Libro de Gramatica de Inglés y Español

Jose Nato de Oliveira
55 12 96173024
55 12 82010511
josenato@hotmail.co.uk
Skype id: jose_sjc
NDICE DE CLASES DE INGLS

1. clase:
- Alphabet
- Greetings
10. Clase:
- Auxiliaries DO and Does
- Verb TO BE
- Affirmative, negative, interrogative
- Contracted Form
- Plural of Nouns
- Questions and answers

2. clase:
Ejercicios de fijacin
3. clase:
- Articles: a / an
- This, That, These, Those
- What's your name?
- Middle name
- Last name
- Complete name
- Surname
- Nickname
- Spell your name
- How old are you?
- Introducing people.
4. clase:
- Ejercicios de fijacin
5. clase:
- Where are you from? (Where is? Where are?)
- Nationalities
- Colors (flag colors)
- Address / zip code
- Phone number
6. clase:
7. Clase:
- Numbers (1, 2, 3 ...)
- Ordinal numbers (1st, 2nd, 3rd ...)
- Time
- Dates (WHEN)
8. Clase:
9. Clase:
- Revisin de la prueba
11. Clase:
- Ejercicios de fijacin:
12. Clase:
- Home (rooms ... objects)
- Family
- Occupations
13. Clase:
- Adjectives (Opposites)
- Clothes
- Difference between wear and use
14. Clase:
15a Clase:
- Revisin de la prueba
16. Clase:
- Present Continuous or Progressive (ING)
- Affirmative, negative, interrogative
17. Clase:
18. Clase:
- Climate
- Seasons
- Weekdays
- Months
- Hours of the day (today, tonight, this morning)
- Breakfast, dinner, lunch, snack
- Food - likes / dislikes
19. Class
20. Clase:
- Revisin + Prueba

21 Clase:
- Prepositions: In, on, at
22 Clase:
23 Clase:
- Genitive Case ('s)
24 Clase:
25 Clase:
- Countable nouns
- Uncountable Nouns
- Many / Much
- There is / there are
26 Clase:
27 Clase:
- Physical appearance
- Appearance psychological
28 Clase:
29 Clase:
- REVISION + TEST
32 Clase
- Frequency Adverbs
- Adverbs of Intensity
33 Clase:
34 Clase:
- Directions (how can I get there?)
(Block, street, corner ...)
35 Clase:
36 Clase:
REVISIN + PRUEBA FINAL
37 Clase:
- Past Simple
- Regular Verbs
- Irregular verbs
- Questions and Answers
38 Clase:
39 Clase
- Future
- Will / Shall
- Going to
30 Clase:
- Straight pronouns (I, you, he ...)
- Objects (me, his, her ...)
- Possessive (my, mine, hers ...)
- Reflexive (myself, herself ...)
40 Clase
31 Clase:
42 clase:
- Present Perfect
41 Clase:
- EXAMEN + PRUEBA FINAL

43 Clase:
44 Clase:
- Modal Auxiliary
Can / cannot / Could / could not
Must / mustn't / had to
Might, Might Not / May, May Not
45 Clase:
46 Clase:
- Modal Auxiliaries (cont.)
Should / shouldn't
Would / would not
51 clase:
- Superlative
- Irregular comparative
52 Clase:
- Ejercicios de fijacin:
53 Clase
- Used To
- Wherever, Whoever, Whatever, Whenever
54 Clase:
55 Clase:
- REVISION + PRUEBA FINAL
47 Clase:
56 Clase:
- Relative Pronouns
48 Clase:
- REVISION + PRUEBA FINAL
57 Clase:
49 Clase:
Comparison:
- Equality
- Inferiority
- Superiority
58 Clase:
- Somebody / someone / something
- Anybody / anyone / anything
- Nobody / no one / nothing
- Everybody / Everyone / Everything
50 Clase:
59 Clase:
60 Clase
- EXAMEN + PRUEBA FINAL
VERB TO BE
I =
YOU =
HE =
SINGULAR
SHE =
IT =
WE =
YOU =
PLURAL
THEY =
VERB TO BE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM:
I am =
You are =
He is =
She is =
It is =
We are =
You are =
They are =
CONTRACTED FORM:
Im
Youre
Hes
Shes
Its
Were
Youre
Theyre
a) NEGATIVE FORM:
I am not =
You are not=
He is not =
She is not =
It is not =
We are not =
You are not =
They are not =
CONTRACTED FORM:
Im not
Youre not / you arent
Hes not / he isnt
Shes not / she isnt
Its not / it isnt
Were not / we arent
Youre not / you arent
Theyre not / they arent
b) INTERROGATIVE FORM:
Am I? =
Are you? =
Is he? =
Is she? =
Is it? =
Are we? =
Are you? =
Are they? =
EXAMPLES:
I am a teacher
I am not a student
I am at school
You are a student
You are students
She is American
She is not Brazilian
We are Brazilian
It is a cat
It is in the car
Is he a doctor?
ANSWERS => POSITIVE: Yes, he is.

NEGATIVE: No, he is not.
Are they at home now?

ANSWERS => POSITIVE: Yes, they are.
NEGATIVE: No, they are not.
Are you tall?

ANSWERS => POSITIVE: Yes, I am.
NEGATIVE: No I am not.
Is it a book?
ANSWERS => POSITIVE: Yes, it is.
NEGATIVE: No, it is not.
DIFERENCIA ENTRE "NO" y "NOT"
No se utiliza como una respuesta negativa.
EJ:
Is he a doctor?
No, he is not.
No se utiliza con verbos para formar oraciones negativas. Utilizamos NOT despus de un
verbo auxiliar, verbo modal, o un verbo TO BE.
EJ:
They are not there.
I Could not talk to Mary
He does not speak Spanish very well.
EXERCISES:
1) Put the verb TO BE in the correct form in the Present Simple:
a) The weather_____ very nice today.
b) I______ not tired.
c) This box _______ very heavy.
d) These boxes ______ very heavy.
e) The dog ______ asleep.
f) I ______ hot. Can you open the window, please?
g) This castle _______ older.
h) My brother and I _______ good tennis players.
i) Ann ________ at home, but her children ______ at school.
2) Write the questions as in example:
a) (Your mother at home) = Is your mother at home?
b) (Your parents at home) =
c) (This hotel expensive) =
d) (You interested in art) =
e) (The shops open today) =
f) (The park open today) =
3)
Write
the
sentences
from
exercise
number
a) ____________________________________
b) ____________________________________
c) ____________________________________
d) ____________________________________
e) ____________________________________
f) ____________________________________
in
the
negative
form:
SALUDOS:
PREGUNTAS:
-
RESPUESTAS:
How are you?

How is it going?
How are you doing ?
Whats going on?
How do you do?
How have you been?
Whats up?
Hello!
Hi, there!
Im fine
Im ok!
Im all right
Fine, thanks
Not too bad
So, so
Wonderful
Great
Good / Well
Cool / nice
Better than never
Pretty good
Im trying my best
See you later
See you
Conociendo las personas

Texto
A Hi, Nice to meet you!
B - Nice to meet you too.
A - Whats your name?
B- My name is Bill, and you?
A- My name is Beatriz, but they call me Bia.
B- Oh, what a cute nickname!
A- Thank you!
B- Whats your complete name?
A- My complete name is Beatriz Souza.
B- But how old are you?
A- Im 25 years old.
B- Hum maybe Ill call you soon!
A- Ok. Ill be waiting for your call soon. Bye!
B- Bye!
Whats your name?

(Cul es su nombre?)
My name is...
(Mi nombre es ...)
How old are you?
(Que edad tienes?)
Complete name / full name
(Nombre y apellido / Nombre completo)
First name
(Primero Nombre)
Middle name
(Segundo nombre)
Last name
(Nombre de familia)
Nickname
(Apodo)
Indroduce Somebody
(Indroducir Alguin)
Spell
(Deletrear)
Surname:
(Apellido)
ABECEDARIO
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
EI
BI
CI
DI
I
F
GI
EIT
AI
DJEI
KEI
L
EM
EN
OU
PI
QUIU
AR
S
TI
IU
VI
DBOUI
X
UAI
ZI / ZED
ARTCULO INDEFINIDO A/AN

Los artculos indefinidos son usados con nombres contables singulares.
AN = Se utiliza a menudo con palabras que comienzan con una vocal:
an apple
an egg
an animal
A = se utiliza a menudo con palabras que comienzan con consonantes:
a man
a tree
a boy
Los sustantivos que comienzan en U con sonido de IU, utilizamos el artculo A:
a uniform
a university
a universe
Cuando el sustantivo comienza con H y el sonido se silencia, utilizamos AN:
an hour
an heir
an harmony
Cuando el sustantivo comienza con H y el sonido es de R, utilizamos A:
a hair
a hand
a home
"THIS" y "THESE" indican que la persona o cosa que estamos hablando esta cerca del hablante.
- This is my brother.
- These are my brothers
That y Those indican que la persona o cosa que estan lejos de la persona a quien se habla, o de
ambos.
- That is the best hotel in town.
- Those apples are really delicious.
Singular:
YES: This is a book
NEGATIVO: This isn't a book.
PREGUNTA: Is this the book?
EXERCISES:
1. Use A or AN:
A- I want ______ cup of tea.
B- I have ______ apple in the box.
C- I buy ______ sandwich everyday.
D- There is ______ hospital near here.
E- My uncle has ______ heir.
F- I have ______ umbrella and ______ pair of boots to wear in the rain.
G- There is ______ universe outside.
2. Use this, that, these and those:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
______ tomato is delicious (near)

______ book is mine. (far)
______ grapes are very nice. (near)
______ book is mine. (near)
______ shoes are dirty. (far)
______ days I am lazy. (near)
______ woman is beautiful. (far)
3. Answer the questions:

A- Whats your name?
__________________________________________________
B- How old are you?
__________________________________________________
C- Whats your surname?
__________________________________________________
D- Whats your complete name?
__________________________________________________
E- Whats your nickname?
__________________________________________________
F- Spell your middle name and give the letters sound.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
NACIONALIDADES
TEXTO:
A- Where are you from?
B- Im from Brazil, Im Brazilian.
A- Where is your house?
B- My house is in Sao Jose dos Campos.
A- Where, exactly?
B- I live at 18, Travessa Medeiros Vila Cristina. My Zip Code is 12211-124
A- And, whats your phone number?
B- My Home phone number is +55 12 39136919 and my cell phones are +55 12 82010511 and
+55 12 96173024
A- Whats your idiom in Brazil?
B- We speak Portuguese.
A- And, what color is your flag?
B- The flag is green, yellow, blue and white.
Where are you from?

Im from...
Whats your address?
I was born in September
I was born on September7th
Zip code
Phone number
Cell Phone
Nationality
Color of the flag
Idiom
Address
En Ingls, al escribir una direccin, se encuentra el nmero de la casa primero, y luego el nombre de
la calle, el nmero del apartamento, en su caso, el distrito, ciudad, estado y pas.
EJ:
694, River Street, apt. 11 Brooklyn, New York NY USA
Algunas abreviaturas:
St = calle
Ave = Avenida
Rd = Autopista
Los ejemplos de las Nacionalidades y de idiomas:

PAIS
USA
AUSTRALIA
CANADA
FRANCE
JAPAN
NORWAY
NETHERLANDS
MEXICO
EGYPT
GERMANY
RUSSIA
BRAZIL
ENGLAND
GREECE
COLOMBIA
SPAIN
NACIONALIDAD
AMERICAN
AUSTRALIAN
CANADIAN
FRENCH
JAPANESE
NORWEGIAN
DUTCH
MEXICAN
EGYPTIAN
GERMAN
RUSSIAN
BRAZILIAN
ENGLISH
GREEK
COLOMBIAN
SPANISH
IDIOMA
ENGLISH
ENGLISH
ENGLISH / FRENCH
FRENCH
JAPANESE
NORWEGIAN
DUTCH
SPANISH
EGYPTIAN
GERMAN
RUSSIAN
PORTUGUESE
ENGLISH
GREEK
SPANISH
SPANISH
LOS COLORES DE LAS BANDERAS
RED / WHITE
RED / WHITE / BLUE
RED / YELLOW
BLACK / RED / ORANGE
GREEN / WHIT / RED
CANADA FLAG
USA FLAG
SPAIN FLAG
GERMANY FLAG
ITALY FLAG
COLORS
RED -
PURPLE -
WHITE -
ORANGE
BLUE -
GREY -
BLACK -
BROWN -
YELLOW -
BEIGE -
GREEN -
GOLDEN -
PINK
SILVER -
LILAC -
EXERCISES:
1. Answer the questions:
a) Where are you from?
___________________________________
b) When were you born?
___________________________________
c) Whats your phone number?
___________________________________
d) Whats your favorite color or colors?
___________________________________
e) What are the colors of Brazilian flag?
___________________________________
NMEROS
CUANTOS (AS)?
Los nmeros naturales desde 1 hasta 19 son el sufijo teen. Las docenas 20-90 se forman por el
sufijo ty.
0- zero ou o
1- one
2- two
3- three
4- four
5- five
6- six
7- seven
8- eight
9- nine
10- ten
11- eleven
12- twelve
13-thirteen
14- fourteen
15- fifteen
16- sixteen
17- seventeen
18- eighteen
19- nineteen
20- twenty
21- twenty-one
22- twenty-two
23- twenty-three
30- thirty
40- forty
50- fifty
60- sixty
70- seventy
80- eighty
90- ninety
100- a hundred
101- a hundred and one
110- a hundred and ten
120- a hundred and twenty
200- two hundred
1000- a thousand
1001- a thousand and one
1010- a thousand and ten
2000- two thousand
10,000- ten thousand
100,000- a hundred thousand
1,000,000- a million
1,000,000,000- a billion
Nmeros Ordinales
Los nmeros ordinales indican el orden o serie. Son formados con el sufijo TH, excepto
First (st), Second (nd) y Third (rd).
1st - first
11th - eleventh
21st twenty -first
2nd - second
12th - twelfth
22nd twenty-second
3rd - third
13th - thirteenth
23rd- twenty-third
4th - fourth
14th - fourteenth
24th twenty-fourth
5th - fifth
15th - fifteenth
30th- thirtieth
6th - sixth
16th - sixteenth
31st thirty-first
7th - seventh
17th - seventeenth
40th - fortieth
8th - eighth
18th - eighteenth
41st- forty-first
9th - ninth
19th - nineteenth
50th - fiftieth
10th - tenth
20th - twentieth
60th - sixtieth
70th - seventieth
101st hundred and first
80th - eightieth
200th two hundredth
90th - ninetieth
1000th thousandth
100th hundredth
1,000,000th - millionth
1,000,000,000th billionth
FECHAS
USEFUL LANGUAGE:
DAY BY DAY
Da a da:
10/21/1977
Mes / da / ao
Das Festivos
Im
Im
Im
Im
Im
Im
twelve years old.

eleven and a half.
nearly twelve.
in my 20s.
over 20.
under 50.
September, 7Th
December, 25Th
AO
Normalmente, el ao se "divide" en el medio para decir los nmeros:
1966 = nineteen and sixty-six
1900 = nineteen and hundred
1804= eighteen hundred and four
2005 = two thousand and five
Telfonos
Cuando dos o ms ceros se renen, por lo general el nmero de telfono se lee de la
siguiente manera:
735 - 7500 = seven three five seven five hundred
o
735 7000 = seven three- five seven thousand
o
735-7520 = seven three five seven five two o
El cero se puede interpretar como la letra O.
o
272-3374 = two seven two double three - seven four
Cuando hay dos nmeros repetidos en secuencia, se utiliza la palabra DOUBLE (Double).
TEXTO:
A- Hi Mark, what day is today?
B- Its May 19th.
B- And when is your birthday?
A- Its in May. On May 19th.
B- Oh, its today, congratulations!
Nota: Cuando se hace referencia nicamente a la mes, usamos la preposicin IN, pero
cuando el mes sigue al da, usamos la preposicin ON. Cuando nos referimos slo a los aos,
se utiliza la preposicin IN (IN 1989), o simplemente el da, usamos la preposicin AT, (AT
first / AT 1st).
EX, In May
On May 21st
HOURS
OClock
A QUARTER
TO
A QUARTER
PAST
O CLOCK = tiempo exacto

HALF
- HALF = Media hora, 30 minutos.
- A QUARTER = Un cuarto de na hora, 15 minutos.
- PAST = (minuto pasado)
- TO = (minutos para)
EXAMPLES:
- Its 12 o clock
- Its twelve fifteen
- Its twelve oclock
- Its a quarter past twelve
- Its noon
- Its fifteen past twelve
- Its one thirty

- Its half past one
- Its two thirty-five

- Its thirty-five past two
- Its twenty-five to three
- Its two forty-five

- Its a quarter to two
- Its fifteen to two
En Ingls, no se puede decir "quince horas", "dieciocho horas", pero maana y tarde, para
definir si se trata de las tres de la tarde o la noche, por ejemplo.
PM proviene del latn y significa "ante meridiem" (antes del medioda) y PM "post meridiem"
(despus del medioda).
Para distinguir medioda desde la medianoche, utilizamos:
12:00 AM = Medianoche
12:00 PM= Medioda
Saludos:
- Good Morning
- Good Afternoon
- Good Evening (Cuando est en algn lugar)
- Good Night (Al salir de alguna parte)
EXERCISES
1) Write the name of the numbers:
a) 16 = ________________________________________
b) 20 = _______________________________________
c) 55 =________________________________________
d) 200 = _______________________________________
e) Eighty-eight = _________________________________
f) Two thousand and one = __________________________
g) Nineteen and fifty-one = _________________________
2) Write the ordinal numbers:
a) 3rd = _________________________________
b) 15th =_________________________________
c) 21st = _________________________________
d) Thirtieth = _____________________________
e) Thirteenth= ____________________________
f) Ninth = ________________________________
3) What time is it?
c)
d)
a)
AM:
b)
PM:
e)
DO y DOES AUXILLIARES
En Ingls, algunos verbos se pueden utilizar como un auxiliar, segn el tiempo en el que se
emplean. En el Presente Simple, utilizamos DO (verbo hacer) para apoyar oraciones
negativas e interrogativas en presente.
Ver ejemplos con el verbo To Live:
a) AFIRMATIVE FORM
b) NEGATIVE FORM
I live
YOU live
c) INTERROGATIVE FORM
I dont live
Do I live?
YOU dont live
HE lives
Do you live?
HE doesnt live
SHE lives
Does he live?
SHE doesnt live
IT lives
Does she live?
IT doesnt live
WE live
Does it live?
WE dont live
Do we live?
YOU dont live
Do you live?
THEY dont live
Do they live?
YOU live
THEY live
En la forma afirmativa slo, pronombres HE, SHE, IT consigue "S" al final. En la forma
negativa (do not / does not) y interrogativas (do / does) el verbo DO acta como auxiliar,
por lo que no se requiere el uso de la "S" al final del verbo conjugado.
NOTA: El verbo en infinitivo, o primitivo, se TO = vivir = live / a = Wash Lavado / al amor =
amor. Al conjugar los verbos no es necesario el uso de TO.
Algunos ejemplos de oraciones:
- Jane lives in Mexico with John. They live there since 1989.
- Does Jane live in Mexico alone?
Jane = she
RESPUESTAS => POSITIVAS: Yes, she does.

NEGATIVAS: No, she doesnt.
Respuesta Completa: No, she doesnt. She lives with John.

- Does your mother do exercises?
Your mother = sua me = she
ANSWERS: POSITIVE: Yes, she does.

NEGATIVE: No, she doesnt.
OBS: Doesnt = DOES + NOT / Dont = Do + Not
Finalizacin de los verbos en plural: Reglas

1. Para la mayora de los verbos, slo tiene que aadir la letra "S" para el infinitivo:
TO WORK: I / YOU /WE / THEY = Work HE/SHE/IT = Works
TO LIKE: I / YOU /WE / THEY = Like HE/SHE/IT = Likes
TO LIVE: I / YOU /WE / THEY = Live HE/SHE/IT = Lives
TO SPEAK: I / YOU /WE / THEY = Speak HE/SHE/IT = Speaks
2. Los verbos en el infinitivo que termina en "S", "SH", "CH" o "X", aadimos el sufijo "ES".
TO WASH: I / YOU /WE / THEY = wash HE/SHE/IT = Washes
TO WATCH: I / YOU /WE / THEY = watch HE/SHE/IT = Watches
TO FIX: I / YOU /WE / THEY = fix HE/SHE/IT = Fixes
3. Para los verbos GO, y DO, aadimos el sufijo "ES"
TO GO: I / YOU /WE / THEY = Go HE/SHE/IT = Goes
TO DO: I / YOU /WE / THEY = Do HE/SHE/IT = Does
4. Para el verbo TO HAVE, slo tiene que aadir "S":
TO HAVE: I / YOU /WE / THEY = Have HE/SHE/IT = Has
5. Para los verbos que terminan en Y, los sustituimos por IES:
TO STUDY: I / YOU /WE / THEY = Study HE/SHE/IT = Studies
TO FLY: I / YOU /WE / THEY = Fly HE/SHE/IT = Flies
TO CARRY: I / YOU /WE / THEY = Carry HE/SHE/IT = Carries
EXCEPCIONES: Cuando la "Y" es precedida por A/ E/ S/ U, slo queda la "S".
TO PLAY: I / YOU /WE / THEY = play HE/SHE/IT = plays
TO BUY: I / YOU /WE / THEY = buy HE/SHE/IT = buys
Los sustantivos tambin siguen esta regla para el plural. Slo que algunos sustantivos son
irregulares, o cambian la forma en que se escriben.
Child = children
Ox = oxen
Foot = feet
Goose = geese
Tooth = teeth
Gentleman = gentlemen
Man = men
Woman = women
Louse = lice
Mouse = mice
Algunos sustantivos, apenas contiendo la idea de dos o ms cantidades, slo se utilizan en el

plural:
Binoculars
Glasses
Trousers
Cattle
EXERCISES
1) Write these verbs in the third person (HE / SHE / IT):
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
Read = reads
Repair =_______
Watch = _______
Listen = _______
Love = _______
Have = _______
Push = _______
Do = _______
Think = _______
Kiss = _______
Buy = _______
Go = _______
Fix = _______
Brush = _______
2. Complete the sentences: Use the correct form of these verbs:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
Shes very clever. She speaks four languages.

Steve________________ten cigarettes a day.
We ________________dinner at 7 oclock.
I ________________films. I often ________________to the cinema.
Water ________________at 100 degrees Celsius.
In Britain, the banks ________________at 9:30 in the morning.
The City Museum________________ at 5 oclock every evening.
Food is expensive. It________________ a lot of money.
Shoes are expensive. They ________________ a lot of money.
Tina is a teacher. She ________________ mathematics to young children.
Your job is very interesting. You ________________ a lot of people.
Peter ________________ his hair twice a week.
BOIL
CLOSE
LIKE
COST
MEET
COST
OPEN
GO
SMOKE
TEACH WASH
3. Write the negative form of the statements:
a) I play the piano very well. I dont play the piano very well.
b)
c)
d)
e)
Jack plays the piano very well. __________________________

You know the answer very well. _________________________
She works very hard. ________________________________
They do the same thing every day. _______________________
HAVE
SPEAK
4. Write the opposite (positive or negative form):

a) I understand. I dont understand
b) He doesnt smoke. __________________________________
c) They know. _______________________________________
d) She loves him. _____________________________________
e) They speak English. _________________________________
f) I dont want it. ____________________________________
g) She doesnt want them. ______________________________
h) He lives in Rome. ___________________________________
5. Write questions with DO or DOES:
a) I work hard, and you? Do you work hard?
b) I play tennis, and you? _______________________________?
c) Lay tennis, and Ann? ______Ann _______________________?
d) I know the answer, and you? ___________________________?
e) I like hot weather, and you? ___________________________?
f) I smoke, and your father? _____________________________?
g) I do exercises every morning, and you? ___________________?
h) I speak English, and your friends? _______________________?
i) I want to be famous, and you? __________________________?
6. Write the positive or negative short answers (yes, he does / No, I dont)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Do you smoke? No, I dont

Do you live in a big city? __________________________________
Do you drink a lot of coffee? _______________________________
Does your mother speak English? ___________________________
Do you play any musical instrument? __________________________
Does it rain a lot where you live? ___________________________
FAMILY TREE
GRANDMOTHER
LISA
SARAH
LOUIS
JORGE
BRIAN
Our family is big!

I am Richard, Im 17 years old!
My mother is called Lisa and my father is called John. Mary, is my grandmother, she is
married with Joseph, my grandfather. I dont know my great grandparents, they live in
England. I have an uncle called Louis; he is a very nice person! He is my aunt Emmas
brother. My cousins Brian and Donna dont live with their parents, they study abroad, but
their father, uncle Jorge, misses them a lot. They are my parents nephew and niece.
My sister Sarah and my little brother Jack live with my family and me. On next Sunday will
be my uncles birthday; uncle Louis will be 30 years old, and my daddy will make a party,
because he likes his brother-in-law very much.
Uncle Jorge and aunt Emma had practiced with their children a beautiful song to sing for
my uncle Louis. It will be a very nice party!
Uncle Louis complains a lot, because he doesnt have a girlfriend yet. Some years ago, he
got a girlfriend, but she had a child and my uncle doesnt want a stepson in his life. He
thinks that he will not be a good stepfather.
Today is very difficult to find the right person, but our family is praying for he gets a
girlfriend, and one day, he will get married and will have a lot of children and I will have
many cousins and nieces!
Great Grandmother = tatarabuela
Great Grandfather = tatarabuelo
Great Granddaughter = biznieta
Great Grandson = biznieto
Grandmother = abuela
Grandfather = abuelo
Granddaughter = nieta
Grandson = nieto
Mother = madre
Father = padre
Husband = esposo
Wife = esposa
Son = hijo
Daughter = hija
Sister = hermana
Brother = hermano
Mother-in-law = Suegra
Father-in-law = Suegro
Daughter-in-law = Nora
Daughter-in-law = hija-en-ley
Son-in-law = yerno
Cousin = Primo / Prima
Nephew = sobrio
Niece = sobria
Aunt = Tia
Uncle = Tio
Brother-in-law = cuado
Sister-in-law = cuada
Step-mother = madrasta
Step-father = padrasto
Stepson = hijastro
Stepdaughter = hijastra
Godmother = madria
Godfather = Padrio
Goddaughter = ahijada
Godson = ahijado
Girlfriend = novia
Boyfriend = novio
OCCUPATIONS
Hi, my name is Sarah, Im 15 years old. Im Richards sister and I am here to tell you what
each person of my family does.
My Grandmother Mary is housewife; she takes care of her house all the time and makes
food to my Grandpa. My Grandfather Joseph is a carpenter. I think he is the best
carpenter of our city. He makes furniture for special places and little objects made in
wood.
My Daddy is a lawyer; he works in the forum from Monday until Friday solving problems
that people ask some help to him. Im so proud of my Daddy, he is very honest.
My mother Lisa is a dentist; she never lets us go to bed if we dont brush our teeth!
My brothers Jack, Richard and me are students. I dont know what I will do as occupation.
Richard wants to be an architect and Jack, the youngest, wants to be an astronaut. Poor
Jack! He must study a lot!
My uncle Louis works with my uncle Jorge. They work on sales at their bookstore.
My aunt Emma is an Engineer. She works a lot on building many houses and apartments in
the city.
Brian and Donna study abroad, but they are almost graduated. Brian will be a doctor and
Donna will be a photographer. They have a shining career in their lives!
TEACHER
STUDENT
OPERATOR
HOMEMAKER / HOUSEWIFE
MAID / HOUSEMAID
CLEANER / CHARWOMAN
MECHANIC
DRIVER (taxi driver, truck driver)
CONSTRUCTION WORKER
ROAD WORKER / FACTORY WORKER
NIGHT WATCHMAN
SINGER
POLICE OFFICER / POLICEMAN
DOCTOR
DENTIST
ENGINEER
GROCER
BUTCHER
BAKER / BREADMAN
COOK / CHEF
Profesor
Estudiante
Telefonista
Ama de casa
Mucama
Mujer/ hombre de limpieza
Mecnico
Conductor
Trabajador de la construccin
trabajador del camino/ fbrica
Vigilante
Cantante
Oficial de policia
Doctor
Dentista
Ingeniero
Tendero
Carnicero
Panadero
Cocinero
SECRETARY
SHOP ASSISTANT / SALES CLERCK
LAWYER / ATTORNEY / ADVOCATE
POSTMAN / MAILMAN
PLAYER (football player, basket player)
FIREFIGHTER / FIREMAN
BRICKLAYER / MASON
PLUMBER / PIPEFITTER
VETERINARIAN / VET
HAIRDRESSER
PHOTOGRAPHER
MODEL / TOP MODEL
BODYGUARD
VIGILANT / WATCHMAN
SECURITYMAN / SECURITY GUARD
TYPIST
TECHNICIAN
CARPENTER / WOODWORKER
Secretaria, secretario
Taller auxiliar
Abogado
Cartero
Jugador (jugador de ftbol, jugador de baloncesto)
Bombero
Albail
Fontanero
Veterinario
Peluquero (a)
Fotgrafo
Modelo
Guardaespaldas
Vigilante
Guardia de seguridad
Mecangrafo
Tcnico
Carpintero
EXERCISES:
1. Write the occupations in the pictures:
_____________
_____________
ENGINEER, FIREMAN,
DENTIST, BAKER,
_____________
NURSE, DOCTOR
_____________
_____________
_______________
__
__________
ROOMS
HOME
HOUSE
LIVING-ROOM OU SITTING-ROOM
BEDROOM
KITCHEN
BATHROOM
LAUNDRY
GARAGE
DINNING-ROOM
WASHBASIN
GARDEN
YARD
BASEMENT
ATTIC
1. What do you have in your bedroom?

HANGER
BED
PILLOW
CLOTHES
PILLOW CASE
BEDSPREAD / SHEET
MATTRESS
LAMP
LIPSTICK
SHADE
SHOES
CRADLE
NAIL
BED SIDE TABLE
POLISH
HAIRDRYER
PLUG
CABLE
WARDROBE
MIRROR
KNOB
DRAWER
TOYS BOX
PERFUME
2. What do you have in your Sitting-Room and in your Dining-Room?

RACKSHELF
VIDEOCASSETTE
DVD PLAYER
TELEVISION SET
RECORD PLAYER
SOFA
MICROSYSTEM
CHAIR
SOUNDSPEAKER
CASSETTE
CD PLAYER
PLAYER
SUPPER TABLE
CLOCK
TABLE CLOTH
FLOWER
ASHTRAY
VASE
TELEPHONE
PICTURE
FRAME
SWITCH / LIGHT
INTERRUPTOR
SOCKET
CURTAINS
DOOR HANDLE
DOOR KNOB
FAN /VENTILATOR
LUSTER
3. What do you have in your bathroom?

SHAVER
TOILET SOAP
BATHTUB
SHOWER
HAIR BRUSH
TOOTH
COMB
BRUSH
TRASH AND SANITARY BRUSH
TOILET
VASE
DRAIN
NIGHT POT
TOILET
PISS POT
FLUSHING TANK/
PAPER
LAVATORY
CISTERN /
TAP
TOOTH
PASTE
PIPE
FLUSH
SINK / WASHBOWL/ WASHBASIN
SHAMPOO
BATH
TOWEL
CARPET
4. What do you have in your laundry?

CLOTHES LINE
WASHING MACHINE
BROOM
RAKE
CLOTHES PEG
DUSTPAN
CLOTHES BRUSH
FEATHER
BROOM/ DUSTER
BUCKET
SOAP
WAXING MACHINE
SINK
IRONING BOARD
IRON
PANTS /
TROUSERS
5. What do you have in your kitchen?

BREAD
CAKE
TEA
STOVE
FRUIT
REFRIGERATOR/
FRIDGE
STOPPER
JUICE
BOTTLE
SPOON
COFFEE
JAR
POT
FILTER
FORM
FORK
KNIFE
GLASSES
SALT POT
SIEVE
PLATES
PEPPER POT
CUPBOARD
SUGAR POT
CUP
NAPKIN
CORKSCREW
TOASTER
SAUCEPAN
MATCHES
BLENDER
MICROWAVE OVEN
FOOD-MIXER
6. CLOTHES:
SKIRT
T-SHIRT
CAP
HAT
JUMP SUIT
SHORTS
BLOUSE/SWEATER
DRESS
SOCKS
SUIT TIE
PANTY
BLAZER / COAT
BRA
TENNIS SHOE /
SNICKER
SANDAL
UNDERWEAR
VEST
BOWTIE
BATHROBE
JACKET
SHOE
BELT
BOOT
SUNGLASSES
SLIPPER / FLIP FLOP
WATCH
GLOVE
SCARF
ADJETIVOS Y OPUESTOS
Los adjetivos tambin se colocan en los dos sexos, masculino y femenino, y no cambian
durante el plural y singular.
EJ: A tall boy
A tall girl
Tall boys
Tall girls
En Ingls, el adjetivo precede al sustantivo:
EJ: Red car
Si ms de un adjetivo para calificar el sustantivo existir, deben estar separados por comas,
o incluso ser incrementado por un AND o BUT.
A long and tedious class
A competent but rude young doctor
El adjetivo tambin se puede utilizar despus de los verbos:
The house is large and sunny.
LA ORDEN DE LOS ADJETIVOS:
1. Material
Plastic pots
2. Nacionalidad / origen
Japanese plastic pots
3. Color
Red Japanese plastic pots
4. Forma
Round, red Japanese plastic pots.
5. Dimensin
Big, round, red Japanese plastic pots
6. Calidad
New, big, round, red Japanese plastic pots.
Clmate! Construcciones con varios adjetivos que modifican el mismo sustantivo no ocurren
con frecuencia!
Los opuestos, son antnimos de las palabras.

Veremos este tema brevemente, como los opuestos es ms una cuestin de vocabulario que
una cuestin gramatical.
Right / wrong
Good / bad
Well / badly
tall / short
Full / empty
Dirty / clean
Beautiful / ugly
Fat / slim (thin)
Healthy / sick
Short / long
Large (wide) / strait (narrow)
Bright / dark
Bad / Tasty
Loud / low
Happy / sad
Los opuestos tambin son adjetivos.
PRESENTE PROGRESIVO
El Presente Progresivo est formado por el verbo TO BE ms el verbo principal, ms el
sufijo ING.
Affirmative Form:
I
Am
living
He/ She/ It
Is
living
We/ You/ They
Are
living
am not
living
He/ She/ It
is not
living
We/ You/ They
are not
living
Am
living?
Is
He/ She/ It
living?
Are
We/ You/ They
living?
Negative Form:
Interrogative Form:
Negative-interrogative form:
am
not living?
is
He/ She/ It
not living?
are
We/ You/ They
not living?
NOTA: En el verbo Presente Progresivo TO BE tambin se utiliza en forma contrada en

declaraciones afirmativas, negativas, interrogativas y negativas-interrogativas. (Forma
contrada)
El Presente Progresivo se utiliza para expresar:
1. Una accin que est en curso en el momento de hablar. Expresiones de momento como
ahora, por el momento (at the moment) a menudo acompaan al verbo.
The baby is sleeping at the moment

Sally is walking in the park now
2. Actividades temporales que no se estn produciendo necesariamente en el momento de

hablar:
Fred is taking a course on computer programming this semester.

Theyre building a new supermarket near my house
3. Una accin programada. Adverbios, frases adverbiales como esta hoy por la noche
(tonight), maana (tomorrow), proximo mes (next month), etc... son de uso comn:
Were visiting Cancun next week

Bob is meeting Ann tonight
4. Una accin que se repite constantemente. Expresiones como siempre (always),

constantemente (constantly), invariablemente (invariably), siempre sigue al verbo.
My next door neighbor is always borrowing my vaccum cleaner.
(Mi vecino de al lado siempre est pidiendo prestado mi aspiradora)
Shes constantly arguing with her husband in front of the children.
(Est discutiendo constantemente con su marido delante de los hijos)
5. Verbos terminados con vocal pierden esa vocal y por lo general se suma slo el ING
sufijo.
Love = loving
Write = writing
Ride = Riding
REGLA DE SANDWICH:
Cuando el verbo viene termina con Consonante + Vocal + Consonante cuando se ponen en
Presente Progresivo, doblamos la ltima consonante antes de aadir ING:
To Stop = stopping
To Sit = sitting
To Run = Running
To Swim = Swimming
EXCEPCIN:
a) Las palabras que terminan en Y y W no se consideran consonantes:
To Snow = snowing
To Play = playing
b) En palabras largas, con 2 o ms slabas, si la ltima slaba es tnica, no doblamos la
consonante:
To Happen = Happening
To Visit = Visiting
To Remember = Remembering
To Listen = Listening
EXERCISES:
1. Put the verbs in the Present Progressive:
a) To work=________________________________
b) To cook=________________________________
c) To read=________________________________
d) To eat =________________________________
e) To do= _________________________________
f) To drink = ______________________________
g) To watch = ______________________________
h) To sleep = ______________________________
i) To sing = _______________________________
j) To dance = ______________________________
k) To study = ______________________________
l) To write = ______________________________
m) To smoke = ______________________________
n) To type = _______________________________
2. Change the statement to the Present Progressive. So rewrite in the negative and
interrogative forms.
a) I eat cake in my bedroom.
PP=__________________________________________
N=__________________________________________
I= __________________________________________
b) Julio plays football everyday.
PP=__________________________________________
N=__________________________________________
I= __________________________________________
c) Rain outside.
PP=__________________________________________
N= __________________________________________
I= __________________________________________
d) We watch movies in the cinema.
PP=__________________________________________
N= __________________________________________
I= ___________________________________________
4. What are they doing?

To Drive
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
_________
To Play
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
_________
To Fish
To Take a Bath
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
_________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
_________
SEASONS
(Estaciones)
AUTUMN / FALL
WINTER
SUMMER
SPRING
In the FALL, the leaves fall down a lot. The weather is cold and wet.
(En el otoo, las hojas caen tambin. El tiempo es fro y hmedo)
In the WINTER, is freezing cold in the USA. It often snows, and everybody wears
too much clothes.
(En invierno, es fro en los EE.UU.. A menudo nieva y utiliza todo el mundo
demasiada ropa)
In the SUMMER, the weather is very hot. We go to the beach regularly.

(En el verano, el clima es muy caliente. Vamos regularmente a la playa)
In the SPRING, the days are beautiful! There are flowers everywhere and the
weather is nice. Not so hot, not so cold.
(En la primavera, los das son hermosos! Hay flores por todas partes y el clima es
agradable. No muy caliente, y ni tan fro)
DAYS OF THE WEEK

(Dias de La Semana)
Sunday = Domingo
Monday = Lunes
Tuesday = Martes
Wednesday = Miercoles
Thursday = Jueves
Friday = Viernes
Saturday = Sbado
I usually go to church on SUNDAYS. I love it a lot!
(Yo suelo ir a la iglesia los Domingos)
I seldom stay at home on SATURDAYS night.
(Rara vez me quedo en casa Sbados por la noche)
On FRIDAYS, I frequently go to the fair.
(Los Viernes, yo suelo ir a la feria)
MONTHS OF THE YEAR

(MESES DEL AO)
JANUARY / JAN =Enero
FEBRUARY / FEB = Febrero
MARCH / MAR = Marzo
APRIL / APR = Abril
MAY / MAY = Mayo
JUNE / JUN = Junio
JULY / JUL = Julio

AUGUST / AUG = Agosto
SEPTEMBER / SEP= Septiembre
OCTOBER / OCT = Octubre
NOVEMBER / NOV= Noviembre
DECEMBER / DEC = Diciembre
I was born in October. It was a Sunday!

Yo nac en octubre. Era un domingo!
On May 1st is an international holiday. Its the Labor Day.
El 1 de mayo es un da festivo internacional. Es el Da del Trabajo.
Christ was born on December 25th from year 1.
Cristo naci el 25 de Diciembre del ao 1.
On April 1st, is the Lie Day. Everybody usually does tricks with friends.
El 1 de abril, es el Da de la mentira. Todo el mundo suele hacer trucos con amigos.
THE DAYS AND HOURS
Los das y Las Horas
YESTERDAY
TODAY
TOMORROW
MORNING
Yesterday Morning
This Morning
Tomorrow Morning
AFTERNOON
Yesterday Afternoon
This Afternoon
Tomorrow Afternoon
NIGHT
Last night
Tonight
Tomorrow Night
Para hablar de las horas del da, la semana, por lo de ayer, hoy o maana, usamos algunas
reglas
Yesterday morning, I cut my hair. (Ayer por la maana, me cort el pelo.)
The movie that I watched yesterday afternoon was so good! (La pelcula que vi ayer por
la tarde era tan bueno!)
Last Night, I enjoyed myself a lot! (Anoche, me divert mucho!)
This morning, I woke up early. (Esta maana, me despert temprano.)
This afternoon, we played soccer. (Esta tarde, jugamos al ftbol.)

Tonight, I celebrate my love for you (Esta noche, yo celebro mi amor por ti.)
Tomorrow morning, I need to go to the supermarket. (Maana por la maana tengo que ir
al supermercado.)
Tomorrow afternoon, I need to go to the doctor. (Maana por la tarde, tengo que ir al
mdico.)
Tomorrow night, will be my birthdays party. (Maana por la noche, ser la fiesta de mi
cumpleaos.)
30/01/05
ONE WEEK AGO (Hace una semana)
2/02/05
3 DAYS AGO (Hace 3 Dias)
3/02/05
THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY (Anteayer)
5/02/05
YESTERDAY (Ayer)
6/02/05
TODAY (Hoy)
7/02/05
TOMORROW (Maana)
8/02/05
THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW (El da despues de la maana)
9/02/05
IN 3 DAYS (En 3 Dias)
14/02/05
IN 1 WEEK (En 1 semana)
14/03/05
IN ONE MONTH (En un mes)
14/05/05
IN ONE BIMESTER (En un bimestre)
14/09/05
IN ONE SEMESTER (En un semestre)
14/03/06
IN ONE YEAR (En un ao)
Decir que algo ha pasado en un mes, el ao, la semana ... atrs, usamos la palabra AGO.
- Three days ago (hace tres das)
Cuando algo va a suceder todava, una fecha lejos utiliza la preposicin IN.
- In one week. (En una semana)
Si algo es ya el prximo da, mes, semana, tambin utilizamos la expresin NEXT.
- On next week . (La prxima semana)
Si ha sucedido algo, tambin podemos utilizar la palabra LAST.
- Something happened on last week (algo que sucedi en la ltima semana)
EXERCISES:
1. Answer the following questions:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Whats the first month of the year? _______________________________

Whats the last month? __________ _______________________________
Whats the date today? _________________________________________
Whats the date tomorrow? ______________________________________
What was the date yesterday? ____________________________________
What day of the week is today? ___________________________________
When is your birthday? _________________________________________
When is the Christmas? _________________________________________
When is Easter? ______________________________________________
When is the Independence Day in Brazil? ____________________________
2. Match the following phrases to the picture below:

(1) Many flowers
(2) Lets go swimming!
(3) It snows a lot.
(4) They are yellow and red now.
3. Whats the weather like in:

a) Rio de Janeiro __________________________________________
b) Argentina _____________________________________________
c) The Amazon ___________________________________________
d) Fortaleza _____________________________________________
e) Braslia _______________________________________________
f) Sibria _______________________________________________
g) Porto Alegre ___________________________________________
h) California ______________________________________________
i) Hawaii ________________________________________________
COMIDA Y BEBIDA
Breakfast Desayuno
Lunch - Almuerzo
Snack - Cafetera
Dinner - Cena
Supper Cena
Cuando nos referimos al acto de comer, usamos la palabra HAVE juntos, para preguntar o
responder:
- Do you want to have a lunch? - Usted quiere almuerzar?
No, thanks. I had a lunch before. No, gracias. Yo almorc antes.
Utilizamos la expresin HAD aqu porque el acto es en el pasado. (HAD pasado de HAVE)
- I need to have a dinner, Im hungry! - Es necesario disponer de una cena, tengo hambre!
- Lets have a snack in the caf?- Vamos a tomar un aperitivo en la cafetera?
WHICH AND WHAT

(Qu Y Cual)
Cuando le preguntas a alguien algo, y la respuesta tiene ms de una opcin, en lugar de
utilizar WHAT, utilizamos WHICH, lo que tambin significa QU o CUAL.
EX:
Whats your name?
My name is John
En este caso, la posibilidad de la respuesta es slo una. La pregunta se refiere a algo exacto
Which kind of food do you like?- (Qu tipo de comida te gusta?)
I like pasta and salad.- (Eu gosto de massa e salada)
En este caso se abre una gama de opciones de respuesta.
LIKES AND DISLIKES

(Le Gusta y No Le Gusta)
Para expresar nuestra opinin sobre gustar de algo o no gustar, utilizamos LIKE - el verbo
Le Gustar y DISLIKE- No Le Gustar, que tambin puede ser reemplazado por DONT LIKE
o DOESNT LIKE.
I like the summer. Which season do you prefer? (Me gusta el verano. Qu estacin te
gusta ms?)
I prefer the winter, because in the Summer I feel bad. (Prefiero el invierno, porque en el
verano me siento mal.)
Si la respuesta a la preferencia de algo es "ningun, ninguna," usar la palabra NONE.
- Which kind of meat do you prefer, chicken or fish?
Qu tipo de carne se prefiere, de pollo o de pescado?
- None!
- (Ninguno!)
Sin embargo, cuando la respuesta es "las dos, los dos, ambos, ambas" usar la palabra
BOTH.
- Which do you prefer, pizza or ice cream?
(Qu prefieres, pizza o helado?)
- I like both!
(Me gustan las dos cosas!)
EXERCISES
1. Complete com Which or What:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
____________ time does the class start?

____________ season do you prefer: Winter or summer?
____________ kind of music do you like?
____________ do you have for breakfast?
____________ time to go home?
____________ sport do you prefer: football or volley?
____________ is your book, this one or that one?
____________ is your nationality?
____________ time do you get up?
2. Answer the questions according to yourself:

a) Do you like pizza or barbecue?
b) _______________________________________
c) Which do you prefer: ice cream or pudding?
d) _______________________________________
e) Do you like crude fish?
f) _______________________________________
g) Do you like traveling?
h) _______________________________________
i) Which do you prefer, toothache or headache?
j) _______________________________________
k) Which do you prefer, country music or rock?
l) _______________________________________
m) What color do you like?
n) _______________________________________
o) Which place do you prefer, country or beach?
p) _______________________________________
PREPOSICIONES
AT
1. Indica local:
- The children are at school now. [Los nios estn en la escuela ahora]
2. Al, A (indica movimiento o la direccin)
- Aim at the target and shoot. [Apunte al alvo y dispare]
- James threw a stone at my cat. [James tir una piedra a mi gato]
3. A la, A las (con horas)
- Lunch will be served at 1 oclock sharp. [El almuerzo ser servido a la una en punto].
4. A (con precio)
- Those sweaters are not for sale at ten dollars. [Los sweaters no estn en venta a diez
dlares]
EXPRESIONES:
- At Christmas, at the end, at present
(En Navidad, al final, en la actualidad...)
IN
1. En / dentro de / en el medio de:
- They are living in London [Ellos estn viviendo en Londres]
- The child is lost in the crowd [El nio se pierde en la multitud]
EXPRESIONES:
1. En un / el coche (taxi, carro, camin)
In town [En la ciudad]

In the air [En el aire]
In the snow [En la nieve]
In front of [Delante de]
2. Para Direcciones
- They went in / into the house [Entraron / en la casa]
- He dived in / into the lake [Se meti en el lago]
3. Con ao, Estaciones, Meses y Horas
- Liza was born in 1964. [Liza naci en 1964]
- I love Boston in the summer. [Me encanta Boston en el verano]
- Tony and Sandra were married in May. [Tony y Sandra se casaron en mayo]
- The children go to school in the morning. [Los nios van a la escuela por la maana]
4. Indica material o modo

- Please, write the composition in ink [Por favor, escribir la composicin con tinta]
- Dolores stared at them in sorrow [Dolores qued mirando con tristeza]
5. Cantidades
- We always buy wheat in bulk [Siempre compramos trigo a granel]
6. Con idiomas
- I always speak in Italian [Yo siempre hablo en italiano]
ON
2. En contacto con otra superficie
- The dog is lying on the grass [El perro est tumbado en la hierba]
- The book is on the table. [El libro est sobre la mesa]
EXPRESSIONS:
On TV, on the road, on board, on land...
[En la televisin, en la carretera, en el barco / a bordo, en la tierra]
3. Las fechas y das de la semana
- Melissa was born on April 9th, 1991 [Melissa naci el 09 de abril 1991]
- We went to the movies on Saturday [Fuimos al cine el sbado]
EXPRESIONES:
On Easter Sunday [El Domingo de Pascua]
On Labor Day [En el Da del Trabajo]
On New Years Eve / Day [La noche / Da de Ao Nuevo]
4. Lugar
- I talked to my mother on / over the telephone yesterday [He hablado con mi madre en el/
por telfono ayer]
- I watch the news on TV [Veo las noticias en la televisin].
- I enjoy listening to music on the radio [Me gusta escuchar msica en la radio]
COMENTARIOS GENERALES
Se utiliza IN con los continentes, pases, estados, regiones geogrficas, ciudades, barrios,
direccin, ao, hora del da, material, modo, las cantidades y los idiomas.
Se utiliza ON cuando el medio de transporte es un animal cuando se camia a pie, cuando

est en contacto con otra superficie, los das de la semana, las fechas especficas y en
ciertos lugares.
Se utiliza AT con determinados lugares pequeos o especificos y antes ciudades pequeas,
tambin movimiento, direccin, horas y precio.
LAS PREPOSICIONES DE LUGAR
IN = idea de "dentro", se utiliza para
planes ms GENERALES.
ON = idea de "arriba" se utiliza para
planes un poco ms especfico;
AT = "ON" idea exacta de un plan
EXACTO, muy especfico.
EXERCISES:
1.
Answer the questions using in, on, at.
a) Where are the places that you like to rest?

_____________________________________________
b) When is your birthday?
_____________________________________________
c) Which year were you born?
_____________________________________________
2) Complete: (Use in, on, at.)
a)
b)
c)
d)
The Christmas is _______ December 25th.

I wake up _______ 7 oclock.
I speak _______English_______my work.
_______ Easter I eat chocolate eggs.
Genitive Case
(Caso Genitivo)
En Ingls, se acostumbra a usar en la maera ms popular el apstrofe + s ('s) para decir
que algo pertenece a alguien. La preposicin "of" es una de las maneras ms formales, ms
viejas y menos usuales para indicar la posesin:
Ej:
United States of America
Para entender mejor cmo funciona la regla, es suficiente imaginar que la palabra que est
con el apstrofe "es la duea o el dueo de lo que viene adelante:
EJ:
This is Peters car
Es el coche de Peter.
Cuando se indica la posesin de varias cosas a la vez, utilice el apstrofe slo en la ltima
palabra:
EJ:
*That is Lisa, Donna, Richard and Edwards house.
Esa es la casa de Lisa, Donna, Richard y Edward.
Para indicar que algo pertenece a dos personas diferentes, utilizamos dos apstrofes:
EJ:
Lisas and Jacks dog
El perro de Lisay el perro de Jack.
- Si un perro fuisen tambin de los dos:
Lisa and Jacks dog.
El perro de Lisa y Jack. *
Si el nombre o una palabra termina con S slo ponga el apstrofe despus de la "S (S '):
EX: Louis bicycle
Bicicleta de Louis
Ejemplos con preguntas:
Whose is that car? (De quin es ese coche?)
That car is Peters (Ese coche es de Pedro.)
Is this Peters car? (Este o carro do Peter?)
Yes, it is. (Sim, este .)
Is this your car? (Este es su coche?)
No, its Marys. (No, es de Mara.)
EXERCISES
Our family is big!
I am Richard; Im 17 years old!
My mother is called Lisa and my father is called John. Mary, is my grandmother, she is
married with Joseph, my grandfather. I dont know my great grandparents, they live in
England. I have an uncle called Louis; he is a very nice person! He is my aunt Emmas
brother. My cousins Brian and Donna dont live with their parents, they study abroad, but
their father, uncle Jorge, misses them a lot. They are my parents nephew and niece.
My sister Sarah and my little brother Jack live with my family and me. On next Sunday will
be my uncles birthday; uncle Louis will be 30 years old, and my daddy will make a party,
because he likes his brother-in-law very much.
Uncle Jorge and aunt Emma had practiced with their children a beautiful song to sing for
my uncle Louis. It will be a very nice party!
Uncle Louis complains a lot, because he doesnt have a girlfriend yet. Some years ago, he
got a girlfriend, but she had a child and my uncle doesnt want a stepson in his life. He
thinks that he will not be a good stepfather.
Today is very difficult to find the right person, but our family is praying for he gets a
girlfriend, and one day, he will get married and will have a lot of children and I will have
many cousins and nieces!
1. Answer the questions using the Genitive Case, based in the text above:
a) Is Louis Richards father?
____________________________________________
b) Is Mary Donnas Grandmother?
____________________________________________
c) Is Lisa Brians mother?
____________________________________________
d) Whose father is John?
____________________________________________
e) The birthdays party, on next Sunday, is Jorges?
____________________________________________
Countable and Uncountable Nouns

(Sustantivos Contables y Incontables)
Los sustantivos concretos (todo lo que podemos tocar) se clasifican en contables y
incontables.
Los sustantivos contables son todo lo que se puede determinar una cantidad visible.
EX:
an apple = una manzana
a box = una caja
a sugar bag = un saco de azcar
Los sustantivos incontables son los que son imposible determinar la cantidad exacta:
EJ:
Sugar = Azcar ==> es imposible determinar el nmero de granos en un saco.
Azcar una bolsa de azcar.
Agua de una jarra de agua.
Incluyendo dinero para los americanos es incontable. Es posible contar las notas, pero no el valor.
THERE IS = Hay, Existe
THERE ARE = Han, Existen
EX:
There is a woman in the park = Hay una mujer en el parque
There are two women in the park = Hay dos mujeres en el parque
Para preguntar sobre sustantivos contables y incontables, utilice el pronombre indefinido
ANY (algun, alguna para frases interrogativas-negativas.
EJ:
Do you have any relatives here- Tiene algn pariente aqu?
Dont you have any relatives here? - No tiene algn pariente aqu?
Utilizamos SOME para algunas preguntas slo cuando la respuesta esperada es afirmativa
EJ:
There are some books on the table, arent there?
Hay algunos libros sobre la mesa, no?
RESPUESTAS:
EJ:
Is there any woman in the park? (Hay alguna mujer en el parque?)
Yes, there is SOME. (S, hay algunas)
Is there any child in the park? [Hay algn nio en el parque?]

No, there isnt ANY. [No, no hay ningun]
Siempre usamos ANY para hacer una pregunta. La respuesta positiva cuando se utiliza
SOME (algun, alguna, algunos, algunas ) y cuando es negativa utilice ANY (ninguno, ninguna o
alguno, alguna).
MANY, MUCH, LITLLE, FEW
Much = mucho, mucha
Many = Muchos, muchas
Little = poco, poca
Few = pocos, pocas
Mucho y Little son utilizados con sustantivos incontables. Ambos pueden ser utilizados
como un pronombre.
EJ:
He doesnt drink much coffee (Adjectivo) (l no bebe mucho caf)
She drinks little tea (Adjetivo) (ella bebe poco t)
How much money do you spend a day? - Cunto dinero gasta en un da?
Respuesta: Not much. (Pronombre). (No Mucho)
- She said there was a lot of food in the refrigerator, but there was little (pronombre)
(Ella dijo que haba una gran cantidad de alimentos en el refrigerador, pero haba poco.)
Cuando Little y Few han precedido del artculo A, ahora cuenta con una connotacin ms
positiva:
A little = no mucho, no mucha, pero algun, alguna
A few = no muchos, no muchas), pero algunos, algunas
EX:
Few people came over for the talk on AIDS- (Pocas personas se acercaron a la charla
sobre el AIDS.)
NOTA: Much y Many se utilizan preferentemente en oraciones negativas e

interrogativas. En oraciones afirmativas, por lo general se sustituyen por a lot of, lots
of, o plenty of:
He spends a lot of money on books
He spends lots of money on books
(l Gasta mucho dinero en libros)
He spends plenty of money on books
EXERCISES
1.
Match each item in the pictures with one word in the box, say if it is Countable (C)
or Uncountable (U):
BREAD
MILK
WINE
BANANAS
CARROTS
STRAWBERRIES
CHEESE
APPLE
RICE
PAPAYA
2. Say what there is on the table:
a) Is there any milk on the table?

_____________________________________
b) Is there any flour?
_____________________________________
EGGS
BEER
TEA
MEAT
SWEETS
HAMBURGER
PINEAPPLE
GRAPES
OIL
COOKIES
c) Are there any tomatoes?

_____________________________________
d) Are there any peaches on the table?
____________________________________
e) Are there any fruits on the table?
_____________________________________
3. Use How Much or How Many:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
___________ money do you get a month?

___________ sisters and brothers do you have?
___________ free time do you have?
___________ tomatoes are here?
___________ milk is there in the fridge?
___________ dresses and skirts do you have?
___________ friends do you have?
___________ is that car?
___________ are the newspapers?
___________ are the records?
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS

(Apariencia Fsica Y Caractersticas De Personalidad)
Cuando preguntamos acerca de la apariencia fsica de una persona, se utiliza la expresin:
What does she look like?- (Qu aspecto tiene? (Cmo ella es? / ella se parece?)
RESPUESTA: She is tall and slim. Shes got long and blond hair.
(Ella es alta y delgada. Ella tiene el pelo largo y rubio)
Y cuando nos preguntamos acerca de las caractersticas de la personalidad de una persona,
se utiliza la expresin:
Whats she like? Cmo es ella? (Como se parece) => se refiere a la personalidad.
RESPUESTA: She is talkative and intelligent. (Ella es locuaz e inteligente)
Cuando se hace referencia al cabello, ojos o cualquier parte del cuerpo de una persona,
primero identificamos el tipo y despus el color:
EJ:
Hes got short, straight and Brown hair.
(Tiene el pelo corto, liso y marrn).
Shes got little blue eyes.
(Ella tiene los ojos azules pequeos)
Lets describe a person:
- What does J Soares look like?
He is fat, short and has a beard. He has got straight, short and white hair and brown eyes
too. He wears glasses.
(l es gordo, corto y tiene una barba. l tiene el pelo corto y recto, y negro y ojos marrones
tambin. Lleva gafas.).
- Whats J Soares like?
He is intelligent, talkative and funny.
(l es inteligente, locuaz y divertido)
Hair (Pelo)
Curly = Rizado
Straight = Recto, liso
Wavy = Onduladas
Long = Largo
Short = Corto
Bald = Calvo
Blond = Rubio
Black = Negro
White = Blanco
Red = Rojo
Grey = Gris
Brown = marrn, pardo, castao, moreno
EYES (Ojos)
Black = negro
Fat = gordo(a)
Brown = marrn
Plump / chubby = gordito(a)
Blue = azul
Slim = delgado(a)
Green = verde
Thin = muy delgado(a)
Violet = violeta
Skinny = flaco
Hazel = avellano
Beard = barba
Light brown = castao claro
Moustache = bigode
Deep blue = azul oscuro
Tall = alto(a)
Short = corto(a), bajo(a)
SKIN (PIEL)
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS
white = blanco(a)
(Caractersticas de Personalidad)
Black = Negro(a)
blonde = rubio(a)
Easy = calmo
Intelligent = inteligente
brunette = morena
Communicative = comunicativo(a)
Jealous = celoso(a)
Good-humored= de buen humor
Bad-humored = de mal humor
Fun= Diversin
Funny= divertido(a)
Friendly= divertido(a)
Kind= amable
OTHER CARACTERISTCS
(Otras Caracteristicas)
Hardworking = Trabajador(a)
Fashionable = en la moda
Well dressed = Bien vestido(a)
Cute = lindito(a)
Weird = extrao
Nice= buena gente

Boring= aburrido(a)
Middle height = media altura

Pretty= linda
Ugly = feo
Beautiful = Lindo(a)
Handsome = Hermoso(a)
Young= Joven
Old = Viejo(a)
Middle age= edad media
Talkative= hablador, locuaz

shy= timido(a)
PHYSICAL (Fsico)
No se debe confundir:
Shorts = ropa
Short= corto, bajo
EXERCISE:
1. Describe your classmate. What does he or she look like? Whats he or she like?
What kind of clothes he or she is wearing?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
PRONOUNS
(Pronombres)
Hasta ahora, el trabajo con los pronombres rectos (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they), que se
utilizan comnmente para reemplazar el nombre de las personas o cosas.
EX:
Ana is sleeping. (Anna est durmiendo).
She is sleeping. (Ella est durmiendo).
Pronombres rectos siempre se usan antes de los verbos.
The dog is eating the food. (El perro est comiendo la comida)
It is eating the food. (l est comiendo la comida).
Pero relacionado con estos pronombres, hay otros pronombres.
Primero vamos por partes:
1. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS (Pronombres adjetivos)
Indique la propiedad y siempre vienen antes de un sustantivo.
PRONOMBRES RECTOS
I (Yo)
MY (Mi, mia)
YOU (Usted)
YOUR (Tuyo, tuya)
HE (l)
HIS (Su(s), suyo(s), suya(s), de l, de su, )
SHE (Ella)
HER (Su(s), suyo(s), suya(s), de ella, ella, le, a ella)
IT (l/Ella)
ITS (su(s), suyo(s), suya(s) de l, de ella)
WE (Nosotros)
OUR (nuestro(s), nuestra(s)
YOU (Ustedes)
YOUR (Su(s), suya(s), tu(s), tuya(s), vuestro(s), vuestra(s)
THEY (Ellos(as))
THEIR (su(s), suyo(s), suya(s),
EJ:
PRONOMBRES ADJECTIVOS POSESIVOS
That is my book. (Aquel es mi libro)

This is our school (Esta es nuestra escuela )
Here is their house (Aqui es su casa), (casa de ellos, de ellas)
(sustantivo)
2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (Pronombres posesivos)

Tambin indica la posesin, pero siempre vienen despus de un verbo, es decir, siempre al
final de la frase.
SUGERENCIA: Con la excepcin de MINE, otros pronombres tienen "S" al final. Despus de
un sustantivo y preposicin.
PRONOMES ADJETIVOS POSSESSIVOS

MY (Mi, mia)
YOUR (Tuyo, tuya)
PRONOMES POSSESSIVOS
MINE (Tuyo(s), Tuya(s), suyo(s), suya(s))

YOURS (Su(s), suyo(s), suya(s), tuyo(s),
tuya(s) de l)
HIS (Su(s), suyo(s), suya(s), de l)
HIS (Su(s), suyo(s), suya(s), tuyo(s),
tuya(s) de llo)
HER (Su(s), suyo(s), suya(s), de ella, ella, le, a HERS (Su(s), suyo(s), suya(s), tuyo(s),
ella)
tuya(s) de l, de lla))
ITS (su(s), suyo(s), suya(s) de l, de ella)
ITS (Su(s), suyo(s), suya(s), tuyo(s),
tuya(s) de l, de ella)
OUR (nuestro(s), nuestra(s)
OURS (Nuestro(s), nuestra(s))
YOUR (Su(s), suya(s), tu(s), tuya(s), YOURS (Tuyo(s), tuya(s), suyo(s), suya(s))
vuestro(s), vuestra(s)
THEIR (su(s), suyo(s), suya(s),
THEIRS (Tuyo(s), tuya(s), de llos, de
llas)
EJ:
That book is mine. (Aquel libro es mo.)
This school is ours. (Esta escuela es nuestra)
The house is theirs. (La casa es de ellos)
(verbo)
3. Para pronombres que no indican posesin, tambin hay pronombres objetos que siempre
vienen despus del verbo y, a menudo, al final de las oraciones.
PRONOMBRES RECTOS
PRONOMBRES OBJETOS
ME
YOU
YOU
HE
HIM
SHE
HER
IT
IT
WE
US
YOU
YOU
THEY
THEM
EJ:
I saw him last night (Lo vi ayer por la noche). (=> Utilice Despus Del verbo)
Please, write them that letter. (Por favor, que escriban la carta) (=> Utilice Despus Del
verbo)
He is taller than me. (l es ms alto que yo). Usando en el final de la frase.
Observe por favor: No podemos decir He is taller than I,esto es totalmente errneo.
Pero s, He is taller than me. Por lo tanto, usamos el pronombre objeto.
4. LOS PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS

Los pronombres reflexivos se refieren a quin est hablando o se utilizan para dar nfasis
a la que est hablando. Para formar los pronombres reflexivos, pronombres posesivos que
utilizamos ms el sufijo SELF.
PRONOMES RETOS
PRONOMES REFLEXIVOS
I (Yo)
MYSELF (Yo mismo)
YOU (Usted)
YOURSELF (usted mismo)
HE (El)
HIMSELF (El mesmo)
SHE (Ella)
HERSELF (Ella mesma)
IT (El/ella)
ITSELF (El, ella mesmo)
WE (Nosotros)
OURSELVES (Nosotros mesmos)
YOU (Ustedes)
YOURSELVES (Ustedes mesmos)
THEY (Ellos(as))
THEMSELVES (Ellos (as) mesmos (as))
EJ:
Anita and Julian love to talk about themselves. (Anita y Julin le encanta hablar de s
mismos)
They love themselves (Ellos aman a s mismos).
I cut my hair by myself (Me cort el pelo por mi cuenta)
Emily herself cooks the dinner (Emily ella misma prepara la cena)
She is looking at herself in the mirror. (Ella est mirando a s misma en el espejo)
=> Cuando usamos la preposicin BY, la idea de que la persona hizo algo solo, sin ayuda.
- Emily cooks the dinner by herself (Emily prepara la cena ella misma)
EXERCISES:
1. Use the Possessive Adjectives Pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, your,their):
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
I like _________ job. (I)

Sally is married. ________ husband works in a bank. (she)
Thank you for__________ letter. It was good to hear from you again. (you)
We are going to invite all ___________ friends to the party. (we)
Oxford City is famous for ___________ University. (it)
John is a teacher, but ____________sister is a nurse. (he)
Mr. and Mrs. Baker live in London, but __________ son lives in Australia. (they)
2. Use the Possessive Pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs):
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
This house is ________ but that is _________. (you / I)

Our bank account is separate. But the money is __________ (we).
They have two cars. Those cars are ____________ (they)
That umbrella belongs to Cindy. That umbrella is ____________(she)
Those pants are ___________ (we)
3. Complete the sentences with Objective Pronouns:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
He is angry with ___________ (she)

She likes ____________(he), and I like ___________(she)
Bring it to ______________! (I)
The TV set is for __________ (you)
I want to see ____________ (she) again.
This magazine belongs to_____________ (you).
4) Rewrite the sentences using the correct pronouns:

EX: My parents like the new car
They like it.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
Sarah can help the children. ____________________________________________

Bob is with Rose and Ann. ______________________________________________
I want to watch the class. ______________________________________________
I like to visit Mary. ___________________________________________________
He can study the lesson alone. ___________________________________________
My sister cooks for my parents everyday. __________________________________
I think about my boyfriend. ____________________________________________
I like to talk to Jane. _________________________________________________
Lets talk about you and me. ____________________________________________
5) Complete the statements with Reflexive Pronouns:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
She promised ______________ she would never do that again.

He hurt ______________ with scissors.
She warmed ______________ by the fireplace.
We enjoyed ______________ at the party last night.
He introduced ______________ to the new teacher.
I blamed ______________ for being late.
He taught ______________ how to swim.
I hope you enjoy ______________ tonight, guys.
ADVERBS
(Adverbios)
El adverbio es parte del discurso que funciona principalmente como un modificador del verbo
tambin puede modificar un adjetivo o de otro adverbio.
Ex:
Paul washed the car quickly (Paul lav el coche rpidamente)
(verbo) (adv. de modo = rpido)
Mary is extremely intelligent. (Mara es muy inteligente.)
(Adverbio de Intensidad ) (Adjetivo)
He speaks too fast. (Habla demasiado rpido.)
(Adv. de intensidad) (adv. Modo)
Hay varios tipos de adverbios:
MODO: fast, badly, hard, slowly, well, just, etc.
rpido, mal, duro, poco a poco, bueno, justo, etc.
LUGAR: here, there, inside, outside, near, far, etc.
aqu, all, dentro, fuera, cerca, lejos, etc
TEMPO: already, just, now, soon, still, yet, today, yesterday, tomorrow, etc.
ya, simplemente, ahora, pronto, todava, todava, hoy, ayer, maana, etc
INTERROGATIVO: when?, where?, why? How?
cundo?, Dnde?, Por qu?, Cmo?
RELACIN: when, where, why, how
cundo, dnde, por qu, cmo
INTENSIDADE: very, almost, too, rather, quite, fairly, etc.
muy, casi, demasiado, ms bien, bastante, bastante, etc.
FRECUENCIA: always, often, never, seldom, frequently, occasionally, sometimes, etc.
siempre, a menudo, nunca, raramente, con frecuencia, a veces, a veces, etc
=> Vamos a estudiar aqu preferentemente adverbios de frecuencia e intensidad.
1. ADVERBIOS INTENSIDAD:
Los adverbios de intensidad siempre se colocan antes del adjetivo u otro adverbio:
EX:
Tony is extremely lazy. (Tony es muy perezoso)

The day was too hot. (El da estaba muy caliente)
July writes really very well. (Julio escribe realmente muy bien)
The children behaved very badly. (Los nios se comportaron muy mal)
2. ADVRBIOS DE FRECUENCIA
Los adverbios de frecuencia presentan diferentes modelos de colocacin:
a) Despus del verbo TO BE:
He is always late for work. (l siempre llega tarde al trabajo)
They were frequently on time. (Ellos estaban a menudo en la hora)
b) Despus de la asignatura con el resto de los verbos en tiempos simples:
They occasionally work at night. (De vez en cuando trabajan por la noche)
We never travel by train. (Nunca Viajamos en tren).
=> EN POCAS PALABRAS, adverbios de frecuencia siempre viene despus del sujeto, o
despus del verbo, slo excepto a veces, siempre viene al principio de la frase.
Para preguntar "con qu frecuencia" alguien hace algo o le pasa algo, se utiliza la expresin
HOW OFTEN?
EX:
How often do you go to the movies? (Con qu frecuencia vas al cine?)
I go to the movies once a week. (Yo voy al cine una vez por semana)
OUTROS EXEMPLOS:
A- Mary, what do you have for breakfast every day?
(Mary, qu tienes para el desayuno todos los das?)
B - I always have a cup of tea and some toast with butter.
(Siempre tengo una taza de t y unas tostadas con mantequilla.)
A-Do you ever have bacon and eggs?
(Alguna vez tiene tocino y huevos?)
B- Sometimes I have.
(A veces tengo.)
C Peter, what do you like to have for lunch?
(Peter, qu te gustas tener para el almuerzo?)
D - I usually have a salad.
(Por lo general tiengo una ensalada.)
C Do you ever eat meat?
(Alguna vez come carne?)
D No, never.
(No, nunca.)
E Lucy, what do you usually have for dessert?

(Lucy, qu es lo que suelen tener para el postre?)
F Fruit.
(Fruta)
E Do you ever have sweets?
(Alguna vez tiene dulces?)
F Yes, but not very often.
(S, pero no muy a menudo.)
ALWAYS
SIEMPRE
USUALLY
GENERALMENTE
OFTEN
ALGUNAS VECES
SOMETIMES
NEVER
ALWAYS
A VECES
NUNCA
EXERCISES
1. Complete the sentences, with things that you do, according to the Frequency
Adverbs:
a) I always_____________________________________________________
b) I often _____________________________________________________
c) I rarely _____________________________________________________
d) My family seldom ______________________________________________
e) I and my friends usually _________________________________________
f) I never _____________________________________________________
g) Sometimes, I and ______________________________________________
2. Use the Intensity Adverb in each space:
a) Its_____________ hot today!
b) I sleep _________________ all the time.
c) Its ____________________ good your homework.
d) Abortion is __________________ bad for the womens health.
e) You tired me _______________ much!
f) This food is _______________ enough.
g) Jean is __________________ intelligent.
h) Its ___________________ late, baby.
TOO
EXTREMELY
QUITE
RATHER
FAIRLY
SO
ALMOST
VERY
WEATHER
(Tiempo)
WHATS THE WEATHER LIKE?
Cmo est el clima?
Utilizamos una Expresin whats the weather like? Para preguntar sobre el tiempo.
Las respuestas pueden ser variadas:
Its freezing cold. (Hace mucho Frio)
Its cold. (Hace frio)
Its cool; its nice. (Es agradable, bueno)
Its warm. (Es clido)
El pronombre It, en este caso, se

refiere al clima.
Its hot. (Hace calor)

Its sunny. (Hace sol)
Its wet / humid. (Es hmedo)
Its dry. (Es seco)
Podemos referirnos al clima, tambin utilizando los adverbios de intensidad y frecuencia
Its very cold (Hace mucho fro)
Its very hot (Es muy caliente)
It rains a lot (Llueve mucho)
It rains regularly (Llueve regularmente)
It seldom rains. (Rara vez llueve)
It often snows (Nieva a menudo)
It never snows (Nunca nieva)
No hay que confundir:

WEATHER = Clima
WHETHER = IF = Se
Advrbios de intensidad
DIRECTIONS
(Direcciones)
Aprendamos a llegar a los lugares?
Cuando estamos en una ciudad o lugar que no conocemos, y necesitamos llegar a un algun
lugar, por lo general solicitamos informacin a los extraos en la calle.
Si estamos fuera del pas, como lo haramos entonces?
How can I get there?
(Cmo puedo llegar alli?)
Is there any bank near here? (Hay un banco cerca de aqu?)

Con el fin de entender algunas informaciones necesitamos conocer el nombre de los puntos
estratgicos y lugares como referencia:
Block = Cuadra
Street = Calle
Avenue = Avenida
Road = carretera
Corner = Esquina
Cross = Cruzar, cruz
Turn right = Doble a la derecha
Turn left = Doble a la izquierda
Go straight ahead = Siga recto
Next to = Junto a, junto al, al lado de
EX:
A- Can you help me, please?
B- Yes, of course!
A- Where can I get some biscuits?
B- At the grocers
A- Where can I find a grocers?
B There is one on Minto Street, next to the bank. Turn left and its on your right, across
the street.
BANK
GROCERS
A- Is there any bank near here?

B- Yes, there is one next to
newsagents.
Go ahead and its on your left.
EXERCISES
1. Lets practice:
News
A- How can I get to the post

office?
B- Go straight-ahead, turn right at
the cinema and its on your left,
next to the newsagents.
agent
cinema
Vdeo
Shop
A- Where is the bank?

B- Go straight ahead, turn left and its on
your right, next to the Video Shop.
Banton
A- How can I get to the school?

B- Go straight ahead, cross the Banton Road,
and its on your right, on the corner.
Road
2. Where can you get these things?

1. Stamps
5. A Book
9. Meat
2. An Aspirin
6. Bread
10. Carrots
3. Biscuits
7. A can of
11. Money
4. A Newspaper
(
) Bank
sausages
) Bookshop
(
) Supermarket
8. Flowers
(
) Chemists
) Post Office
) Grocers
) Record Shop
) Newsagents
( 12. A) Record
Greengrocers
(
) Butchers
) Bakers
) Flower Shop
SIMPLE PAST
(Pasado Simples)
Hay varias formas de referirse al pasado. Aqu vemos el pasado simple, que sera el verbo
TO BE y TO DO en el pasado.
Recordando que el verbo TO BE sirve nicamente para expresar SER o ESTAR, conjugar
verbos en el pasado de la siguiente manera:
AFIRMATIVE:
I was (yo era / estaba)
You were (usted era / estaba)
He was (l era / estaba)
She was (ella era / estaba)
It was (l o ella era / estaba)
We were (nosotros ramos / estbamos)
You were (ustedes eran / estaban)
They were (ellos o ellas eran / estaban)
INTERROGATIVE:
Was I? (yo era? / yo estaba?)
Were You? (usted era? / usted estaba?)
Was He?( l era? / l estaba?)
Was She? (ella era? / ella estaba?)
Was It? (l o ella era? / l o ella era o ello o ella estaba?)
Were We? (nosotros ramos? / nosotros estbamos?)
Were You? (ustedes eran? / ustedes estabam?)
Were They? (ellos o ellas eran? / ellos o ellas estaban?)
NEGATIVE:
I was not (yo no era / no estaba)
You were not (usted no era / usted no estaba
He was not (l no era / l no estaba)
She was not (ella no era / ella no estaba)
It was not (l o ella no era / l o ella no estaba)
We were not (nosotros no ramos / nosotros no estbamos)
You were not (ustedes no eran / ustedes no estaban)
They were not (ellos o ellas no eran / ellos o ellas no estaban)
NOTE QUE:
AM / IS = WAS
ARE = WERE
EJ:
Last year she was 22 years old, so she is 23 years old now.
(El ao pasado ella tena 22 aos de edad, entonces tiene 23 aos ahora.)
When I was a child, I was afraid of dogs.

(Cuando era un nio, tena miedo de los perros)
We were tired after the journey but we werent hungry.

(Estbamos cansados despus del viaje, pero no tenamos hambre)
The hotel was very comfortable and it wasnt expensive.

(El hotel era muy cmoda y no era caro)
Where were you at 3 oclock yesterday afternoon?
(Dnde estaba a las 3 de la tarde de ayer?)
FORMA CONTRACTA
Wasnt = was not
Werent = were not
Was the weather good when you were on holiday?

(El clima estaba buen cuando estabas de vacaciones?)
Those shoes are nice. Were they expensive?

(Esos zapatos son nizas. Eran caros?)
Why was he angry yesterday?

(Por qu estaba enojado ayer?)
RESPOSTAS CURTAS:
AFIRMATIVAS:
NEGATIVAS:
Yes, I was
Yes, you were
Yes, he was
Yes, she was
Yes, it was
Yes, you were
Yes, we were
No, I wasnt
No, you werent
No, he wasnt
No, she wasnt
No, it wasnt
No, you werent
No, we werent
No, they werent
Yes, they were

EX:
- Were you late? (Usted lleg tarde?)

No, I wasnt.
No, no llegu
- Was Ted at work yesterday? (Ted fue al trabajo ayer?)

Yes, he was. (S, l fue.)
- Were they at the party? (Ellos estaban en la fiesta?)
No, they werent. (No, no estaban.)
EXERCISES:
1. Put in am/is/are/was/were. Some sentences are in the past, and some are in the present.
a) Last year she was 22, so she is

b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
23 now. (Example)
Today the weather_________ nice, but yesterday it _________ cold.
I _________ hungry. Can I have something to eat?
I _____ hungry last night, so I had something to eat.
Where _________ you at 11 oclock last Friday morning?
Dont buy those shoes. They _________ too expensive.
Why _________ you so angry yesterday?
We must go now. It _________ very late.
This time the last year I _________ in Paris.
We _________ tired when we arrived home, so we went to bed.
Charlie Chaplin died in 1978. He _________ famous film star.
Where _________ the children? I dont know. They _________ in the garden ten
minutes ago.
2. Put was/wasnt / were/werent:

a) We didnt like our hotel room. It was very small and it wasnt very clean. (Example)
b) Kate got married when she _________ 24 years old.
c) I phoned you yesterday evening, but you _________ at home. Where _________ you?
d) George _________ at work last week because he _________ ill. Hes better now.
e) The shops_________ open yesterday because it _________ a public holiday.
f) _________ you at home at 9.30? No, I _________. I _________ at work.
3. Write questions:
a) I saw a film. (good?) {Example}
Was it good?
b) I met some people. (friendly?)
_____________________________________________
a) I did an examination. (difficult?)
_____________________________________________
b) I bought some boots. (expensive?)
_____________________________________________
c) I went to a museum. (interesting?)
_____________________________________________
Usamos el TO BE para SER Y ESTAR y utilizamos DO para los otros verbos.

Para auxiliar DO y DOES (verbo TO DO), tambin existe una forma del pasado.
Vamos a utilizar el verbo TO WORK = trabajar, por ejemplo.
AFFIRMATIVE:
I worked (trabaj)
You worked (Usted trabaj)
He worked (l trabaj)
She worked (Ella trabaj)
It worked (l o Ella trabaj, funcion
(cosas o animales))
We worked (Hemos trabajado)
You worked (Usted trabaj)
INTERROGATIVE:
Did I Work? (Yo trabaj?)
Did you Work? (Ustedes trabajaran?)
Did he Work? (l trabaj?)
Did she Work? (Ella trabajaran?)
Did it Work? (Funcion?)
Did we Work? (Nosotros trabajaran?)
Did you Work? (Ustedes trabajaran?)
Did they Work? (Ellos o Ellas trabajaran?)
They worked (Ellos o Ellas trabajaron)

NEGATIVE:
I didnt Work (Yo no trabaj)
You didnt Work (Usted no trabaj)
He didnt Work (l no trabaj)
She didnt Work (Ella no trabaj)
It didnt Work (No funcion)
We didnt Work (Nosotros no trabajamos)
You didnt Work (Ustedes no trabajaran)
They didnt Work (Ellos o Ellas no trabajaran)
NOTA que tambin en el pasado, no

utilizamos los verbos en el plural para HE,
SHE y IT en la forma afirmativa.
Tambin se mantiene las reglas de los
verbos en la forma singular cuando se
utiliza el auxiliar.
Para elaborar preguntas y respuestas, debemos seguir la siguiente regla:

Las preguntas siempre son hechas con el auxiliar DID + VERBO EN EL PRESENTE.
Las respuestas son dadas con los verbos en el pasado.
EJ:
Did you work yesterday? (Trabaj ayer?)
Yes, I worked.
(S, he trabajado)
Did you like that movie? (Te gust la pelcula?)
Yes, I liked so much.
(S, me ha gustado mucho)
Did she study last night? (Ella estudi anoche?)
Yes, she studied a lot.
(S, estudi mucho)
RESPUESTAS CORTAS:
Did you work yesterday? (Trabaj ayer?)
Yes, I did. (S, he trabajado)
Did you like that movie? (Te gust la pelcula?
No, I didnt. (No, no lo hice.)
Did she study last night? (Ella estudi anoche?)

Yes, she did. (S, estudi)
El pasado tambin se puede utilizar con el verbo en la forma progresiva (ESP):
- Estaba durmiendo esta tarde
(Estba durmiendo por la tarde)
Los verbos REGULARES terminan con el sufijo ED: worked, washed, lived ...
Ya los verbos IRREGULARES tienen una forma totalmente diferente de escribir y
pronunciacin.
Desafortunadamente no sigue ninguna regla, es necesario memorizalos.
Al final de este libro, usted encontrar una lista de verbos irregulares
EXERCISES:
1. Answer the questions with information about yourself:
a) How old were you when you first rode a bike?
____________________________________________________________
b) What did you like to do when you were a child?
____________________________________________________________
c) Where did you go to school?
____________________________________________________________
d) Who was your favorite teacher?
____________________________________________________________
e) Did you like fairy tales when you were a child?
______________________________________________________________
2. Now, write the appropriate question to the information provided:

a) ____________________________________________________________
I started it in 1990. I went to the Federal University in Rio, Brazil.
b) ____________________________________________________________
Yes, I did. I had a jeep then.
c) ____________________________________________________________
His/Her name was Peter/Jane. She/He was my boyfriend/girlfriend for 2 years.
d) ____________________________________________________________
In April. It was a beautiful sunny morning. Your father and I were happy.
e) ____________________________________________________________
In Chicago, but I moved to Brazil when I was still baby.
3. Here are some more verbs that appeared in previous units. Match each verb with its
past tense.
write
begin
draw
Got
changed
Look
wash
visited
drew
washed
cooked
make
cook
bought
read
do
Eat
looked
work
play
Read
did
ate
buy
type
wrote
began
help
Change
visit
listened
listen
get
made
relaxed
helped
4. Interview your partner about what he / she did last Sunday:

Ask:
What time did you get up?
What did you do in the morning?
Where did you have a lunch? .
What did you have for a lunch?
What did you do in the afternoon? .
What did you do in the evening?
5. Write a paragraph about your partner:
Last Sunday (name)at.
In the morning, he/sheFor lunch, he/she had . In
the afternoon he/she.
In the evening, he / she
FUTURE
(Futuro)
Hay varias maneras en Ingls para referirse al futuro. Las dos formas ms comunes son
Going To, Will o Shall.
El futuro GOING TO es usado para expresar acciones futuras previstas. Esta
construccin muestra que el hablante tiene la intencin de que la accin se lleva a cabo.
TO BE + GOING TO + EL VERBO EN LA FORMA SIMPLE.
EX:
She is going to watch TV this evening.
Ella va a ver la televisin por la tarde.
El futuro con Going To corresponde en espaol a la expresin verbal: se va, me muevo ...
Vea los siguientes ejemplos con el verbo TO WATCH= Ver, Mirar
AFIRMATIVE:
I am going to watch
You are going to watch
He is going to watch
She is going to watch
It is going to watch
We are going to watch
You are going to watch
They are going to watch
(Voy a ver)
(Usted va a ver)
(l va a ver )
(Ella va a ver)
(Se va a ver)
(Nosotros Vamos a ver)
(Ustedes van a ver)
(Ellos/ Ellas van a ver)
Ntese que para HE, SHE y IT,

el verbo no cambia.
INTERROGATIVE:
Am I going to watch? (Voy a ver?)
Are you going to watch? (Usted va a ver?)
Is He going to watch? (l va a ver?)
Is she going to watch? (Ella va a ver?)
Is it going to watch? (Se va a ver?)
Are we going to watch? (Nosotros Vamos a ver?)
Are you going to watch? (Ustedes van a ver?)
Are they going to watch? (Ellos/ Ellas van a ver?)
NEGATIVE:
I am not going to watch (Yo no voy a ver)
You are not going to watch (Usted no se va a ver)
He is not going to watch (l no va a ver)
She is not going to watch (Ella no va a ver)
It is not going to watch (No va a ver)
We are not going to watch (No vamos a ver)
You are not going to watch (Usted no se va a ver)
They are not going to watch (Ellos no van a ver)
Observe que con Going To

tambin puede utilizar la
expresin negativa en la forma
contracta: Isnt y Arent.
Otros Ejemplos:
- Dont you want a ride?
(No quieres que te lleve?)
- No, thanks. Bill is going to take me home.
(No, gracias. Bill me va a llevar a casa.)
- Oh God, I forgot the copies of the tests.
(Oh Dios, me olvid de las copias de las pruebas)
- Dont worry; I am going to print them again.
(No te preocupes, voy a imprimir de nuevo.)
WILL Y SHALL
Will es usado para indicar un futuro incierto, distante, para hacer planes. Las
construcciones con WILL (SHALL) + UNA FORMA SIMPLE DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL.
Shall es utilizado con I y WE en contextos formales y se sustituye generalmente por WILL.
Correspondencia con el Espaol:
One day, I will eat that food
(Un da, me voy a comer ese alimento)
AFIRMATIVE:
NEGATIVE:
I will (shall) watch (Lo ver)

You will watch (Usted va ver)
He will watch (El va a ver)
She will watch (Ella va a ver)
It will watch (Lo ver)
We will (shall) watch (Nosotros vamos ver)
You will watch (Ustedes van a ver)
They will watch (Ellos o Ellas van a ver)
I will not watch

(No Lo ver)
You will not watch
(Usted no va ver)
He will not watch
(El no va a ver)
She will not watch
(Ella no va a ver)
It will not watch
(No Lo ver)
We will not watch
(Nosotros no vamos ver)
You will not watch
(Ustedes no van a ver)
They will not watch (Ellos o Ellas no van a ver)
A Forma Contracta para a forma afirmativa

Ill, Youll, Hell, Shell, Itll Well, Theyll
AINTERROGATIVE:
Forma Contracta para a forma negativa
WONT = Will + Not
Will / Shall I watch? (Lo ver?)
Will You watch? (Usted va ver?)
Will He watch? (El va a ver?)
Will She watch? (Ella va a ver?)
Will It watch? (Lo ver?)
Will / Shall We watch? (Nosotros vamos ver?)
Will You watch? (Ustedes van a ver?)
Will They watch? (Ellos o Ellas van a ver?)
EX:
- Call me this evening. Ill be at home.
(Llmame esta noche. Voy a estar en casa)
- Leave the old bread in the garden. The birds will eat it.
(Dejar el pan viejo en el jardn. Las aves comen)
NOTA que usamos nicamente el SHALL
- Well probably go out this evening.
para I y WE, en situaciones formales,
(Probablemente vamos a salir esta noche)
tanto en las formas afirmativas y en las
- Will you be at home this evening?
(Estars en casa esta noche?)
- I wont be here tomorrow.
(No voy a estar aqu maana)
formas interrogativas.
El SHALL es utilizado cuando lo que hacer
es una buena idea, cuando se piensa que
debe hacer algo.
Pero no utilice WILL para cosas que ya se dispone para hacer:

- Were going to the theatre on Saturday (not we will go)
(Vamos al teatro el sbado)
- Are you working tomorrow? (not will you go)
(Ests trabajando maana?)
- I shall be late tomorrow o I will be late tomorrow.
(Voy a llegar tarde maana)
- I think we shall win o I think we will win.
(Creo que vamos a ganar)
- My case is very heavy. Ill carry for you. (offer help)
(Mi caso es muy pesado. "Voy a llevar por ti". (oferta de ayuda).
- Shall I answer the phone?
(Debo contestar el telfono?)
EXERCISES:
1. Are you going to do these things tomorrow? Use I will or Ill:
a) (buy a car) = Ill buy a car tomorrow
b) (get up before 6.30) = I _______________________________________
c) (have breakfast) = I __________________________________________
d) (watch TV in the morning) = I ___________________________________
e) (cook a meal) = I _____________________________________________
f) (ride a bike) = I _____________________________________________
2. Make questions. Use going to:
a) (what / you / wear / to the party?) = What are you going to wear to the party?
b) (when / you / visit me / again?) = _________________________________N
c) (what time / Tom / phone you tonight?) ___________________________________
d) (how long / your friends / stay here?) = ___________________________________
e) (What time / you / get up tomorrow?) = ___________________________________
3. Complete the sentences. Use Going To + one of these verbs:
(eat / give / lie / rain / study / walk / wash)
a) My hair is dirty. Im going to wash it.
b) I dont want to go home by bus. I __________________________________
c) Johns university course begins in October. He ______________ an engineering.
d) Take an umbrella with you. It ______________________________________
e) Im hungry. I ________________________________________this sandwich.
f) Its Vals birthday next week. We ________________________ her a present.
g) I feel tired. I ___________________________________ down for an hour.
4. Helen is going on European tour next month. Look at her plans. Where will she be on
these dates?
6-9 = Paris
10-12 = Munich
13-15 = Vienna
16-22 = Rome
23-28 =Athens
a) (8th) shell be in Paris
b) (10th) _______________________________________________________
c) (25th) ________________________________________________________
d) (14th) ________________________________________________________
e) (20th) ________________________________________________________
5. Write the negative form:

a) Youll sleep = _____________________________________________________
b) Ill forget = _____________________________________________________
c) It will happen= ___________________________________________________
d) You will find it= __________________________________________________
6. Write sentences with Shall I? Choose the words from the box A and B:
a) Its warm in this room. Shall I open the window? (Example)
b) This programme is very good. _____________________________________
c) Im hungry. ___________________________________________________
d) Its dark in this room. ____________________________________________
make
turn on
turn on
some sandwiches
open
the window
the television
the light
PRESENT PERFECT
(Present Perfecto)
El presente perfecto indica una accin que ocurri en el pasado, pero todava tiene una
relevancia en el presente. La ms notable caracterstica de este tiempo no se indica las
fechas o perodos cuando sucedi.
Usamos el verbo HAVE / HAS y como auxiliar y los verbos en Participio Pasado (tercera
columna), pero asi como en el pasado simple, los verbos regulares permanecen con la
terminacin en ed. abreviamos Ive.
Para diferenciar el uso del Present Perfect del Pasado Simple, debemos comprobar si
sabemos cundo alguna accin ocurri.
EX: I did my homework yesterday.
(Yo lo hice mi tarea ayer) Se menciona en este caso cuando sucedi = Yesterday.
EX: I have done my homework.
(Hice mi trabajo) El trabajo est hecho, pero no sabemos cundo sucedi.
Usamos el auxiliar HAVE para I, You, We, y THEY. Para HE, SHE y IT utilizamos HAS.
EX: She has done her homework. (Ella ha hecho su tarea)
We have done our homework. (Hemos hecho los deberes)
Para construir oraciones negativas, agregamos NOT al HAVE/ HAS.
EX: I havent done my homework =
(No he hecho mi tarea)
HAVE + NOT
She hasnt done her homework = HAS + NOT

(Ella no ha hecho su tarea)
Para hacermos cosas, revertir el auxiliar con el pronombre..
EX:
Have you done your homework?
(Has hecho los deberes?)
Has she done her homework?
(Ella Ha hecho sus deberes?)
Tambin podemos utilizar respuestas cortas a las preguntas:
Have you done your homework? (Has hecho los deberes?)
Yes, I have.
(S, lo hice)
No, I havent. (No, no lo he hecho)
Has she done her homework? (Ella Ha hecho sus deberes?)
Yes, she has. (S, lo hizo)
No, she hasnt. (No, no lo hizo)
EXERCISES
1. Rewrite the sentences using the Present Perfect Tense:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
He / clean / his shoes = He has cleaned his shoes.

She / close / the door = ..
They / go / to bed =
It / stop / raining = .
He / have / a bath =
The picture / fall / down = .
2. Complete the sentences with a verb from the list using the Present Perfect tense:
BREAK
BUY
GO
DO
LOSE
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
PAINT
FINISH
GO
READ
TAKE
Are they still having dinner? No, they have finished.

I .. some new shoes. Do you want to see them?
Is Tom there? No, he .. to work.
you the shopping? No, Im going to do it later.
Wheres your key? I dont know. I .. it.
Look! Somebody .. that window!
Your house looks different. . You it?
I cant find my umbrella. Somebody .. it.
Im looking for Sarah. Where .. She ?
Do you want the newspaper? No, thanks. I it.
Para usamos el Presente Perfecto, debemos conocer otras formas de expresar el pasado.
La expresin ALREADY o EVER aparece a menudo en las oraciones. Ambos significan YA.
EX:
Have you ever lived abroad?
(Alguna vez ha vivido en el extranjero?)
I have already washed my car.
(Ya me he lavado mi coche)
Con el Presente Perfecto, podemos expresar:
1. Las acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y an estn en curso (BEEN + SINCE) y el
verbo con ING.
2. Determinar un perodo exacto de tiempo (FOR) y con el verbo en participio pasado.
3. Hablar de las cosas que acaban de suceder (JUST) y con el verbo en participio pasado.
EX:
Ive BEEN studying English SINCE last year.
(HE ESTUDIADO Ingls DESDE el ao pasado).
4. Accin que comenz el ao pasado, pero an no ha terminado.
Ive worked at Embraer FOR five years.
(He trabajado en Embraer durante cinco aos)
5. Accin ya termin. Indicacin del periodo.
Ive JUST explained the subject.
(Acabo de explicar el asunto)
EXERCISES:
1. Complete the sentences according to the meaning

a) How long have you worked as an architect? (work)
I've worked as an architect since I graduated from the University of Texas.

b) How long................. you ................... on business? (travel)
I've traveled on business I got this job.
c) How long . Youat this law firm? (work)
We've worked together at Thomson & Sons . three years.
d) How long have you . a server? (be)
I've been a server .. over a year.
e) How long . your wife .. an archaeologist? (be)
My wife and I have been archaeologists .. 2002.
f) How long your sister . a babysitter? (be)
My sister has been a babysitter .. she started high school.
g) How long . Your father cars? (repair)
My father has repaired cars for many years.
2. Complete the conversations using FOR and SINCE:
a) At the office.
Michael: How long have you and your team worked on this project?
Edward: We've worked on the project.. over a year.
b) At the clinic.
Doctor: How long has your daughter had this headache?
Patient's mother: She's had it .. the beginning of the summer.
c) At the police station.

Police officer: How long have you known this man?
Boy: I've known him . much little time.
d) In the neighborhood.
George: How long have you lived here?
Simon: We've lived here ten years.
e) At school.
Mrs Allen: How long has the new director worked here?
Miss Green: He's been here last year.
3. Put the sentence in the correct order:
a) movie? Bond you Have already James seen new
the
......................................................................................................................................................
b) been Italy?
Have
you
to
......................................................................................................................................................
c) present
George? you
for
uncle Have
a bought
......................................................................................................................................................
d) started
Has
her sister English
your course
......................................................................................................................................................
e) India.
my
trip I
to from
just have arrived
......................................................................................................................................................
THE MODAL AUXILLIARIES

(Los Auxiliares Modales)
Los MODALES son verbos auxiliares que, combinados con otros verbos, forman locuciones
verbales con una variedad de significados.
CAN = Refiere-se refiere al presente o en el futuro.
a) La capacidad fsica o intelectual:
Paul can remove the boxes for you tomorrow.
(Paul puede quitar las cajas para maana)
Can you read and write?
(Usted puede leer y escribir?)
b) Permiso (informal):
Can I go out for lunch now?
(Puedo ir a comer ahora?)
The children can play in the yard if they wish.
(Los nios pueden jugar en el patio, si quieren.)
c) Posibilidad:
It can rain tonight.
(Puede llover esta noche.)
We can meet you there later
(Nosotros lo encontramos ms adelante.)
d) Solicitud (informal):
Can you pass me the sugar?
(Puedes pasarme el azcar?)
Can you lend me your pen for a second?
(Puedo pedir prestada su pluma por un segundo?)
COULD = Se refiere al presente, el pasado y el futuro:
a) Capacidad fsica o intelectual en el pasado:
When I was in senior high school, I could understand math well.
(Cuando estaba en la escuela secundaria, yo podia entiender muy bien las matemticas)
When she was younger, she could dance better than anyone.
(Cuando era joven, poda bailar mejor que nadie)
b) Solicitud (ms poltica)

Could I borrow your French dictionary?
(Puedo tomar prestado el diccionario francs?)
Could you pass me the salad?
(Voc poderia me passar a salada?)
OBS: COULD usado como passado de CAN no discurso indireto.
He says he can speak English very well.
(l dice que puede hablar Espanhol muy bien)
He said he could speak English well.
(l dice que podia hablar Espanhol muy bien)
RESPOSTAS CURTAS:
Can you play the guitar? (Se puede tocar la guitarra? ()
Yes, I can (S,yo puedo)
No, I cant (No, no puedo)
NEGATIVO:
Can + Not = CANT
Could + Not = COULDNT
EXERCISES
1. Ask your partner if he/ she can do these things:
a) (swim) Can you swim? Yes, I can / No, I cant.
b) (play chess) ________________________________________________________
c) (run 10 kilometers) ___________________________________________________
d) (drive) ____________________________________________________________
e) (ride a horse) _______________________________________________________
f) (cook) _____________________________________________________________
2. Can you do these things? Write sentences about yourself. Use can or cant:
a) __________________________________________________________________
b) __________________________________________________________________
c) __________________________________________________________________
d) __________________________________________________________________
e) __________________________________________________________________
f) __________________________________________________________________
3. Complete the sentences. Use can or cant + one of these verbs:
come
find
hear
see
speak
Im sorry, but we cant come to your party next Saturday.

b) I like this hotel room. You ____________________the mountains from the window.
c) You are speaking very quietly. I _______________________ you.
d) Have you seen my bag? I ____________________ it.
e)
Catherine got the job because she ____________________ five languages.
a)
4. Complete the sentences. Use cant or couldnt + one of these verbs:

eat
decide
find
go
sleep
f) I was tired, but I couldnt sleep.

g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
I wasnt hungry yesterday. I ____________________ my dinner.

Ann doesnt know what to do. She ____________________.
I wanted to speak to Martin yesterday but I ____________________ him.
Jim __________________ to the concert next Saturday. He has to work.
Paula ____________________ to the meeting last week. She was ill.
5. What do you say in these situations? Use CAN or COULD. Use the words in brackets ():
a) .you open the door, please?

b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
................ you pass the salt to me?

you turn off the sound?
... I have the bill, please?
... you give me your autograph?
................ I borrow your pen?
MUST / MUSTNT
Usamos o MUST quando achamos que necessrio fazer alguma coisa, uma obrigao.
Sempre utilizamos o MUST + o verbo no infinitivo. (must do / must see...).
Ex:
The window is very dirty. I MUST clean it.
(La ventana est muy sucia. TENGO que limpiarla).
Its a fantastic film. You MUST see it.
(Es una pelcula fantstica. TIENES que verla.)
We MUST go to the bank today. We havent got any money.
(TENEMOS que ir al banco hoy. Nosotros no tenemos dinero).
Para hablar en el pasado, el modal MUST (NECESITAR) convierte HAD TO (TENA QUE /
TUVO QUE ...). A veces las frases van acompaadas de expresiones como yestersday
(ayer), last week (la semana pasada (, etc.
EJ:
We HAD TO go to the bank yesterday.
(TUVIMOS QUE ir al banco ayer.)
I HAD TO walk home last night. There were no buses.
(TUVE que caminar hasta su casa la noche anterior. No haban bus)
MUSTNT = MUST + NOT
Mustnt es la forma negativa de MUST. Se utiliza cuando no es necesario hacer algo.
Ex:
Just look at the picture. You MUSTNT touch it.
(Basta con mirar el cuadro. Usted NO NECESITA tocarlo).
You MUST hurry. You MUSTNT be late.
(HAY que darse prisa. Usted NO PUEDE llegar tarde.)
You MUSTNT forget to phone Julia.
(NO SE PUEDE olvidar que llamar Julia)
= You MUST remember to phone Julia
(HAY que acordarse de llamar a Julia).
Be happy! You MUSTNT be sad!
= Dont be sad.
(S feliz! Usted NO DEBE estar triste! = No te pongas triste)
EXERCISES
1) Complete the sentences using MUST + one of these verbs:
BE
GO
GO
LEARN
MEET
WASH
WIN
a) We must go to the bank today. We have got any money.

b) Marilyn is a very interesting person. You her.
c) My hands are dirty. I.. them.
d) You. to drive. It will be very useful.
e) Ithe post office. I need some stamps.
f) The game tomorrow is very important for us. We.
g) You cant always have things immediately. You .. patient.
2) Put I MUST or I HAD TO:
1) I had to go to the bank yesterday to get some money.
2) Its late. .. go now.
3) I dont usually work on Saturdays, but last Saturday .. work.
4) . get up early tomorrow. Ive got a lot to do.
5) I went to London by train last week. The train was full and I stand all the way.
6) I was nearly late for my appointment this morning. I . run to get there on time.
7) I forgot to phone David yesterday. I .. phone him later today.
3) Find the sentences with the same meaning:
a) We must leave the meeting early.
b) We mustnt leave the meeting early.
c) We had to leave the meeting early.
( ) We couldnt stay until the end.
( ) We cant stay until the end.
( ) We can stay until the end.
Existem trs verbos modais que so usados para indicar possibilidade:

MAY: Indica uma probabilidade, cuja certeza no existe, mas bem possvel que acontea.
EX: I may see Mary when I get to London.
(Se puede ver a Mara cuando llegue a Londres)
Pero tambin est indicado para el permiso. MAY es ms formal que CAN.
EX: May I go home earlier today?
(Puedo ir a casa temprano hoy?)
Everyone may have a break now.
(Todo el mundo puede tener un descanso ahora)
MIGHT indica una posibilidad ms remota de MAY. Algo que puede suceder, pero rara vez
realmente suceder.
EX: We MIGHT go to the beach next weekend.
NEGATIVO:
(Tal vez Podamos ir a la playa el fin de semana)
May + Not = may not
It MIGHT rain today

(Tal vez llueva hoy)
Might + Not = might not
NOTA: En el discurso directo MIGHT es pasado de MAY.

EX: The teacher Said we might hand in the paper after the test.
(El maestro dijo que podamos entregar el trabajo despus de la prueba.)
John said I might use his car.
(John dijo que podra usar su coche)
EXERCISES
1. Write sentences with MIGHT:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
(Its possible that Ill go to the cinema) I might go to the cinema.

(Its possible that Ill see you tomorrow) ..
(Its possible that Ann will forget to phone) ..
(Its possible that it will snow today) ..
(Its possible that Ill be late tonight) ...
2. Write sentences with might not:

a) (Its possible that Mary will not be there)
....
b) (Its possible that I wont have time to meet you)
c) (Its possible that you wont meet him tonight)

..
3. Choose the correct answer: (r) requests (p) possibility.
a) (
b) (
c) (
d) (
e) (
) May I use my laptop now?

) I may have a birthday party at the end of this month.
) May I open the door please? Its hot here!
) May I turn on the TV?
) You may travel by plane.
SHOULD / SHOULDNT
Usamos SHOULD cuando queremos dar consejos o decir algo que sera una "buena
idea" hacer.
La SHOULD tambin es utilizado con el verbo en infinitivo. SHOULD Do / SHOULD
Study ...
EX:
Tom SHOULD go to bed earlier. He goes to bed very late and hes always tired.
(Tom debe ir a la cama ms temprano. l va a la cama muy tarde y l siempre est
cansado.)
Its a good film. You SHOULD go and see it.
(Es una buena pelcula. Hay que ir a verlo.)
When you play tennis, you SHOULD always watch the ball.
(Cuando juegas al tenis, siempre hay que mirar el baln.).
SHOULDNT = SHOULD NOT
Usamos cuando nos damos cuenta de que hay algo que no es una buena cosa que
hacer. Lo utilizamos para dar consejos tambin.
EX:
Tom SHOULDNT go to bed so late.
(Tom NO DEBERA / NO DEBE ir a la cama tan tarde)
You watch TV all the time. You SHOULDNT watch TV so much.
(Puedes ver la televisin todo el tiempo. Usted no debe ver la televisin mucho.).
A veces usamos THINK y GUESS con Should o Shouldnt.
EX:
I THINK Carol SHOULD buy some new clothes.
(Creo que Carol debera / debe comprar ropas nuevas)
Its late. I GUESS I SHOULD go home now.
(Es tarde. Creo que debera irme a casa ahora)
Think / Guess = buena idea de algo que hacer, la opinin.
I dont THINK you SHOULD work so hard.
(Yo no creo que deberas trabajar tanto). O
I GUESS you SHOULDNT work so hard.

(Io creo que no debes trabajar tan duro).
Do you THINK I SHOULD buy this hat?
(Tu crees que debera comprar este sombrero?)
What time do you THINK we SHOULD go home?
(A qu hora crees que deberamos ir a casa?)
Otra forma de utilizar con la expresin OUGHT TO, qu significa la misma cosa.
EX:
Its a good film. You OUGHT TO see it. =
Es una buena pelcula. (Usted debe verla)
Must es ms fuerte de lo que Should.
Must = tiene que hacer algo, imposicin.
Should = Deberias hacer algo, consejos....
Its a good film. You SHOULD see it.
EXERCISES
1. Complete the sentences using YOU SHOULD + one of these verbs:
CLEAN
GO
TAKE VISIT
WATCH
WEAR
a) When you play tennis, you should watch the ball.

b) Its late and youre very tired. . to bed.
your teeth twice a day.
c) If you have time .. the Science Museum. Its very interesting.
d) When youre driving . The seat belt.
e) Its to far to walk from here to the station. .. a taxi.
2. Write the sentences with SHOULDNT based in the principal statement:
1.
2.
3.
4.
You watch TV too much. .

You eat too much. .
You work too hard. ..
You drive too fast. ..
2. You are asking a friend for an advice. Write questions with DO YOU THINK I
SHOULD ?
1. You are in a shop trying on a jacket. (buy).
You ask your friend: Do you think I should buy this jacket?
2. You cant drive. (learn)
You ask your friend:.
3. You dont like your job. (get another job)
You ask your friend:.
4. You are going to have a party. (invite Gary)
You ask your friend:
3. Write sentences with I THINKSHOULD or I DONT THINK SHOULD / I THINK

SHOULDNT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Its late. (go home now). I think we should go home now.

That coat is too big for you. (buy it)....
You dont need your car. (sell it) ..
Diane needs a rest. (have a holiday) ...
Sally and Collin are too young. (get married) ..
Youre not well today. (go to the doctor) .
The hotel is too expensive for us. (stay here)
4. Write sentences with SHOULD:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
I think everybody should learn another language.

I think everybody...
I think .
I dont think ..
I think I should
WOULD
Would you like? = do you want?
Utilizamos Le gustara ofrecer cosas.
EX:
Would you like some coffee?
Yes, Id like some.
(Quieres un caf? )
(S, me gustara un poco)
Id = I would
El modal tambin es utilizado antes de otros verbos para conjugar el futuro del
pasado.
EX:
Gustaria = would like
haria = would do
Comeria = would eat
Entre otros.
Otros ejemplos:
WOULD YOU LIKE some coffee?
No, thank you.
WOULD YOU LIKE a chocolate?
Yes, please.
(VOC GOSTARIA de caf?)

(No, gracias)
(VOC GOSTARIA de um chocolate?)
(S, por favo)
What WOULD YOU LIKE, tea or coffee? (O que VOC GOSTARIA, ch ou caf?)
Tea, please.
(T, por favor)
Tambien usamos WOULD LIKE para envitarmos Alguien:
EX:
WOULD YOU like to go for a walk?
(Le gustara ir a dar un paseo?)
WOULD YOU LIKE to have dinner with us on Sunday?
(Le gustara cenar con nosotros el domingo?)
Yes, ID love to. = I would love to have a dinner with you on Sunday.
(S, me encantara) = Me encantara tener una cena con ustedes el domingo.).
What WOULD YOU LIKE to do this evening?
(QU TE GUSTARIA hacer esta noche?)
Si la pregunta se WOULD LIKE si la respuesta tambin debe ser con WOULD

LIKE:
Es ms poltico pedir cosas de esa manera.
Im thirsty. ID LIKE a drink.
(Tengo sed. ME GUSTARIA una bebida).
ID LIKE some information about hotels please.
(ME GUSTARIA una informacin sobre los hoteles, por favor.)
I'D LIKE to see the film on television this evening.
(ME GUSTARIA ver la pelcula en la televisin esta noche.)
EXERCISES:
1. What do you say to Sue in these situations?
a) You want to go to the cinema tonight. Perhaps, Sue will go with you. (go)
You say: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? (Example)
b) You want to play tennis tomorrow. Perhaps Sue will play too. (play)
You say:
c) Youve got some holidays photographs. Sue hasnt seen them yet. (see)
You say:
d) You have an extra ticket for a concert next week. Perhaps Sue will go. (Go)
You say:
e) Its raining and Sue is going out. She hasnt got an umbrella but you have one. (borrow)
You say:
2. Which is correct?
a) a) Do you like / would you like a chocolate? Yes, please. Would you like is correct.
(Example)
b) Do you like / would you like bananas? Yes, I love them. ____________________
c) Do you like / would you like an ice cream? No, thank you. ____________________
d) What do you like / would you like to drink? A glass of water, please. ___________
e) Do you like / would you like to go out for a walk? No now. Perhaps later. _________
f) I like / Id like tomatoes, but I dont eat them very often. ___________________
g) What time do you like / would you like to have a dinner this evening? ___________
h) Do you like / would you like something to eat? No, thanks. Im not hungry. ________
i) Do you like / would you like your new job? Yes, Im enjoying it. _______________
j) Im tired. I like / Id like to go to sleep now.______________________________
EXERCISES
1. Click on the answers that best complete the following statements and questions.
1. We don't have ____ to drink. Why hasn't ____ asked me

to bring ____?
something / anyone / anything

anything / nobody / nothing
anything / anyone / something
2. ____ is ready for our trip! We've already bought and packed all the
things we need.
Everything
Nothing
Something
3. There's ____ wrong with my phone... Every time ____ calls me, I hear a
buzzing sound.
something / nobody
nothing / someone
something / someone
4. ____ in my class got really frustrated today. ____ knew how to solve
the math problem the teacher assigned us.
Everyone / No one
Everyone / Everybody
Anybody / No one
5. Mom, is there any message for me? Has ____ called me?
anybody
nobody
no one
6. You know that I have ____ if I don't have you, darling!
anything
nothing
something
7. A Coke... Here you are. Is there ____ else I can bring you?
nothing
anything
everything
2. Use the words in the boxes to complete the following mini-conversations.
Everybody
Somebody
Anyone
Nobody
Everything
Something
Anything
Nothing
a) Joe: Is there
here who wants to join a night cycling club?
Mina: Thanks, Joe. Maybe next time. I've already arranged to do something else.
b) Katia:
in my family eats meat.
Rosana: Really? That's amazing! Gauchos usually love barbecue!
c) Wife: You shouldn't have left the door unlocked.
could have come in.
Husband: I know, I know... I just forgot! Will you relax, please?
happened!
d) Friend 1: Where are Sue and Bob?

Friend 2:
tells me they're not coming tonight.
e) Girlfriend: I guess I'm on a diet because
weight.
else at home is trying to lose
Boyfriend: Come on! You shouldn't worry about that. You look great!
f) Boss: Mr Yashmoto from Nakai sent me a fax about the new equipment that we
should have sent them this week. What happened?
is under control now. I have just contacted Nakai and explained

that there was a problem with the shipping company. One of their employees got the
Manager:
wrong date. We didn't have
to do with the misunderstanding.
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS MOST

COMMONLY USED
Simple present Simple past
Abide
Am, is, are
Arise, arises
Bear, bears
Beat, beats
Become, becomes
Begin, begins
Bend, bends
Bid, bids
Bind, binds
Bet, bets
Bit, bites
Bleed, bleeds
Blow, blows
Break, breaks
Breed, breeds
Bring, brings
Broadcast, broadcasts
Build, builds
Burn, burns
Burst, bursts
Buy, buys
Catch, catches
Choose, chooses
Cling, clings
Come, comes
Cost, costs
Creep, creeps
Cut, cuts
Deal, deals
Dig, digs
Do, does
Draw, draws
Dream, dreams
Drive, drives
Dwell, dwells
Eat, eats
Fall, falls
Feed, feeds
Feel, feels
Fight, fights
Find, finds
Flee, flees
Fling, flings
Fly, flies
Present perfect
Ing form
Translation
bode (abided)
have/has abode(abided) abiding
enfrentar,suportar
was, were
have/has been
being
ser, estar
arose
have/has arisen
arising
surgir, apresentar
bore
have/has born (e)
bearing
suportar, gerar
beat
have/has beaten
beating
derrotar
became
have/has become
becoming
tornar-se
began
have/has begun
beginning
comear
bent
have/has bent
bending
curvar
bade
have/has bidden
biding
oferecer (preo)
bound
have/has bound
binding
atar, amarrar
bet
have/has betted
betting
apostar
bit
have/has bitten
biting
morder
bled
have/has bled
bleeding
sangrar
blew
have/has blown
blowing
soprar
broke
have/has broken
breaking
quebrar
bred
have/has bred
breeding
criar
brought
have/has brought
bringing
trazer
broadcast
have/has broadcast
broadcasting transmitir
built
have/has built
building
construir
burnt, burned
have/has burnt, burned
burning
queimar
burst
have/has burst
bursting
explodir
bought
have/has bought
buying
comprar
caught
have/has caught
catching
pegar
chose
have/has chosen
choosing
escolher
clung
have/has clung
clinging
agarrar-se
came
have/has come
coming
vir
cost
have/has cost
costing
custar
crept
have/has crept
creeping
rastejar
cut
have/has cut
cutting
cortar
dealt
have/has dealt
dealing
tratar,lidar,negociar
dug
have/has dug
digging
cavar
did
have/has done
doing
fazer
drew
have/has drawn
drawing
desenhar
dreamt, dreamed have/has dreamed
dreaming
sonhar
drove
have/has driven
driving
dirigir
dwelt
have/has dwelt
dwelling
habitar
ate
have/has eaten
eating
comer
fell
have/has fallen
falling
cair
fed
have/has fed
feeding
alimentar
felt
have/has felt
feeling
sentir
fought
have/has fought
fighting
lutar
found
have/has found
finding
encontrar
fled
have/has fled
fleeing
fugir
flung
have/has flung
flinging
arremessar
flew
have/has flown
flying
voar

COMMONLY USED
Simple present
Forbid, forbids
Forget, forgets
Forgive, forgives
Forsake, forsakes
Freeze, freezes
Get, gets
Give, gives
Go, goes
Grow, grows
Hang, hangs
Have, has
Hear, hears
Hide, hides
Hit, hits
Hold, holds
Hurt, hurts
Keep, keeps
Kneel, kneels
Know, knows
Lay, lays
Lead, leads
Leap, leaps
Learn, learns
Leave, leaves
Lend, lends
Let, lets
Lie, lies
Lie, lies
Light, lights
Lose, loses
Make, makes
Mean, means
Meet, meets
Mislay, mislays
Mow, mows
Overtake, overtakes
Pay, pays
Put, puts
Quit, quits
Read, reads
Ride, rides
Ring, rings
Rise, rises
Run, runs
Saw, saws
Simple past
Present perfect
Ing form
forbade
have/has forbidden
forgot
have/has forgotten
forgave
have/has forgiven
forsook
have/has forsaken
froze
have/has frozen
got
have/has got (ten)
gave
have/has given
went
have/has gone
grew
have/has grown
hung
have/has hung
had
have/has had
heard
have/has heard
hid
have/has hidden
hit
have/has hit
held
have/has held
hurt
have/has hurt
kept
have/has kept
nelt
have/has knelt
knew
have/has known
laid
have/has laid
led
have/has led
leapt, leaped have/has leaped, leapt
learnt, learned have/has learned, learnt
left
have/has left
lent
have/has lent
let
have/has let
lied
have/has lied
lay
have/has lain
lit, lighted
have/has lighted, lit
lost
have/has lost
made
have/has made
meant
have/has meant
met
have/has met
mislaid
have/has mislaid
mowed
have/has mowed
overtook
have/has overtaken
paid
have/has paid
put
have/has put
quit, quitted
have/has quit, quitted
read
have/has read
rode
have/has ridden
rang
have/has rung
rose
have/has risen
ran
have/has run
sawed
have/has sawed
Translation
forbidding
proibir
forgetting
esquecer
forgiving
perdoar
forsaking
abandonar
freezing
gelar, congelar
getting
receber
giving
dar
going
ir
growing
crescer
hanging
pendurar
having
ter
hearing
ouvir
hiding
esconder
hitting
bater,
holding
segurar
hurting
ferir
keeping
manter
kneeling
ajoelhar-se
knowing
saber
laying
por
leading
conduzir
leaping
saltar
learning
aprender
leaving
sair
lending
emprestar
letting
deixar
lying
mentir
lying
estar
lighting
acender
losing
perder
making
fazer
meaning
significar
meeting
encontrar
mislaying
extraviar
mowing ceifar, cortar grama
overtaking
ultrapassar
paying
pagar
putting
pr
quitting
abandonar, desistir
reading
ler
riding
cavalgar
ringing
tocar
rising
subir
running
correr
sawing
serrar

COMMONLY USED
Simple present
Say, says
See, sees
Seek, seeks
Sell, sells
Send, sends
Set, sets
Sew, sews
Shake, shakes
Shoot, shoots
Show, shows
Shrink, shrinks
Shut, shuts
Sing, sings
Sink, sinks
Sit, sits
Sleep, sleeps
Slide, slides
Smell, smells
Speak, speaks
Speed, speeds
Spend, spends
Spill, spills
Spit, spits
Split, splits
Spread, spreads
Spring, springs
Stand, stands
Steal, steals
Stick, sticks
Sting, stings
Stink, stinks
Strike, strikes
Swear, swears
Sweep, sweeps
Swell, swells
Swim, swims
Swing, swings
Take, takes
Teach, teaches
Tear, tears
Tell, tells
Think, thinks
Throw, throws
Tread, treads
Undergo
Simple past
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shone
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
slid
smelt, smelled
spoke
sped
spent
spilt, spilled
spat
split
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stunk
struck
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
troad
underwent
Present perfect
Ing form
have/has said
saying
have/has seen
seeing
have/has sought
seeking
have/has sold
selling
have/has sent
sending
have/has set
setting
have/has sewn
sewing
have/has shone
shining
have/has shot
shooting
have/has shown
showing
have/has shrunk
shrinking
have/has shut
shutting
have/has sung
singing
have/has sunk
sinking
have/has sat
sitting
have/has slept
sleeping
have/has slid
sliding
have/has smelt, smelled
smelling
have/has spoken
speaking
have/has sped
speeding
have/has spent
spending
have/has spilt, spilled
spilling
have/has spat
spitting
have/has split
splitting
have/has spread
spreading
have/has sprung
springing
have/has stood
standing
have/has stolen
stealing
have/has stuck
sticking
have/has stung
stinging
have/has stunk
stinking
have/has struck
striking
have/has sworn
swearing
have/has swept
sweeping
have/has swollen
swelling
have/has swum
swimming
have/has swung
swinging
have/has taken
taking
have/has taught
teaching
have/has torn
tearing
have/has told
telling
have/has thought
thinking
have/has thrown
throwing
have/has trod
treading
have/has undergone
undergoing
Translation
dizer
ver
procurar
vender
enviar
colocar
costurar
brilhar
atirar
ostrar
encolher
fechar
cantar
afundar
sentar
dormir
escorregar, deslizar
cheirar
falar
acelerar
gastar
derramar
cuspir
rachar
espalhar
pular
levantar-se
roubar
grudar
picar
cheirar mal
golpear
jurar
varrer
inchar
nadar
balanar
pegar
ensinar
rasgar
contar
pensar
jogar,atirar
pisar, palmilhar
sofrer

COMMONLY USED
Simple present
Understand
Wake, wakes
Wear, wears
Weep, weeps
Wet, wets
Win, wins
Wind, winds
Withdraw
Wring, wrings
Write, writes
Simple past
understood
woke
wore
wept
wet, wetted
won
wound
withdrew
wrung
wrote
Present perfect
Ing form
Translation
have/has understood
have/has woken
have/has worn
have/has wept
have. Has wet. wetted
have/has won
have/has wound
have/has withdrawn
have/has wrung
have/has written
understanding
waking
wearing
weeping
wetting
winning
winding
withdrawing
wringing
writing
compreender
acordar
usar
chorar
molhar, umedecer
vencer
dar corda
sacar
espremer, torcer
escrever

Libro de Gramatica de Inglés y Español

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Libro de Gramatica de Inglés y Español

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Jose Nato de Oliveira

NDICE DE CLASES DE INGLS

- Affirmative, negative, interrogative

- Questions and answers

NDICE DE CLASES DE INGLS

NDICE DE CLASES DE INGLS

ANSWERS => POSITIVE: Yes, he is.

Are they at home now?

Are you tall?

How are you?

Conociendo las personas

Whats your name?

ARTCULO INDEFINIDO A/AN

______ tomato is delicious (near)

3. Answer the questions:

Where are you from?

Los ejemplos de las Nacionalidades y de idiomas:

LOS COLORES DE LAS BANDERAS

RED / WHITE / BLUE

BLACK / RED / ORANGE

GREEN / WHIT / RED

21st twenty -first

101st hundred and first

200th two hundredth

twelve years old.

O CLOCK = tiempo exacto

- Its twelve fifteen

- Its twelve oclock

- Its a quarter past twelve

- Its fifteen past twelve

- Its one thirty

- Its two thirty-five

- Its two forty-five

YOU dont live

SHE doesnt live

Does she live?

YOU dont live

THEY dont live

RESPUESTAS => POSITIVAS: Yes, she does.

Respuesta Completa: No, she doesnt. She lives with John.

Your mother = sua me = she

ANSWERS: POSITIVE: Yes, she does.

Finalizacin de los verbos en plural: Reglas

Algunos sustantivos, apenas contiendo la idea de dos o ms cantidades, slo se utilizan en el

1) Write these verbs in the third person (HE / SHE / IT):

2. Complete the sentences: Use the correct form of these verbs:

Shes very clever. She speaks four languages.

Jack plays the piano very well. __________________________

4. Write the opposite (positive or negative form):

Do you smoke? No, I dont

Our family is big!

1. What do you have in your bedroom?

2. What do you have in your Sitting-Room and in your Dining-Room?

3. What do you have in your bathroom?

TRASH AND SANITARY BRUSH

SINK / WASHBOWL/ WASHBASIN

4. What do you have in your laundry?

5. What do you have in your kitchen?

Los opuestos, son antnimos de las palabras.

We/ You/ They

We/ You/ They

We/ You/ They

We/ You/ They