4/8/2020 Technology transfer - Wikipedia

Transferencia tecnológica
La transferencia de tecnología , también llamada transferencia de tecnología ( TOT ), es el
proceso de transferencia (difusión) de tecnología de la persona u organización que la posee o la posee a
otra persona u organización. Ocurre a lo largo de varios ejes: entre universidades , desde universidades
hasta empresas (y viceversa), desde grandes empresas hasta pequeñas (y viceversa), desde gobiernos
hasta empresas (y viceversa), a través de fronteras geopolíticas , tanto formal como informalmente, y
tanto abierta como subrepticiamente. A menudo ocurre por un esfuerzo concertado para compartir
habilidades, conocimientos, tecnologías, métodos de fabricación, muestras de fabricación e instalaciones
entregobiernos o universidades y otras instituciones para garantizar que los desarrollos científicos y
tecnológicos sean accesibles para una gama más amplia de usuarios que luego puedan desarrollar y
explotar la tecnología en nuevos productos, procesos, aplicaciones, materiales o servicios. Está
estrechamente relacionado con (y posiblemente podría considerarse un subconjunto de) la transferencia
de conocimiento . La transferencia horizontal es el movimiento de tecnologías de un área a otra. En la
actualidad transferencia de tecnología (TOT) es principalmente horizontal. La transferencia vertical
ocurre cuando las tecnologías se trasladan de los centros de investigación aplicada a los departamentos
de investigación y desarrollo. [1]

La transferencia de tecnología se promueve en conferencias organizadas por grupos tales como la

Fundación Ewing Marion Kauffman y la Asociación de Gerentes de Tecnología Universitaria, y en
concursos de "desafío" por organizaciones como el Centro para el Avance de la Innovación en Maryland.
Las organizaciones locales de capital de riesgo, como la Asociación Mid-Atlantic Venture (MAVA),
también patrocinan conferencias en las que los inversores evalúan el potencial de comercialización de la
tecnología.

Los corredores de tecnología son personas que descubrieron cómo unir los mundos emergentes y aplicar
conceptos o procesos científicos a nuevas situaciones o circunstancias. [2] Un término relacionado, usado
casi como sinónimo, especialmente en Europa, es " valorización de la tecnología ". Aunque
conceptualmente la práctica se ha utilizado durante muchos años (en la antigüedad, Arquímedes fue
notable por aplicar la ciencia a problemas prácticos), el volumen actual de investigación, combinado con
fallas de alto perfil en Xerox PARC y en otros lugares , ha llevado a centrarse en el proceso en sí.

Mientras que la transferencia de tecnología puede involucrar la difusión de tecnología altamente

compleja desde orígenes intensivos en capital a receptores de bajo capital (y puede involucrar aspectos
de dependencia y fragilidad de los sistemas), también puede involucrar tecnología apropiada , no
necesariamente de alta tecnología o costosa, que se disemina mejor, produciendo robustez e
independencia de los sistemas.

Contenido
Proceso de transferencia
Intermediarios de asociación
Inconvenientes
Ver también
Referencias

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enlaces externos

Proceso de transferencia
Many companies, universities and governmental organizations now have an Office of Technology
Transfer (TTO, also known as "Tech Transfer" or "TechXfer") dedicated to identifying research which
has potential commercial interest and strategies for how to exploit it. For instance, a research result may
be of scientific and commercial interest, but patents are normally only issued for practical processes, and
so someone—not necessarily the researchers—must come up with a specific practical process.[3] Another
consideration is commercial value; for example, while there are many ways to accomplish nuclear fusion,
the ones of commercial value are those that generate more energy than they require to operate.

The process to commercially exploit research varies widely. It can involve licensing agreements or setting
up joint ventures and partnerships to share both the risks and rewards of bringing new technologies to
market. Other corporate vehicles, e.g. spin-outs, are used where the host organization does not have the
necessary will, resources or skills to develop a new technology. Often these approaches are associated
with raising of venture capital (VC) as a means of funding the development process, a practice more
common in the United States than in the European Union, which has a more conservative approach to
VC funding.[4] Research spin-off companies are a popular vehicle of commercialisation in Canada, where
the rate of licensing of Canadian university research remains far below that of the US.[5]

Technology transfer offices may work on behalf of research institutions, governments and even large
multinationals. Where start-ups and spin-outs are the clients, commercial fees are sometimes waived in
lieu of an equity stake in the business. As a result of the potential complexity of the technology transfer
process, technology transfer organizations are often multidisciplinary, including economists, engineers,
lawyers, marketers and scientists. The dynamics of the technology transfer process has attracted
attention in its own right, and there are several dedicated societies and journals.

There has been a marked increase in technology transfer intermediaries specialized in their field since
1980, stimulated in large part by the Bayh-Dole Act and equivalent legislation in other countries, which
provided additional incentives for research exploitation.

Partnership intermediaries
The U.S. government's annual budget funds over $100 billion in research and development activity,
which leads to a continuous pipeline of new inventions and technologies from within government
laboratories.[6] Through legislation including the Bayh-Dole Act, Congress encourages the private sector
to use those technologies with commercial potential through technology transfer mechanisms such as
Cooperative Research and Development Agreements, Patent License Agreements, Educational
Partnership Agreements, and state/local government partnerships.

The term “partnership intermediary” means an agency of a state or local government—or a nonprofit
entity owned, chartered, funded, or operated by or on behalf of a state or local government—that assists,
counsels, advises, evaluates, or otherwise cooperates with small business firms; institutions of higher
education defined in section 201(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 USC § 1141 [a]); or
educational institutions within the meaning of section 2194 of Title 10, United States Code, that need or
can make demonstrably productive use of technology-related assistance from a federal laboratory,
including state programs receiving funds under cooperative agreements entered into under section 5121
of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (15 USC § 2781).[7]

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Drawbacks
Despite incentives to move research into production, the practical aspects are sometimes difficult to
perform in practice. Using DoD technology readiness levels as a criterion (for example), research tends
to focus on TRL (technology readiness level) 1–3 while readiness for production tends to focus on TRL
6–7 or higher. Bridging TRL-3 to TRL-6 has proven to be difficult in some organizations. Attempting to
rush research (prototypes) into production (fully tested under diverse conditions, reliable, maintainable,
etc.) tends to be more costly and time-consuming than expected.[8]

See also
Angel investor
Bayh-Dole Act
Business incubator
Commercialization
Commercialization Reactor
Diffusion of innovations
Discovery (observation)
Innovation
Intellectual property
Invention
Licensing Executives Society International
Open innovation
Patent
Prior art
Seed money
Startup company
Technology assessment
Technology licensing office (TLO)
Technological revolution
Value chain
Venture capital
New product development

References
1. Grosse, Robert (1996). "international Technology Transfer in Services". Journal of International
Business Studies. 27 (4): 782. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490153 (https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgra
ve.jibs.8490153). JSTOR 155512 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/155512).
2. Hargadon, Andrew. Harvard Business School Working Knowledge for Business Leaders (http://hbsw
k.hbs.edu/archive/3613.html), August 4, 2003.
3. Miron-Shatz, T., Shatz, I., Becker, S., Patel, J., & Eysenbach, G. (2014). "Promoting business and
entrepreneurial awareness in health care professionals: lessons from venture capital panels at
medicine 2.0 conferences" (http://itamarshatz.me/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Promoting-Business-
and-Entrepreneurial-Awareness-in-Health-Care-Professionals.pdf). Journal of Medical Internet
Research, 16(8), e184.

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4. EU Report on EU/global comparisons in the commercialisation of new technologies (http://ec.europa.

eu/invest-in-research/monitoring/statistical01_en.htm)
5. State of The Nation 2008 - Canada's Science, Technology and Innovation System (http://www.stic-cs
ti.ca/eic/site/stic-csti.nsf/eng/h_00011.html)
6. Sargent, John F., Jr. (January 25, 2018). "Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2018" (htt
ps://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44888.pdf) (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
7. "15 U.S. Code § 3715 - Use of partnership intermediaries" (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/1
5/3715). LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
8. "Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs" (http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08467sp.pdf) (PDF).

External links
Technology transfer offices (https://curlie.org/Business/Opportunities/Inventions/Products_and_Servi
ces/Technology_Transfer_Offices) at Curlie
Special Report：Methodological and Technological issues in Technology Transfer (http://documentac
ion.ideam.gov.co/openbiblio/bvirtual/005133/ipcc/tectran/IPCC_SRTT.pdf) (IPCC)
The Journal of Technology Transfer (https://www.springer.com/business+%26+management/journal/
10961)
Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany: Lessons and Perspectives (1997)
(http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5271)
Beatty, Edward (2003). "Approaches to Technology Transfer in History and the Case of Nineteenth-
Century Mexico". Comparative Technology Transfer and Society. 1 (2): 167–197.
doi:10.1353/ctt.2003.0013 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fctt.2003.0013).

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