MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

JBVPHF_GGJ×B M AM VOHPÌM EOBOPMA FO AM MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

Ams hrembjzmgjhbos ob su fjlobsj÷b fo obtos oghb÷ljghs y shgjmaos tjobob ghlh

prjhrjfmf oa ush rmgjhbma fo sus rogurshs, osth os, oa ush fo gmfm ubh fo sus
jbsulhs (ijbmbgjorhs, oghb÷ljghs, têgbjghs, nulmbhs, otgêtorm) fo ihrlm ÷ptjlm y
ûtja3 mgtumalobto, am mfljbjstrmgj÷b so ghbsjform ghlh am ûbjgm vìm pmrm ahermr
fjgnm prjhrjfmf.
Ams hrembjzmgjhbos gmfm voz lís ostíb fokmbfh mtrís ams ostrugturms
prjljtjvms y mrtosmbmaos, gromb majmbzms, ‑nhafjbes“ y, phr quê bh, tml`jêb vmb
fosmrrhaambfh ubm mfljbjstrmgj÷b vjrtuma. Thr obfo, ahs mfoambths o jbbhvmgjhbos
quo oxporjlobtm am shgjofmf oxjeob buovhs pmrmfjelms ob oa pmrogor fo buostrhs
iuturhs eorobtos.
Am mfljbjstrmgj÷b, ma jeuma quo gumaqujor htrm fjsgjpajbm oghb÷ljgm y shgjma,
so ghbsjform ghlh ub lofjh jbfjspobsm`ao pmrm gumaqujor tjph fo hrembjzmgj÷b,
bmgo ob oa sobh fo fjsgjpajbms mijbos, y m trmvês fo su fosmrrhaah vm jbtormgtumbfh
ghb htrms lís. Bh os tmrom iígja nhy ob fìm sor ubh fo ahs prjbgjpmaos
rosphbsm`aos fo ubm hrembjzmgj÷b, ym quo ma mfljbjstrmfhr (ubm ospogjo fo nêrho
mb÷bjlh) so ao oxjeo fjsphbj`jajfmf m`shautm, jbtoerjfmf lhrma, ostufjhs
ospogjmajzmfhs y mgtumajzmfhs, ghbhgjljobth fo am bmturmaozm nulmbm, irjmafmf y
msortjvjfmf ob am thlm fo fogjsjhbos, tmgth y gmajfoz ob ams roamgjhbos
jbtorporshbmaos.

=.=. Mfljbjstrmgj÷b; ghbgopths

Gumbfh trmtmlhs fo foijbjr m am mfljbjstrmgj÷b os bogosmrjh aaovmr m gm`h, ghlh

prjlor okorgjgjh, am têgbjgm fo aauvjm fo jfoms3 os fogjr, lmbokmr ghb ub eruph fo
porshbms ahs ghbgopths, jfoms h lhfoahs quo tjobob rospogth fo am pmam`rm
‑mfljbjstrmgj÷b“.
Os gjorth, am prígtjgm mfljbjstrmtjvm tjobo quo vor ghb ahs boehgjhs, porh
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êstm os s÷ah ubm lìbjlm pmrto fo su gmlph fo mggj÷b, phrquo ostm mgtjvjfmf
(oxgausjvmlobto nulmbm) tjobfo m lmbjiostmrso ob thfhs ahs rjbghbos foa lubfh
shgjma, phaìtjgh, fophrtjvh, roajejhsh, fhlêstjgh, otgêtorm.

No mquì am jlphrtmbgjm fo vjsumajzmr m am mfljbjstrmgj÷b ghlh ubm mgtjvjfmf

ubjvorsma3 phr oaah, phfolhs msoeurmr quo fhbfo qujorm quo am eobto trm`mko pmrm
trmtmr fo magmbzmr ubm lotm ob ghlûb, maaì obghbtrmrolhs ub lmtjz fo prígtjgm
mfljbjstrmtjvm. Thr ah tmbth, rosuatm ubm tmrom sulmlobto mrfum trmtmr fo foijbjr m
am mfljbjstrmgj÷b fo ihrlm tma quo thfhs ahs quo nmgob ush fo oaam quofob
ghbihrlos.
Nmy muthros quo obtjobfob m am mfljbjstrmgj÷b ghlh ubm prhpjofmf
oxgausjvm fo am olprosm, maeubhs am lmbokmb ghlh ub prhgosh jbnorobto m sus
iubgjhbos, htrhs ao mfkufjgmb am gmtoehrìm fo gjobgjm, têgbjgm h mrto3 thfms ostms
mprhxjlmgjhbos shb víajfms phrquo rosphbfob m ub fotorljbmfh lhlobth fo am
vjfm, ob tjolph y ospmgjh.
Am mfljbjstrmgj÷b, ob prjlorm jbstmbgjm, os ubm mgtjvjfmf ûbjgm y
oxgausjvmlobto nulmbm, ym quo oa nhl`ro am fosmrrhaam m trmvês fo thfh ub
prhgosh fo rmgjhgjbjh, y bh ghlh ubh fo ostìluah-rospuostm. Ghlh prhfugth
nulmbh tjobfo m sor lmbjpuamfm phr ahs rmsehs y am porshbmajfmf fo qujob am
eoborm, phr ah tmbth ob hgmsjhbos puofo lmbjiostmrso ghlh ub ghbgopth fo mrto,
utjajzmbfh têgbjgms fo lhtjvmgj÷b y ajformzeh.

Otjlha÷ejgmlobto, ‑oa hrjeob fo am pmam`rm „mfljbjstrmgj÷b‚ so ihrlm ghb oa

proijkh mf, nmgjm, y ghb ljbjstrmtjh, quo prhvjobo m su voz fo ljbjstor, vhgm`ah
ghlpuosth fo ljbus, ghlpmrmtjvh fo jbiorjhrjfmf, y foa suijkh tor, quo iubeo ghlh
têrljbh fo ghlpmrmgj÷b. Thr obfo, phfolhs rosuljr quo ljbjstor, m fjiorobgjm fo
lmejstor (ghlpmrmtjvh fo suporjhrjfmf), roiaokm ub ostmfh fo jbiorjhrjfmf,
oxprosmbfh su`hrfjbmgj÷b y h`ofjobgjm, os fogjr, oa quo romajzm ubm iubgj÷b `mkh
oa lmbfh fo htrh, oa quo prostm ub sorvjgjh m htrh...“.
Ijbmalobto, foijbjrolhs m am mfljbjstrmgj÷b ghlh ‑am mgtjvjfmf nulmbm quo
tjobo ghlh h`kotjvh ghhrfjbmr ahs rogurshs ghb ahs quo guobtm ubm hrembjzmgj÷b y

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ahermr ob ihrlm oijgjobto y smtjsimgthrjm ahs h`kotjvhs jbfjvjfumaos o jbstjtugjhbmaos“.

jbstjtugjhbmaos“.

=.=.=. Mfljbjstrmgj÷b (vmrjms foijbjgjhbos)

M ghbtjbumgj÷b lobgjhbmrolhs maeubms fo ams foijbjgjhbos ‗fmfms phr t÷pjghs foa
ostufjh mfljbjstrmtjvh‗ quo jbgauyo oa lmostrh Meustìb Poyos Thbgo ob su h`rm
Mfljbjstrmgj÷b lhforbm (=::0).
• O. I. A. @rogn; ‑Os ub prhgosh shgjma quo aaovm ghbsjeh am rosphbsm`jajfmf
fo pambomr y roeuamr ob ihrlm oijgjobto ams hpormgjhbos fo ubm olprosm,
pmrm ahermr ub prhp÷sjth fmfh“.
• Nobry Imyha; ‑Mfljbjstrmr os provor, hrembjzmr, lmbfmr, ghhrfjbmr y
ghbtrhamr“.
• Khsê Mbthbjh Iorbíbfoz Mrobm; ‑Os ubm gjobgjm shgjma quo porsjeuo am
smtjsimggj÷b fo h`kotjvhs jbstjtugjhbmaos phr lofjh fo ubm ostrugturm y foa
osiuorzh nulmbh ghhrfjbmfh.“
• U. Kjlêboz Gmstrh; ‑Os ubm gjobgjm ghlpuostm fo prjbgjpjhs, têgbjgms y
prígtjgms guym mpajgmgj÷b m ghbkubths nulmbhs porljto ostm`aogor sjstolms
rmgjhbmaos fo osiuorzhs ghhpormtjvhs, m trmvês fo ahs gumaos so puofob
magmbzmr prhp÷sjths ghlubos quo jbfjvjfumalobto bh so puofob ahermr.“
• Chhbtz y H¶Fhbboaa; ‑Os am fjroggj÷b fo ub hrembjslh shgjma, y su
oiogtjvjfmf ob magmbzmr sus h`kotjvhs, iubfmfm ob am nm`jajfmf fo ghbfugjr m
sus jbtoermbtos“.
• K. F. Lhhboy; ‑Os oa mrto h têgbjgm fo fjrjejr o jbspjrmr m ahs folís, ghb
`mso ob ub prhfugth y gamrh ghbhgjljobth fo am bmturmaozm nulmbm.“
• Totorshb y Tahwlmb; ‑_bm têgbjgm phr lofjh fo am guma so fotorljbmb,
gamrjijgmb y romajzmb ahs prhp÷sjths y h`kotjvhs fo ub eruph nulmbh
pmrtjguamr“.
• I. Vmbbob`mul; ‑Oa olpaoh fo am muthrjfmf pmrm hrembjzmr, fjrjejr y
ghbtrhamr su`hrfjbmfhs rosphbsm`aos, ghb oa ijb fo quo thfhs ahs sorvjgjhs

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quo so prosobtmb somb fo`jfmlobto ghhrfjbmfhs ob oa aherh foa ijb fo am

olprosm“.
• Eohreo Vorry; ‑Ghbsjsto ob ahermr ub h`kotjvh profotorljbmfh lofjmbto oa

osiuorzh mkobh“.

=.=.0. H`kotjvh

Oa h`kotjvh fo am mfljbjstrmgj÷b trmsgjobfo ams bogosjfmfos foa pmtr÷b, olprosmrjh

h fjrogthr eoborma fo am hrembjzmgj÷b. Oxjsto ubm kormrquìm fo h`kotjvhs
ghbsjformfhs ob am mfljbjstrmgj÷b fo gumaqujor hrembjslh. Ahs prjlorhs, y bh phr
oaah ahs lís jlphrtmbtos, shb ahs h`kotjvhs oghb÷ljghs. Gumbfh so gulpaob êsths,
tjobob ubm iubgj÷b vjtma. Thr ub amfh prosorvmb oa gmpjtma ijbmbgjorh quo os am rmz÷b

fo sor fo ub jbvorsjhbjstm, porh phr htrh tml`jêb porljtob ub lokhr bjvoa fo vjfm
am`hrma ob ams hrembjzmgjhbos.
Ob soeubfh pambh ostíb ahs h`kotjvhs shgjmaos. Êsths vmb m eobormr ub
lokhr bjvoa fo vjfm m am shgjofmf, ym som m trmvês fo sus prhfugths,
prhlhgjhbmbfh ovobths fo thfm ìbfhao, lokhrmbfh am jbirmostrugturm foa lofjh
eoheríijgh ob quo so fosmrrhaamb h gumaqujor htrh logmbjslh fhbfo ahs `oboijgjhs
rogmjemb ob am shgjofmf.
Mgtumalobto, so ao ostí fmbfh lí
líss roaovmbgjm m gulpajr ghb gjortms bhrlms
ogha÷ejgms. Osth os luy jlphrtmbto y fo`o ghbsjformrso fobtrh fo am meobfm fo
trm`mkh fo am mfljbjstrmgj÷b, pmrm porljtjr ubm lokhr ghbvjvobgjm ob am shgjofmf.

=.=.7. Oijgjobgjm

Gumbfh so nm`am fo oijgjobgjm, so nmgo lobgj÷b ma aherh fo ahs ijbos ghb am lobhr
gmbtjfmf fo rogurshs, os fogjr, oa aherh fo ahs h`kotjvhs ma lobhr ghsth u htrms
ghbsoguobgjms bh fosomfms. Oa trm`mkh foa mfljbjstrmfhr tjobfo m `usgmr am
oijgjobgjm ob ub gjob phr gjobth, porh ghbsjformbfh bh s÷ah ams bogosjfmfos fo am

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hrembjzmgj÷b, sjbh tml`jêb ams oxpogtmtjvms fo ahs jbfjvjfuhs quo am ghlphbob, msì
ghlh ovjtmr ob lobhr lofjfm am miogtmgj÷b foa lofjh ml`jobto quo ao rhfom.
Ostm oijgjobgjm fo`o sor mghrfo ghb ubm êtjgm hrembjzmgjhbma, phr okolpah,

ubm oijgjobgjm `msmfm ob am oxpahtmgj÷b foslofjfm foa trm`mkmfhr tjobfo m miogtmr

ahs vmahros lhrmaos foa jbfjvjfuh. Am oijgjobgjm fo`o sor ub prhfugth fo am
nm`jajfmf y propmrmgj÷b foa mfljbjstrmfhr, y bh oa rosuatmfh foa smgrjijgjh fo sus
oaolobths nulmbhs.

=.=.6. Eruph shgjma

Foijbjtjvmlobto, am mfljbjstrmgj÷b os ubm prígtjgm quo so aaovm m gm`h ob ahs

hrembjslhs shgjmaos y os oa ûbjgh lofjh quo tjobob ahs mfljbjstrmfhros y am

shgjofmf pmrm prosorvmr ams hrembjzmgjhbos. Oa sor nulmbh tjobfo m merupmrso ob

hrembjslhs shgjmaos, m jbtoermrso ghb htrhs jbfjvjfuhs pmrm magmbzmr ahs h`kotjvhs
quo phr sì shah ao sorìm jlphsj`ao ahermr. Ostm jbtormggj÷b shgjma bh sjlpaolobto
sulm osiuorzhs, sjbh quo luatjpajgm fo lmborm shrprobfobto ahs rosuatmfhs. Oa
jbfustrjmajslh bh nu`jorm sjfh phsj`ao sjb am jbtormggj÷b shgjma fo togbhaheìm,
rogurshs oghb÷ljghs y trm`mkh fo ljaahbos fo jbfjvjfuhs ob ubm sjtumgj÷b fo
tjolph y ospmgjh fmfhs.
Obsoeujfm mbmajzmrolhs ahs ghbgopths fo eruph shgjma y hrembjslh, ym quo
shb oa h`koth fo ostufjh fo am mfljbjstrmgj÷b y ob oaahs so mpajgmb sus
ghbhgjljobths pmrm oa `job fo am ghlubjfmf.
_b eruph, soeûb Khsê Vruo`m, os ubm ghaogtjvjfmf jfobtjijgm`ao,
ostrugturmfm, ghbtjbumfm, fo porshbms shgjmaos quo fosolpoýmb iubgjhbos
rogìprhgms ghbihrlo m fotorljbmfms bhrlms, jbtorosos y vmahros shgjmaos pmrm am
porsogugj÷b fo h`kotjvhs ghlubos.
Ams sjeujobtos gmrmgtorìstjgms portobogob m ub eruph shgjma;
m) Oa jbfjvjfuh os pmrto jbtorbm foa eruph.
`) Am pmrto tjobfo m iubfjrso ghb oa thfh.

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g) Oa jbfjvjfuh vjvo ob y pmrm oa eruph.

f) Vhfh eruph porsjeuo h`kotjvhs ghlubos ermgjms m quo guobtm ghb ubm
hrembjzmgj÷b.

=.=.?. Ghhrfjbmgj÷b fo rogurshs

Am mfljbjstrmgj÷b tjobo ghlh ljsj÷b oa ush rmgjhbma fo ahs rogurshs ghb ahs quo
guobtm am hrembjzmgj÷b h eruph nulmbh. Thr obfo, su iubgj÷b prjbgjpma os am
ghhrfjbmgj÷b fo fjgnhs rogurshs, fo ihrlm tma quo so ahero ubm sjborejm y ubm
roamgj÷b fo prhfugtjvjfmf ob fhbfo bh so smgrjijquo am gmajfmf foa prhfugth h
sorvjgjh quo so hirogo m am shgjofmf.

=.=.9. Trhfugtjvjfmf
Am prhfugtjvjfmf so ghbsjform ghlh ubm rmz÷b fo prhfuggj÷b-jbsulhs ob ub
porjhfh, thlmbfh ob guobtm fo`jfmlobto am gmajfmf.

=.=.5. Trhiosjhbjstm

Oa mfljbjstrmfhr, ma jeuma quo oa jbeobjorh h oa lêfjgh, guobtm ghb ub shphrto

mgmfêljgh y guaturma quo ao porljto fosolpoýmr su prhiosj÷b ghb am gmajfmf y

soeurjfmf quo so ao oxjeo ob ubm shgjofmf ghlh am buostrm.

=.=.>. Trhiosjhbma

Am rosphbsm`jajfmf shgjma fo thfh prhiosjhbjstm ao oxjeo lokhrmr bh s÷ah sus

nm`jajfmfos sjbh tml`jêb sus mgtjtufos. Oa mfljbjstrmfhr ghlh prhiosjhbma fo`o
`usgmr am mgtumajzmgj÷b porlmbobto, fo`o ghlpmrtjr sus ghbhgjljobths ghb am
shgjofmf pmrm ostjluamr am jlphrtmbgjm fo am jbvostjemgj÷b, fo`o tobor vjsj÷b
nulmbm y sor lís msortjvh ob sus fogjsjhbos.
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=.0. Oa obihquo jbtorfjsgjpajbmrjh fo am mfljbjstrmgj÷b

Am mfljbjstrmgj÷b bh os jbiaoxj`ao y rìejfm ghlh am gjobgjm, porh so tjobo quo `msmr

ob aoyos y tohrìms fo fjsgjpajbms ghlh am psjghaheìm, shgjhaheìm, jbeobjorìm,
jbihrlítjgm, forognh, otg., pmrm fmr rospuostms y shaugjhbos m ams prh`aolítjgms
fobtrh fo ams hrembjzmgjhbos. Mquì os fhbfo am mfljbjstrmgj÷b tjobfo m sor ub
sjstolm fo ghbhgjljobths y obamgos ghb `msos gjobtìijgms quo fosmrrhaam oa
aamlmfh ‑obihquo jbtorfjsgjpajbmrjh“, gobtrmbfh su mtobgj÷b ob sjtumgjhbos
pmrtjguamros ghlh am ghbfugtm foa jbfjvjfuh ob ams hrembjzmgjhbos y obihgíbfham m
trmvês fo ubm fjsgjpajbm aamlmfm psjghaheìm. Fo ostm lmborm, fotorljbm ghbgopths
fo lhtjvmgj÷b, porshbmajfmf y ajformzeh fobtrh fo ahs sjstolms mfljbjstrmtjvhs.
Bh oxjsto prh`aolm quo so rosuoavm phr sì ljslh3 ljobtrms quormlhs sor

oijgjobtos tobfrolhs bogosjfmf fo roamgjhbmrbhs ghb htrms íroms fo ostufjh. M

ghbtjbumgj÷b lobgjhbmrolhs maeubms roamgjhbos fo am mfljbjstrmgj÷b ghb htrms
fjsgjpajbms.

Mfljbjstrmgj÷b o jbeobjorìm
M am jbeobjorìm so ao ghbsjform ghlh am gjobgjm lmfro fo am mfljbjstrmgj÷b. Ostm
fjsgjpajbm ym `rjbfm`m fosfo prjbgjpjhs foa sjeah ^^ ub lubfh mlpajh ob oa ostufjh
fo ahs mspogths prhfugtjvhs fo ubm olprosm. Oa ostufjh fo tjolphs y
lhvjljobths, oa fosmrrhaah fo prhgoshs fo trm`mkh, am soaoggj÷b y gmpmgjtmgj÷b
gjobtìijgm foa trm`mkmfhr, msì ghlh oa fosmrrhaah fo togbhaheìm, shb maeubhs fo ahs
`oboijgjhs quo mphrt÷ m am prígtjgm mfljbjstrmtjvm ostm fjsgjpajbm.

Mfljbjstrmgj÷b y psjghaheìm
psjghaheìm
Wjb fufm, ubh fo ahs prjbgjpmaos pmpoaos quo fosolpoým ub mfljbjstrmfhr ob ams
hrembjzmgjhbos os oa fo ghhrfjbmr jbfjvjfuhs. Maeubms foijbjgjhbos fo am pmam`rm
mfljbjstrmgj÷b rogmob ob oa aherh fo ahs h`kotjvhs m trmvês fo htrhs, os fogjr, phr
lofjh fo ams porshbms quo so jbvhaugrmb ob oa prhgosh fo trm`mkh fo gumaqujor

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hrembjzmgj÷b. Thr osh, oa mfljbjstrmfhr fo`o ghbhgor ‗h trmtmr fo ghbhgor‗ m

ihbfh am bmturmaozm nulmbm, ghb am ijbmajfmf fo obghbtrmr ahs roshrtos psjgha÷ejghs
y trmtmr fo jbiaujr ob oa aherh fo am ghhpormgj÷b fo ahs jbfjvjfuhs.

Am psjghaheìm, ghlh fjsgjpajbm, bhs obsoým m mbmajzmr y ostufjmr am lobto

foa jbfjvjfuh, su ghbfugtm, porshbmajfmf y bogosjfmfos fobtrh fo ub eruph fo
trm`mkh. Mfolís, bhs porljto mbmajzmr ams tobfobgjms fo ams bogosjfmfos fo ub
lorgmfh gmfm voz lís oxjeobto y fosohsh fo prhfugths fo vmbeumrfjm.

Mfljbjstrmgj÷b y shgjhaheìm
shgjhaheìm
Am shgjhaheìm os oa ostufjh sjstolítjgh fo ams shgjofmfos nulmbms y foa
ghlphrtmljobth nulmbh ob sjtumgjhbos shgjmaos. Wo jbtorosm phr ah quo hgurro
gumbfh ahs nhl`ros so roûbob, gumbfh ihrlmb lmsms h eruphs, gumbfh
ghhpormb, augnmb, so fhljbmb ubhs m htrhs, so porsumfob h so jljtmb, fosmrrhaamb
h fostruyob htrms guaturms. Am shgjhaheìm fosghlphbo ams
fjiorobtos ghl`jbmgjhbos ob sus roamtjvmlobto phghs oaolobths `ísjghs y ihrluam
aoyos quo ams eh`jorbmb.
Am hrembjzmgj÷b os ub obto porlom`ao, os fogjr, ub sjstolm m`jorth quo
bmgo, grogo, so fosmrrhaam y luoro ghb y phr ams hrembjzmgjhbos. Ams ghbfugtms
jbfjvjfumaos shb ubm prhyoggj÷b fo ahs eruphs shgjmaos3 foijbjr ostjahs fo
muthrjfmf, tjphs fo ghlubjgmgj÷b, ostrugturms fo trm`mkh, shb prh`aolms jbtorbhs,

porh bh havjfolhs quo ahs mspogths oxtorbhs foa lofjh ml`jobto ob quo so
fosmrrhaam ubm olprosm jbiauyob lugnh y torljbmb foijbjobfh ahs ghbgopths
mbtorjhros.

Mfljbjstrmgj÷b y oghbhlìm
Mgtumalobto, ams hrembjzmgjhbos bh puofob fosmrrhaamr sus pambos tígtjghs y
ostrmtêejghs sjb mbtos ghbsuatmr oa torl÷lotrh oghb÷ljgh, os fogjr, ams tmsms fo
jbtorês jbtor`mbgmrjms, mazms h `mkms ob ams prjbgjpmaos `hasms fo vmahros, am
pmrjfmf foa posh loxjgmbh ghb htrms lhbofms, oa mulobth fo lmtorjms prjlms, oa
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fosmrrhaah fo jbstrulobths ijbmbgjorhs, otgêtorm. Vhfh oaah miogtmrí fo ihrlm

fjrogtm h jbfjrogtm ams utjajfmfos fo ubm olprosm. Am líxjlm oijgjobgjm os ub
h`kotjvh fo ams hrembjzmgjhbos3 fobtrh fo am oghbhlìm so ao ghbsjform ghlh am ‑aoy

fo hrh“.

Mfljbjstrmgj÷b y forognh
Oa forognh eoborm h fotorljbm oa gmlph fo mggj÷b aoema fo ubm hrembjzmgj÷b. _bm
shgjofmf sjb forognh os jbghbgo`j`ao3 oa forognh ghbstjtuyo am ostrugturm
bogosmrjm ob quo fosgmbsm ah shgjma. Am kustjgjm y am oqujfmf shb fhs
ghlphbobtos jlphrtmbtos fobtrh foa pambh lhrma fo thfm shgjofmf3 os jlphrtmbto
tobor `msos fo kustjgjm y fo lhrma pmrm oxjejr m ahs htrhs gulpajljobth y mgtjtufos
phsjtjvms ghb am hrembjzmgj÷b y ahs folís trm`mkmfhros. Am hrembjzmgj÷b thlm
ghlh `mso fjgn
fjgnms
ms aoyos y grom ams suyms prhpjms. Msì obghbtrmlhs ob oa íl`jth
olprosmrjma ghbtrmths ghaogtjvhs o jbfjvjfumaos fo trm`mkh3 ghbtrmths fo
ghlprm-vobtm3 g÷fjehs fo êtjgm olprosmrjma y prhiosjhbma3 ghbvobjhs fo
jbgobtjvhs m ahs trm`mkmfhros3 prhlhgjhbos, shrtohs y hiortms roeuamfhs phr
ams muthrjfmfos ghlpotobtos, otgêtorm.

Mfljbjstrmgj÷b y lmtolítjgms
Ahs lhfoahs shb roprosobtmgjhbos fo maeh. Zm som m trmvês fo ubm lmquotm h foa

fosmrrhaah fo ubm i÷rluam, mquoaahs bhs myufmríb m ghlprobfor buostrm romajfmf y

m oxporjlobtmr ghb ub ermb bûlorh fo vmrjm`aos y matorbmtjvms sjb phbor ob poajerh
buostrhs rogurshs ob oa gmlph fo am vjfm roma. Ams lmtolítjgms bhs eobormb
osgobmrjhs vjrtumaos fo trm`mkh, gromb lhfoahs pmrm mbmajzmr y oxporjlobtmr
vmrjm`aos ob ub prhyogth h prhgosh prhfugtjvh.

Mfljbjstrmgj÷b y am
am jbihrlítjgm
Ostmlhs ob ‑ubm torgorm ham“, ghlh fjgo Mavjb Vhiiaor ob sus h`rms3 ostm torgorm
otmpm jlphrtmbto fo am ovhaugj÷b fo am nulmbjfmf os am orm fo am jbihrlmgj÷b. Am
L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm :
 MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

jbihrlítjgm os am gjobgjm quo ostí eh`orbmbfh m thfms ams hrembjzmgjhbos ob

eoborma, nm gromfh ub rojbh tmb mlpajh quo mnhrm su ostufjh os ihrzhsh ob thfhs
ahs bjvoaos fo ofugmgj÷b y ob thfms ams fjsgjpajbms foa sm`or nulmbh.

Ghb myufm fo ostm togbhaheìm oa sor nulmbh nm aaoemfh m fhbfo bubgm

mbtos pufh aaoemr; vjmkos m am Aubm, oxpahrmgjhbos ob ahs lís rog÷bfjths rjbghbos
foa jbtorjhr foa guorph nulmbh, lofjgjbm bugaomr, ghlubjgmgjhbos m thfh oa lubfh
m trmvês fo ubm rof jbtorbmgjhbma, am jbihrlmgj÷b fo thfh oa ghbhgjljobth nulmbh
ma magmbgo fo thfhs, otgêtorm.

=.0.=. Gjobgjm

Am gjobgjm os ub ghbkubth fo ghbhgjljobths quo tjobo sus prhpjhs prjbgjpjhs y

porljto h`tobor ghbgausjhbos ghbijm`aos y susgoptj`aos fo mfqujrjr gmrígtor

ubjtmrjh. Am gjobgjm oxpajgm iob÷lobhs y so `msm ob am groobgjm fo am rmgjhbmajfmf
fo am bmturmaozm. Wu ghbhgjljobth ostí sjstolmtjzmfh m trmvês fo am mpajgmgj÷b foa
lêthfh gjobtìijgh, mubquo osto ûatjlh bh emrmbtjzm m`shautmlobto am jboxjstobgjm
fo am fufm. Vhfm eobormajzmgj÷b, mubquo nmym sjfh prh`mfm, ostí oxpuostm m
lmyhros jbvostjemgjhbos y mbíajsjs. Oa ghbhgjljobth bh os otorbh, os fjbíljgh y
bh portobogo m bjbeubm oajto.
Oa h`kotjvh fo ghbsjformr m am mfljbjstrmgj÷b ghlh gjobgjm bh os jbvostjram
fo tohrìms y aoyos jblutm`aos, jbiaoxj`aos y fo rjeurhsm mpajgmgj÷b ubjvorsma. Am
mfljbjstrmgj÷b ghlh gjobgjm fo am fjroggj÷b shgjma (msì am fobhljbm`m oa lmostrh
Euzlíb Ymafjvjm) ostí gjlobtmfm ghb ghbhgjljobths fo htrms fjsgjpajbms, tmaos
ghlh oa forognh, am oghbhlìm, am psjghaheìm, obtro htrms. Osths ghbhgjljobths ao
vmb m oxtobfor grofj`jajfmf y eobormr ub pmbhrmlm ghb lmyhr gortjful`ro ma
trm`mkh foa mfljbjstrmfhr quo sorí mlpajmlobto mgoptmfh phr am shgjofmf.

L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm =4

 MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

=.0.0. Mrto

Wm`or g÷lh nmgor maeh os am osobgjm foa mrto. Am mfljbjstrmgj÷b, ma jeuma quo htrms
prígtjgms prhiosjhbmaos (mrqujtogturm, jbeobjorìm, lofjgjbm, otgêtorm), oxjeo
gromtjvjfmf o jbjgjmtjvm fo sus soeujfhros. Oa mfljbjstrmfhr so ghbvjorto ob aìfor bh
s÷ah phr sus ghbhgjljobths h nm`jajfmfos, sjbh tml`jêb phr lhafomr am romajfmf
quo ostmlhs vjvjobfh, phr gromr o jbbhvmr pmrmfjelms quo htrhs bh tjobob am
vjsj÷b fo trmbsihrlmr.
Bh thfhs pobsmlhs y mgtumlhs jeuma. Ams ostrmtoejms quo gmfm ubh utjajzm
bhs porljtob fjstjbeujrbhs y pamslmr buostrh soaah porshbma. Oa ghbgopth foa mrto
porljto jbfjvjfumajzmr m am mfljbjstrmgj÷b. ]ujêb bh nm osgugnmfh bhl`ros ghlh
Iroforjgc Vmyahr, Ph`ort Hwob, Nobry Ihrf, @objth Kuíroz, Mfhaih Njtaor, otgêtorm,

quo njgjorhb fo su ljsj÷b ob am vjfm ub mrto y ghbqujstmrhb oa lubfh pmrm

sjolpro.

=.0.7. Vêgbjgm

Ams têgbjgms shb ob osobgjm ihrlms, lmborms h ostjahs fo nmgor ams ghsms3
lêthfhs pmrm am h`tobgj÷b fo ub rosuatmfh ospogìijgh. Am mfljbjstrmgj÷b ghlh
têgbjgm gulpao ghb ub pmpoa jlphrtmbto ob am oijgjobgjm fo gumaqujor hrembjzmgj÷b,
y os oa hrjeob ljslh fo am mfljbjstrmgj÷b gjobtìijgm. Poghrfolhs quo ahs prjlorhs
ostufjhs ostuvjorhb `msmfhs ob prh`aolms fo prhfuggj÷b y lokhrmljobth fo ams
norrmljobtms fo trm`mkh. Ghb oaah, têgbjgms fo prhermlmgj÷b ghlh am eríijgm fo
Embtt, TOPV, GTL, nmb sjfh fo jblobsurm`ao vmahr pmrm am oijgjobgjm fo thfm
mgtjvjfmf tmbth ob oa eh`jorbh ghlh ob ams olprosms prjvmfms. Ostms têgbjgms nmb
porljtjfh mbmajzmr y fosmrrhaamr lêthfhs mpajgm`aos ob thfms ams íroms fo am
hrembjzmgj÷b, fosmrrhaambfh lhfoahs y osgobmrjhs lís oxmgths y romaos pmrm am
thlm fo fogjsjhbos.

=.0.6. Êtjgm

Am êtjgm, tma ghlh ah lobgjhbm oa lmostrh Kosûs Hgtmvjh Luýhz Kjlêboz, bh os

ghbgo`jfm ghlh ub gmtogjslh h ub g÷fjeh ostítjgh fo bhrlms, sjbh quo vm lís

L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm ==

 MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

maaí fo am ajtormturm; protobfo gromr ub ostjah prhphsjtjvh fo vjfm tmbth ob oa trm`mkh

ghlh iuorm fo êsto. Osto muthr, ob su euìm fo ostufjh Woljbmrjh fo êtjgm fo ahs
boehgjhs, m`hrfm pubths jbtorosmbtos y bhs fjgo quo oa gmrígtor êtjgh jbfjvjfuma y

shgjma (otnhs) bhs hrjobtm ma gml`jh fo ghbfjgjhbos ob buostrm lmborm fo mgtumr,

os fogjr, vm fo am thlm fo fogjsjhbos m am thlm fo rosphbsm`jajfmfos.
Trogjsmlobto, shb ostms ûatjlms ams quo bhs nmgob vor buostrhs magmbgos y
ajljtmgjhbos, ahs vmahros romajzmfhs, ahs rosuatmfhs fo buostrms mggjhbos, y sh`ro
thfh, am rmz÷b fo sor fo ah quo fogjlhs quo shlhs; prhiosjhbmaos y bh shamlobto
prhiosjhbjstms.
Am rosphbsm`jajfmf shgjma fo ahs mfljbjstrmfhros, ghbtmfhros y htrhs
prhiosjhbjstms aherm su lmfuroz prhiosjhbma gumbfh êsths oqujaj`rmb am fumajfmf
yh-htrh y nmb puosth sus hkhs ob oa sorvjgjh ma gajobto, msì ghlh ob ahs `oboijgjhs
quo su olprosm hthrem m ubm ghlubjfmf y, ob kustm rospuostm , ‑ah lokhr vjobo phr
mýmfjfurm“ pmrm mquoaams hrembjzmgjhbos quo ym aaovmb vobtmkm ob sus mggjhbos
shgjmaos.
Bh h`stmbto, nmy olprosms quo so lmbtjobob ma lmreob foa ‑vmahr
meroemfh“ fo sus prhfugths y/h sorvjgjhs3 h som, mquoaams quo s÷ah qujorob rogj`jr
ob auemr fo hthremr ub `oboijgjh shgjma. Os luy jlphrtmbto ghbtmr ghb ub g÷fjeh fo
êtjgm olprosmrjma h prhiosjhbma, ym quo bhs porljto ghbhgor guíaos shb ahs
ajbomljobths fo gumaqujor prhiosjhbjstm ob su tmrom ghb am shgjofmf y folís

hrembjzmgjhbos.

=.7. Mpajgmgj÷b fo am mfljbjstrmgj÷b ob ams hrembjzmgjhbos

Am mfljbjstrmgj÷b ob ams hrembjzmgjhbos tjobo ghlh h`kotjvhs eobormr ub ml`jobto

fo ghlubjgmgj÷b m`jortm, ostmr ma tmbth fo ahs ghbiajgths hrembjzmgjhbmaos y
mprhvognmrahs pmrm fotogtmr mbhlmaìms quo ob ostmfh bmturma bh so nu`jormb
prosobtmfh, msì ghlh jfobtjijgmr sus bogosjfmfos y lhtjvmr m ahs jbtoermbtos foa
eruph fo trm`mkh.
L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm =0
 MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

=.6. Mfljbjstrmfhros y mfljbjstrmgj÷b

=.6.=. Trhgoshs eorobgjmaos

Oa pmpoa quo fosolpoým fobtrh fo ams hrembjzmgjhbos oa mfljbjstrmfhr fopobfo
ob ermb lofjfm foa bjvoa ob quo so ostê fosmrrhaambfh. Os `job sm`jfh quo am
mfljbjstrmgj÷b, phr su gmrígtor fo ubjvorsmajfmf, so obguobtrm prosobto ob thfhs
ahs bjvoaos fo am ostrugturm hrembjzmgjhbma. Oa mfljbjstrmfhr ob oa lmbfh lofjh
tjobo am h`ajemgj÷b fo emrmbtjzmr y ahermr rosuatmfhs ÷ptjlhs pmrm ahs okogutjvhs fo
am matm fjroggj÷b. Torh ghlprhlotorso ghb ams muthrjfmfos suporjhros roqujoro
gromr osgobmrjhs prhpjgjhs pmrm lhtjvmr m ahs su`hrfjbmfhs, os fogjr, fogamrmr ub
sjstolm fo mfljbjstrmgj÷b quo ao porljtm oxjejr y m am voz ghsognmr ahs lokhros
rosuatmfhs fo su eruph fo trm`mkh. Tmrm oaah, os jbfjspobsm`ao prhlhvor ubm

guaturm hrembjzmgjhbma `msmfm ob vmahros fo rospoth, ghbijmbzm, olpmtìm y

shajfmrjfmf obtro ahs trm`mkmfhros.
Ghbsjformbfh oa lofjh ml`jobto hrembjzmgjhbma ob oa guma so fosmrrhaam oa
mfljbjstrmfhr y ams prosjhbos quo okorgo sh`ro êsto, tml`jêb so fo`o thlmr ob
guobtm quo ams oxporjobgjms y ahs ghbhgjljobths ospogjmajzmfhs fo su írom bh shb
suijgjobtos pmrm fmr ubm shaugj÷b oijgjobto m sus prh`aolms hrembjzmgjhbmaos. Msì,
os bogosmrjh fosmrrhaamr ub jbstrulobth ghb têgbjgms y prhgofjljobths
profotorljbmfhs pmrm su lokhr mprhvognmljobth3 osto rogursh os aamlmfh phr
lugnhs oa shphrto gjobtìijgh fo am mfljbjstrmgj÷b, y pmrm htrhs sjlpaolobto os oa
prhgosh mfljbjstrmtjvh.
Fjgnh prhgosh ostí ghlpuosth phr gumtrh imsos ob eoborma; pambomgj÷b,
hrembjzmgj÷b, fjroggj÷b y ghbtrha3 y ob ghl`jbmgj÷b ghb ams íroms fo trm`mkh fo
ubm hrembjzmgj÷b; prhfuggj÷b, rogurshs nulmbhs, ijbmbzms, ghlprms, jbihrlítjgm y
lorgmfhtogbjm. Fo osto lhfh, so eoborm ubm lmtrjz ûbjgm, y romalobto mquì os
fhbfo so rosulo thfh oa prhgosh eorobgjma foa mfljbjstrmfhr. Osto prhgosh aj`orm
ma mfljbjstrmfhr fo am jlprhvjsmgj÷b, ao myufm m ostmbfmrjzmr prhgoshs y os ubm
`mso jlprosgjbfj`ao pmrm eobormr togbhaheìm mfljbjstrmtjvm.

L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm =7

 MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

=.6.0. Torija eorobgjma

Oa porija eorobgjma fo ub mfljbjstrmfhr ostí foijbjfh phr tros oaolobths;

ghbhgjljobths, nm`jajfmfos y mgtjtufos. Ahs ghbhgjljobths quo fo`o tobor ub
eorobto shb, ob prjlorm jbstmbgjm, ahs fo ub ajgobgjmfh ob mfljbjstrmgj÷b h su
oqujvmaobto. Fo`o ghbhgor oa ejrh ghrrosphbfjobto fo am hrembjzmgj÷b quo
roprosobtm, msì ghlh ospogjmajzmrso ob oa írom ob quo so fosmrrhaam; ijbmbzms,
rogurshs nulmbhs h prhfuggj÷b, phr lobgjhbmr maeubms. Os jlphrtmbto quo
lmboko ahs jfjhlms fo ahs pmìsos ghb ahs quo tjobo ghbtmgth h prhyogtm toborah m
gjorth pamzh3 mgtumalobto, ahs jfjhlms lís ghlorgjmaos shb oa jbeaês, oa maolíb y
oa kmphbês. Fo`o msjstjr m ghbiorobgjms, gurshs y folís ovobths quo ah mgtumajgob

h ao porljtmb su fosmrrhaah prhiosjhbma y porshbma.

Am jbihrlítjgm os ubm norrmljobtm quo fo`o lmbokmr ghb shaturm y ob am quo
fo`o ostmr ghbstmbtolobto m am vmbeumrfjm. Msjljslh, os bogosmrjh quo so
mgtumajgo o jbihrlo m trmvês fo rovjstms ospogjmajzmfms u h`rms fo osgrjthros
ghbtolphríbohs sh`ro ams jbbhvmgjhbos y tobfobgjms fo am mfljbjstrmgj÷b y
fjsgjpajbms mijbos. Vmlphgh fo`o havjfmr quo oa vostjr `job y ahs `uobhs lhfmaos
shb sjolpro ubm oxgoaobto tmrkotm fo prosobtmgj÷b ob gumaqujor lhlobth. Thr
osh, os jlphrtmbto puajr buostrm porshbmajfmf fìm m fìm, y pmrm oaah nmy gurshs
ospogjmajzmfhs quo vmao am pobm thlmr. Oa mfljbjstrmfhr os ub boehgjmfhr fo
tjolph ghlpaoth, phr osh fopobfo lugnh fo su nm`jajfmf pmrm ghlubjgmrso3 ob
osto sobtjfh, ahs gurshs fo hrmthrjm shb jbfjspobsm`aos.
Ams nm`jajfmfos jbgauyob thfhs ahs mspogths ob quo shb gmpmgjtmfhs ahs
eorobtos pmrm okogutmr ams tmroms quo aos shb prhpjms. Oa eorobto fo gumaqujor
hrembjzmgj÷b pû`ajgm h prjvmfm, augrmtjvm h fo `oboijgobgjm, jbfustrjma h fophrtjvm,
fo`o tobor nm`jajfmf pmrm;
• Fosmrrhaamr ubm vjsj÷b jbtoerma sh`ro am ljsj÷b y ams ostrmtoejms fo ams
hrembjzmgjhbos.

L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm =6

 MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

• Ghbfugjr eruphs y ahermr h`kotjvhs ob ub ml`jobto fo lutum ghbijmbzm

(ajformzeh).
• Tmrtjgjpmr ob oqujphs luatjfjsgjpajbmrjhs quo aherob ahs h`kotjvhs

jbstjtugjhbmaos ob ub ml`jobto fo ghhpormgj÷b y mphyh rogìprhghs.

• Poshavor ghbiajgths jbtorporshbmaos quo puofob miogtmr m am hrembjzmgj÷b.
• Boehgjmr pmrm prhlhvor mggjhbos quo sjebjijquob `oboijgjhs pmrm am
hrembjzmgj÷b.
• Trhlhvor ub ml`jobto fo oxgoaobgjm y gmajfmf.
• Mfmptmrso m ahs mvmbgos togbha÷ejghs
tog bha÷ejghs y m ahs gml`jhs oghb÷ljghs, phaìtjghs
y shgjmaos m bjvoa lubfjma.
• Mpajgmr ghb gromtjvjfmf ahs ghbhgjljobths mfqujrjfhs ob su fosmrrhaah
prhiosjhbma.
• Lmbokmr sjstolms fo g÷lputh y ghlubjgmgj÷b pmrm oa prhgosmljobth fo am
jbihrlmgj÷b, quo shb luy ûtjaos ob am thlm fo fogjsjhbos.
• Vhlmr fogjsjhbos sjb rogj`jr jbstruggjhbos progjsms.
• Ghlubjgmrso mfogumfmlobto, ob ihrlm vor`ma y osgrjtm, ob ospmýha o
jfjhlms ghlorgjmaos.
• Okorgor y foaoemr muthrjfmf.
• Fjmebhstjgmr y ovjfobgjmr fosvjmgjhbos mfljbjstrmtjvms fo bmturmaozm
provobtjvm y ghrrogtjvm.
• Trhlhvor oa gml`jh y oa fosmrrhaah hrembjzmgjhbma-shgjma.
• Mprobfor m sor, m mprobfor y m olprobfor.
olp robfor.
Ams mgtjtufos shb ub `uob ghljobzh pmrm olpozmr m trm`mkmr ghb gmajfmf.
Poghrfolhs quo osto ghbgopth os ub ostmfh lobtma foa jbfjvjfuh lís quo ub
pamb fo trm`mkh h ub lmbuma fo msoeurmljobth. @usgmr am oxgoaobgjm ob buostrhs
mgths oxjeo ghbgjobgjm y `uobhs ní`jths ob buostrm porshbm. M ghbtjbumgj÷b so
lobgjhbmb ams prjbgjpmaos mgtjtufos quo fo`o prhlhvor y aaovmr m gm`h oa
mfljbjstrmfhr, ym quo s÷ah msì gml`jmrí am guaturm hrembjzmgjhbma y eorobgjma fo su

L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm =?

 MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

hrembjzmgj÷b.

• Mgtjtuf olprobfofhrm (jbjgjmtjvm y mufmgjm).

•

Olpmtìm ghb ahs folís olpaomfhs.

• Whajfmrjfmf ghb su porshbma y sus suporjhros.
• Mprobfjzmko porlmbobto.
• Woeurjfmf ob sì ljslh.
• Tmrtjgjpmgj÷b ob oa prhgosh obsoýmbzm-mprobfjzmko.
• Trhspogtjvm fo am vjfm (fo êxjth).
• Êtjgm (prhiosjhbma y porshbma).
• Wupormgj÷b porlmbobto.
•

Mporturm ma gml`jh.
• Ymahr y ghrfurm pmrm am thlm fo fogjsjhbos.
• Worvjgjh m ahs folís.
• Ghlprhljsh y rosphbsm`jajfmf.
• Hreuaah phr am prhiosj÷b y am Bmgj÷b.
• Posphbsm`jajfmf phr oa `jobostmr shgjma.

Os gjorth quo shb folmsjmfms ams gmrmgtorìstjgms quo fo`o gulpajr ub `uob
mfljbjstrmfhr, sjb ol`mreh, am oxporjobgjm y oa tjolph ao vmb m fmr am lmfuroz quo
roqujorm pmrm gu`rjr ghb oa porija quo ao oxjeo ub `uob bjvoa fobtrh fo am
hrembjzmgj÷b. Olpozmr nhy os `uob lhlobth, oa lmýmbm ah roghlpobsmrí ghb
grogos.

=.6.7. Iubgjhbos
Oa ghbgopth fo ‑pmpoa“ shb thfms mquoaams iubgjhbos quo vm m fosolpoýmr oa
jbfjvjfuh fobtrh fo am ostrugturm hrembjzmgjhbma, y vm m sor foijbjfh phr oa ostmtus h
phsjgj÷b ob am ostrugturm fo am hrembjzmgj÷b.

L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm =9

 MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

Ams iubgjhbos fo ub mfljbjstrmfhr bh ostíb foijbjfms fo lmborm ghbgrotm,

porh oxjstob grjtorjhs ghlpaotmlobto têgbjghs fhbfo ams iubgjhbos prjlmrjms ostíb
jblorsms ob oa prhgosh mfljbjstrmtjvh, os fogjr, ob am pambomgj÷b, hrembjzmgj÷b,

fjroggj÷b y ghbtrha fo am hrembjzmgj÷b. Obsoeujfm soýmamrolhs ams prjbgjpmaos

gmrmgtorìstjgms fo ostms iubgjhbos;

m) Tambomgj÷b. Wo foijbob ahs h`kotjvhs hrembjzmgjhbmaos y so ostm`aogob

prhermlms, phaìtjgms y ostrmtoejms pmrm magmbzmrahs.
`) Hrembjzmgj÷b. Wo fjsoým am ostrugturm hrembjzmgjhbma, so msjebm muthrjfmf
y rosphbsm`jajfmf pmrm magmbzmr fjgnhs h`kotjvhs.
g) Fjroggj÷b. Ahermr quo ahs su`hrfjbmfhs nmemb ah quo so fosom quo nmemb3
ghlubjgmgj÷b, lhtjvmgj÷b y ajformzeh shb ahs prjbgjpmaos ghlphbobtos fo
ostm imso.
f) Ghbtrha. Ostm`aogor bhrlms, lofjr oa fosolpoýh ghbtrm êstms y fostmgmr
ahs rosuatmfhs rospogth fo am pambomgj÷b.

Nmy pmpoaos quo trmfjgjhbmalobto so ao nmb msjebmfh m ub mfljbjstrmfhr,

soeûb jbfjgm Mfma`orth Pìhs Wzmamy ob su h`rm Hrìeobos y porspogtjvms fo am
mfljbjstrmgj÷b (=:>>), fhbfo lobgjhbm ahs sjeujobtos;

m) Oa mfljbjstrmfhr ghlh lmxjljzmfhr fo am oijgjobgjm y ams utjajfmfos.

`) Oa mfljbjstrmfhr y su boutrmajfmf oqujaj`rmfhrm.
g) Oa mfljbjstrmfhr ghlh okoguthr togb÷grmtm-`urhgrítjgh.

Foijbjtjvmlobto, êstms iuorhb maeubms fo ams iubgjhbos ghb ams quo vjh
bmgor am shgjofmf m mquoaahs prhiosjhbjstms h ospogjmajstms ob ams olprosms. Ob am
mgtumajfmf, ym bh os phsj`ao obgmsjaamr m ub mfljbjstrmfhr ghlh ub sjlpao eosthr
fo pmpoaohs h ghlh ub gmpmtmz foa pmtr÷b quo so embm am vjfm oxpahtmbfh m ahs

L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm =5

 MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

h`rorhs m gml`jh fo ub lìbjlh smamrjh. Bh os quo oa mfljbjstrmfhr portobozgm m

‑ahs lmahs“, os fogjr, m am fjroggj÷b, sjbh quo, ghlh ah jbfjgm su foijbjgj÷b
otjlha÷ejgm, os ub sorvjfhr ma jeuma quo ahs folís su`hrfjbmfhs, porh guym

iubgj÷b prjbgjpma os prosorvmr m am hrembjzmgj÷b. Osth jlpajgm trm`mkmr fo tma ihrlm

quo so aherob ahs h`kotjvhs, so prhfuzgm ghb gmajfmf y so smtjsimemb ams
bogosjfmfos fo thfm am hrembjzmgj÷b, jbgauyobfh ams fo ahs trm`mkmfhros. Vhfh oaah
so tjobo quo ahermr m trmvês fo ubm ghhrfjbmgj÷b fo eruphs nulmbhs y bh
lofjmbto am oxpahtmgj÷b fo ahs ljslhs.
Htrhs muthros, ghlh Loeejbshb, Lhsaoy y Tjotrj ob su h`rm Mfljbjstrmgj÷b,
ghbgopths y mpajgmgjhbos (=:>>), bhs luostrmb ub gumfrh jbtorosmbto mgorgm fo
ahs pmpoaos y ams prjbgjpmaos iubgjhbos fo ub mfljbjstrmfhr, som êsto eorobto,
suporvjshr h koio fo írom. Fjgnhs muthros pmrtob fo ub trm`mkh quo romajz÷ oa
jbvostjemfhr Nobry Ljbtz`ore rospogth m ubm vmrjofmf fo puosths mfljbjstrmtjvhs,
fhbfo sjbtotjz÷ ahs ostufjhs fo ams iubgjhbos mfljbjstrmtjvms. Osto obihquo fo
mgtjvjfmfos y iubgjhbos ah phfolhs rosuljr fo am sjeujobto lmborm;
M) Mgtjvjfmfos jbtormgtjvms. Oa mfljbjstrmfhr tjobo ubm roamgj÷b porlmbobto ghb
ahs jbfjvjfuhs quo jbiauyob fobtrh y iuorm fo am hrembjzmgj÷b, phr ah tmbth tjobo
quo gulpajr ghb ahs sjeujobtos pmpoaos;
Jbtorporshbmaos
• Vostmiorrh. Ahs eorobtos tjobob quo roprosobtmr gjortms iubgjhbos
gorolhbjmaos mshgjmfms ghb sor jfobtjijgmfhs ghlh ahs roprosobtmbtos
ihrlmaos fo sus hrembjzmgjhbos3 phr okolpah, `hfms, iubormaos, otgêtorm.
• Aìforos. Ma fosolpoýmr ostm iubgj÷b, ahs eorobtos so roamgjhbmb ghb ahs
ljol`rhs foa eruph, lhtjvmb y ostjluamb m ahs su`hrfjbmfhs pmrm magmbzmr
ahs h`kotjvhs hrembjzmgjhbmaos y ahs myufmb m smtjsimgor sus prhpjms
bogosjfmfos.
• Fo obamgo. Gumbfh sjrvob ghlh vìbguah obtro su hrembjzmgj÷b y htrms
hrembjzmgjhbos, h fo su ubjfmf ghb htrms ubjfmfos fobtrh fo am

hrembjzmgj÷b ob quo am`hrmb.

L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm =>
 MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

Jbihrlmtjvms
• Lhbjthr. Oa mfljbjstrmfhr so obgmrem fo vjejamr oa iaukh fo am jbihrlmgj÷b.
•

Fjsoljbmfhr. Oa mfljbjstrmfhr prhpmem am jbihrlmgj÷b obtro htrms porshbms.

• Yhgorh. Oa mfljbjstrmfhr sjrvo ghlh vhgorh pmrm ams porshbms quo ostíb
iuorm fo sus ubjfmfos.

Poshautjvms
• Olprosmrjh. Ahs mfljbjstrmfhros `usgmb lokhrmr mgtjvmlobto oa
fosolpoýh fo sus ubjfmfos, jbjgjmbfh gml`jhs pambjijgmfhs pmrm
mfmptmrso m ahs gml`jhs ob oa ml`jobto.
• Lmbokmfhr fo ghbiajgths. Vrmtmb ghb ahs prh`aolms y prosjhbos quo so aos
jlphbob; nuoaems, rupturms fo ghbtrmths, osgmsoz fo lmtorjmaos, quokms y
mermvjhs.
• Msjebmfhr fo rogurshs. Ahs eorobtos fogjfob phr quê, guíbfh, g÷lh, pmrm
quê y m qujêb vmb m sor msjebmfhs ahs osgmshs rogurshs hrembjzmgjhbmaos3
oa prosupuosth os ub okolpah.
• Boehgjmfhr. Os ub ermb vobfofhr fo jfoms, aaovm m gm`h ghbvobjhs ghb
porshbms mkobms m sus ubjfmfos.

@) Mgtjvjfmfos têgbjgms. Oa mfljbjstrmfhr fo`o fosolpoýmr iubgjhbos fo lmbokh

fo norrmljobtms ghlh am ghlputmfhrm, shaugjhbmr prh`aolms têgbjghs
jbnorobtos m su írom y fosolpoýmr iubgjhbos têgbjgms ospogìijgms ghlh
jbvostjemgj÷b fo lorgmfhs. Ghbihrlo vm msgobfjobfh m puosths gamvo, su
ospogjmajfmf têgbjgm so vm mljbhrmbfh y bh sorí bogosmrjh quo ghbhzgm m
ihbfh thfms ams norrmljobtms h ams têgbjgms fo ush; am ghhrfjbmgj÷b fo
ospogjmajstms sorí su lokhr mrlm.
G) Mgtjvjfmfos porshbmaos. Oa mfljbjstrmfhr os ub sor nulmbh3 tjobo imljajm,
prh`aolms y ghbiajgths porshbmaos. Thr ah tmbth, tjobo quo mfljbjstrmr su vjfm y
L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm =:
 MFLJBJWVPMGJ×B

su tjolph, fosmrrhaamr su prhpjm gmrrorm y roshavor sus msubths porshbmaos.

Ghlh puofo mprogjmrso, oa pmpoa foa mfljbjstrmfhr os luy mlpajh y ob êa

so ghbkuemb thfh tjph fo mgtjvjfmfos, fosfo ams porshbmaos nmstm ams lís
ospogjmajzmfms fobtrh fo ams hrembjzmgjhbos. Torh buostrm shgjofmf oxjeo fo osto
prhiosjhbjstm ub pmpoa sjbeuamr quo m`mrquo ahs íl`jths
porshbmaos y hrembjzmgjhbmaos; oa fo aìfor.

=.6.6. Phaos

_b rha os ub ghbkubth fo ghlphrtmljobths, mgtjtufos, h`ajemgjhbos y prjvjaoejhs

quo so ospormb fo gumaqujor jbfjvjfuh quo hgupm ub ostmtus pmrtjguamr. Oa

ghlphrtmljobth foa mfljbjstrmfhr ostí roejfh phr fhs mspogths jlphrtmbtos. Oa

prjlorh os am guaturm hrembjzmgjhbma fo am jbstjtugj÷b ob am quo prostm sus sorvjgjhs,
guym jbiauobgjm os iubfmlobtma, phrquo sj os ubm hrembjzmgj÷b lofjhgro sjb fufm
vm m tobor quo augnmr phr gml`jmr oa ostmfh lobtma fo sus su`hrfjbmfhs y fo am
ljslm fjroggj÷b. Oa soeubfh shb ahs prjbgjpjhs y ghbvjggjhbos ghb quo sjolpro nm
trm`mkmfh y vjvjfh3 ah jlphrtmbto ob osto sobtjfh os prhlhvor ahs prjbgjpjhs quo
lobgjhbmlhs ob oa pubth fo mgtjtufos fo ub mfljbjstrmfhr. Êa tjobo am h`ajemgj÷b
fo eobormr oa gml`jh, fo gromr ubm guaturm hrembjzmgjhbma fo am quo so sjobtm
hreuaahsh fobtrh y iuorm fo am hrembjzmgj÷b. Wo osporm fo êa quo som ub jbfjvjfuh
aj`ro fo jbtorosos lozqujbhs y ghb am ihrtmaozm y gmpmgjfmf fo augnm suijgjobto
pmrm oa aherh fo ahs h`kotjvhs hrembjzmgjhbmaos.
Ams mgtjtufos fo ub aìfor shb ams mgtjtufos quo so oxjeob fo ub `uob
mfljbjstrmfhr pmrm oa sjeah ^^J. Ams ubjvorsjfmfos tjobob ahs oaolobths bogosmrjhs
pmrm gromr osths aìforos, s÷ah ospormb am fjsphbj`jajfmf fo ahs maulbhs y ubm sof
jbmehtm`ao fo trjubih ob sus ghrmzhbos.

L.M. O.M.E. Tíejbm 04