Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania

In 1794, in western PA, the Whiskey Rebellion flared up when

fed-up farmers revolted against Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey.
•Around those parts, liquor was often used as money. They said
they’d been unfairly singled out to be taxed.
•They cried “taxation without representation” since many were
from Tennessee and Kentucky which were not yet states and had
no one in Congress.

En 1794, en el oeste de Pensilvania, la Rebelión del Whisky estalló

cuando los agricultores hartos se rebelaron contra el impuesto
especial de Hamilton sobre el whisky.
Alrededor de esas partes, el licor se usaba a menudo como dinero.
Dijeron que habían sido injustamente señalados para ser gravados.
Gritaron "impuestos sin representación" ya que muchos eran de
Tennessee y Kentucky, que aún no eran estados y no tenían a nadie
 When Washington sent troops to put
down the rebellion, the protestors
scattered.
• The government gained respect, but
• The anti-Federalists saw it as
confirmation of the need for a bill of
rights.

Cuando Washington envió tropas para

sofocar la rebelión, los manifestantes se
dispersaron.
El gobierno se ganó el respeto, pero
Los antifederalistas lo vieron como una
confirmación de la necesidad de una
declaración de derechos.
 The Emergence of Political Parties
Hamilton’s policies (national bank, suppression of
Whiskey Rebellion, excise tax) seemed to encroach
on states’ rights. As resentment grew, what was once
a personal rivalry between Hamilton and Jefferson
gradually evolved into two political parties.

Las políticas de Hamilton (banco nacional, supresión de la

Rebelión del Whisky, impuestos especiales) parecían invadir
los derechos de los estados. A medida que crecía el
resentimiento, lo que una vez fue una rivalidad personal entre
Hamilton y Jefferson se convirtió gradualmente en dos partidos
políticos.
 Near the end of Washington’s first term two
parties had evolved: the Jeffersonian
Democratic-Republicans and the
Hamiltonian Federalists.
 The French Revolution in 1789 drove the
parties farther apart; once it turned bloody,
the Federalists opposed it and the D-R’s
mostly supported it.
Cerca del final del primer mandato de
Washington, dos partidos habían
evolucionado: los demócratas-
republicanos jeffersonianos y los
federalistas hamiltonianos.
 La Revolución Francesa en 1789 alejó
más a los partidos; una vez que se
volvió sangriento, los federalistas se
 After overthrowing the
crown, the new French
government declared war
on Austria and Britain.
The French had helped
America. Would we
return the favor?

 Después de derrocar a la
corona, el nuevo
gobierno declaró la
guerra a Austria y Gran
Bretaña. Los franceses
habían ayudado a
América.
¿Devolveríamos el favor?
 In 1793, Washington issued the Neutrality
Proclamation, proclaiming the U.S.’s official
neutrality and warning Americans to stay out of
the issue and be impartial. Both Britain and
France were unhappy with this.

En 1793, Washington emitió la Proclamación

de Neutralidad, proclamando la neutralidad
oficial de los Estados Unidos y advirtiendo a
los estadounidenses que se mantuvieran al
margen del tema y fueran imparciales. Tanto
Gran Bretaña como Francia no estaban
contentos con esto.
 Embroilments with Britain
Britain still had many posts in the
frontier, and supplied the
Indians with weapons.

Gran Bretaña todavía tenía

muchos puestos en la frontera y
suministraba armas a los indios.
Ignoring America’s neutrality, British
commanders of the Royal Navy
seized about 300 American merchant
ships and kidnapped scores of
seamen into their army.

Ignorando la neutralidad de
Estados Unidos, los comandantes
británicos de la Royal Navy se
apoderaron de unos 300 barcos
mercantes estadounidenses y
secuestraron a decenas de
marineros en su ejército.
 Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s Farewell
In a last attempt to avert war, Washington sent
John Jay to England to work something out.
However, the negotiations were sabotaged by
Hamilton, who secretly gave the British the
details of America’s bargaining strategy.

En un último intento de evitar la guerra,

Washington envió a John Jay a Inglaterra para
resolver algo. Sin embargo, las negociaciones
fueron saboteadas por Hamilton, quien
secretamente dio a los británicos los detalles de
la estrategia de negociación de Estados
Unidos.
Results:
Britain would evacuate its chain of forts on U.S. soil
• Britain would repay the lost money from impressment
but it said nothing about future seizures or supplying
Indians with arms.
• America would have to pay off its pre-Revolutionary
War debts to Britain.
Resultados:
Gran Bretaña evacuaría su cadena de fuertes en suelo
estadounidense
Gran Bretaña devolvería el dinero perdido de la impresión,
pero no dijo nada sobre futuras incautaciones o el
suministro de armas a los indios.
Estados Unidos tendría que pagar sus deudas anteriores a
la Guerra revolucionaria con Gran Bretaña.
After his second term, Washington wearily
stepped down, creating a strong two-term
precedent.

Después de su segundo mandato,

Washington renunció cansadamente,
creando un fuerte precedente de dos
mandatos.
ADAMS
 Election of 1796
• Hamilton was the logical choice to
become the next president, but his
financial plan had made him very
unpopular.
• John Adams, the ablest statesmen
of his day, won, 71 to 68, against
Thomas Jefferson, who became
vice president.
Hamilton era la opción lógica para
convertirse en el próximo presidente,
pero su plan financiero lo había
hecho muy impopular.
• John Adams, el estadista más hábil
de su época, ganó, 71 a 68, contra
Thomas Jefferson, quien se
convirtió en vicepresidente.
 • The Federalists scorned the
poor people, who in turn were
welcomed by the JDR’s.
• As a result, the Federalists
passed the Alien and Sedition
Acts in order to silence and
punish their critics.

Los federalistas despreciaban a

los pobres, que a su vez eran
bienvenidos por los JDR.
• Como resultado, los
federalistas aprobaron las
Leyes de Extranjería y
Sedición para silenciar y
• In the end, Adams’ presidency
was marked by infighting
between the new political
parties in Congress, and by
indecision in world affairs.

• Al final, la presidencia de
Adams estuvo marcada por
luchas internas entre los
nuevos partidos políticos en el
Congreso y por la indecisión
en los asuntos mundiales.
The Triumphs and Travails
of the Jeffersonian Republic
 The Election of 1800
The Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans presented themselves as:
– Strict constructionists
– Protectors of agrarian purity.
– Believers of political and economic liberty.
– Strong supporters of states’rights.

Meanwhile, the Federalists had a host of enemies stemming from the Alien & Sedition
Acts.
Los republicanos demócratas jeffersonianos se presentaron como:
Construccionistas estrictos
Protectores de la pureza agraria.
Creyentes de la libertad política y económica.
Firmes partidarios de los derechos de los estados.
Mientras tanto, los federalistas tenían una gran cantidad de enemigos derivados de
las Leyes de Extranjería y Sedición.
In true American style, the
candidates spent a great amount of
time and effort in mudslinging.
 In the end, Jefferson won the
election of 1800 by a majority of
73 electoral votes to 65, and even
though Adams got more popular
votes, Jefferson got New York

Al final, Jefferson ganó las elecciones

de 1800 por una mayoría de 73
votos electorales contra 65, y
aunque Adams obtuvo más votos
populares, Jefferson obtuvo Nueva
York
 The Revolution of 1800!

• With Jefferson as winner, Adams

cooperated in peacefully transitioning
power to the opposing party… an
unprecedented event in world politics!

• Con Jefferson como ganador, Adams

cooperó en la transición pacífica del
poder al partido contrario. ¡Un
acontecimiento sin precedentes en la
política mundial!
 Jeffersonian Policy:

• In 1802, he enacted a new law that returned the years

needed for an immigrant to become a citizen from 14
to 5.
• Albert Gallatin, new secretary of the treasury, reduced
the national debt substantially while balancing the
budget.
• Despite his principles, Jefferson quickly realized
how difficult it was to stick to them once in office,
and he often found himself reversing his stand on
several political issues that he had previously
championed on becoming President.
• The Judiciary Act, passed by the Federalists in
their last days of Congressional domination in
1801, created judgeships with Federalist-backing
men, to prolong their legacy.
• •The Chief Justice who carried
out, more than any other official,
the ideas of Alexander Hamilton
concerning a powerful federal
government was John Marshall, a
lifelong Federalist.
 The Louisiana Godsend

In 1800, Napoleon secretly induced the king of

Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France.

Then, in 1802, Spaniards at New Orleans

withdrew the right of deposit guaranteed by the
Pinckney Treaty of 1795.
Why would Napoleon, the greatest conqueror of modern times,
acquiesce to the infant United States?
The purchase created a mindset of
acquisition of foreign territory through
purchase.

In the spring of 1804, Jefferson sent William Clark and

Meriwether Lewis to explore all the way to Oregon and
the Pacific. The journey lasted 2 ½ years
Lewis & Clark Expedition
 The Aaron Burr Conspiracies

• Aaron Burr, Jefferson’s first-term vice president, had

been dropped from the cabinet in Jefferson’s second
term. Incredibly, Burr joined with a group of
Federalist extremists to plot the secession of New
England and New York from the United States!

• Alexander Hamilton, though no friend of Jefferson,

exposed and foiled the conspiracy. Incensed, Burr
challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed him, blowing
out the brightest mind of the remaining Federalist party.
 Precarious Neutrality

In 1804, Jefferson won with a margin of 162 electoral

votes to 14 for his opponent, but the celebrating for
T.J. was essentially nonexistent because in 1803,
Napoleon had deliberately provoked Britain into
renewing its war with France, and the still too young
United States was once again on the verge of being
sucked into an unwanted conflict.
 The Hated Embargo
• In order to try to stop the British and French seizure of
American ships, Jefferson resorted to an embargo on
BOTH countries.
• The Embargo Act of 1807 forbade the export of goods
from the United States to any country, regardless if the
goods were transported by American ships or foreign
ships.
• The commerce of New
England was harmed more than
Britain or France’s commerce.
• Farmers of the South and West
were alarmed by the mounting
supply of unexportable cotton,
grain, and tobacco.
• Illegal trade mushroomed in
1808 and smuggling was
common again
• Congress repealed the act on
March 1st, 1809, three days
before Jefferson’s retirement,
and replaced it instead with the
Non- Intercourse Act
 The Hated Embargo

• Also, the embargo actually DID affect Britain, and

had it been continued over an extended time, it
MIGHT have succeeded.

• In fact, two days before Congress declared war in

June 1812, London ordered the Orders in Council to
be suspended. Had America known this fact, the
coming war would have likely have been averted!
 Madison’s Gamble
• After Jefferson’s term ended,
James Madison took the oath
of the presidency on March 4,
1809 – and continued the
embargo…….
 Madison’s Gamble
• In 1810, Congress adopted a
bargaining measure called
Macon’s Bill No. 2, which
while permitting American
trade with all the world, also
promised American restoration
of trade to France and/or
England IF either dropped their
commercial restrictions.
 Tecumseh and the Prophet
• In 1811, a 2nd generation of new,
young politicians swept away the
older “submission men” to take over
Congress. They appointed Henry
Clay of Kentucky, then 34 years old,
to be their leader as Speaker of the
House.

• The western politicians cried out

against the Indian threat on the
frontier. These young, aggressive
Congressmen were known as “War
Hawks”.
• The Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, decided that the time to act was now. He set about gathering
all of the tribes who had traditionally lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the
Mississippi River and urged them to unite in a last attempt to push the “foreigners” back
across the mountains.

• Tecumseh argued eloquently for the Indian’s to not acknowledge the White man’s
“ownership” of land, and urged that no Indian should cede control of land to whites unless
ALL Indians agreed.

• Tecumseh’s resistance movement was the last real Indian defiance of U.S. encroachment east
of the Mississippi River.
 Tecumseh and the Prophet
• On November 7, 1811, American general
William Henry Harrison advanced upon
Tecumseh’s headquarters at Tippecanoe (in
present day Indiana) defeated the Prophet,
and burned the camp to the ground.

• Tecumseh was reluctantly forced to side

with the British when his united Indian
movement was thwarted at Tippecanoe.

• He was ultimately killed by Harrison’s

Kentucky regiment at the Battle of the
Thames in 1813, and the Indian confederacy
dream perished.

• Simon Kenton, a scout in the American

army, personally identified Tecumseh’s body,
and the corpse was taken by the Shawnee
and secretly buried. To this day, no one
knows where…..
• Meanwhile, in the South, General
Andrew Jackson crushed the Creek
Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe
Bend on March 27, 1814, effectively
breaking the Indian rebellion and
leaving the entire area east of the
Mississippi open for safe settlement.

• The War Hawks cried that the only way

to get rid of the Indians was to wipe out
their base, Canada, the British
headquarters in America from where
they were supplying the hostile tribes.

• Ultimately, war was finally declared

against Britain in 1812, with a House
vote of 79 to 49 and a very close Senate
vote of 19 to 13 showing obvious
American disunity over the matter of
war.
 Mr. Madison’s War

• Why did America go to war with Britain and not France?

Because England’s impressments of American sailors stood
out, France was allied more with the JDRs, and Canada was a
very tempting prize that seemed relatively easy to capture, a
“frontiersman’s frolic.”

• However, New England, which was still making lots of money

trading with Britain, despised the idea of war with their most
valuable customer!

• Federalists opposed the war because (1) they were more

inclined toward Britain anyway and (2) if Canada was
conquered, it would add more agrarian land to the USA and
only increase JDR supporters.
 Mr. Madison’s War

In brief, America’s reasons for

entering the War of 1812
were…

• To avenge the manhandling of

American sailors.
• To defend American rights,
specifically “freedom of the
seas” – the U.S. wanted the
right to sail and trade without
fear.
• To gain more territory; the
possibility of land – the U.S.
might gain Canada or Florida.
• To wipe out continued Indian
resistance. Americans were still
upset about British guns being
 Mr. Madison’s War
• The nation became sectionalized: Generally, the North
was against war, the West and the South were for the
war.

• Thus, a disunited America had to fight both Old

England and New England in the War of 1812, since
Britain was the enemy while New England tried
everything that they could do to frustrate American
ambitions in the war……..
Washington’s Warning from the Grave