MODULO IV: ASEO URBANO:

SERVICIO DE TRATAMIENTO Y
DISPOSICIÓN FINAL DE
RESIDUOS
UNIDAD I: APROVECHAMIENTO Y
TRATAMIENTO DE RESIDUOS
SÓLIDOS

POR: ING. SERGIO NAVA

ORELLANA
 CONTENIDO TEMATICO

Objetivo dfel aprovechamiento

  Aprovechamiento de Aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos implementando

recolección diferenciada
residuos sólidos.

Aprovechamiento de residuos orgánicos

Tratamiento de Tratamiento termico

residuos sólidos
*La Unidad se limita en su desarrollo académico en: la instalación de recuperación de materiales reciclable,
Tipos de plantas en el mercado aplkicables a nuestro medio
componentes de las plantas de recuperación, operación de la planta de recuperación de materiales
 APROVECHAMIENTO
El aprovechamiento es el Recuperación
Reciclables de material
conjunto de actividades reciclable
dirigidas a efectuar la
recolección, transporte y Compostaje y
separación de residuos Aprovechamiento lombricultura
de residuos Orgánicos
sólidos, que seran sometidos
sólidos
a procesos de reciclaje Indigestión
compostaje, lombricultora,
biodigestión, Aprovechamiento
energético
aprovechamiento energético
u otro.
 OBJETIVO DEL
APROVECHAMIENTO
 Racionalizar el uso y consumo de las materias primas provenientes de los
recursos naturales no renovables.
 Recuperar valores económicos y energéticos utilizados en los diferentes
procesos productivos.
 Reducir residuos sólidos que van a disposición final.
 Disminuir los impactos ambientales, tanto por demanda y uso de materias
primas como por los procesos de disposición final.
 Garantizar la participación de los recuperadores de oficio, en las actividades de
recuperación, aprovechamiento y valorización.
Aprovechamiento de Residuos Sólidos
Implementando Recolección Diferenciada
Recolección Puede ser realizada mediante:
• Acuerdos del municipio
diferenciada con organizaciones
recuperadores.
• Los medios de la entidad
prestadora del SAU.
• Formulas mixtas

Para la separación puede

Los modelos de
implementar la clasificación:
separación en origen y
• En 2 fracciones (orgánico
recolección diferenciada
y el resto de residuos)
dependen de las
• En 3 (orgánico, reciclables
caracteristicas locales del
y resto no aprovechable)
municipio.
 Aprovechamiento de Residuos Sólidos
Implementando Recolección Diferenciada
Centros de Acopio Esta iniciativa, la cual la
Municipales denominaremos
“centros de acopio
municipales”, necesita
procesos de
Son lugares donde reunir concientización y
productos, desechados o
descartados por el vigilancia.
consumidor al final de su vida
útil.
Las campañas de
comunicación
social deben ser
A nivel nacional, las personas muy intensas para
que operan estos centros de A nivel de manejo municipal,
acopio (acopiadores), son un como ejemplo Cochabamba que estos centros
grupo de microempresas se emplean los “puntos tengan éxito.
formales e informales y verdes” en diferentes barrios.
personas naturales.
 DESVENTAJAS:
- En los hogares se requieren varios
recipientes, que demanda mayor disposición
de la población
- Exige constante limpieza en los centros
- Los costos son elevados cuando el
municipio realiza la recolección.

VENTAJAS:
- Costos menores de recolección
- Los productos recolectados ahí son
llevados directamente a la planta de
aprovechamiento
- Pueden estar en un solo lugar en los
municipios pequeños o distribuidos
estratégicamente en los municipios grandes
Requisitos para que los Residuos Sólidos sean
Aprovechados Óptimamente

Para la reutilización y reciclaje, los residuos sólidos deben estar limpios

y debidamente seleccionados por tipo de material y característica físicas.

Para el compostaje y lombricultura no deben estar contaminados con

residuos peligrosos, metales pesados.

Con base en estudios de mercado y el potencial de comercialización, se

deben definir los procesos de adecuación y transformación que van a ser
llevados a cabo
 Aprovechamiento de Residuos
Orgánicos
Descomposición
biológica aerobia de
los constituyentes
orgánicos de los
Compostaje
residuos sólidos.

consiste en la
Proceso termofílico, de utilización de
degradación anaerobia Biodigestión lombrices para la
(sin oxígeno) de la (Aprovechami Lombricultura
ento
obtención de
materia orgánica con la Energético) humus que es un
obtención final de una abono natural a
mezcla gaseosa partir de restos de
conocida como biogás materia orgánica
TRATAMIENTO DE
RESIDUOS
SÓLIDOS
Conjunto de operaciones encaminadas a
la transformación física, química,
térmica o biológica de los residuos
sólidos para el aprovechamiento de
los recursos contenidos en ellos o
para reducir la peligrosidad de los
mismos.
 Tratamiento térmico para toda la
fracción de los residuos sólidos
Proceso térmico de residuos Proceso de reducción
en ausencia total de oxígeno de los residuos
utiliza una fuente de sólidos a material
combustible externa para inerte y a productos
conducir las reacciones en oxidados mediante
un ambiente libre de la combustión
oxígeno Incineración

Pirolisis/
Procesamiento
termólisis Gasificación térmico sin oxígeno
en la cámara de
reacción, transforman
residuos
en gas de síntesis.
$8,0931
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
APROVECHAMIENTO DE RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS
IMPLEMENTANDO RECOLECCIÓN DIFERENCIADA

“This is a quote, words full of

wisdom that someone important
said and can make the reader get
inspired”
—SOMEONE FAMOUS
 STRATEGIC PLANNING PROJECT
WEE
STEPS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
K

1. Kick-off

2. Business insights

3. Mission and vision

4. Key strategic objectives

Workshop #1

5. Strategy map

6. Balanced scorecard

7. Strategic objectives
Workshop #2

8. First report
 STRATEGIC MAP & BALANCED
SCORECARD
PERSPECTIVES STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
F1 - Insert your F2 - Insert your F3 - Insert your
FINANCIAL
own text own text own text

C1 - Insert your C2 - Insert your C3 - Insert your

CUSTOMER
own text own text own text

I1 - Insert your I2 - Insert your I3 - Insert your

INTERNAL PROCESS
own text own text own text

L1 - Insert your L2 - Insert your L3 - Insert your

LEARNING & GROWTH
own text own text own text
 STRATEGIC OPTIONS: RISKS
PRODUCTS

Market development
New Diversification strategy

MARKET
strategy
Curren

Market penetration Product development

t

strategy strategy

Curren
New
t
Use a different color for the strategic option you recommend the company to choose
 IMPACT OF THE RISKS
40% 10%
SATURN MARS
Saturn is a gas giant and Despite being red, Mars
has several rings is a cold place

20% 30%
JUPITER VENUS
Jupiter is the biggest Venus is the second
planet of them all planet from the Sun

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
CORPORATE STRATEGIES
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFICIENCY
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest
in the Solar System

COST-EFFECTIVENESS
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet
from the Sun. It’s terribly hot!

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. This
planet is full of iron oxide dust
 KEY DRIVERS OF THE PROFIT
DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

THE You need to provide a neutral Our company has been selling its
description with facts that you know products in the US for 10 years, with
SITUATION your audience will agree on an annual profit growth above 10%

THE With a market share already above

The complication is a desired change of
COMPLICATIO the current situation
40%, profit growth will be limited in
N the US

THE The question that implicitly results Should we enter the European
QUESTION from the complication market?
STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES
JUPITER
Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet of them all

MARS
Despite being red, Mars is actually a very cold place

VENUS
Venus is the second planet from the Sun

MERCURY
It’s the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all
AWESOME
WORDS
 STRONG BUSINESS PLAN
TECHNOLOGICA
POLITICAL
L
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest
P T Jupiter is a gas giant and the
biggest planet of them all

ECONOMICAL LEGAL
Venus has a beautiful name, but E PESTLE L Saturn is composed of hydrogen
also high temperatures and helium

SOCIAL S E ENVIRONMENTAL
Despite being red, Mars is Neptune is the farthest planet
actually a very cold place from the Sun
 STRONG BUSINESS CASE
PROJECT COSTS $4M TANGIBLE NET PRES. VALUE $10M
$14M
BENEFIT

CASH FLOW (US $ MILLIONS) CHANGE IMPACT

2012 2014 2017 2019 2022 Low Medium High

INTANGIBLE BENEFITS STRATEGIC ALIGNMENT RESOURCES

Insert here your own text Insert here your own text Insert here your own text

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data

SPONSOR Sponsor name MANAGER Manager name and then paste the new one here. For more info,
click here
 FINANCIAL MODEL
HIST. RESULTS FORECAST PERIOD
INC MODEL 2015 2016 2017 2019 2020 2021 2022
BALANCE SHEET
ASSETS
Cash xx xx xx xx xx xx xx
Accounts xx xx xx xx xx xx xx
Inventory xx xx xx xx xx xx xx
Current Assets xx xx xx xx xx xx xx
Property xx xx xx xx xx xx xx
Total xx xx xx xx xx xx xx
 FINANCIAL MODEL
VENUS
40%
60%

VENUS MARS
Venus is the second Despite being red, Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then
planet from the Sun Mars is a cold place paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 PRICING STRATEGY
ADVANCED LEADING
BASIC STANDARD

Level 1 2 3 4
Percentage 20% 70% 9% 1%
● Insert your ● Insert your ● Insert your ● Insert your
description here description here description here description here
● Insert your ● Insert your ● Insert your ● Insert your
Description description here description here description here description here
● Insert your ● Insert your ● Insert your ● Insert your
description here description here description here description here
 02
CONSULTING
PROPOSAL
You can enter a subtitle here in case
you need it
 CONSULTING PROPOSAL

SERVICES FEES INVOICES

Mercury is the closest Venus is the second planet Mars is actually a very cold
planet to the Sun from the Sun place

EXPENSES MATERIALS TERMS

Jupiter is the biggest planet Saturn is a gas giant and Neptune is very far away
of them all has several rings from Earth
A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND
WORDS
AN IMAGE
REINFORCES THE
CONCEPT
Images reveal large amounts of data,
so remember: use an image instead of c
a long text. Your audience will
appreciate it
 ANSWER AND SUPPORTING
ARGUMENTS
Reduce costs by $5 million through operational improvements
Outsource non-core Simplify core functions Review supplier cost to save
functions to save $3 million processes to save $1 million $1 million

Evaluate cost and service level Select and review current

Design current processes
of potential partners supplier costs

Compare current process to Evaluate cost of potential

Select non-core functions
best-in-class benchmarks alternative suppliers

Choose one partner for each Adopt best practices based on Negotiate supplier
function benchmarks contracts/choose options
 VENTAJAS
• Menor necesidad de suelo que en los
rellenos sanitarios.
• Nula influencia de las condiciones
meteorológicas en su funcionamiento.
• Posibilidad de alimentación o carga de
residuos variables.
• Ingresos por la venta de energía que
compensan parcialmente los costos de
funcionamiento.
• Fácil localización cerca de los centros
de producción con una reducción de espacio y
menores costes de transporte de los residuos
sólidos urbanos a su punto final.
DESVENTAJAS
● Importante inversión de capital.
● Costos de funcionamiento elevados.
● Eliminación parcial de los residuos, por la presencia final de las
escorias y cenizas, que deben eliminarse en celdas de seguridad
especiales (no en rellenos sanitarios).
● Alto costo en la operación y en el uso de filtros para gases
● Es necesario que el flujo de R.S.U. diario a estas plantas sea
constante en el tiempo y con cantidades elevadas para que sea
rentable
● Altamente costosa en la operación y mantenimiento.
● Residuos con alto poder calorífico.
● Requieren una gran cantidad de energía para operar y muchas
veces consumen más energía para operar que la que producen.
● Requieren un alto poder calorífico de los residuos sólidos
(residuos sólidos de los países europeos representan un poder
calorífico de 4.200 Kcal/Kg, en comparación con los 1.000
Kcal/Kg que representan los residuos sólidos de américa latina)
 PRIORITIZATION MATRIX
INITIATIVE IMPACT EFFORT
1 List all your potential initiatives Very high

2 List all your potential initiatives High

3 List all your potential initiatives Low

4 List all your potential initiatives High

5 List all your potential initiatives Very high

6 List all your potential initiatives High

 03
CHANGE
MANAGEMENT
You can enter a subtitle here in case
you need it
 ANSOFF GROWTH MATRIX

Do you know what helps you make your point clear?

Lists like this one:
● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!
V
And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss
the point of your presentation
 BUSINESS CASE

Mercury is the closest BUSINESS NAME Jupiter is the biggest

1 planet to the Sun 4 planet of them all

2 Venus is the second COMPANY 5 Saturn is a gas giant and

planet from the Sun has rings
LOGO HERE
Mars is actually a very Neptune is very far away
3 cold place 6 from Earth
XX/XX/XX
 COMPETITOR COMPARISON
A B C
PRICE $270 $500 $789

QUALITY Low Medium High

CUSTOMER 3,200 2,000 4,600

REPUTATION Average Bad Good

LOCATION Mercury Venus Mars

 OUR TARGET
HOBBIES

WEB TRAVEL ECONOMY

SALARY $20,152
NAME: Jenna Doe
DESCRIPTION
AGE: 30 years old
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet
from the Sun. It’s terribly hot, even hotter than
OCCUPATION: Digital business
Mercury, and its atmosphere is extremely poisonous
 IMPLEMENT, TRACK &
MANAGE PROGRESS
MANAGE PROGRESS
PROGRESS STATUS LINK
Venus 10% www.yourlinkhere.com
Mars 20% www.yourlinkhere.com
Neptune 30% www.yourlinkhere.com
Jupiter 40% www.yourlinkhere.com
Earth 50% www.yourlinkhere.com
Ceres 60% www.yourlinkhere.com
CHANGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
& PLAN
Size of the change

Insert name of the Insert name of the Insert name of the

Extreme change change change

Complexity of the change

Insert name of the Insert name of the Insert name of the
High change change change

Insert name of the

Medium change

Moderate

Low

1 team impacted 1 business unit 1 division Half company Extreme

 04
IMPLEMENTING
CHANGES
You can enter a subtitle here in case
you need it
 SALES & STRATEGY PLAN
1 2

IMPLEMENTATION INTERNAL ANALYSIS

5 3

SALES PLAN EXTERNAL ANALYSIS

4

SALES STRATEGY
 ABOUT THE TERMS OF THE
AGREEMENT
VENUS
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

MERCURY
Despite being red, Mars is a
very cold place

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 $10,000
Despite being red, Mars is a cold place

$15,000
Venus is the second planet from the Sun

$20,000
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
 MANAGEMENT APPROACH
Jupiter is the Saturn is a gas
biggest planet in giant and has
the Solar System several rings

JUL AUG SEP OCT

Venus is the Despite being red,

second planet Mars is a very
from the Sun cold place
STRATEGIC ALLIANCES

VENUS
It has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun

MERCURY
Mercury’s name has nothing to do
with the liquid metal
 ANSWER AND ARGUMENTS
WRITE YOUR QUESTION

WRITE YOUR ANSWER

MARS MERCURY VENUS

Despite being red, Mars is Mercury’s name has nothing to It has a beautiful name and is
actually a cold place. It's full of do with the liquid metal, since the second planet from the Sun.
iron oxide dust, which gives the this planet was named after a It’s terribly hot and its
planet its reddish cast Roman god atmosphere is poisonous
WATERFALL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Neptune is the farthest
REQUIREMENTS planet from the Sun

Jupiter is the biggest planet

DESIGN of them all

Mercury is the closest

IMPLEMENTATION planet to the Sun

Saturn is a gas giant and has

VERIFICATION several rings

Venus is the second planet

MAINTENANCE from the Sun
 MATURITY MODEL
20% 40% 80%

BASIC STANDARD ADVANCED

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun and the name and is the second a very cold place full of
smallest planet from the Sun iron oxide dust
 PROBABILITY RATIOS
WORST PEER BEST PEER
Return on sales (%) % %

Return on equity (%) % %

Return on assets (%) %

Return capital (%) % %

Return on funds (%) % %

% Company 1 % Company 2 % Company 3

 TOP 10 QUESTIONS OF
BUSINESS PLAN
1 What is your current situation? 6 What is the requirements?

2 What is your vision? 7 What are the economics?

3 How will you reach your vision? 8 What will be the marketing plan?

4 What do you offer? 9 How will you differentiate yourself?

5 How big is the market you are? 10 Who are the key players?
SOFTWARE AND
APP DEMO
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JENNA DOE JOHN JAMES

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