue la otra vertiente: la novela realista, el criollismo, el nativismo y el
rezagado del apogeo de la élite liberal. Una constante cultural se convierte así en uno de populismo. También aquí hay nombres: Payró, Leguizamón, el Santiago Maciel de Nativos,
los lugares comunes más reiterados en ese momento; otro, más conocido, es el tópico de incluso hasta la inicial literatura anarquista y la defensa del arte social de Manuel Ugarte.
"la ola", "la invasión" o "la polenta humana", calificativos con que se designan los Los dos extremos de la literatura argentina: el Scila-Caribdis del permanente y renovado
resultados alarmantes e inesperados que el proceso inmigratorio iba condicionando. Ahora debate de la cultura del país solían exacerbarse, pero sobre el 900 se vislumbraba una
resulta claro: uno y otro tema aparecen como fases complementarias de un mismo inflexión, algo así como un momento clásico en que ambas apuntaban a lo mismo,
proceso, una forma de remediar lo que empezaba a considerarse enfermedad social y que, especialmente a través de sus formulaciones teóricas, y Sánchez participará de las dos en
desde la franja del higienismo a la moda postulaba nomenclaturas, diagnósticos y terapias. la concreción más inmediata y espectacular de una cultura nacional: el teatro.
En historia las interpretaciones causalistas, además de mecánicas, resultan abstractas; A partir de esa franja tan vinculada a la ciudad, y de uno de sus representantes clave,
pero por algo se iba alzando allí delante el programa de 1853 aparentemente incumplido: pues, podrán verificarse en detalle las ínter correlaciones entre el apogeo de una clase
infinitas vacas, copioso trigo, ferrocarriles, edificios monumentales e increíbles por la directora tradicional y la llamada "época de oro" del teatro nacional, la aparición de un
acción de los intendentes-escenógrafos, aumento de la población, superación de la nuevo público y el pasaje del gentleman-escritor al escritor profesional, del predominio de
anarquía. El regreso de Roca en 1898 parecía ratificar esa sensación de estabilidad los Cané, Wilde o Mansilla a la actuación decisiva de Ingenieros, Chiappori, Gerchunoff o
instaurada sobre la repetición de ciclos prefijados. La historia parecía girar por fin con la la fundación de Nosotros por Giusti. Y más allá de lo generacional o puramente anecdótico,
uniformidad de una rueda: invierno, primavera, verano, otoño; Roca, un cuñado de Roca, el el tránsito en un mismo escritor, Lugones, desde la lujosa, retumbante y jacobina retórica
socio de Roca, un amigo de Roca, otro amigo y de nuevo Roca. de Las montañas del oro hacia el cuchicheo de Los crepúsculos del jardín, o de los
El 90 no era un corte; apenas la respuesta al pecado de exceso de un régimen que se rezongos gritones de Almafuerte al universo ceniciento de Banchs.
sentía potente y llegó a creerse invulnerable. El período de 1880 al 98, por lo tanto, no sólo A nivel político, la estabilidad victoriana de Roca será reemplazada por el "eduardismo"
parece unitario y ascendente, sino que además resulta cada vez más homogéneo para la de Quintana y Sáenz Peña; y a medida que Yrigoyen y el radicalismo reaparezcan, dejen
mirada institucional. El régimen podía considerarse definitivo, era algo natural, se cerraba de ser perseguidos pasando al reconocimiento, la consulta y la oferta, el equilibrio entre los
el siglo y se aproximaba el Centenario, un solo partido controlaba el país y, aunque hubiera grupos tradicionales y las clases medias en ascenso se irá desplazando hasta decantarse
enfrentamientos, finalmente todos eran amigos, se vivía en una república de conciencias y a favor de las últimas. Es así como el fin del apogeo de la oligarquía coincide y se amasa
261 262
con el pre-radicalismo y con la "época de oro" del teatro nacional. Y en la intersección de autor no ha estado feliz en su exposición del criterio revolucionario. Se me antoja que sin
esas coordenadas se sitúa Sánchez. advertirlo ha traicionado en parte sus propósitos".