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Introducción a la evaporación.
Teoría y operación
en planta piloto
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2016
COLECCIÓN: CUADERNOS PARA LA DOCENCIA
RAMA DE CONOCIMIENTO: INGENIERÍA Y ARQUITECTURA · 07
INTRODUCCIÓN A LA EVAPORACIÓN. TEORÍA Y OPERACIÓN EN PLANTA PILOTO
© del texto:
Juan José Santana Rodríguez
Vicente Mena González
© de la edición:
Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica
www.ulpgc.es/publicaciones
serpubli@ulpgc.es
ISBN: 978-84-9042-294-6
ISBN (ed. impresa): 978-84-9042-293-9
Depósito Legal: GC 993-2016
IBIC: RBK / TG / 4GE
Reservados todos los derechos por la legislación española en materia de Propiedad Intelectual. Ni la
totalidad ni parte de esta obra puede reproducirse, almacenarse o transmitirse en manera alguna por
medio ya sea electrónico, químico, óptico, informático, de grabación o de fotocopia, sin permiso pre-
vio, por escrito de la editorial.
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CAPÍTULO 1
INTRODUCCIÓN A LA EVAPORACIÓN
1. Introducción a la evaporación
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Introducción a la evaporación
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Introducción a la evaporación
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ΔHentrada = ΔHsalida
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StD VyOR SRU H R h HYLWDQGR HO XVR GHO VtPEROR GHO LQFUHPHQWR SHUR
WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHQRHVFRQFHSWXDOPHQWHFRUUHFWR
WS ĊHS + WL ĊhL = WL ĊhL + WV ĊHV + WC ĊhC
&RPR\DGHGXMLPRVDQWHULRUPHQWHHOFDORUFHGLGRSRUHOYDSRUYLYRHV
LJXDODOFDORUDEVRUELGRSRUODGLVROXFLyQGLOXLGDSRUORTXHVLSODQWHDPRV
ORVEDODQFHVHQOD]RQDGHOYDSRUYLYR\GLVROXFLyQGLOXLGDREWHQHPRV
( )
Q cedido vapor vivo = WS ĊHS − WC ĊhC = WS Ċ HS − hC
(
Q absorbido == WL ĊhL + WV ĊHV ) − (W Ċh )
L L
6L WHQHPRV HQ FXHQWD OD HFXDFLyQ JHQHUDO GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH FDORU
REWHQHPRV
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
( ) ( ) ( )
Q transferido = WS Ċ HS − hC = WL ĊhL + WV ĊHV − WL ĊhL = UĊAĊΔT
7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHHOFRQWHQLGRHQWiOSLFRGHODVFRUULHQWHVOtTXLGDV
HVPXFKRPHQRUTXHHOGHODVFRUULHQWHVGHYDSRUWDO\FRPRVHGH
PRVWUDUi SRVWHULRUPHQWH OD HFXDFLyQ DQWHULRU VH SXHGH VLPSOLILFDU
REWHQLHQGR
WS ĊHS ≅ WV ĊHV
/DHFXDFLyQGHWUDQVPLVLyQGHFDORUSXHGHH[SUHVDUVHGHODVVLJXLHQWHV
IRUPDV
Q = UĊAĊΔT = Uap ĊAĊΔTap
Q = UĊAĊΔT = UC ĊAĊΔTC
GRQGH
U FRHILFLHQWHJOREDOGHWUDQVPLVLyQGHFDORU
Uap FRHILFLHQWHJOREDODSDUHQWHGHWUDQVPLVLyQGHFDORU
UC FRHILFLHQWHJOREDOFRUUHJLGRGHWUDQVPLVLyQGHFDORU
A iUHDGHWUDQVPLVLyQGHFDORU
ΔTap GLIHUHQFLDGHWHPSHUDWXUDHQWUHODWHPSHUDWXUDGHFRQGHQ
VDFLyQGHOYDSRUYLYR\ODWHPSHUDWXUDGHHEXOOLFLyQGHOOtTXLGRHQ
ODFiPDUDGHHYDSRUDFLyQVLQFRQVLGHUDUHOLQFUHPHQWRGHOSXQWR
GHHEXOOLFLyQSRUHIHFWRGHOVROXWRHQODGLVROXFLyQ
ΔTC GLIHUHQFLDGHWHPSHUDWXUDHQWUHODWHPSHUDWXUDGHFRQGHQ
VDFLyQGHOYDSRUYLYR\ODWHPSHUDWXUDGHHEXOOLFLyQGHOOtTXLGRHQ
ODFiPDUDGHHYDSRUDFLyQWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDWRGDVODVFRUUHFFLRQHV
QHFHVDULDV
6LUHRUGHQDPRVODHFREWHQHPRV
WS ⋅ HS − hL = WV ⋅ HV + WC ⋅ hC − WL ⋅ hL
$QDOL]DPRV\GHVDUUROODPRVFDGDWpUPLQRSDVRDSDVR
Introducción a la evaporación
d) Zona de evaporación:
3DUDSODQWHDUHOEDODQFHGHHQHUJtDHQOD]RQDGHHYDSRUDFLyQKHPRV
GH VHOHFFLRQDU SUHYLDPHQWH XQD WHPSHUDWXUD GH UHIHUHQFLD Tref 8QD
YH] VHOHFFLRQDGD ORV EDODQFHV GH HQHUJtD TXHGDUtDQ GH OD VLJXLHQWH
IRUPD
$OLPHQWDFLyQ WL ⋅ hL = WL ⋅ Cpdiscoloides TL − Tref
9DSRUJHQHUDGR W ⋅ H = W ⎡⎣ λL + Cpvapor T − Tref ⎤⎦
V V
V
L
/LFRU W ⋅ h = W ⋅ Cpdisconc T − Tref
C C
C
L
6LHVFRJHPRVFRPRTref./DWHPSHUDWXUDGHVDOLGDGHOOLFRUTXHVHUiOD
PLVPDTXHODGHOYDSRUTXHDEDQGRQDHOHYDSRUDGRUREWHQGUHPRV
TL = Tref
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
⎛ kJ ⎞
r = − ĊT ⎜ ⎟
⎝ kg ⎠
GRQGH
r FDORUGHYDSRUL]DFLyQGHODJXDHQN-NJ
T TªHQ&
Introducción a la evaporación
Sol.:
+DFHPRVHOGLDJUDPDGHIOXMRGHOSURFHVR
&RPREDVHGHFiOFXORWRPDPRVTXHHQWUDQNJKHQHODOLPHQWR
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
Balance de materia:
*OREDO WL = WL + WV =
%DODQFHGHDJXD
WL Ċ = WL Ċ + WV → = WL Ċ + WV → WV = − ĊWL
6XVWLWX\HQGRHQHOEDODQFHGHPDWHULDWHQHPRV
= WL + − ĊWL → = ĊWL → WL = kg
- TL = C
- PL = mmHg abs DHVWDSUHVLyQODTª GHHEXOOLFLyQHVGHºC
- 3RUORTXH TL = C
- λL = kJ kg
3ODQWHDPRVHOEDODQFHGHHQHUJtDFHQWUiQGRQRVHQHOFDORUDEVRUELGR
SRUODDOLPHQWDFLyQ
( )
Q = UĊAĊΔT = WL ĊλL + WL ĊCpDOLPHQWDFLyQ Ċ TL − TL
Introducción a la evaporación
Ċ
Q= = W
&DOFXODPRVHOFDORUGHHYDSRUDFLyQGHNJK
× = × W
3RUORWDQWRHOiUHDUHTXHULGDVHUiGH
Q = UĊAĊΔT → × = ĊAĊ( − ) → A = m
(OFRQVXPRGHYDSRUVHUiGH
Q × J s kg s kg
= = Ċ =
λS × J kg
s h h
GRQGHA\BVRQFRQVWDQWHVSURSLDVGHOVLVWHPD
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
(Q HO DQH[R ,, VH PXHVWUD OD HOHYDFLyQ GHO SXQWR GH HEXOOLFLyQ SDUD
GLVROXFLRQHV GH 1D2+ DVt FRPR HO GLDJUDPD HQWDOStDFRQFHQWUDFLyQ
SDUD GLVROXFLRQHV GH 1D2+ \ XQ PRQRJUDPD SDUD GHWHUPLQDU OD HOH
YDFLyQGHOSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHVVDOHV
1.4. Sistemas de múltiple efecto
(Q OD ILJXUD VH PXHVWUDQ YDULRV HVTXHPDV GH XQ VLVWHPD GH HYDSR
UDFLyQGHWUHVHIHFWRV'LFKRVLVWHPDVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUHPSOHDUHOYDSRU
JHQHUDGRHQXQRGHORVHIHFWRVSDUDDFWXDUFRPRHOHPHQWRFDOHIDFWRUHQ
HOVLJXLHQWHHIHFWR
6HJ~QHOWLSRGHFLUFXODFLyQSRGHPRVWHQHU
(YDSRUDGRUHVHQSDUDOHORRFRFRUULHQWHTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUTXH
HO YDSRU JHQHUDGR FLUFXOD HQ HO PLVPR VHQWLGR TXH ODV FRUULHQWHV GH
OtTXLGRDOLPHQWDGDVDOHYDSRUDGRUILJXUDD
(YDSRUDGRUHVHQFRQWUDFRUULHQWHGRQGHHOYDSRUJHQHUDGRFLUFXODHQ
VHQWLGRFRQWUDULRDOGHODVFRUULHQWHVGHOtTXLGRDOLPHQWDGDVDOHYDSR
UDGRUILJXUDE
(YDSRUDGRUHVFRQDOLPHQWDFLyQLQGHSHQGLHQWHILJXUDF
(YDSRUDGRUHVPL[WRV
Introducción a la evaporación
a)
b)
c)
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
XQ VLVWHPD GH HFXDFLRQHV FX\D UHVROXFLyQ SXHGH UHVXOWDU WHGLRVD SHUR
TXHSXHGHVHUVLPSOLILFDGDUHDOL]DQGRXQDVHULHGHFRQVLGHUDFLRQHV3DUD
HOOR YDPRV D DQDOL]DU OD RSWLPL]DFLyQ GHO iUHD GH ORV GLVWLQWRV HIHFWRV
SDUDYHUVLSRGHPRVFRQFOXLUDOJRDFHUFDGHODPLVPD
3DUWLHQGR GH ODV HFXDFLRQHV GH EDODQFH GH PDWHULD REWHQLGDV SDUD XQ
HYDSRUDGRU VLPSOH GHVDUUROODGDV HQ HO DSDUWDGR H LQWURGXFLHQGR HO
IDFWRU f GHILQLGR FRPR OD IUDFFLyQ GH OtTXLGR UHVSHFWR DO DOLPHQWR TXH
GHMDHOHIHFWR\fiODIUDFFLyQGHOtTXLGRUHVSHFWRDODOLPHQWRTXHGHMDHO
HIHFWRiREWHQHPRV
WS = L − L Ċf = L Ċ( f − f ) = L Ċ( f − f ) = = L Ċ( fn − − fn )
Donde L0 es el caudal de disolvente a evaporar. Por tanto, si ponemos la
función anterior sólo en función de f obtenemos:
WS
= − f = ( f − f ) = ( f − f ) = = ( fn − − fn )
L
6LVXPDPRVPLHPEURDPLHPEURREWHQHPRV
⎛WS ⎞ ⎛ − fn ⎞
⎟⎟ = − fn ⇒ W = L Ċ⎜
S
nĊ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
6L DWHQGHPRV OD HFXDFLyQ GH WUDQVPLVLyQ GH FDORU HF \ OD
H[SUHVDPRVHQIXQFLyQGHfREWHQHPRV
λĊL Ċ( − f )
(
Q = λĊL Ċ( − f ) = UĊAĊ TS − TL ⇒ ) U
Ċ = TS − TL
A
λĊL Ċ( f − f )
(
Q = λĊL Ċ( f − f ) = UĊA Ċ TL − TL ⇒ ) U
Ċ = TL − TL
A
«
λĊL Ċ( fi − − fi )
( )
Q i = λĊL Ċ( fi − − fi ) = UĊAi Ċ TiL− − TiL ⇒
U
Ċ = TiL− − TiL
Ai
«
Introducción a la evaporación
λĊL Ċ( fn − − fn )
( )
Q n = λĊL Ċ( fn − − fn ) = UĊAn Ċ TnL− − TnL ⇒
U
Ċ = TnL− − TnL
An
3DUD FDOFXODU HO iUHD GH FDGD HIHFWR YDPRV D UHFXUULU D OD RSWLPL]DFLyQ
HFRQyPLFD GHO VLVWHPD GH HYDSRUDFLyQ 3DUD HOOR FRQVLGHUDUHPRV TXH HO
FRVWH GHO VLVWHPD HV OD VXPD GHO FRVWH GH FDGD HYDSRUDGRU \ D VX YH]
TXH HO FRVWH GH FDGD HYDSRUDGRU HV SURSRUFLRQDO DOiUHD GH LQWHUFDPELR
GHFDORUHOHYDGRDXQH[SRQHQWHmUHODFLRQDGRFRQODPHFDQL]DFLyQTXH
KD\D VXIULGR OD VXSHUILFLH GHO HYDSRUDGRU 'H HVWD IRUPD HO FRVWH WRWDO
GHOVLVWHPDLQVWDODGRCTotalHVLJXDOD
(
CTotal = δ Ċ Am + Am + + Anm )
'RQGHδHVXQDFRQVWDQWHGHFRVWHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOPDWHULDOXWLOL]DGR
3DUDGHILQLUODHFXDFLyQREMHWLYRDRSWLPL]DUKHPRVGHWHQHUHQFXHQWDOD
HFXDFLyQ\ODUHVWULFFLyQSRQGHUDGDPHGLDQWHHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGH
XQSDUiPHWURΨHVWDEOHFLGDSRUODUHODFLyQLPSOtFLWDHQODHFXDFLyQ
GHWDOIRUPDTXHODIXQFLyQREMHWLYRFOÁreaWHQGUiODIRUPD
⎛ nĊUĊ T − Tn
S L
( ) ⎞⎟
( )
FOÁrea = δ Ċ Am + Am + + Anm + ΨĊ⎜ +
⎜ A A
+ +
An
−
λĊL ( − fn ) ⎟
⎝ ⎠
6LGHULYDPRVODIXQFLyQDQWHULRUUHVSHFWRDOiUHDOOHJDPRVDODFRQFOXVLyQ
VLJXLHQWH
A = A = A = = An
&RPR YHUHPRV HQ HO VLJXLHQWH DSDUWDGR HVWD FRQGLFLyQ QRV YD D VHU GH
PXFKDXWLOLGDGDODKRUDGHSODQWHDUORVEDODQFHVGHPDWHULD\HQHUJtDHQ
XQVLVWHPDGHHYDSRUDGRUHVP~OWLSOHV
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
ΔT ΔT ΔT ΔT ∑ ΔT i
= = = n ≅ n =
n
U U Un Un ∑ U
i
(O VDOWR GH WHPSHUDWXUDV WRWDO FRQVLGHUDQGR HO VLVWHPD GH IRUPD
JOREDOUHVXOWDGHFRQVLGHUDUTXHHOYDSRUHQWUDDXQDWHPSHUDWXUD TS
Introducción a la evaporación
∑ ΔT i
TS − TnL
n
= n
∑ U ∑ U
i i
/DHVWUDWHJLDSDUDUHVROYHUXQVLVWHPDGHHYDSRUDFLyQP~OWLSOHVHUiOD
VLJXLHQWH
3ODQWHDUORVEDODQFHVGHPDWHULD\HQHUJtDGHFDGDHYDSRUDGRUGH
IRUPDVLPLODUDORGHVDUUROODGRHQHODSDUWDGR
$SDUWLUGHODHFXDFLyQKDFHUXQDGLVWULEXFLyQDSUR[LPDGDGH
WHPSHUDWXUDV
5HVROYHUORVEDODQFHVGHHQHUJtDGHOVLVWHPD
$SDUWLUGHODVHFXDFLRQHVGHWUDQVPLVLyQGHFDORUFDOFXODUODViUHDV
GHFDGDHIHFWR
9HULILFDU TXH ODV iUHDV VHDQ LJXDOHV 6L QR OR VRQ SODQWHDU RWUD
GLVWULEXFLyQGHWHPSHUDWXUDV\UHSHWLUWRGRHOSURFHVR
3DUDFXDQGR A = A = A = = An
Ejemplo 2. Para concentrar de 4% a 35% de sólido una disolución que
posee una elevación del punto de ebullición despreciable, se utiliza un
evaporador estándar de tubos largos verticales de triple efecto.
Cada efecto tiene una superficie de calentamiento de 140 m2. Se
utiliza alimentación directa. Se dispone de vapor de calentamiento
120 °C, y el vacío en el último efecto corresponde a la temperatura
de ebullición de 40°C. Los coeficientes globales, en W/(m2·°C), son
2950 en I, 2670 en II, y 1360 en III: todos los calores específicos se
toman como 4,2 J/g·°C; y la radiación es despreciable. El condensado
sale a la temperatura de condensación. La alimentación entra a 90°C.
Calcule a) los kilogramos de disolución al 4% que se pueden concentrar
por hora, b) el consumo de vapor de calentamiento en kilogramos por
hora.
Sol.:
En la figura 1.6 se muestra el diagrama de bloques del proceso.
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
Balance de materia:
Sabemos que:
- Tvapor = 120 ºC.; Tcondensador = 40 ºC; ΔT = 120-40 = 80 ºC.
ΔT1 ΔT2 ΔT ΔT ∑ ΔT i
T0S − TnL
= = ... = n ≅ n = 1
n
= n
1 1 1 1 1 1
U1 U2 Un Un ∑U
1
∑1 U
i i
ΔT1 120 − 40
= ⇒ ΔT1 = 18,5º C
1 1 1 1
+ +
2950 2950 2670 1360
34
Introducción a la evaporación
Balances de energía:
( ) (
W0S ·λ0S = W3L − W1L ·λ1 + W3L ·Cp· T1L − T3L )
W0S ·2200 = 224900 − W1L ·2249 + 100·4,2·(101,5 − 90 )
(
224900 − W1L ·2249 = 2303· W1L − W2L − 84·W1L )
W1L = 50,34 + 0,513·W2L
( )
2303· W1L − W2L = 2405·W2L − 27489 − 174,3W2L
35
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
18,65
A1 = = 0,342 m2
2950·18,5
17,32
A2 = = 0,324 m2
2670·20
18,88
A3 = = 0,335 m2
1360·41,5
6
Introducción a la evaporación
Sol.:
Antes de abordar la solución matemática del problema, construimos el
diagrama de bloques del proceso descrito:
Balances de materia:
Escogemos como base de cálculo 1 hora.
La alimentación= 35000 gal/h, por lo que debemos pasarlo a lb/h.
Para ello realizamos el siguiente cambio de unidades.
7
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
gal m3 m3
35000 ·3,7850·10−3 = 132,48
h gal h
m3 lb
Para pasar de a se utilizan los datos de la gravedad específica
h h
dados en la tabla E1:
Concentración Gravedad específica
10% 1,02
17% x
20 % 1,05
kg mdisolución mdisolución
ρdisolución = 1041 = =
m3 Vdisolución m3
132,48
h
kg
mdisolución = 137911,68
h
Ahora bien
kg 1 lb lb
mdisolución = 137911,68 · −1
= 304065
h 4,5359·10 kg h
Teniendo así
lb
W0L = 304065
h
38
Introducción a la evaporación
Balances de energía:
Calculamos las condiciones de operación (temperaturas y presiones),
para así determinar los calores latentes de evaporación.
- Vapor: 230 ºF
- Condensador (a 2 in. Hg abs): 101 ºF
2,4908·102 Pa 1 lb / in lb
P3 = 30 in Hg − 28 in Hg = 2 in Hg· · 3
= 0,9828 2
1 in Hg 6,8948·10 Pa in
0,17·304065
Concentración en el efecto II = = 0,208
304065 − 56012
0,17·304065
Concentración en el efecto III = = 0,269
304065 − 2·(56012 )
9
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
Sea:
- W2L = caudal de licor que sale del efecto 2 hacia el efecto 3
- W3L = caudal de licor que sale del efecto 3 hacia el efecto 1
- W1L = caudal de licor que sale del efecto 1 hacia el exterior
Sustituyendo valores:
ΔTtotal 108
= = 19112
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
U1 U2 U3 450 700 500
ΔT1 ΔT1
= = 19112 → ΔT1 = 43 º F
1 1
U1 450
ΔT2 ΔT2
= = 19112 → ΔT2 = 27 º F
1 1
U2 700
ΔT3 ΔT3
= = 19112 → ΔT3 = 38 º F
1 1
U3 500
ΔT1 = 43 º F , ΔT2 = 27 º F , ΔT3 = 38 º F
Calculamos sus propiedades a partir de la tabla de vapor saturado y a
partir de la tabla del enunciado:
40
Introducción a la evaporación
&S%78OEĊ)
\ ([[[
Uð
&RQFHQWUDFLyQ
( ) (
WS ĊλS = WL − WL Ċλ + WL Ċ&SĊ TL − TL )
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
( )
WS Ċ = WL − Ċ + WL ĊĊ( − )
(W
L
) ( )
− WL Ċλ = WL − WL Ċλ + WL Ċ&SĊ TL − TL + WL Ċ&SĊ TL − ( ) ( )
(W
L
) (
− Ċ = − WL Ċ + ĊĊ( − ) )
+ĊĊ( − )
+ĊĊ( − )
&DOFXODPRVORVIOXMRVGHFDORULQWHUFDPELDGRVHQORVLQWHUFDPELDGRUHV
GHFDORU
Introducción a la evaporación
A = = ft
Ċ
Q b = ĊĊ( − ) = BTU
h
Q c = ĊĊ( − ) = BTU
h
Q = ( − )Ċ − = BTU
h
A = = ft
Ċ
Q = ( − )Ċ − = BTU
h
A = = ft
Ċ
+ +
&DOFXODPRVHOiUHDPHGLD Amedia = = ft
&RPRODViUHDVFDOFXODGDVGLILHUHQPXFKRGHOiUHDPHGLDVHUHFDOFXODQ
ORVLQFUHPHQWRVGHWHPSHUDWXUDHQIXQFLyQGHOiUHDPHGLDFDOFXODGD
ΔT = Ċ = )
ΔT = Ċ = F
ΔT = Ċ = F
6H REVHUYD TXH ΔT + ΔT + ΔT ≠ F SRU OR TXH DMXVWDGRV ORV
LQFUHPHQWRVGHWHPSHUDWXUD
ΔT = F ΔT = F ΔT = F
5HFDOFXODPRVODVWHPSHUDWXUDVORVFDORUHVODWHQWHV\ODVFDSDFLGDGHV
FDORUtILFDV
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
Efecto I:
( )
WS Ċ = WL − Ċ + WL ĊĊ( − )
(W
L
) ( )
− Ċ = − WL Ċ + ĊĊ( − )
+ĊĊ( − )
( − W )Ċ = (W
L
L
)
− WL Ċ + WL ĊĊ( − )
+ĊĊ( − )
WS = lb
h
WL = lb
h
WL = lb
h
Introducción a la evaporación
+ +
&DOFXODPRVHOiUHDPHGLD Amedia = = ft
/DViUHDVHVWiQPX\FHUFDQDVSRUORTXHVHFRQVLGHUDQFRPRYiOLGDV
ODVVXSRVLFLRQHVKHFKDV/RVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVVHUtDQ
( ) ( )
Ċ ĊĊ = BTU
h
= kJ
h
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
(O YDSRU TXH VDOH GHO ~OWLPR HIHFWR HV FRQGHQVDGR WRWDOPHQWH HQ XQ
LQWHUFDPELDGRUGHFDORUFRQGHQVDGRU*HQHUDOPHQWHHVWRVFRQGHQ
VDGRUHVHPSOHDQDJXDFRPROtTXLGRUHIULJHUDQWHSRUORTXHHOUHTXH
ULPLHQWRGHDJXDQHFHVDULDVHFDOFXODDSOLFDQGRXQVLPSOHEDODQFHGH
HQHUJtD
Figura 1.9. Esquema del condensador del vapor generado en el último efecto
(efecto n).
(OYDSRUFLUFXODUSRUHOLQWHULRUPLHQWUDVTXHHOUHIULJHUDQWHDJXDFLUFXOD
SRUODHQYROYHQWH
(OEDODQFHGHPDWHULDHQHOVLVWHPDHVWULYLDO\VHYHULILFDTXH
WnV = WnC
WHROEnt = WHROSal
(O EDODQFH GH HQHUJtD VREUH HO UHIULJHUDQWH SXHGH VHU GHWHUPLQDGR
PHGLDQWHODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ
( ) (
Q = WnV Ċ HnS − hnC = WHRO Ċ hHROSal − hHROEnt )
GRQGH
- WnV HVODYHORFLGDGGHOIOXMRGHYDSRUJHQHUDGRHQHOHYDSRUDGRU
- HnS HVODHQWDOStDGHOYDSRUDODHQWUDGD
- hnC HVODHQWDOStDGHOFRQGHQVDGRDODVDOLGD
Introducción a la evaporación
- WHR O HVHOIOXMRGHDJXDGHUHIULJHUDFLyQ
- hHROEnt HVODHQWDOStDGHODJXDGHUHIULJHUDFLyQDODHQWUDGD
- hHROSal HVODHQWDOStDGHODJXDGHUHIULJHUDFLyQDODVDOLGD
- Q HVHOIOXMRGHFDORULQWHUFDPELDGR
(O YDSRU TXH HQWUD HQ HO FRQGHQVDGRU HV YDSRU VDWXUDGR SRU OR TXH
VyORLQWHUFDPELDUiFDORUODWHQWHGHYDSRUL]DFLyQ\DTXHFRQVLGHUDUHPRV
TXHVDOHFRPROtTXLGRVDWXUDGR3RUORWDQWRODHFXDFLyQSXHGH
UHHVFULELUVHGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
WnV Ċλ Tn Pn
WHRO =
(
CPH O Ċ THROSal − THROEnt
)
(OYDORUGH λ Tn Pn VHFDOFXODDSDUWLUGHODVWDEODVGHVDWXUDFLyQ
6L TXLVLpUDPRV FDOFXODU HO iUHD GH LQWHUFDPELR GH FDORU GHEHUtDPRV
FRQRFHUHOYDORUGHOFRHILFLHQWHJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHFDORU8$
SDUWLUGHHVWHYDORU\GHODHFXDFLyQJHQHUDOGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHFDORU
SRGUtDPRV GHWHUPLQDU HO iUHD (O FiOFXOR GHO FRHILFLHQWH GH WUDQV
IHUHQFLDJOREDOGHFDORUGHSHQGHGHOWLSRGHSURFHVRTXHWHQJDOXJDU
HQHOORVFRQGHQVDFLyQGHYDSRUHVSXURVFRQGHQVDFLyQGHXQYDSRUHQ
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Ejemplo 4. 8QHYDSRUDGRUP~OWLSOHGHHIHFWRVSRVHHXQFRQGHQVDGRU
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Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
&RPSULPLPRVHOYDSRUPHGLDQWHHOHPSOHRGHFRPSUHVRUHVFHQWUtIXJRV
(QODILJXUDVHPXHVWUDXQHVTXHPDGHHVWHWLSRGHHYDSRUDGRU
Figura 1.10. Esquema de un evaporador por compresión mecánica del vapor.
Introducción a la evaporación
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1.5.2. Compresión térmica
/DFRPSUHVLyQWpUPLFDFRQVLVWHHQDUUDVWUDUSDUWHGHOYDSRUJHQHUDGR
HQODFiPDUDGHHYDSRUDFLyQGHOHHIHFWRHPSOHDQGRYDSRUYLYRDDOWD
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Figura 1.11. Termocompresión térmica del vapor generado en la evaporación.
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SOHDGRHQODHYDSRUDFLyQVHREWLHQHXQDHYDSRUDFLyQPX\VXSHULRU/D
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CAPÍTULO 2
EVAPORADOR DE DOBLE EFECTO DE PELÍCULA ASCENDENTE
COMPUTERIZADO (EDPAC)
2. Evaporador de doble efecto de película ascendente compute-
rizado (EDPAC)
2.1. Introducción
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GHODHYDSRUDFLyQFRQVLVWHHQFRQFHQWUDUXQVROXWRQRYROiWLODFRQVWDGH
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Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
Figura 2.1. Imagen general del equipo EDPAC. Configuración en serie o paralelo.
(YDSRUDGRUGHGREOHHIHFWRGHSHOtFXODDVFHQGHQWHFRPSXWHUL]DGR
Figura 2.2. Imagen general del equipo EDPAC. Configuración doble efecto.
2.2. Descripción del equipo
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Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
L 'RVERPEDVGRVLILFDGRUDVGHPHPEUDQDTXHLPSXOVDQDODOLPHQWRFRQ
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Figura 2.3. Bomba dosificadora.
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QHRSUHQRTXHDFW~DFRPRDLVODQWHWpUPLFR
LLL 'RV FLFORQHV ILJXUD XQLGRV D FDGD XQD GH ODV FROXPQDV SDUD
IDYRUHFHUODVHSDUDFLyQGHOFRPSRQHQWHPiVYROiWLOGHOPHQRVYROiWLO
HVWH SURGXFWR FRQFHQWUDGR VH UHFRJH HQ GRV GHSyVLWRV FROHFWRUHV
JUDGXDGRVGHOVLWXDGRFDGDXQRGHHOORVEDMRXQFLFOyQ
(YDSRUDGRUGHGREOHHIHFWRGHSHOtFXODDVFHQGHQWHFRPSXWHUL]DGR
Figura 2.5. Ciclón en la cabeza de la columna.
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
LY 'RV UHIULJHUDQWHV WLSR VHUSHQWtQ ILJXUD $GHPiV GH REWHQHU XQ
SURGXFWR FRQFHQWUDGR HQ HO SURFHVR VH REWLHQH XQ YDSRU SURGXFWR
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&DGDXQRGHpVWRVVHHQFXHQWUDXQLGRHQVXH[WUHPRLQIHULRUDXQUHFL
SLHQWHFROHFWRU\DXQDWUDPSDGHYDFtR
Figura 2.6. Serpentín de refrigeración.
Y &LQFR GHSyVLWRV GH UHFROHFFLyQ ILJXUD 7DQWR HO DOLPHQWR FRPR
HO SURGXFWR REWHQLGR VH UHFRJHQ HQ GHSyVLWRV GH OLWURV WHQLHQGR
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FROXPQDV
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GHSyVLWRTXHFRQWLHQHODDOLPHQWDFLyQVHHQFXHQWUDFRPSOHWDPHQWH
UHFXELHUWRSRUQHRSUHQRSDUDHYLWDUODVSpUGLGDVGHFDORU\IDYRUHFHU
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LQ\HFWDGRDORVHYDSRUDGRUHV
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Figura 2.7. Depósitos para alimento de columnas y recolección de productos.
YL 8QDERPEDGHYDFtRGHVLPSOHHIHFWRGHFDXGDOPi[LPRPĊKTXH
DFW~DVREUHGRVHYDSRUDGRUHV
Figura 2.8. Bomba de vacío.
YLL GHSyVLWRV JUDGXDGRV GH O ILJXUD SDUD OD UHFRJLGD GH SUR
GXFWR FRQFHQWUDGR \ GHVWLODGR XELFDGRV HQ OD SDUWH LQIHULRU GHO FRQ
GHQVDGRU GH FDEH]D GHVSXpV GHO FLFOyQ \ SUHYLRV D OD GHVFDUJD GH
SURGXFWRHQORVGHSyVLWRVJUDQGHVGHUHFROHFFLyQXELFDGRVHQODWUDVHUD
GHOVLVWHPD
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
Figura 2.9. Depósitos de recogida.
YLLL 8QD UHVLVWHQFLD GH LQPHUVLyQ GH : XELFDGD HQ HO GHSyVLWR GH OD
DOLPHQWDFLyQILJXUD
Figura 2.10. Resistencia en tanque de alimentación.
(YDSRUDGRUGHGREOHHIHFWRGHSHOtFXODDVFHQGHQWHFRPSXWHUL]DGR
L[ 'RVSUHVRVWDWRVGHDOWDVHJXULGDGSDUDHOFRQWUROGHSUHVLyQHQFROXPQD
ILJXUD
Figura 2.11. Presostato adherido a cada columna.
[ 8QFRGRGHYLGULRSDUDFRQH[LyQSDUDODRSHUDFLyQGREOHHIHFWR\XQ
GREOHFRGRSDUDFRQH[LyQSDUDODRSHUDFLyQHQVHULHRHQSDUDOHOR
[L 6HQVRUHV OD SODQWD FXHQWD FRQVHQVRUHVGHWHPSHUDWXUDWLSR -
VHQVRUGHFDXGDOUDQJROĊPLQVHQVRUHVGHSUHVLyQGLIH
UHQFLDOEDU\FpOXODVGHFDUJDUDQJRNJ
2.2.1. Configuraciones
(OHTXLSRQRVSHUPLWHODSRVLELOLGDGGHWUDEDMDUFRQGLYHUVDVFRQILJX
UDFLRQHVH[SHULPHQWDOHV$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHGHVFULEHQODVWUHVSULQFL
SDOHVFRQILJXUDFLRQHVFRQVLGHUDGDV
4XH ODV FROXPQDV UHFLEDQ HO YDSRU GHO JHQHUDGRU GH IRUPD LQGH
SHQGLHQWHILJXUD
4XHHOYDSRUGHODFDPLVDGHODSULPHUDFROXPQDVLUYDSDUDFDOHQWDU
ODVHJXQGDFROXPQDILJXUD
4XHHOYDSRUSURGXFLGRHQODSULPHUDHWDSDGHODHYDSRUDFLyQVHD
LQWURGXFLGRHQODVHJXQGDFROXPQDSDUDODVHJXQGDHWDSDGREOH
HIHFWRILJXUD
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
Figura 2.12. Esquema de la configuración experimental 1: las columnas reciben el
vapor generado de forma independiente.
(YDSRUDGRUGHGREOHHIHFWRGHSHOtFXODDVFHQGHQWHFRPSXWHUL]DGR
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
Figura 2.14. Esquema de a configuración experimental 3: el vapor producido en la
primera etapa como producto, es introducido en la segunda columna como fuente
de calor (doble efecto).
(YDSRUDGRUGHGREOHHIHFWRGHSHOtFXODDVFHQGHQWHFRPSXWHUL]DGR
&RQODVFRQILJXUDFLRQHVH[SHULPHQWDOHVDQWHULRUPHQWHH[SXHVWDVGLVSRQLEOHV
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- 3UiFWLFD&DOLEUDFLyQGHODVERPEDVGHDOLPHQWR
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- 3UiFWLFD2EWHQFLyQGHUpJLPHQGHWUDEDMRHVWDFLRQDULR
- 3UiFWLFD&RQFHQWUDFLyQGHXQDGLVROXFLyQD]XFDUDGD
- 3UiFWLFD(VWXGLRGHODYHORFLGDGGHHYDSRUDFLyQHQIXQFLyQGHODV
FRQGLFLRQHVGHWUDEDMR
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- 3UiFWLFD%DODQFHGHHQHUJtDVREUHODXQLGDGGHHYDSRUDFLyQ
- 3UiFWLFD%DODQFHGHHQHUJtDHQHOUHIULJHUDGRUWXEXODU
- 3UiFWLFD'HWHUPLQDFLyQGHOFRHILFLHQWHJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGH
FDORU
- 3UiFWLFD'HWHUPLQDFLyQGHOFRHILFLHQWHCISDUDXQUHIULJHUDGRUWX
EXODU
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CAPÍTULO 3
BALANCES FUNDAMENTALES APLICADOS A LA PLANTA PILOTO
EDPAC
3. Fundamento Teórico
(OREMHWLYRGHOSUHVHQWHFDStWXORHVHOGHDGDSWDUORVEDODQFHVGHPDWHULD\
HQHUJtDYLVWRVHQHOFDStWXORDODSODWDSLORWRTXHVHYDDHPSOHDU
/DXQLGDG('3$&HVWiIRUPDGDSRUGRVHYDSRUDGRUHVGHXQVRORWXERWXERV
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IRUPDSDUDOHOD$PHGLGDTXHHODOLPHQWRFLUFXODDORODUJRGHOWXERVHSUR
GXFH XQD SURJUHVLYD HYDSRUDFLyQ GHO HOHPHQWR PiV YROiWLO DJXD PLHQWUDV
TXHHOSURGXFWRFRQFHQWUDGRREWHQLGRVLUYHGHDOLPHQWRDODVHJXQGDFROXPQD
SURGXFLpQGRVHHOGREOHHIHFWR,QWHUQDPHQWHVHSURGXFHXQUpJLPHQGHIOXMR
DQXODU R UpJLPHQ GH SHOtFXOD DVFHQGHQWH PDQWHQLHQGR HVD SHOtFXOD JUDFLDV
DO UR]DPLHQWR LQGXFLGR SRU HO Q~FOHR GH YDSRU TXH VH GHVSOD]D D XQD HOH
YDGD YHORFLGDG FRQ UHVSHFWR D OD SHOtFXOD GH OtTXLGR 'XUDQWH XQD FRUWD
GLVWDQFLD OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ TXH HQWUD HQ HO WXER DVFHQGHQWH FRPR OtTXLGR
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$ GLIHUHQFLD GH ORV HVTXHPDV YLVWRV HQ HO FDStWXOR HQ HVWH FDVR WDQWR HO
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DOLPHQWDFLyQSRUHOIRQGR(VHQFDEH]DGHOHYDSRUDGRU\JUDFLDVDODLQVWD
ODFLyQGHXQFLFOyQTXHVHVHSDUDHOYDSRUGHDJXDGHOOLFRUFRQFHQWUDGR
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ODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ
Q
VE =
λ
GRQGH
- QHVODYHORFLGDGGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHFDORUN-ĊK
- λ HV HO FDORU ODWHQWH GH YDSRUL]DFLyQ GHO DJXD D OD SUHVLyQ GHO
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Q = UE ĊAE ĊΔTE
GRQGH
- UEHVHOFRHILFLHQWHJOREDOGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHFDORUN-ĊPĊKĊ&
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
- AEHVHOiUHDGHWUDQVPLVLyQGHOFDORUP
- ΔTEHVODGLIHUHQFLDGHWHPSHUDWXUD&
/DGLIHUHQFLDGHWHPSHUDWXUDYLHQHGDGDSRU
ΔTE = Tv − TE
GRQGH
- TvHVODWHPSHUDWXUDGHOYDSRUDODSUHVLyQP1&
- TEHVODWHPSHUDWXUDGHHEXOOLFLyQGHODJXDDODSUHVLyQGHOVLVWHPD
&
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VE = κĊUE ĊΔTE
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UEα ( ΔTE )
n +
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3.1. Balances de materia y energía de la unidad
3DUDUHDOL]DUHOEDODQFHYDPRVDFRQVLGHUDUHOHVTXHPDUHSUHVHQWDGRHQ
ODILJXUD
Balances fundamentales aplicados a la planta piloto
%DODQFHGHPDWHULDGHOFRPSRQHQWHYROiWLO
WL ĊcL = WL ĊcL + WV
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FRQODVREVHUYDFLRQHVGHVWDFDGDVHQHOFDStWXORREWHQHPRV
Q Transferido = WS ⋅ λs = WV ⋅ λL − WL ⋅ Cpdiscoloides TL − TL
GRQGHQTransferidoHVHOFDORUWUDQVPLWLGRDWUDYpVGHODVXSHUILFLHGHFDOH
IDFFLyQGHOHYDSRUDGRU
8QR GH ORV HMHUFLFLRV PiV FRPXQHV HQ ORV HTXLSRV GH HYDSRUDFLyQ HV
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('3$& SRGHPRV GLVWLQJXLU IiFLOPHQWH GRV VLVWHPDV GH LQWHUFDPELR VREUH
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
W0S ·H0S + W0L ·h0L = W1C ·h1C + W2C ·h2C + W2V ·H2V + W2L ·h2L + q ' (3.10)
Balances fundamentales aplicados a la planta piloto
- WSHVODYHORFLGDGGHOIOXMRGHYDSRUJHQHUDGRHQHOHYDSRUDGRU
- HSHVDHQWDOStDGHOYDSRUDODHQWUDGD
- hC HVODHQWDOStDGHOFRQGHQVDGRDODVDOLGD
- WRHVHOIOXMRGHDJXDGHUHIULJHUDFLyQ
R
- hEnt HVODHQWDOStDGHODJXDGHUHIULJHUDFLyQDODHQWUDGD
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ADVERTENCIAS E INSTRUCCIONES PRINCIPALES
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CAPÍTULO 5
PRÁCTICAS DE LABORATORIO
5. Introducción a las prácticas con la planta piloto
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Tabla 5.1.
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
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5.2.4. Resultados y tablas
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Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
Tabla 5.2.
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5.3.1. Objetivos
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5.3.4. Cuestiones
5.3.4.a.&RPHQWHODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHRSHUDFLyQREVHUYDGDVDSDUWLU
GHORVHQVD\RVUHDOL]DGRV¢6HREVHUYDDOJXQDGLIHUHQFLDVLJQLILFDWLYD
FRQODFRPELQDFLyQGHODVGLVWLQWDVFRQGLFLRQHVGHRSHUDFLyQ"
3UiFWLFDVGHODERUDWRULR
Tabla 5.3.
Caldera 1 Caldera 2 Caldera 3 Presión Caudal Tentrada
(bar) (l/min) (ºC)
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
5.4.1. Objetivos
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IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO VLVWHPD GH HYDSRUDFLyQ HQ UpJLPHQ HVWDFLRQDULR
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5.4.2. Material requerido
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5.4.3. Procedimiento de ensayo
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Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
GHGHVFDUJDGHYDSRUFRQGHQVDGR\GHOLFRUDVXVUHVSHFWLYRVWDQ
TXHVGHDOPDFHQDPLHQWR\DSDJXHODVERPEDVGHDOLPHQWDFLyQ
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UHSHWLPRVHOPLVPRSURFHVRFRQHOVHJXQGRHYDSRUDGRU
5.4.4. Cuestiones
3UiFWLFDVGHODERUDWRULR
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
1RROYLGHPHGLUODFDQWLGDGGHDOLPHQWRDOSULQFLSLR\DOILQDOGHO
H[SHULPHQWRPHGLDQWHODVFpOXODVGHFDUJD
&RQWUROH OD WHPSHUDWXUD GHO SURFHVR PHGLDQWH ORV VHQVRUHV GH
WHPSHUDWXUD GH OD FROXPQD SXGLHQGR FRQRFHU GH HVWH PRGR OD
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SXQWR
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GH SURGXFWRV REWHQLGRV PHGLDQWH ODV VHxDOHV SURSRUFLRQDGDV SRU
ODV FpOXODV GH FDUJD FRORFDGDV HQ ORV GHSyVLWRV TXH UHFRJHQ ORV
SURGXFWRVREWHQLGRVWDQWRHOFRQFHQWUDGRFRPRHOGHVWLODGR(Q
HOFDVRGHTXHODFDQWLGDGGHSURGXFWRQRKD\DVLGRPXFKDSXHGH
PHGLUODFDQWLGDGGHSURGXFWRVJHQHUDGRVDSDUWLUGHORVPHGLGR
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EH]DILJXUD
3RUPHGLRGHXQUHIUDFWyPHWURGHWHUPLQHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHOD
GLVROXFLyQ D]XFDUDGD UHVXOWDQWH OLFRU SUHYLD UHDOL]DFLyQ GHO
FDOLEUDGRGHOHTXLSR\HPSOHDQGRODVWDEODVGDGDVHQHODQH[R
VHJ~QVHLQGLFDHQHOSXQWR
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GH VX tQGLFH GH UHIUDFFLyQ SDUD GHWHUPLQDU ODV SRVLEOHV SpUGLGDV
GHD]~FDUJHQHUDGDVSRUHOVLVWHPD
5.5.4. Cuestiones
5.5.4.a. 9HULILFDU ORV EDODQFHV GH PDWHULD \ HQHUJtD GHO VLVWHPD
SDUD ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV HQ FDGD FROXPQD 7RPDU ORV GDWRV
QHFHVDULRV GHO DQH[R +DFHU ODV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV TXH VH HVWLPHQ
RSRUWXQDV
5.5.4.b.'HWHUPLQHODYHORFLGDGGHHYDSRUDFLyQVE
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Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
3UiFWLFDVGHODERUDWRULR
Tabla 5.4.
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
3UiFWLFDVGHODERUDWRULR
5.7.4. Cuestiones
5.7.4.a. 'HWHUPLQDU OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ ILQDO GH OD GLVROXFLyQ
FRQFHQWUDGDDVtFRPRODFDQWLGDGGHD]~FDU
5.7.4.b. 9HULILTXH TXH OD FDQWLGDG GH D]~FDU LQWURGXFLGD HQ HO
DOLPHQWR HV LJXDO DO D]~FDU REWHQLGR HQ OD VXPD GH ORV SURGXFWRV
ILQDOHV
5.7.4.c. 9HULILTXH HO EDODQFH GH PDWHULD GHO GLVROYHQWH FRQ ORV
GDWRVH[SHULPHQWDOHVREWHQLGRV
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
3UiFWLFDVGHODERUDWRULR
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
3UiFWLFDVGHODERUDWRULR
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
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Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
3UiFWLFDVGHODERUDWRULR
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
3UiFWLFDVGHODERUDWRULR
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
3UiFWLFDVGHODERUDWRULR
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
ANEXO 1 - TABLAS DE ENTALPÍA DEL AGUA SATURADA
Tabla A1-1-Entalpía de agua y vapor saturado.
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36$7 (QWDOStDGHO (QWDOStDGHOYDSRU
7& YDSRUL]DFLyQ
NSD OtTXLGRh N-NJ HN-NJ
ŨN-NJ
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
Tabla A1-2(Continuación).
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36$7 (QWDOStDGHO (QWDOStDGHOYDSRU
7& YDSRUL]DFLyQ
NSD OtTXLGRh N-NJ HN-NJ
ŨN-NJ
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
$QH[R
ANEXO 3 – ÍNDICES DE REFRACCIÓN Y BPE DE
DISOLUCIONES DE SACAROSA
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
3XQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQGHODJXD&
3HVR
VDFDURVD
Fuente: U.S. National Bureau of Standard
Anexo 3
3XQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQGHODJXD&
3XUH]D 3HVR
Fuente: Sugar Technologists Manual
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
Anexo 3
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
SHVRVXVWDQFLDVHFD
3XUH]D 7&
Anexo 3
SHVRVXVWDQFLDVHFD
3XUH]D 7&
Juan José Santana Rodríguez y Vicente Mena González
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7&
Anexo 3
SHVRVXVWDQFLDVHFD
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