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Epidemiología de la diversidad genética del T.cruzi.
Felipe Guhl. 1 - 8.
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Rev Esp Salud Pública 2013; 1-8. IX Taller sobre la Enfermedad de Chagas, Barcelona, 4 de Marzo 2013
PONENCIA
Felipe Guhl
RESUMEN ABSTRACT
La enfermedad de Chagas causada por el parásito Trypanosoma cruzi
Molecular Epidemiology of
es una zoonosis compleja, ampliamente distribuida en el continente ame-
ricano. La infección puede ser adquirida a través de las heces de insectos
triatominos, transfusión de sangre, trasplante de órganos, vía oral, por
transmisión congénita y por accidentes de laboratorio. El completo enten- Trypanosoma cruzi
dimiento de la etiología y epidemiología de la enfermedad de Chagas a Chagas disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is a com-
través de su distribución geográfica es complejo y permanece bajo inten- plex zoonosis that is widely distributed throughout the American conti-
sa investigación hasta la actualidad. Los recientes estudios sobre la varia- nent. The infection can be acquired by triatomine faeces, blood transfu-
bilidad genética del parásito han dado nuevas luces de los diferentes es- sion, organ transplantation, oral route, congenital transmission and by
cenarios de los ciclos de transmisión de la enfermedad y su patogénesis laboratory accidents. A full understanding of the etiology and epidemio-
en humanos. El propósito principal para la caracterización molecular de logy of Chagas disease across its geographical distribution was to prove
T.cruzi y sus múltiples genotipos está dirigido hacia su asociación con la elusive and complex, and remains under intense investigation to the pre-
clínica y la patogenesis de la enfermedad, así como al esclarecimiento de sent day. Recent studies on the genetic variability of the parasite have
los diferentes escenarios de transmisión y los aspectos co-evolutivos rela- given new light on the different scenarios of the cycles of transmission
cionados con reservorios e insectos vectores. of Chagas disease and pathogenesis in humans. The main purpose for the
La caracterización molecular de los diferentes aislamientos a partir molecular characterization of T. cruzi and their multiple genotypes is
de humanos, insectos y reservorios, ha permitido identificar la amplia aimed towards his association with the clinic and the pathogenesis of the
variabilidad genética del parásito, abriendo nuevos caminos hacia la disease as well as to clarify the different scenarios of transmission and
búsqueda de nuevos blancos terapéuticos y pruebas diagnósticas más co-evolutionary aspects related with insect vectors and reservoirs.
específicas que contribuyan a mitigar la enfermedad de Chagas. The molecular characterization of the different isolates from
Palabras clave: Trypanosoma cruzi. Patogénesis. ciclos de trans- humans, insects and reservoirs has allowed to identify the wide genetic
misión.Enfermedades transmisibles.Enfermedades parasitarias. variability of the parasite, opening new paths towards the search for new
therapeutic targets and diagnostic tests more specific, that contribute to
mitigate Chagas disease.
Correspondencia
Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical. Key words: Trypanosoma cruzi. Transmission cycles.Communicable
CIMPAT. diseases. Parasitic diseases.
Universidad de los Andes
Bogotá
Colombia.
fguhl@uniandes.edu.co
Felipe Ghul
Figura 1
Distribución geográfica de las 6 DTU’s y su correspondencia con ciclos de transmisión
asociados al ambiente silvestre o domiciliario
TcVI, pero recientemente se ha demostrado ciadas con la invasión celular del parásito, lo
que TcI juega un papel importante en las cual representa datos promisorios para un
formas severas de cardiopatía chagásica. mejor entendimiento de la estructura genética
Estudios en pacientes argentinos mostraron de las diferentes DTU’s31.
en las biopsias cardiacas que aquellos que
tenían miocarditis severa estaban infectados BIBLIOGRAFÍA
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PONENCIA
RESUMEN ABSTRACT
Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico causante del Mal de Chagas,
Relation between the Genotypes T. cruzi
and the Clinical Presentation of
es una especie formada por poblaciones multiclonales altamente diver-
gentes. La comprensión de su estructura poblacional es relevante para de-
terminar su asociación con las diversas manifestaciones clínicas y severi-
dad de la enfermedad, las cuales presentan una distribución geográfica Chagas's Disease
diferencial. Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is a spe-
Recientemente se ha reconocido que T. cruzi está conformado por cies formed by highly divergent multiclonal populations. Understanding
seis Unidades Discretas de Tipificación (UDTs): TcI a TcVI. Aquí pre- the population structure is relevant to determine its association with cli-
sentamos un panorama que resume el conocimiento disponible sobre la nical manifestations and severity of the disease, which have a different
existencia de asociaciones entre los UDTs y las formas clínicas de la en- geographical spread.
fermedad de Chagas. Recently it has been recognized that T. cruzi consists of six Discrete
Palabras claves: Trypanosoma cruzi. Tipificación Molecular. Enfer- Typing Units (UDTs) ; from Tc I to Tc VI. We present an overview that
medad de Chagas summarizes the available knowledge about the existence of associations
between UDTs and clinical forms of Chagas disease
Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecular Typing. Chagas Disease.
Correspondencia
Alejandro G. Schijman.
Vuelta de Obligado 2490
schijman@dna.uba.ar
Carolina Cura et al.
Figura 1
Estrategias de PCR para la identificación de Unidades Discretas de Tipificación
de Trypanosoma cruzi en muestras directas de sangre periférica y tejido
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PONENCIA
(1) Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Lon-
don WC1E 7HT. UK.
(2) School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London. London UK E1 4NS, UK.
(*) This work was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant numbers 084175 and 092573).
ABSTRACT RESUMEN
Correlación entre genotipo y resistencia
The nitroheterocyclic compounds benznidazole and nifurtimox are a los antiparasitarios en la
the only drugs licensed for treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infections.
Both are pro-drugs and do not have significant trypanocidal properties Enfermedad de Chagas
until they have undergone intra-parasitic activation. The enzyme res-
ponsible is a nitroreductase (TcNTR), which initiates a reductive casca- El benznidazol y el nifurtimox, compuestos nitroheterocíclicos, son los
de that leads to the generation of the toxic metabolites that kill the para- únicos medicamentos aprobados para el tratamiento de las infecciones por
site. Processes that act to down-regulate this enzyme lead to cross-resis- Trypanosoma cruzi. Ambos son profármacos y no tienen importantes pro-
tance against both front line drugs. These include the loss of one of the piedades tripanocidas hasta su activación intraparasitaria. La enzima res-
chromosomes containing the TcNTR gene, or point mutations which ponsable es una nitro-reductasa (TcNTR ), que inicia una cascada reductora
inactivate the enzyme. TcNTR heterozygotes are infectious, do not dis- que conduce a la generación de los metabolitos tóxicos que matan al parási-
play an obvious deleterious phenotype, and are up to 5-fold more resis- to. Los procesos que actúan para regular a esta enzima conducen a la resis-
tant to benznidazole and nifurtimox. Complete loss of TcNTR activity tencia cruzada contra ambos fármacos. Estos incluyen la pérdida de uno de
however, renders T. cruzi largely non-infectious suggesting that there los cromosomas que contienen el gen TcNTR o mutaciones puntuales que
may be a limit to the level of resistance by this mechanism. In natural inactivan la enzima. Los parásitos TcNTR heterocigotos son infecciosos, no
populations of T. cruzi, we found no evidence that the extensive varia- muestran un fenotipo nocivo obvio y son hasta 5 veces más resistente a
tions in benznidazole-sensitivity were linked to mutations in TcNTR. benznidazol y el nifurtimox. Sin embargo, la pérdida completa de la activi-
This, together with evidence that resistance to benznidazole and nifurti- dad TcNTR hace que T. cruzi no sea infeccioso, lo que sugiere que puede ha-
mox is not always linked, indicates that other mechanisms independent ber un límite para el nivel de resistencia por este mecanismo. En las pobla-
of TcNTR can operate. New advances in technology provide opportuni- ciones naturales de T. cruzi no se encontraron pruebas de que las amplias
ties to explore this further. variaciones en la sensibilidad al benznidazol estén vinculadas a las muta-
Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi. Resistance. Antiparasitic drugs. ciones en TcNTR lo que, junto con la evidencia de que la resistencia a benz-
nidazol y nifurtimox no siempre es conjunta, indica que existen otros meca-
nismos independientes de TcNTR. Los nuevos avances en tecnología
ofrecen la oportunidad de explorar más a fondo esta cuestión.
Correspondencia Palabras clave: Trypansosoma cruzi. Resistencia. Fármacos antipa-
John M Kelly rasitarios.
Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology,
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,
Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
john.kelly@lshtm.ac.uk
John M. Kelly et al.
Figure 1
Structures of the nitroheterocyclic drugs used to treat T. cruzi infections
The highlighted regions in nifurtimox and benznidazole correspond to the 5-nitrofuran and the 2-nitroimidazole
groups respectively
dissect the range of mechanisms by which Other nitrofuran pro-drugs have antimi-
resistance can arise so that the use of crobial activity, for example nitrofurantoin,
current drugs can be optimised. which can be used to treat urinary tract
infections. Drug-resistance in bacteria is
Nifurtimox and benznidazole are pro- conferred by mutations to flavin-dependent
drugs that require to be activated within oxidoreductases belonging to the type I
the parasite to have trypanocidal effects, a NTR family23,24. These enzymes catalyse
process that is mediated by nitroreducta- the O 2 -insensitive NAD(P)H-dependent
ses (NTRs)9. For many years, the specific two-electron reduction of the drug nitro
enzyme(s) involved were unknown, and group. This results in the generation of a
there was no information on the nature of hydroxylamine product, which can react
the toxic metabolites that were involved further to produce nitrenium ions, leading to
in parasite killing. In the case of nifurti- DNA breakage and damage to other macro-
mox, initial experiments had hinted that molecules25,26 . In T. cruzi, two enzymes
there could be a role for reactive oxygen have been identified that display type I
species, which can be produced in parasi- NTR-like activity. However, evidence sug-
gests that one of these, prostaglandin F2α
te lysates following one-electron reduc-
synthase, does not have a significant role in
tion of nifurtimox by type II NTR acti-
drug activation, as it is only capable of pro-
vity12,13. Under aerobic conditions, this moting nifurtimox reduction under anaero-
leads to the production of superoxide bic conditions 27 . Recently, it has been
radicals and the regeneration of nifurti- demonstrated that the second, which has
mox, a process that has been termed “futi- been designated TcNTR, is primarily res-
le cycling”. Although several parasite fla- ponsible for the activation of nifurtimox,
vin-dependent reductases have been lin- benznidazole and other nitroheterocyclic
ked with this mechanism13-15, there has drugs in T. cruzi9. The reduction of nifurti-
been no direct evidence for a functionally mox by this enzyme generates an unsatura-
significant role in drug activity. In addition, ted open-chain nitrile, which is responsible
parasites that have been genetically mani- for the trypanocidal effect28. In the case of
pulated to enhance their oxidative defence benznidazole, drug metabolism leads to the
capacity do not display increased resistance formation of glyoxal, a metabolite with
to nifurtimox16-22. diverse cytotoxic properties29.
Figure 2
Mutations identified in TcNTR following selection of benznidazole-resistant T. cruzi
Clones were isolated from a population of benznidazole-resistant parasites and the TcNTR genes sequenced10. Diffe-
rences in amino acid sequence compared to the parental sensitive strain were restricted to a single region of the pro-
tein (highlighted in turquoise). Mutations in the corresponding region of E. coli nfsB associated with nitrofurantoin-
resistance are indicated with asterisks23. The cartoon model of TcNTR identifies the FMN-binding regions by analogy
with E. coli nfsB24. A box identifies the relevant residues in the TcNTR sequence.
pendently in this single population (figure sed the genes from 28 T. cruzi Colombian
2). The ability of T. cruzi to readily develop strains derived from a variety of biological
resistance by mutational mechanisms could and geographical backgrounds 1 0 . 17
reflect evolved features associated with synonymous polymorphisms were detected
genome maintenance. This parasite contains in this sample, although these were restric-
many highly variant surface antigen genes ted to just 7 of the strains. None of the poly-
which are present in multiple copies, exam- morphisms were located in regions of
ples being the trans-sialidase and mucin TcNTR implicated in enzyme activity. The
super-families34. One possibility is that this major haplotype grouping, which encom-
extensive antigenic diversity could have ari- passed the other 21 strains, displayed a wide
sen as a result of DNA polymerase and/or range of benznidazole-sensitivities (IC50 4-
DNA repair mechanisms with reduced pro- 35µM ). This naturally occurring variation
of-reading ability, properties selected in res- in sensitivity was therefore independent of
ponse to strong immune pressure. As a con- TcNTR sequence. Other studies have also
sequence, T. cruzi may have an enhanced shown that resistance to nifurtimox can
ability to develop drug-resistance by occur independently of resistance to benzni-
mechanisms involving point mutation or dazole35. By implication, additional mecha-
chromosome rearrangement. This will be an nisms which give rise to resistance against
important factor to consider when new tre- nitroheterocyclic drugs must exist. Identif-
atment regimes for Chagas disease are ying these, using the full complement of
being designed. post-genome technologies, must be regar-
ded as a priority for Chagas disease resear-
Although, resistance mediated by TcNTR chers.
is a readily acquired trait, other experimen-
tal evidence also indicates that additional BIBLIOGRAPHY
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PONENCIA
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN CHAGAS DISEASE AND ITS ROLE IN THE VARIABILITY
OF CLINICAL EXPRESSION
(1) Cell-cell interactions Lab. Department of Morphology. Biological Sciences Institute. Federal Univer-
sity of Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte. MG. Brazil
(2) Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia – Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT). Belo Horizonte. MG. Brazil.
(3) Graduate Program in Biomedicine. Santa Casa Hospital. Belo Horizonte. Brazil
The authors do not have a commercial or other association that might pose a conflict of interest. This work
was funded by NIH/NIAID - AI066044-03, INCT-DT, FAPEMIG and CNPq.
ABSTRACT RESUMEN
Respuesta inmune en la enfermedad de
For the past several years, our laboratory has been interested in Chagas y relación con su variabilidad
understanding the mechanisms that coordinate the establishment of pro-
tective versus pathogenic immune responses in human disease. Upon clínica
infection with a pathogen, a series of events happen inside the host that Durante los últimos años nuestro laboratorio ha estado interesado en la
will culminate with either the control of the pathogen, often leading to comprensión de los mecanismos que coordinan el establecimiento de la
the cure of the infection, or with the lack of proper control of the patho- respuesta inmune protectora frente a patógenos en las enfermedades hu-
gen and chronification of the infection. Due to the high adaptation of the manas. Tras la infección con un patógeno, ocurren una serie de eventos
parasite to its hosts, reflective of millions of years of co-evolution, the dentro del huesped que culminarán con el control del patógeno, lo que a
outcome of a parasitic infection is often the chronification. At this point, menudo conduce a la curación de la infección o bien a la falta de un
an intriguing event takes place: despite the control of parasitemia, the control adecuado y la cronificación de la infección. Debido a la alta
chronification of the infection is associated with the establishment of adaptación del parásito a sus anfitriones, lo que refleja millones de años
different clinical diseases. In endemic populations, the great majority of de co-evolución, el resultado de una infección parasitaria es a menudo
subjects develop what can be considered a “mild” clinical form of the la cronificación. En este punto, tiene lugar un evento intrigante: a pesar
diseases, which also reflects the adaptation of the parasite to its host. del control de la parasitemia, la cronificación de la infección está aso-
However, a significant percentage of the infected individuals develop ciada con el desarrollo de enfermedad. En las poblaciones endémicas,
what is considered a “severe” form (or forms) of the disease. This is true la gran mayoría de los sujetos desarrollan lo que se puede considerar
for many parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, and una forma clínica "leve" de la enfermedad, lo que también refleja la
Chagas disease, focus of this review. Here we will discuss the mecha- adaptación del parásito a su huesped. Sin embargo, un porcentaje im-
nisms that drive the establishment of protective versus pathogenic portante de los individuos infectados desarrollan lo que se considera
immune responses, which are directly associated to the establishment of formas "graves" de la enfermedad. Esto es cierto para muchas enferme-
mild or severe forms of Chagas disease, considering the host-related fac- dades parasitarias como la leishmaniasis, la esquistosomiasis y la enfer-
tors. medad de Chagas, la cual centra esta revisión. En este trabajo vamos a
Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi. Chagas disease. Immunopatho- discutir los mecanismos que impulsan el establecimiento de la respues-
logy. Immunoregulation. ta inmune protectora frente a patógenos, los cuales están directamente
relacionados con el establecimiento de las formas leves o graves de la
enfermedad de Chagas, teniendo en cuenta los factores relacionados
Correspondencia
con el huesped.
Walderez O. Dutra, Ph.D.
Department of Morphology Palabras clave: Trypanosoma cruzi. Enfermedad de Chagas. Immuno-
patología. Immunoregulación.
Federal University of Minas Gerais-ICB
Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627
Belo Horizonte
MG, 31920-000, Brazil.
waldutra@gmail.com.
Dutra Walderez et al.
The distinct clinical evolution of Cha- with T. cruzi antigens13, particularly com-
gas disease has been associated with posed of activated, TNF-alpha and
aspects related to the parasite, as well as granzyme-expressing CD8+ T cells14.
to the host. Factors such as parasite strain
and tissue tropism, parasite load and time Several studies have shown that PBMC
of infection play important roles7. Howe- from cardiac patients, like those from
ver, it is recognized that the host’s immu- indeterminate patients, proliferate in vitro
ne response is critical in determining dise- upon exposure to parasite or host-derived
ase evolution. antigens8. CD4+ and CD8+ circulating T
cells from both cardiac and indeterminate
INDETERMINATE FORM OF CHA- patients are highly activated9,10. However,
GAS DISEASE: EQUILIBRIUM BET- significant functional differences distin-
WEEN HOST AND PARASITE. guish these activated cell populations in
the two clinical forms. While we observed
Early studies demonstrated that peri- a modulatory profile in activated T cells
pheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from indeterminate patients, we observed
from indeterminate patients proliferate expression of the inflammatory cytokine
upon stimulation with T. cruzi-derived TNF-alpha in those of cardiac
antigens8 and display a high frequency of patients10,15. A correlation between serum
activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells9. In dif- levels of TNF-alpha and another inflam-
ferent studies, we have consistently found matory cytokine, IFN-gamma, and the
a correlation between IL-10 expression by occurrence of severe chagasic cardiomio-
T cells and monocytes and the indetermi-
pathy has also been established 16-18 .
nate form of Chagas disease10-12. Analysis
Moreover, we found that in vitro exposu-
of clinical parameters that measure car-
re to T. cruzi trypomastigotes induces pre-
diac function has shown a direct correla-
ferential expression of TNF-alpha over
tion of better cardiac function and IL-10
IL-10 by monocytes of cardiac patients11.
expression12. Thus, given the immunore-
The in vitro findings of high expression of
gulatory function of IL-10 and its consis-
the inflammatory cytokines and low
tent predominance over inflammatory
cytokines in indeterminate patients, it is expression of IL-10 are consistent with
possible that IL-10 displays an important the inflammation observed in situ in car-
role in maintaining this protective phe- diac patients. Given all this data, it is rea-
notype, as the indeterminate form seems sonable to hypothesize that cardiac disea-
to represent a state of immunological se represents a lack of control of the
equilibrium between the host and the immune response, leading to the establis-
parasite, with no development of patho- hment of inflammation and tissue dama-
logy. Table 1 presents a list of papers that ge. Other authors suggest that the immune
directly demonstrated the association of response observed in cardiac patients
IL-10 and the indeterminate form of Cha- represent an “immunological exhaus-
gas disease. tion”19. Considering this hypothesis, it is
possible that the IL-10 producing cells,
CARDIAC DISEASE: A LACK OF previously activated during the indetermi-
PROPER IMMUNOLOGICAL nate phase, could be more susceptible to
MODULATION? s uch mec han is m. The mec hanis ms
through which this ability to control the
Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy is a inflammation is lost as diseases progres-
result of an intense inflammatory infiltra- ses from indeterminate to cardiac form is
te in the myocardium, mostly associated a critical point to be addressed.
Table 1
High IL-10 is associated with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease
Finding Reference
Predominance of Th1 response in cardiac patients Gomes et al., 200318
Correlation between CD28- T cells and IL-10 levels in indeterminate, but not cardiac, patients Menezes et al., 200410
Increased expression of IL-10 by monocytes from indeterminate, but not cardiac, patients Souza et al., 200411
Increased frequency of IL-10+CD4+CD25high cells in indeterminate but not cardiac patients de Araújo et al., 201121
Ex vivo IL-10 regulatory profile of cells from indeterminate patients Vitelli-Avelar et al., 200822
Increased IL-10 in sera from indeterminate patients as compared to cardiac D’Avila et al., 200923
Higher expression of IL-10 by CD4-CD8- T cells from indeterminate but not cardiac patients Villani et al., 201012
Table 2
Polymorphisms in genes coding for molecules related to the immune response and their
association with chronic Chagas cardiac disease (CCC)
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Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2009; 104(1):100-105.
35.Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Cruz-Robles D, Hernán-
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disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1998; 43(2):246- 252. moter polymorphism in Mexican patients with Cha-
gas’ disease. Immunol Lett. 2005; 98(1):97–102.
25.Faé KC, Drigo SA, Cunha-Neto E, Ianni B, Mady
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MT, Layrisse Z. HLA class II DRB1, DQB1, DPB1
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29.Nieto A, Beraún Y, Collado MD, Caballero A, tor pathway, is associated with lower risk of develo-
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PONENCIA
Rick L Tarleton.
Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases. Department of Cellular Biology. University of Georgia.
ABSTRACT RESUMEN
Chagas disease is a solvable problem and if it is to be solved, appl-
ying what we already know about immunity to T. cruzi will be crucial.
El papel de la inmunología en combatir
la infección por Tripanosoma cruzi y la
But currently too many people get infected, few of those who are infec-
ted get diagnosed, especially before irrevocable damage is done, and an
insufficient number of those diagnosed get effective treatment. To alter
this state of affairs, setting appropriate priorities and demanding more of Enfermedad de Chagas
the research that is ongoing and of the funders of that research is an abso- La enfermedad de Chagas es un problema resoluble y la aplicación
lute necessity. We are fortunate to be in a period of significant interest in de los conocimientos actuales de la inmunidad contra T.cruzi será cru-
Chagas disease by the pharmaceutical industry. This interest is unlikely cial. Pero en la actualidad muchas personas se infectan, sólo algunas se
to last for long, so it is especially critical now to translate what we know diagnostican antes que el daño cardíaco se haga irreversible y pocas de
and can learn into more effective interventions. las diagnosticadas reciben un tratamiento efectivo. Para cambiar este
Keywords: Chagas disease. Immunity. Biological markers. Vaccine. estado de cosas es necesario el establecimiento de prioridades adecua-
das y más exigentes en la investigación, así como convencer a los fi-
res. nanciadores de que esta es una necesidad absoluta. Tenemos la suerte
de que actualmente la industria farmacéutica tiene interés en la enfer-
medad de Chagas, aunque es poco probable que dure mucho tiempo,
Correspondencia
por lo que es especialmente importante aplicar ya lo que sabemos hacia
Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases intervenciones más eficaces.
The Coverdell Center
Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Chagas. Inmunidad.Biomarcado-
500 D.W. Brooks Drive
res- Vacuna.
University of Georgia
Athens, GA 30602
Tarleton@uga.edu
Rick L Tarleton
Figure 1
T cell phenotype and failure of immunosuppression to reveal parasitic infection docu-
ments spontaneous parasitological cure in selected chronically infected mice
Peripheral blood collected from 2 sets of mice at 845 and 677 days post infection with the CL strain of T. cruzi have
T. cruzi-specific CD8+ T cells, as detected by staining with the MHC-peptide tetramer H2Kd loaded with the trans-
sialidase peptide TSKb20 (first column)26. In 2 of these mice (rows 2 and 6), a high proportion of the TSKb20+ cells
express CD127 and CD62L, markers of central memory T cells and indicative of parasitologic cure8. Cure is confir-
med by the failure to detect parasites in the blood or tissues in these 2 mice using direct microscopic examination of
blood, hemaculture and PCR following immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide8.
to clinical disease or is exhaustion and dise- vaccines have provided sterile protection -
ase both a consequence of persistent and e.g. complete clearance of the infection.
perhaps relatively high parasite load?).
Sterile protection is a high bar for any
T. cruzi appears to be very adept at persis- vaccine, but it is an appropriate one for T.
tence and it is clearly the chronic nature of cruzi infection. As noted above, T. cruzi is
the infection that drives disease develop- normally very well controlled with low
ment. However this ability to persist is not parasite burden in most cases. However des-
perfect; T. cruzi seems to frequently teeter pite this apparently successful outcome, cli-
on edge of elimination in hosts, occasio- nical disease frequently develops. So an
nally falling off that edge. Thus neither effective vaccine is going to have to do bet-
chronic infection nor disease is an inevita- ter than just limit the parasite burden as alre-
ble outcome of infection. ady happens in unvaccinated hosts; it is
likely going to have to clear the infection
APPLYING IMMUNOLOGICAL completely if disease is to be avoided. Life-
KNOWLEDGE threatening acute infection is very rare in T.
cruzi and thus should not be the target of
Given that immune responses to T. cruzi prevention for vaccine development for T.
are normally potent and effective, the pro- cruzi. Rather, preventing persistent infec-
tective immune mechanisms are known (as tion by achieving sterile cure has to be the
are many of the parasite targets of these res- goal.
ponses), and at least on occasion, these res-
ponses result in cure, it is reasonable to ask So can a vaccine be developed that will
how one could use this knowledge in the tre- sterilely protect humans from T. cruzi infec-
atment or prevention of Chagas disease. tion? A vaccine of such efficiency has not
Prophylactic vaccination is the holy grail of been achieved even in highly controlled ani-
any infectious disease but has been achie- mal studies employing a variety of formats
ved only selectively and very inconsistently that induce potent immune responses. Addi-
with parasitic infections. Vaccine research tionally, multiple rounds of infection follo-
got a slow start in Chagas disease, in large wed by drug-induced cure, provides vigo-
part due to the fear that vaccination might rous boosting of protective immune respon-
intensify the anti-self immune responses ses but fails to protect mice from reinfection
that were thought to be responsible for (Bustamante and Tarleton, unpublished).
pathology in the infection17. However with This ability of T. cruzi to establish infec-
increasing appreciation for the fact that tions in hosts even in the face of apparently
Chagas disease is the result of parasite per- “protective” and certainly very potent anti-
sistence rather than anti-self (autoimmune) parasite immune responses, presents an
responses, significant interest in vaccine enormous challenge for vaccine develop-
discovery for T. cruzi infection has emer- ment. It may be that parasites like T. cruzi,
ged. These efforts are continuing and are that invade host cells relatively silently18,19
significantly enhanced by the ability to use and establish infection without alerting host
species that are natural hosts of T. cruzi danger receptors20 will elude even the best
(principally rodents) in vaccine trials. As a efforts of vaccinologists.
result, there are a significant number of pro-
tocols and vaccine target antigens that pro- It is possible that a prophylactic vaccine
vide a degree of protection from death after (by reducing parasite load lower through
a normally lethal challenge infection, again more efficient immune responses) could
demonstrating that T. cruzi is susceptible to prevent the development of Chagas disease
immune control. However none of these despite not completely clearing the infec-
tion. However, there is no evidence that fur- infected subjects makes it very likely that
ther reducing parasite levels below their serology will remain the primary way of
already low points would reduce pathology. screening for T. cruzi infection. So moderni-
Furthermore, testing such a vaccine would zation of T. cruzi diagnostics, and in particu-
require decades of monitoring of infected lar developing a multiplex platform that
subjects, presenting both a logistical and allows for detection of responses to many
ethical nightmare. individual antigens, is long overdue.
Therapeutic vaccines have also been While it may end up being impossible to
explored as possible treatments for Chagas develop a prophylactic vaccine that can pre-
disease, with the goal of pushing this con- vent T. cruzi infection in humans, we alre-
trolled infection over the edge toward eradi- ady have vaccines that can reduce parasite
cation21. Therapeutic vaccines in general load in animals. Applying such vaccines in
have a tough duty to perform and they have the field, particularly in companion animals
not found great success with any infection. in endemic areas – the chief source of infec-
Essentially, they must substantially enhance tion for reduviid bugs in many infested hou-
a response that has been developed over ses - could reduce transmission of infections
time – decades in the case of many subjects to humans. Such vaccines would not need to
of Chagas disease – and that has effectively prevent infection in animals, but simply
controlled the infection but not eliminated reduce parasite levels to a point that trans-
it. While this may be possible, it is not likely mission is much less efficient. An easy to
to be easy in the case of Chagas disease. distribute vaccine of this type could be used
And it does not seem likely that a therapeu- in concert with other transmission-reducing
tic vaccine that may or may not do the job techniques to prevent new infections.
will gain wide acceptance when there are
available drugs that can eliminate the infec- Lastly, it is also often ignored that there
tion. are already effective drug treatments for
Chagas disease. Unfortunately these drugs,
ALTERNATIVE APPLICATIONS OF nifurtimox and benznidazole, are not as
IMMUNOLOGY FOR CHAGAS DISEASE widely used as they should be because they
have side effects in a significant (although a
If the prospects for conventional vaccines minority) of subjects, and are perceived to
are really as dismal as presented here, are be ineffective in treating established (chro-
there alternative ways that immunological nic) T. cruzi infection. Contrary to this per-
knowledge of T. cruzi infection can be ception, both drugs have well-documented
applied to more effectively deal with Cha- benefit in chronically infected subjects. The
gas disease? An obvious application is problem is that it is difficult to know when
through the development of better diagnos- they work and when they fail because of the
tics. The current practice of using 2 or 3 lack of a test of cure in these patients. Just as
“conventional” diagnostic tests that predo- the low parasite burden makes direct detec-
minantly depend on crude antigen prepara- tion of T. cruzi an undependable diagnostic
tions is inefficient and insensitive22. Anti- of infection in chronically infected subjects,
gen discovery efforts have unveiled better it is likewise unsuitable also as a test of cure.
diagnostic targets and revealed that anti- The absence of a dependable test of cure is
body responses in T. cruzi-infected subjects not only an impediment to the wider use of
are highly variable not only in terms of the these acknowledged suboptimal drugs that
target antigens but also in potency23-25. The are now available but also makes evaluation
inability of PCR, hemaculture or xenodiag- of new drugs nearly impossible. This is ano-
nosis to consistently detect T. cruzi in all ther place where immunological assays may
3. Tarleton R L, Koller B H, Latour A , Postan M. Suscep- 15. Albareda M C, Olivera C, Laucella S, Alvarez M
tibility of beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice to Trypa- G, Fernandez E R, Lococo B, et al. Chronic human
nosoma cruzi infection. Nature. 1992;356: 338-340. infection with T. cruzi drives CD4+ T cells to immu-
ne senescence. J Immunol. 2009;183: 1675-1684.
4. Tarleton R L, Zhang L, Downs M O. "Autoimmune
rejection" of neonatal heart transplants in experimental 16. Laucella S A, Postan, M., Martin, D., B.H. Fra-
Chagas' disease is a parasite-specific response to infected lish, M.C. Albareda, M.G. Alvarez, et al. Frequency
host tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94: 3932- of Interferon-gamma-producing T cells specific for
3937. Trypanosoma cruzi inversely correlates with disease
severity in chronic human Chagas disease. J Infect
5. Cerisola JA, Rohwedder R, Segura EL, Del Prado CE, Dis. 2004;189: 909-918.
de Martini GJW. El Xenodiagnóstico. Normalización.
Utilidad. Buenos Aires: Ed. Buenos Aires. 1974: 1-127. 17. Tarleton R L. Chagas Disease: a role for autoim-
munity? Trends Parasitol. 2003;10: 447-451.
6. Vaidian A K, Weiss L M,Tanowitz H B. Chagas' disease
and AIDS. Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2004;3: 2. 18. Chessler A D, Ferreira L R, Chang T H, Fitzge-
rald K A, Burleigh B A. A novel IFN regulatory fac-
7. Gutierrez F R, Mariano F S, Oliveira C J, Pavanelli W tor 3-dependent pathway activated by trypanosomes
R, Guedes P M, Silva G K, et al. Regulation of Trypano- triggers IFN-beta in macrophages and fibroblasts. J
soma cruzi-induced myocarditis by programmed death Immunol. 2008;181: 7917-7924.
cell receptor 1. Infect Immun. 2011;79: 1873-1881.
COMUNICACIÓN ORAL
Ana Lineth García, Rudy Parrado, Mary Cruz Torrico, Anabelle de la Barra, Sandro Villarroel y
Faustino Torrico.
Correspondencia
lineth.garcia@gmail.com
Rev Esp Salud Pública 2013; 87: 43. IX Taller sobre la Enfermedad de Chagas, Barcelona, 4 de Marzo 2013
COMUNICACIÓN ORAL
Eric Dumonteil (1), Maria Elena Bottazzi (2), Bin Zhan (2), Michael J Heffernan (2), Kathryn Jones
(2), Jesus G Valenzuela (3), Shaden Kamhawi (3) , Jaime Ortega (4) , Samuel Ponce de Leon Rosa-
les (5), Bruce Y Lee (6), Kristina M Bacon (6), Bernhard Fleischer (7), BT Slingsby (8), Miguel
Betancourt Cravioto (9), Roberto Tapia-Conyer (9) y Peter J Hotez (2).
(1) Laboratorio de Parasitología Centro De Investigaciones Regional. “Dr. Hideo Noguchi” Autonomous
University of Yucatan (UADY). Merida. Mexico
(2) Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development. Section of
Pediatric Tropical Medicine. Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology and
National School of Tropical Medicine. Baylor College of Medicine. Houston. Texas. USA
(3) Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research. National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases. National Institutes of Health. Rockville. Maryland. USA
(4) Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados -
Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN). Mexico City. Mexico
(5) Laboratorios de Biológicos y Reactivos de México (BIRMEX), Mexico City, Mexico
(6) Public Health Computational and Operations Research, University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh PA. USA.
(7) Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine. Hamburg. Germany
(8) Eisai Co, Ltd, Tokyo. Japan
(9) Instituto Carlos Slim de la Salud (ICSS). Mexico City. Mexico.
Fundamentos: Chagas disease is a leading cause of heart disease af- scales. Immunogenicity studies of experimentally infected mice, natu-
fecting approximately 10 million people in Latin America and elsewhere rally infected primates, and mice vaccinated with either Tc24 or TSA1
worldwide. The two major drugs available for the treatment of Chagas emulsified in Montanide ISA 720 have initiated and immunological data
disease have limited efficacy in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected adults with will be shown. Finally, a landscape of Cardiac studies show that there is a
and determinate status; require prolonged treatment courses; and are po- difference in ejection fraction between T. cruzi infected mice and age
orly tolerated and expensive. As an alternative, an injectable therapeutic matched naïve mice using echocardiography up to day 63. Data will be
Chagas disease vaccine is under development to prevent or delay Chaga- shown for the entire course of infection
sic cardiomyopathy in patients with indeterminate or determinate status Conclusions: A perspective and initial results of a sustainable model
(1). A major hurdle in the critical path for the development and testing of to accelerate translation of discoveries into new vaccines and applied by
novel vaccines is overcoming the product development gap for taking a the product development partnership (PDP) called Sabin Vaccine Institu-
bench discovery to the point where it shows a clear path to the clinic (2). te and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development will be
The solution is to accelerate the development using the model applied by presented.
Product Development Partnerships (PDPs), which transfers knowledge-
based capacity to developing countries. Keywords: Chagas disease. Vaccine.
Métodos: The bivalent vaccine will be comprised of two recombi- Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Chagas. Vacuna.
nant Trypanosoma antigens, Tc24 and TSA-1, which will be formulated
on alum and used together with the TLR4 agonist E6020. Specifically, BIBLIOGRAFÍA
the genes from these two antigens are cloned and expressed into expres-
sion systems (yeast or bacteria) suitable for process development, scale
up and manufacturing. A fermentation and purification process is develo- 1. Dumonteil E, Bottazzi ME, Zhan B, Heffernan MJ, Jones K, Valen-
ped up to 10 L scales to show consistency and reproducibility. The re- zuela J, Kamhawi S, Ortega J, Ponce de Leon Rosales S, Lee BY,
combinant proteins expressed by these methods will be characterized for Bacon KM, Fleischer B, Slingsby BT, Betancourt Cravioto M, Tapia-
its purity, solubility and stability using analytical methods such as SDS- Conyer R, Hotez PJ. Accelerating the development of a therapeutic
PAGE gels and chromatography. Furthermore, the recombinant proteins vaccine for human Chagas disease: Rationale and prospects. Expert
will be formulated on alum and evaluated by assessing the immunogeni- Review of Vaccines. 2012;11(9):1043-55.
city, cardiac studies and efficacy in animal models.
Resultados: Results will be presented showing a successful cloning 2. Bottazzi ME, Brown AS. Model for product development of vacci-
strategy and initial expression data of the Tc24 molecule using the yeast nes against neglected tropical diseases: a vaccine against human hook-
and bacterial expression systems. Fermentation and purification optimi- worm. Expert review of vaccines. 2008;7(10):1481-92.
zation experiments show high yields and suitability for manufacturing
Correspondencia
Bottazzi@bcm.edu
Rev Esp Salud Pública 2013; 87: 45. IX Taller sobre la Enfermedad de Chagas, Barcelona, 4 de Marzo 2013
COMUNICACIÓN ORAL
Ana Fernández-Villegas (1), M Carmen Thomas (1), Bartolomé Carrilero (2), Cinta Tellez (3), Lau-
ra Murcia (2), Concepción Marañón(1) , Sara Moralo (3) , Manuel Segovia (2), Manuel Carlos
López (1).
(1) Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científi-
cas (IPBLN-CSIC).
(2) Unidad Regional de Medicina Tropical. Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca.
(3) Unidad pediátrica de Cuidados Intensivos. Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca.
Fundamentos: La enfermedad de Chagas en zonas no endémicas se Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Chagas. Benznidazol. Marcado-
transmite vía congénita (Muñoz et al. 2007; Flores-Chavez et al. 2008; res biológicos.
Carrilero et al. 2009). En estos casos, la detección de la enfermedad no re- Key words: Chagas disease. Benzonidazole [Supplementary
sulta fácil debido a que la mayoría de las madres infectadas y sus bebés Concept]. Biological Markers.
son asintomáticos. En el presente trabajo se estudia, pre y post-tratamien-
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
to con benznidazol, la historia clínica y el comportamiento inmunológico
(respuesta innata y adaptativa-humoral) de mellizos nacidos en España
infectados vía congénita.
Métodos: Se realizan pruebas serológicas y moleculares para el diag- 1. Muñoz J, Portús M, Corachan M, Fumadó V, Gascon J. Congenital
nóstico de Chagas, medida del nivel de citoquinas en células de sangre Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a non-endemic area. Trans R Soc Trop
periférica, hemocultivo y determinación del DTU de la cepa infectiva. Med Hyg. 2007; 101(11): 1161-2.
Asimismo se comparan los resultados obtenidos en los distintos estudios
realizados pre- y post-tratamiento con benznidazol. 2. Flores-Chávez M, Faez Y, Olalla JM, Cruz I, Gárate T, Rodríguez M,
Resultados: Caso clínico: Mujer de 26 años de origen boliviano resi- et al. Fatal congenital Chagas’ disease in a non endemic area: a case
dente en España da a luz mediante parto natural a mellizos a las 33 se- Report. Cases J. 2008; 7;1 (1): 302.
manas de gestación. El bebé I presenta serios trastornos cardiacos y di-
gestivos a los 45 días del nacimiento, detectándose infección por 3. Carrilero B, Munoz-Davila MJ, Thomas MC, López MC, Segovia
citomegalovirus que remitió tras tratamiento. A los 5 meses de hospitali- M. Congenital Chagas disease in a newborn of a Bolivian mother.
zación al bebé I se le realizan pruebas diagnósticas de la enfermedad de Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2009; 27 (8): 486-487.
Chagas (PCR), al igual que a la madre (IFI y ELISA) y bebé II (PCR), re-
sultando en los tres casos positivas, confirmándose la transmisión de T.
cruzi por vía congénita (Murcia et al. 2012). Tanto la madre como los me- 4. Murcia L, Carrilero B, Munoz-Davila MJ, Thomas MC, López MC,
llizos fueron tratados con benznidazol (5 mg o 10 mg, respectivamente, Segovia M. Risk factors and primary prevention of congenital chagas
por kg de peso y día) durante 60 días. Tipaje de la cepa infectante: Análi- disease in a non endemic country. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 56(4):496-
sis por PCR usando sondas del miniexon, 24S y 18S (Brisse et al. 2000) 502.
indican que la cepa de T. cruzi aislada en ambos mellizos es de tipo TcV.
Respuesta innata y biomarcadores: El perfil de secreción de citoquinas de 5. Brisse S, Dujardin JC, Tibayrenc M. Identification of six Trypano-
células de sangre periférica estimuladas con ligandos específicos de soma cruzi lineages by sequence-characterised amplified region mar-
TLR2, TLR4 y TLR9 evidencia un estatus inmuno-comprometido para el kers. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000; 111 (1): 95-105.
bebé I y competente para el bebé II. El estudio serológico realizado pre y
post-tratamiento para la detección de anticuerpos frente al biomarcador
6. Fernández-Villegas A, Pinazo MJ, Marañón C, Thomas MC, Posada
multiantígeno (KMP11, HSP70, PFR2 y Tgp63) (Fernández-Villegas et
E, Carrilero B, et al. Short-term follow-up chagasic patientes alter ben-
al. 2011) evidencia fallo terapéutico en el bebé II motivado por la suspen-
zonidazole treatment using multiple serological markers. BMC Infect
sión de la administración del fármaco por parte de la madre (aproximada-
Dis. 2011;11:206. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-
mente a los 15 días del inicio). El referido fallo terapéutico fue confirma-
2334-11-206.
do mediante detección del DNA del parásito por sucesivas PCRs
realizadas en células concentradas por microhematocrito.
Conclusions: Ambos bebés están infectados con parásitos pertene-
cientes al linaje DTU-V. La susceptibilidad a la infección por T. cruzi no
está relacionada con la competencia del sistema inmunológico (respuesta
innata) de los bebés. Sin embargo, sí se observa una marcada diferencia
en la patología de la enfermedad en cada mellizo, la cual estaría relacio-
nada con la competencia del sistema inmune innato de estos. El sistema
biomarcador multiantígeno (KMP11, HSP70, PFR2 y Tgp63) muestra ser
eficaz para analizar la eficacia del tratamiento en neonatos infectados.
Correspondencia
Manuel Carlos López
mclopez@ipb.csic.es.
Rev Esp Salud Pública 2013; 87: 47-48. IX Taller sobre la Enfermedad de Chagas, Barcelona, 4 de Marzo 2013
COMUNICACIÓN ORAL
Carolina Inés Cura (1), Roberta Lattes (2), Claudia Nagel (3), María José Gimenez (4), Marino Bla-
nes (5), Eva Calabuig (5), Agustín Iranzo (4), Laura Alicia Barcan (6), Margarita Anders (7) y Ale-
jandro Gabriel Schijman (1).
(1) Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, INGEBI-CONICET, Bs. As., Argen-
tina.
(2) Instituto de Nefrología, Bs. As., Argentina.
(3) Unidad de Trasplante Cardíaco, Hospital Universitario Fundación Favaloro, Bs. As., Argentina.
(4) Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico LA FE, Valencia, Spain.
(5) Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Politécnico LA FE, Valencia, Spain.
(6) Sección Infectología, Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital Italiano, Bs. As., Argentina.
(7) Servicio de Transplante Hepático. Hospital Alemán. Bs. As. Argentina.
Background: Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi, is transmitted Conclusions: Molecular tools allowed for early diagnosis of acute T.
mainly by triatomine insect vectors, blood transfusion or by infected wo- cruzi infection. The routes of transmission could be inferred by finger-
men to offspring. Amastigotes have been isolated from various organs, printing of the detected T. cruzi populations, directly in peripheral blood
thus organ transplantation (Tx) appears as a novel route of transmission. and CSF samples from transplant recipients. Furthermore, this report re-
The results of molecular diagnosis and of characterization of T. cruzi acu- veals the relevance of systematic monitoring of recipients by PCR strate-
te infection in naïve Tx recipients transplanted with organs from infected gies in order to provide prompt diagnosis and timely anti-trypanosomal
deceased donors (IDD) are reported. treatment.
Mhetods: Case 1: IDD and 3 recipients (1 lung, 1 liver, 1 kidney). Palabras clave: Trypanosoma cruzi. Transplante.
Case 2: IDD and 1 liver recipient. Case 3: IDD and 2 recipients (1 liver Key words: Trypanosoma cruzi.Transplantation.
and 1 kidney-pancreas). Case 4: IDD and 2 kidney recipients. Although
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
other organ recipients from cases 1-4 may possibly exist, no samples we-
re remitted for molecular diagnosis. Peripheral blood or cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) samples from recipients were collected for detection of T.
cruzi by means of kinetoplastid (kDNA)-PCR. Positive samples were 1. Storino R, Barragán H. Epidemiología. In: Storino R and Milei J,
subjected to a PCR algorithm for identification of T. cruzi Discrete editors. Doyma. Enfermedad de Chagas, 1st edn; Buenos Aires; 1994.
Typing Units (DTUs) and to Real-time PCR to quantify parasitic loads in p. 51–74.
blood samples. Minicircle signatures of T. cruzi infecting populations we-
re also analyzed using RFLP-PCR.
2. Burgos JM, Altcheh J, Bisio M, Duffy T, Valadares HMS, Seidens-
Results: Case 1: blood samples from recipients 1A and 1B were tein ME et al. Direct molecular characterization of bloodstream parasi-
kDNA-PCR positive after 72 and 98 days post-Tx, respectively, and both te populations causing Congenital Chagas disease. Int J Parasitol.
were infected by DTU TcV. The comparison between their minicircle sig- 2007; 37: 1319-1327.
natures revealed nearly identical RFLP-PCR profiles, confirming a com-
mon source of infection. Case 2: the recipient exhibited positive kDNA-
PCR 36 days post-Tx and was also infected by TcV. Case 3: blood 3. Duffy T, Bisio, M, Altcheh J, Burgos JM, Diez M, Levin MJ et al.
samples from recipient 3A were kDNA-PCR positive 43 days post-Tx Accurate real-time PCR strategy for monitoring bloodstream parasitic
and TcV was identified. Case 4: One of the recipients showed kDNA- loads in Chagas Disease patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009; 3(4):
PCR positive results 93 days after Tx and central nervous system involve- e419.
ment. T. cruzi infecting populations were characterized as TcV in blood. It
is worth noting that there were three other kidney recipients from cases 1,
3 and 4 that did not show a positive serologic finding or kDNA-PCR re-
sult at least after 429, 580 or 298 days post-Tx, respectively.
Correspondencia
cura.carolina@gmail.com
Carolina Inés Cura et al.
Table 1
Follow-up of acute infected patients after organ Tx.
Figure 1
Minicircle signatures from infected recipients. A. RFLP- kDNA PCR from blood sam-
ples of cases 1A and 1B. B. RFLP- kDNA PCR from peripheral blood (PB) and cere-
brospinal fluid (CSF) of case 4A
COMUNICACIÓN ORAL
Elisa Sicuri (1), Ana Requena (1), Sheila Bussion (2), Edelweiss Alsadoro (1), Elizabeth Posada (1),
Joaquim Gascon (1) y Jose Muñoz (1).
(1) Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barce-
lona). Barcelona. España.
(2) Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona.España.
(*) This work has been supported by the EC within the 7th Framework Program under grant agreement nº
FP7–GA-261495 (COHEMI).
Background: Chagas disease is endemic in several areas of Latin Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Chagas. Cribado.
America and migration is the channel through which the disease is impor- Key words: Chagas disease. Screening.
ted in non-endemic countries1. In order to avoid the severe consequences
BIBLIOGRAPHY
of the chronic phase of the disease it is fundamental to identify a strategy
through which precociously diagnose the infection in migrants from Latin
America2. This study presents the economic evaluation of Chagas disease
screening of asymptomatic individuals from Latin America in non ende- 1. Schmunis GA. Epidemiology of Chagas disease in non-endemic coun-
mic areas. tries: the role of international migration. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.
Methods: We reviewed all articles published in the literature that 2007;102 Suppl 1:75-85.
evaluated Chagas disease prevalence of Latin American migrants from
different countries of origin in non endemic countries. The search strategy 2. Sicuri E, Munoz J, Pinazo MJ, Posada E, Sanchez J, Alonso PL, Gascon
was based on the data-base source MEDLINE, and was limited in the se- J. Economic evaluation of Chagas disease screening of pregnant Latin
arch string to articles published from 1997 to 2012 and to English, Spa- American women and of their infants in a non endemic area. Acta Trop.
nish, French, and Portuguese languages. We selected articles based on 2011; 118:110-117.
primary care health centres, maternities, blood banks and community ba-
sed. We did not include papers based on hospital-based prevalence. The
cost-effectiveness of Chagas disease screening (option test) was tested 3. Viotti R, Vigliano C, Lococo B, Bertocchi G, Petti M, Alvarez MG, Pos-
through a decision models, which includes two Markov models for the re- tan M, Armenti A. Long-term cardiac outcomes of treating chronic Chagas
presentation of disease progression, against the alternative hypothesis of disease with benznidazole versus no treatment: a nonrandomized trial.
no screening (option no test) (figure 1). Costs were estimated from the Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144:724-734.
price list of a tertiary level hospital of Barcelona, Spain. Transition proba-
bilities among states in the Markov model were taken from various pu- 4. Gascon J, Albajar P, Canas E, Flores M, Gomez i Prat J, Herrera RN,
blished studies3-6. Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated Lafuente CA, Luciardi HL, Moncayo A, Molina L, Munoz J, Puente S,
based on previously published utility weights7. Sanz G, Trevino B, Sergio-Salles X. [Diagnosis, management and treat-
Results: Based on an average estimated prevalence of Chagas disea- ment of chronic Chagas' heart disease in areas where Trypanosoma cruzi
se infection among immigrants from Latin America in Europe of 4.59% infection is not endemic]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2008; 26:99-106.
and on a response to treatment rate of 20% of precociously treated pa-
tients in the indeterminate phase of the disease, cost per QALY averted 5. Pinazo MJ, Canas E, Elizalde JI, Garcia M, Gascon J, Gimeno F, Gomez
were € 326.98 for the option test and € 348.73 for the option no test. Cost J, Guhl F, Ortiz V, Posada Ede J, Puente S, Rezende J, Salas J, Saravia J,
per QALY averted dropped to € 248.65 for the option test if a response to Torrico F, Torrus D, Trevino B. Diagnosis, management and treatment of
treatment rate of 50% was considered (table 1). If the estimated average chronic Chagas' gastrointestinal disease in areas where Trypanosoma cru-
prevalence of Chagas among Bolivian immigrants in Europe is conside- zi infection is not endemic. Gastroenterol Hepatol.2009; 33:191-200.
red (20.85%) cost per QALY averted resulted € 310.19 and € 348.08 with
a response to treatment rate of 20%; € 232.18 and € 348.08 response to
6. Muñoz J, Gomez i Prat J, Gallego M, Gimeno F, Trevino B, Lopez-Che-
treatment rate of 50% (table 2). Univariate threshold analysis assessed
jade P, Ribera O, Molina L, Sanz S, Pinazo MJ, Riera C, Posada EJ, Sanz
that even with a drop in Chagas’ prevalence to 2.95% or 0.3%, option test
G, Portus M, Gascon J. Clinical profile of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in
would still be preferred to notest with a response to treatment rate of 20%
a non-endemic setting: immigration and Chagas disease in Barcelona
or 50%, respectively.
(Spain). Acta Trop. 2009, 111:51-55
Conclusions: The current study proved Chagas screening of all as-
ymptomatic Latin American migrants is the more cost-effective than the
7. Wilson LS, Strosberg AM, Barrio K. Cost-effectiveness of Chagas dise-
non-screening option.
ase interventions in latin america and the Caribbean: Markov models. Am
J Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 73:901-910.
Correspondencia
elisa.sicuri@cresib.cat
Elisa Sicuri et al.
Figure 1
Schematic of the estimated decision model
Table 1
Cost-effectiveness ratios with a Chagas prevalence of 4.59%
Prevalence 4,59%
Table 2
Cost-effectiveness ratios with a Chagas prevalence of 20.85%
Prevalence 20,85%*
COMUNICACIÓN ORAL
Correspondencia
Pilar Ciruela Navas
Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya
Edifici Dr. Josep Salvany
C/Roc Boronat 81-95
08005 Barcelona
Correo electrónico: pilar.ciruela@gencat.cat
Luca Basile et al.
Figura 1
Diagrama de seguimiento de los casos, desde el diagnóstico de la madre hasta el control
serológico a los 9 meses de los neonatos. Cataluña 2010
PÓSTER
Evaluation of the Screening Program of Chagas Disease in Pregnant Latin American Women in
the Area of Alicante-Hospital General
Hector Pinargote (1), José M Ramos (1,2), Mariano Andreu (3), Jaume Sastre (4), Diego Torrús (5),
Juan C Martínez-Escoriza (6) y Joaquín Portilla (1,2 ).
(1) Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante. Alicante. España.
(2) Departamento de Medicina Clínica. Universidad Miguel Hernández. Campus de San Juan. Alicante.
España.
(3) Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital General Universitario de Alicante. Alicante. España.
(4) Unidad de Documentación Clínica y Admisión. Hospital General Universitario de Alicante. Alicante.
España.
(5) Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia. Hospital General Universitario de Alicante. Alicante. España.
(6) Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital General Universitario de Alicante. Alicante. España.
Fundamentos: La enfermedad de Chagas (EC) es endémica en Nor- Resultados: Durante el periodo del estudio fueron atendidas 1.197
te ( Mejico) Centro y Sudamérica y constituye un problema de salud pú- mujeres latinoamericanas y se excluyeron 65 mujeres de paises caribeños.
blica en la mayoría de estos países. Alrededor de un millón y medio de La edad media de las 1132 pacientes fue de 29,7 años (desviación están-
las personas que viven en España son originarias de éstas áreas geográfi- dar: 6,2). Se realizó la serología frente T. cruzi a 465 mujeres, lo que re-
cas. Como la EC puede trasmitirse a la descendencia por vía transplacen- presentó el 29,3% intervalo de confianza (IC95%: 38,2-44) de cumpli-
taria, la Dirección General de Salud Pública de la Comunidad Valenciana miento de las recomendaciones. Durante los primeros 8 meses se hizo el
recomienda desde octubre de año 2007, en su protocolo de actuación en la cribado en el 41,1%, aumentando el mismo en los cuatros años sucesivos
mujer gestante, el cribado sistemático de la EC en las gestantes latinoa- (tabla 1). En las mujeres bolivianas se efectuó el cribado frente T. cruzi
mericanas1. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el grado de aplicación en el 58,8, significativamente más que el resto de nacionalidades (odds
de la recomendación del cribado de la EC en las mujeres gestantes latino- ratio (OR: 2,2; IC95%: 1,43-3,34), en cambio en las mujeres argentinas se
americanas atendidas en el Hospital General Universitario de Alicante realizó en el 27,5 (OR:0,5; IC95%:0,35-0,71). Ocho pacientes fueron po-
(HGUA). sitivas frente T. cruzi (prevalencia: 2,8%; IC 95%: (1,6 - 4,9%): 5 de Bo-
Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio retrospectivo cruzando la base de da- livia (17,5%), 2 de Paraguay (5,4%) y 1 de Argentina (2,8%) (tabla 2).
tos de todos los partos de pacientes latinoamericanas atendidas en el Ser- Teniendo en cuenta la prevalencia de las mujeres a las que se les practicó
vicio de Obstetricia del HGUA entre enero del 2008 hasta agosto del 2012 la serología, se dejaron de diagnosticar a 19 latinoamericanas (7 bolivia-
(como fuente de información se utilizaron los episodios del registro del nas, 3 paraguayas, 4 argentinas y 5 de otras nacionalidades (tabla 2).
conjunto mínimo básico de datos), con la base de datos de las serología de
tripanosomiasis de la Sección de Microbiología, entre enero de 2008 a Conclusiones: Se debería mejorar la estrategia y el control de criba-
agosto 2012. La determinación de anticuerpos frente Trypanosoma cruzi do de EC en las gestantes latinoamericanas en el departamento de salud
se realizó mediante una prueba inmunocromatográfíca (SD Chagas Ab del HGUA.
Rapid, SD Standard Diagnostics, Ing; Corea). A las pacientes con esta
prueba positiva se les midieron los anticuerpos anti-T. cruzi por ELISA e Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Chagas. Cribado. Embarazo.
IFI en el laboratorio de referencia. Key words: Chagas disease. Screening. Pregnancy
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Correspondencia
José M. Ramos 1. Conselleria de Sanitat de la Comunidad valenciana. Circular
Servicio de Medicina Interna 3/2007/8/1 de la Consellería de Sanitat. Regulación del control de las
Hospital General Universitario de Alicante infecciones congénitas y perinatales en la Comunidat Valenciana.
Avda. Pintor Baeza, 12 [Control regulation of congenital and perinatal infections in Valencia
03010 Alicante. España. Community]. [Consultado: 28/12/2012]. Disponible en:
jramosrincon@yahoo.es http://www.sp.san.gva.es/DgspPortal/docs/CIRCULAR_3_2007.pdf
Hector Pinargote et al.
Tabla 1
Cribado de la enfermedad de Chagas en los periodos de estudio
Resultados
Mujeres Mujeres a las que %
Porcentaje de positivos
ingresadas en se les realizó OR (IC 95%) p resultados
mujeres cribadas de la
Obstetricia la serología positivos
serología
Ene 2008 / Ago. 2008 207 56 21,7 1 - 1 1,8
Sep. 2008 / Ago. 2009 258 118 45,7 2,27 (1,53-3,37) <0,001 5 4,2
Sep. 2009/ Ago. 2010 242 115 47,5 2,44 (1,64-3,63) <0,001 1 0,9
Sep. 2010/Ago. 2011 216 104 48,1 2,50 (1,67-3,76) <0,001 5 4,8
Sep. 2011 / Ago. 2012 209 72 34,4 1,42 (0,93-2,15) 0,02 1 1,4
Tabla 2
País de procedencia de las mujeres el estudio, cribado de la enfermedad de Chagas (EC) por país de
procedencia, prevalencia por país y mujeres que teóricamente no se han diagnosticado
Mujeres a las Odds ratio de Mujeres que teóri-
Mujeres ingresa- Prevalencia
que se les cumplimiento de la Resultados camente no se han
das en Sº de de IC 95%
realizó la recomendaciones positivos diagnosticado
Obstetricia EC
serología (IC del 95%)*** ****
Nº %* Nº % ** N rango
Ecuador 312 27,6 149 47,8 1,46 (1,12-1,90) 0 0.0 0 – 3,1 0 0-5
Colombia 264 23,3 112 42,4 1,08 (0,81-1,42) 0 0.0 0 - 4,1 0 0-6
Argentina 167 14,8 46 27,5 0,5 (0,35-0,71) 1 2,8 0,1 - 13 4 0-16
Bolivia 97 8,6 57 58,8 0,5 (0,35-0,71) 10 17,5 9,2 - 30,4 7 4 - 12
Paraguay 82 7,2 37 45,1 1,2 (0,76-1,88) 2 5,4 0,9 - 19,5 3 0-9
Venezuela 51 4,5 14 27,5 0,53 (0,28-0,99) 0 0.0 0- 26,8 0 0-8
Brasil 39 3,4 12 30,8 0,63 (0,32-1,25) 0 0 0 - 30,1 0 0 - 10
Uruguay 39 3,4 10 25,6 0,48 (0,23-1) 0 0 0 - 34,5 0 0 - 10
Perú 38 3,3 15 39,5 0,93 (0,48-1,81) 0 0 0 - 25,4 0 0-6
Otros¦ 43 3,8 13 30,2 - 0 0 0 - 28,3 5 0-9
Total 1132 100 465 41,1 - 13 2,8 1,6 - 4,9 19 11 - 33
* Porcentaje de las mujeres ingresadas; ** Porcentaje del país de origen (porcentaje de cumplimiento de recomendación por país)
***Como referencia otras nacionalidades****mujeres téricas sin diagnosticar de enfermedad de Chagas = numero de mujeres a las que
no se les hizo la serología x prevalencia de resultados positivo . IC: intervalo de confianza. Otros países (total/realizado/%): Chile
(14/5/(35,7%); Honduras (11/5/ 45,5%), Méjico (6/2/33,3%), Costa Rica (4/0/0%), El Salvador (3/1/33,3%), Guatemala (2/0/0%), Su-
rinam (2/0/0%), Nicaragua (1/0/0).
PÓSTER
Screening of Chagas Disease among Immigrants from Paraguay Living in Baix Vinalopó.Alicante
José Manuel Ramos (1,2,3), Yamileth Ponce (2,4), Ingrid Gallegos (2,4), María Flores-Chávez (5)
y Félix Gutiérrez (2,3).
(*) Este estudio ha recibido el apoyo de la Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital Universitario de
Elche (FIBELX 08/08).
Fundamentos: La enfermedad de Chagas (EC) tiene una distribu- cogen en la tabla 1. La serología en papel de filtro de EC confirmada por
ción principal en Centro y Sudamérica. Con motivo de la inmigración de sangre venosa fue positiva en 8 paraguayos (prevalencia: 4,9%; IC95%:
personas de dichos países se han comunicados numerosos casos de EC 2,5-9,4%). Tres de las ocho (37,5%) casos diagnosticados referían cono-
importada en Europa y Estados Unidos (1). La mayoría de los casos de cer que tenían la EC por un diagnostico realizado en Paraguay durante el
EC diagnosticados en España corresponde a personas nacidas en Bolivia embarazo. La asociación de las variables con la serología se recoge en la
(2,3). En el año 2011 vivían en España y en la comarca del Baix Vinalopó tabla 2. Los pacientes con EC eran mayores que los que no tenían EC
(Alicante) 1.743.100 y 12.359 personas de Latinoamérica, respectiva- (p=0,06). El diagnóstico de EC durante el cribado se relacionaba con sin-
mente y de ellas 86.514 (4.96%) y 1.187 (9.60%) eran de Paraguay (4). El tomatología referida por el paciente de palpitaciones (p=0,02) y/o dolor
objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar la prevalencia de EC en población de Pa- torácico (p=0,005) y con haber nacido en los departamentos de Paraguarí,
raguay residente en la comarca del Baix Vinalopo y estudiar los factores Itapúa y Presidentes Hayes (tabla 2).
de riesgo asociados con la EC. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la EC en población paraguaya resi-
Métodos: Desde noviembre del 2009 a agosto 2011 se realizaron dente en nuestro área no es nada despreciable y debería realizarse una es-
charlas informativas en la Asociación de Paraguayos de Elche y en reu- trategia de búsqueda activa de casos entre los paraguayos residentes en
niones dominicales sociales y deportivas para explicarles la EC. En la España.
elección de los individuos se siguió un muestreo de conveniencia y “bola Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Chagas. Cribado. Paraguay.
de nieve”. A continuación y tras dar su consentimiento se recogieron va-
rias gotas de sangre en papel de filtro tipo Whatman Protein Sa- Key words: Chagas disease. Screening. Paraguay
ver™903® Card (Whatman/ GE Healthcare,E.E.U.U.) para la realización
de las pruebas convencionales (ELISA-CNM e IFI-CNM) en el Servicio BIBLIOGRAFÍA
de Parasitología del Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto
de Salud Carlos III. A las muestras capilares con una densidad óptica en el
ELISA-CNM superior a 0,40 y/o una IFI-CNM de 1/20 se les realizó una 1. Jackson Y, Angheben A, Carrilero Fernandez B, Jansa i Lopez del
ELISA-CNM y una IFI-CNM de sangre venosa. Se consideró EC cuando Vallado JM, Jannin JG, Albajar-Viñas P. Management of Chagas disea-
en sangre venosa tuviera un valor ELISA-CNM >0,80 y de IFI-CNM > se in Europe. Experiences and challenges in Spain, Switzerland and
1/40. Italy. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2009;102:326-9.
Tabla 1
Características epidemiológicas y sociodemográficas de los 162 sujetos paraguayos estudiados
Variables epidemiológicas y demográficas n %
Sexo Hombres 54 66,7
Mujeres 108 33,3
Edad, media (±DE), años 30,2 (13,1)
Edad, mediana (rango), años 30 (5-78)
Población pediátrica < 15 años 13 8
Departamento de nacimiento en Paraguay
Central 51 31,5
Cordillera 41 25,3
Asunción 22 13,6
Itapúa 9 8
Otros* 39 24,1
Tiempo de España, media (DE), años 4,8 (2,1)
Tiempo en España, mediana (rango), años 4 (0-14)
Aspectos relacionados con la enfermedad de Chagas
Haber vivido en casa de adobe 58 35,8
Conocimiento de la enfermedad de Chagas 100 62,1
Diagnosticado de enfermedad de Chagas en Paraguay 3 1,9
Tener familiares o amigos con enfermedad de Chagas 14 8,6
Transfusión 2 1,2
Referir síntomas relacionados de la enfermedad de Chagas Estreñimiento 40 24,7
Palpitaciones 38 23,5
Dolor torácico 17 10,5
Disfagia 3 1,9
DE: desviación estándar. * Nacidos en España (n=2), Ñeembucú (n=5), San Pedro (n=5), Concepción (n=3),
Caazapá (n=3), Alto Paraná (n=3), Caaguazú (n=3), Paraguarí (n=7), Pdte. Hayes (n=1), Amambay (n=1).
Tabla 2
Factores relacionados con la infección por Enfermedad de Chagas
Serología positiva (n=8) Serología negativa(n=154)
p
Nº (%) Nº (%)
PÓSTER
Fabiola Pérez-Chacón (1), Diego Torrús Tendero (1,2), Fernando J Bornay Llinares (3), Cristina Parada
(4), Miriam Navarro Beltra (5), José Manuel Ramos Rincón (1) y Joaquín Portilla Sogorb (1).
Tabla 1
Variables asociadas con la infección por T. cruzi (análisis bivariante)
Tabla 2
Variables asociadas con la infección por T. cruzi (análisis multivariante)
PÓSTER
Nancy López, Bibiana Canela, Marta López, Laura Heredia y Laurèa Taberner.
Fundamentos: El ensayo BIO-FLASH® Chagas, que utiliza un an- Resultados: El resultado de especificidad relativa fue 99,68% (n:
tígeno recombinante, es un inmunoensayo quimioluminiscente en dos 2795, IC 95%: 99,4-99,9) mientras que para la sensibilidad relativa se
etapas, para la medida cualitativa en suero y plasma humano de anticuer- obtuvo 99,08% (n: 543, IC 95%: 97,9-99,7). La estabilidad del reactivo a
pos humanos IgG e IgM contra el parásito Trypanosoma cruzi, causante bordo del analizador BIO-FLASH® fue superior a 3 meses. La impreci-
de la enfermedad de Chagas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las sión intraensayo varió entre 1,6 % y 4,0 %, mientras que la imprecisión
prestaciones analíticas de este nuevo ensayo en el analizador BIO- total lo hizo entre 2,3 % y 4,1 %. El ensayo demostró estar libre de inter-
FLASH®, de biokit, en comparación con otros ensayos comerciales. ferencias para Hemoglobina (hasta 5 g/L), Bilirrubina conjugada (hasta
Métodos: La especificidad se evaluó ensayando sueros y plasmas 0.18 g/L), Bilirrubina libre (0,18 g/L), Triglicéridos (13 g/L) o Factor
procedentes de donantes de banco de sangre, incluyéndose también do- Reumatoide (800 UI/mL). Así mismo, se han evaluado posibles reaccio-
nantes procedentes de zonas endémicas de la enfermedad de Chagas, y nes cruzadas con muestras positivas para diferentes patologías (HBV,
también muestras procedentes de pacientes hospitalizados. La sensibili- HCV, Malaria, Leishmania, Sífilis, ANA, HIV, HTLV).
dad se evaluó ensayando muestras con positividad verificada con dos mé- Conclusiones: El ensayo BIO-FLASH® Chagas ha mostrado una
todos de referencia. Se calculó la especificidad y sensibilidad relativa res- buena concordancia con los métodos de referencia y también una buena
pecto al valor consenso de los métodos de referencia (kits ELISA: imprecisión. También ha mostrado estar libre de los interferentes endóge-
bioelisa, Certest, y kit quimioluminescente: Architect). nos más habituales, así como una excelente robustez y elevada estabilidad
a bordo.
Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Chagas. Test serológicos.
Correspondencia
Key words: Chagas disease. Serologic tests.
ltaberner@biokit.com
Rev Esp Salud Pública 2013; 87: 61-62. IX Taller sobre la Enfermedad de Chagas, Barcelona, 4 de Marzo 2013
PÓSTER
Ernestina Carla Repetto (1), Ada Maristella Egidi (1), Andrea Angheben (2,3), Mariella Anselmi
(3,4), Ahmad Al Rousan (1), Gabriel Ledezma (1), Rosita Ruiz (1), Carlota Torrico (1), Mariachia-
ra Buoninsegna (5), Fabio Andreoni (5), Barbara Maccagno (1), Gianfranco De Maio (1), Silvia
Garelli (1).
Background: Migration has expanded Chagas disease`s (CD) geo- Conclusions: With this observed seroprevalence, a large number of
graphical limits beyond Latin America (LA)1. Italy is estimated to be one people affected by CD is expected among Bolivians living in Bergamo
of the most affected country in Europe but a specific program for this di- area (above 3500 among 18000 total estimated Bolivians). In Italy the de-
sease has not been implemented so far at national level2.Objectives: MSF lay of public initiatives to tackle this disease and the unavailability of tre-
intervention was aimed at strengthening an ongoing program of CD scre- atment in the public health system is of particular concern, and needs to
ening among the Latin American community (LAC) living in Bergamo be quickly addressed by Italian health authorities. We need more data to
province, started in 2009 by the NGO OIKOS in collaboration with the confirm these results and to explain the difference of prevalence seen bet-
Centre for Tropical Diseases (CTD) Sacro Cuore Hospital (Negrar): the ween men and women, to better explore the CD burden in Italy and to ex-
program consisted in universal voluntary counseling and testing for pand the access to test and treatment for this population in need.
Trypanosoma cruzi and in defining the seroprevalence of the disease. Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Chagas.Inmigrantes. Latinoamé-
Méthods: Monthly serological screening (two different Elisa tests) rica. Italia.
was offered to all migrants from LA living in Bergamo province, without Key words: Chagas disease. Inmigrants. Latin America. Italy.
any restrictions (age, sex or residence permit status). Health promotion on
CD was carried out regularly by health promoters selected from the LAC, BIBLIOGRAPHY
focusing on young people (<30 years), in order to increase awareness and 1. Basile L, Jansà JM, Carlier Y, Salamanca DD, Angheben A, Barto-
encourage testing. Second line diagnostics and benznidazole were provi- loni A, Seixas J, Van Gool T, Cañavate C, Flores-Chávez M, Jackson
ded by CTD. Y, Chiodini PL, Albajar-Viñas P, Working Group on Chagas Disease.
Results: From June to December 2012 above 2000 people were ap- Chagas disease in European countries: the challenge of a surveillance
proached during health promotion activities, 784 people were screened system. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(37):19968.
(529 females, 67.5%) and 139 people were found positive (138 Bolivians 2. Angheben A, Anselmi M, Gobbi F, Marocco S, Monteiro G, Buon-
and 1 child born in Italy from Bolivian mother): the overall seroprevalen- frate D, Tais S, Talamo M, Zavarise G, Strohmeyer M, Bartalesi F,
ce in the LAC was 17,7% while the overall seroprevalence among Boli- Mantella A, Di Tommaso M, Aiello KH, Veneruso G, Graziani G, Fe-
vians was 19,8%. Among positive cases 102 (73,4%) were females. rrari MM, Spreafico I, Bonifacio E, Gaiera G, Lanzafame M, Masca-
Country of origin distribution was: Bolivia 89%, Ecuador 4,8%, Peru` rello M, Cancrini G, Albajar-Viñas P, Bisoffi Z, Bartoloni A. Chagas
2%, Brazil 1,4%, born in Italy 1,1%, Argentina 0,8%, Italians (travelers) disease in Italy: breaking an epidemiological silence. Euro Surveill.
0,4%, Chile 0,3%, El Salvador 0,1%. In the Bolivian community males 2011;16(37):19969.
and females showed both different mean age distribution (33,7 years, SD
+/- 12,7 versus 36,8 years, SD +/-12,6) (Chart 1) and seroprevalence
(15,7% versus 22,6%), respectively, but between positive Bolivian males
and females no significant difference was found in term of mean age
(43,3 years, SD +/- 9,8 versus 44,2 years, SD +/- 10,8 ).
Correspondencia
Ernestina Carla Repetto, msfocb-rome-med@brussels.msf.org,
Ernestina Carla Repetto et al.
Figure 1
Age distribution among screened Bolivians according to sex
PÓSTER
Pilot Study on the Prevalence of Chagas Disease in Latin American Pregnant Women in Portugal
Fundamentos: La enfermedad de Chagas es causada por el protozo- Conclusiones: No hubo mujeres embarazadas infectadas por T. cruzi
ario Trypanosoma cruzi, el cual se transmite a los seres humanos median- en la muestra estudiada. La mayoría de las mujeres eran brasileñas y viví-
te diferentes mecanismos: a través del insecto vector triatomino, vía ma- an con bajos ingresos. Fue posible caracterizar las migrantes brasileñas en
dre-hijo, transfusión de sangre, transplante o por vía oral1,2,3. El elevado cuanto a la región de Brasil donde eran originarias. Apenas 1/5 de ellas
número de migrantes latinoamericanos en Europa hace que esta enferme- había vivido en zona rural. Mientras las relaciones absorbancia/valor um-
dad sea un problema de salud pública en esta región1,4. No se conoce el bral muestren diferencias significativas, las dos pruebas podrán ser utili-
número de personas infectadas en Portugal y se calcula que más del 90% zadas para tamizaje en la enfermedad de Chagas, pues los resultados fue-
de los casos no se han diagnosticado5. El tamizaje serológico para la en- ran negativos con los dos kits. Sin embargo, con las muestras recogidas
fermedad de Chagas en embarazadas en zonas no endémicas es económi- no es posible averiguar si existen diferencias significativas en muestras
camente rentable6,7. El objetivo de este estudio fue recoger datos epide- positivas o borderline. La continuidad de este estudio es importante para
miológicos de embarazadas latinoamericanas, evaluar la prevalencia de la obtener una muestra más representativa de la población. Este deberá ser
infección por T. cruzi y comparar dos ensayos ELISA en esta población. extendido y adaptado a otras instituciones de salud, así como a la comu-
Métodos: Fueron reclutadas mujeres embarazadas latinoamericanas nidad migrante.
en tres servicios hospitalarios de obstetricia en Lisboa, de las cuales fue Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Chagas. Enfermedades transmisi-
recogida información epidemiológica detallada. Fue evaluada la preva- bles Emergentes. Transmisión vertical de enfermedad infecciosa.
lencia de la infección por T. cruzi a través de un tamizaje serológico. Se Key words: Chagas disease. Communicable diseases, emerging.
compararon los resultados entre dos ensayos inmunoenzimáticos (ELI- Infectious disease transmission, vertical.
SA) en esta población, uno de la empresa REM (Brasil) y otro de Ortho
Clinical Diagnostics (EEUU). BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Resultados: Se consideraron 83 mujeres embarazadas en riesgo para 1. WHO Expert Committee. Control of Chagas Disease. Geneva:
la enfermedad de Chagas. La cuasi totalidad de ellas era nacida en Brasil, who; 2002.
principalmente en el estado de Minas Gerais, donde se encuentra el ma-
yor número de muertes relacionadas con la enfermedad de Chagas en es- 2. Cook GC & Zumla AI. Manson’s Tropical Diseases. China: Saun-
te país. Solo 19,2% de las participantes había residido en zonas rurales. ders Elsevier; 2009.
La mayoría de las embarazadas estaba desempleada en Portugal, lo que 3. Reiche EMV et al. Doença de Chagas congênita: epidemiologia,
conduce a que más del 50% no desease tener más hijos en este país. En las diagnóstico laboratorial, prognóstico e tratamento. Jornal de Pediatria.
61 participantes con pruebas serológicas completas se obtuvieran resulta- 1996; 72(3):125-132.
dos negativos para T. Cruzi con los dos kits ELISA. Las relaciones absor-
bancia/valor umbral obtenidas con los dos kits en cada muestra de sangre 4.World Health Organization. Control and prevention of Chagas dise-
fueran comparadas con el teste estadístico Wilcoxon, del cual se obtuve ase in Europe. Geneva: WHO; 2009.
un valor Sig.= 0,007 (intervalo de confianza de 95%), lo que indica que 5.Basile L et al. Chagas disease in European countries: the challenge
tienen diferencias significativas. No hubo muestras en la cuales las rela- of a surveillance system. Eurosurv. 2011;16(37):1-10.
ciones absorbancia/valor umbral eran iguales: en 39 casos las relaciones 6-Wilson, L.S. et al. Cost-effectiveness of implementation methods
fueran más grandes con la OrthoClinicalDiagnostics, con una media de for ELISA serology testing of Trypanosoma cruzi in California blood
0,099, y en 22 casos ocurrió lo contrario, siendo la media de las relaciones banks. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79(1), p.53-68.
obtenidas con el REM de 0,051.
7-Sicuri, E. et al. Economic evaluation of Chagas disease screening of
Correspondencia pregnant Latin American women and of their infants in a non endemic
Ana Rita Ferrão area. Acta Trop. 2011, 118(2):110-117.
Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical
Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Rua da Junqueira, 100
1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
Rev Esp Salud Pública 2013; 87: 65-66. IX Taller sobre la Enfermedad de Chagas, Barcelona, 4 de Marzo 2013
PÓSTER
DESIGN SPECIFIC PRIMERS BASED ON THE sod GENE FOR Trypanosoma cruzi AS A
SCREENING TOOL: VALIDATION METHOD USING STRAINS FROM COLOMBIA
CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR DTU
Diseño de primers específicos del gen de la sod de Trypanosoma cruzi como herramienta de
detección: validación del método usando un stock de cepas de Colombia
clasificadas en función de su DTU
Francisco Olmo (1), Patricia Palmaa, Javier Escobedo-Ortegón (2), Manuel Sánchez-Moreno (1),
Ana Mejía-Jaramillo (3), Omar Triana (3), Clotilde Marín (1).
Table 1
Origin and classification of new isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi from Colombia
Strain of Geographical Biological PCR#2: PCR#3:
PCR#1: SL DTU
Trypanosoma cruzi origin origin 24S rDNA 18S rDNA
AC 29 Acandi-Choco Rhodnius pallescens 350 - - Tc I
AF 1 Amalfi-Antioquia Panstrongylus geniculatus 300 125 no band Tc VI
B 114 Cordoba Triatoma dimidiata 350 - - Tc I
B 138 Cordoba Triatoma dimidiata 350 - - Tc I
B 142 Cordoba Triatoma dimidiata 350 - - Tc I
Cas 13 Casanare Rhodnius prolixus 350 - - Tc I
Cas 15 Casanare Rhodnius prolixus 350 - - Tc I
Cas 18 Casanare Didelphis marsupialis 350 - - Tc I
Cas 19 Casanare Rhodnius prolixus 350 - - Tc I
Cas 20 Casanare Rhodnius prolixus 350 - - Tc I
*CL Br Brasil Triatoma infestans 300 125 no band Tc VI
Fer 1 Bolivar Rhodnius pallescens 350 - - Tc I
Fer 3 Bolivar Rhodnius pallescens 350 - - Tc I
HA Casanare Homo sapiens 350 - - Tc I
Mg 4 Magdalena Rhodnius pallescens 350 - - Tc I
Mg 8 Magdalena Triatoma dimidiata 350 - - Tc I
Mg 9 Magdalena Triatoma dimidiata 350 - - Tc I
Sebas 1 Magdalena Rhodnius pallescens 350 - - Tc I
SN 1 Guajira Rhodnius prolixus 300 110 165 Tc V
SN 3 Guajira Rhodnius prolixus 350 - - Tc I
SN 7 Guajira Triatoma dimidiata 350 - - Tc I
Figure 1
(a) PCR fragments amplified by the sod gene primers designed in our group in all
Trypanosoma cruzi strains. (b) PCR fragment with the same primers used in different
samples from different species.
PÓSTER
Raúl Lucero (1), Daniel Hernández (2), Bettina Brusés (1), Carolina Cura (3), Laura Formichelli
(1), Daniel Merino (1), Margarita Bisio (3) y Alejandro G Schijman (3).
(1) Instituto de Medicina Regional. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Resistencia. Argentina.
(2) Facultad de Medicina., Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Corrientes. Argentina.
(3) Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas. INGEBI-CONICET. Bs As. Argentina.
Background: Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units as well as reinfec- Conclusions: Serologic screening indicated a high seroprevalence in
tions through vectorial transmission have been claimed as factors involved in some studied locations. This data together with detection of a high pro-
the pleomorphism of chronic Chagas disease manifestations and severity of portion of infected bugs shows that active vectorial transmission persists
cardiomyopathy (1, 2). The aim of our study was focused in the characterisa- in these areas. A major finding is the association between PCR positivity
tion of T.cruzi infection in indigenous populations from Northeastern Argen- and Kuschnir group, suggesting a role of parasite persistence in cardiac
tina, which inhabit highly endemic regions with risk of active transmission. disease progression. No association between bloodstream DTUs and he-
Methods: Blood samples from 494 aboriginal individuals (1-78 years art compromise was found, given that most bloodstream strains belonged
old) living in six localities at the Provinces of Chaco and Formosa, NE Ar- to the same DTU.
gentina were analysed. Patients were classified according to Kuschnir Groups Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Chagas. Cardiopatía. Argentina.
to allow establish associations with severity of cardiac disease. Triatomine Key words: Chagas disease. Heart Diseases. Argentina.
bugs were collected from domiciles and peridomiciles from some localities
and T.cruzi was searched in abdominal samples by microscopy. All subjects
were tested for T. cruzi infection by two serological methods (HAI and ELI- BIBLIOGRAPHY
SA). Seropositive patients underwent kinetoplastid DNA – PCR analyses
(kDNA) from bloodstream samples. Identification of DTUs was performed in 1. Storino R, Auger S, Caravello O, Urrutia MI, Sanmartino M, Jörg
all kDNA-PCR positive samples, using PCR targeted to nuclear genomic M. Chagasic cardiopathy in endemic area versus sporadically infected
markers. patients. Rev Saúde Pública. 2002. 36(6):755-8.
Results: Seroprevalence ranged from 3.7% in Mapic to 56.7% in Las 2. Zingales B, Miles MA, Campbell DA, Tibayrenc M, Macedo AM,
Hacheras. Analysis of T.infestans collected from dwelings next to Las Hache- Teixeira MM, et al. The revised Trypanosoma cruzi subspecific no-
ras (n = 30) showed 65% of infection by T. cruzi. PCR was carried out in 152 menclature: rationale, epidemiological relevance and research appli-
seropositive cases. Patients with cardiac compromise (Kuschnir Groups G1 to cations. Infect Genet Evol. 2012;12(2):240-53.
G3) presented higher PCR positivity than asymptomatic cases (G0) (Chi2:
46,22 , p < 0.05) . Most of genotyped samples classified as TcV, or TcII/V/VI
group (Figure 1, map). One case was classified as TcII/VI group while TcI, III
and IV were not detected among the population.
Correspondencia
rhlucero@hotmail.com
Francisco Olmo et al.
Figure 1
Kinetoplastid DNA-based PCR positivity in asymptomatic and Chagas heart disease ab
original populations from Northeastern Argentina
Figure 2
Distribution of DTUs in aboriginal patients from Chaco