„Fmsgurscs“ scbrh ni hsgrmturi

hsgrmturi y su iprhkfmzioh. Rcz Mvikmg (2006)

Ghktrc fh mkvhstmeigm÷k hk inaibhtmzigm÷k, Fhpirtilhktc fh Nmkeþìstmgi h Mfmcli

Mkenís Lcfhrkc. Xkmvhrsmfif fh Nikgisthr. Rhmkc Xkmfc.

Mvikmg, R. (2006) „Fmsgcurshs ca Urmtmke ikf Nhirkmke 

Nhirkmke   tc Urmth“,  Nikeuieh ikf

Hfugitmck, Qcn. 94, Kc. 7, 220-268.

(Vrifuggm÷k mkenís-hspiùcn rhinmzifi pcr Lirmki Amnmppm).

Hn smeumhkth tribioc prhshkti uk lhti-ikénmsms fh ipcrths th÷rmgcs h mkvhstmeigmckhs

ighrgi fh ni hsgrmturi y ni phfieceìi fh ni hsgrmturi, mfhktmamgikfc shms fmsgurscs
(gckameurigmckhs fh grhhkgmis y prégtmgis rhnigmckifis i ni hkshùikzi fh ni hsgrmturi). Prhshkti
uki mktrcfuggm÷k y hxpnmgigm÷k fhn lirgc fh ikénmsms fh fitcs hfugigmckinhs scbrh ni phfieceìi
fh ni hsgrmturi, fckfh sh trizik gckhxmckhs gck fmahrhkths phrsphgtmvis fhn nhkeuioh, fh ni
hsgrmturi lmsli, fhn iprhkfmzioh fh ni hsgrmturi, hkacquhs fh ni hkshùikzi fh ni lmsli, y i ncs
gckghptcs ighrgi fh hnni. Hn lirgc prcpuhstc puhfh shr utmnmzifc piri mfhktmamgir fmsgurscs fh
ni hsgrmturi hk fcgulhktcs tinhs gclc gurrìguncs, lithrminhs fh hkshùikzi y iprhkfmzioh,
rhemstrcs fh prégtmgis phfie÷emgis, hktrhvmstis y erupcs fh tribioc gck lihstrcs y inulkcs, y
ni gcbhrturi lhfmétmgi fh ni inaibhtmzigm÷k. Hn tribioc tilbmík prcpckh quh, lmhktris hxmsthk
thksmckhs y gcktrifmggmckhs hktrh hstcs fmsgurscs, uki phfieceìi gclprhksmvi fh ni hsgrmturi
fhbh mktherir nis prcpuhstis fh hkshùikzi fh tcfcs ncs shms fmsgurscs.

Cbohtmvcs fhn tribioc

  Prhshktir uk lirgc piri hn ikénmsms fh ni mkacrligm÷k rhsphgtc fh ni hkshùikzi fh ni

hsgrmturi hk fcgulhktcs camgminhs, lithrminhs fmfégtmgcs, lhfmcs fh gclukmgigm÷k,
fcghkths, inulkcs, htg.

  Fhvhnir ncs fmstmktcs prhgckghptcs hk ncs „fmsgurscs“ rhsphgtc fh ni hsgrmturi y nis

mfhcnceìis quh subyighk i hstcs.
Gckghptc fh „fmsgursc“ 
„fmsgursc“ 

  Ehh (9==1)? „Iscgmigmckhs scgminlhkth ighptifis hktrh nis acrlis fh usir hn nhkeuioh,
ctris hxprhsmckhs smlb÷nmgis, y nis acrlis fh ehkhrir phksilmhktcs, shktmlmhktcs,
grhhkgmis, vincrigmckhs y acrlis fh igtuir quh puhfhk shr usifis piri mfhktmamgirkcs
gclc lmhlbrcs fh erupcs scgminlhkth smekmamgitmvcs“. Hstis sh likmamhstik hk acrlis
pirtmgunirhs fh tclir fhgmsmckhs, gcksmfhrir cpgmckhs y dighr clmsmckhs, isì gclc hk
ni hnhggm÷k fh pinibris y fh iggmckhs.

Gckghptc fh „fmsgurscs fh 

fh ni hsgrmturi“ 
hsgrmturi“ 
 

   Gcksthnigmckhs fh grhhkgmis scbrh ni hsgrmturi, hn iprhkfmzioh fh ni hsgrmturi, acrlis

fh dibnir ighrgi fh ni hsgrmturi, ncs fmstmktcs hkacquhs gck rhsphgtc i ni hkshùikzi fh
ni lmsli, y nis vincrigmckhs quh fhrmvik fh hnnis.

   Ni iggm÷k scgmin kc hsté hkthrilhkth fhthrlmkifi pcr ncs fmsgurscs scgminlhkth

fmspckmbnhs? ncs suohtcs gckstikthlhkth rhgclbmkik y triksacrlik ncs fmsgurscs sheÿk
sus prcp÷smtcs. Hk ehkhrin, ncs fmsgurscs sck dìbrmfcs.

Hstifc fh ni guhstm÷k. Ipcrths prhvmcs.

   Whinhy (9==5, 9===)? Grìtmgi i nis thcrìis fhn nhkeuioh y ni inaibhtmzigm÷k prmlirmi,
bisékfcsh hk ncs fcgulhktcs pÿbnmgcs camgminhs (gurrìguncs). Likhoik phrsphgtmvis
igctifis fhn nhkeuioh y fh su hkshùikzi, nc quh puhfh nnhvir i gckausmckhs piri ncs
fcghkths y inulkcs.

Ni iutcri mfhktmamgi fcs phrsphgtmvis prhshkths hk ncs fcgulhktcs gurrmgunirhs? pcr uk

nifc, tribioik gck uki vmsm÷k fhn nhkeuioh y ni inaibhtmzigm÷k quh kc gcksmfhri su
kiturinhzi scgmin, y sck pcgc gnircs hk ni fhamkmgm÷k fh gckghptcs. Gcksmfhrik i ni
inaibhtmzigm÷k IWCGMIN, iut÷kcli: hn suohtc fhbh fhsirrcnnir dibmnmfifhs
fhsgckthxtuinmzifis. Pcr ctrc nifc, tribioik gck uki vmsm÷k fhn nhkeuioh gclc
prégtmgis scgminhs, gunturinlhkth smtuifis h mfhcn÷emgilhkth gckstrumfis.

   Dikkck (2000)? Rhvmsm÷k fh thcrìis ighrgi fh ni kiturinhzi fh ni inaibhtmzigm÷k, fhn

fhsirrcnnc fh ni lmsli y fh su hkshùikzi, prmkgmpinlhkth hk hn kmvhn mkmgmin (fhsirrcnnc
thlprikc fh ni inaibhtmzigm÷k). Wcstmhkh quh fhbhk shr thkmfis hk guhkti in lclhktc
fh hohrghr ni hkshùikzi fh ni nhkeui.

   Nhi y Wtrhht (9==4)? Ikinmzik ni inaibhtmzigm÷k hk ni hfugigm÷k suphrmcr hk hn Rhmkc

Xkmfc. Prcpckhk quh hxmsthk grhhkgmis scbrh ni inaibhtmzigm÷k igifílmgi quh
subyighk i nis pcnìtmgis y prégtmgis gckgrhtis quh sh rhnigmckik gck ni hsgrmturi fh ncs
hstufmikths.

Prcpckhk hn tírlmkc „Dibmnmfifhs fh n hstufmc“ piri rhahrmrsh i uk gckouktc fh

dibmnmfifhs fhsgckthxtuinmzifis quh hn suohtc fhbh fhsirrcnnir piri fclmkir ni
hsgrmturi igifílmgi? isphgtcs ehkírmgcs y tígkmgcs fhn nhkeuioh, quh puhfhk shr
triksahrmfcs i tcfcs ncs gckthxtcs igifílmgcs. Hn gckghptc fh „Wcgminmzigm÷k
igifílmgi“ supckh ni grhhkgmi fh quh hxmsthk fmahrhkths inaibhtmzigmckhs hk
fmahrhkths gckthxtcs, pcr nc tiktc, ncs hstufmikths fhbhk iprhkfhr nis girigthrìstmgis
hsphgìamgis fh ni hsgrmturi igifílmgi, y fhn gilpc fmsgmpnmkir in quh hsték mkerhsikfc.
Nis „inaibhtmzigmckhs igifílmgis“ rhamhrhk i ni mfhi fh quh hxmsthk inaibhtmzigmckhs
dhthrceíkhis, quh sck lcnfhifis pcr mkthrhshs, rhnigmckhs hpmsthlcn÷emgis y fh
pcfhr, quh tmhkhk gckshguhkgmis hk kuhstri mfhktmfif, y quh hsték suohtis i fmsgusm÷k
y gilbmcs. Ncs iutcrhs scstmhkhk quh, hk ni prégtmgi, tcfcs hstcs gckghptcs sh
gckfmghk gck uki prégtmgi phfie÷emgi, phrc quh i su vhz, ísti sh kutrh fh nis fmstmktis
vmsmckhs piri hkrmquhghr ni hkshùikzi fh ni inaibhtmzigm÷k.
 

Prcpuhsti fh ibcrfioh fh ncs fmsgurscs scbrh ni hsgrmturi? HN NHKEXIOH LXNVMGIPIW

Xki acrli gclprhksmvi fh ibcrfioh fhn nhkeuioh triti sus isphgtcs thxtuinhs, gcksmfhrékfcncs
mkshpiribnhs fh sus isphgtcs gcekmtmvcs y scgminhs. -Ockhs (9==0), Aimrgncued (9=4=, 9==2),
Mvikmg (9==4)-.

Ni iutcri prcpckh hn smeumhkth hsquhli piri gclprhkfhr hn gckghptc fh nhkeuioh luntmgipis?

6? Gckthxtc scgmcgunturin y pcnìtmgc

7? Igtc (Hvhkt)

2? Prcghscs gcekmtmvcs

9? Vhxtc

  9. VHTVC?  s÷nc ni sustikgmi nmkeþìstmgi fhn nhkeuioh (hs luntmlcfin sm sh gcksmfhri

ifhlés hn girégthr vmsuin y lithrmin fhn lmslc).

  2. PRCGHWCW GCEKMVMQCW?  (Cbohtc fh ni Psmgcnmkeþìstmgi) Mkthrsubohtmvmfif. Nc quh

pisi hk ni lhkth fh qumhkhs prcfughk y gclprhkfhk ncs lhksiohs. Prcghscs lhktinhs
fh prcfuggm÷k fh shktmfc. (Ehkhrinlhkth mkfhphkfmhkths
mkfhphkfmhkths fhn thxtc, phrc su hxmsthkgmi
mlpnmgi hstcs prcghscs gcekmtmvcs y nis hstrithemis fh prcfuggm÷k y rhghpgm÷k).

Isphgtcs scgminhs fhn nhkeuioh

  7. IGVC?  (Cbohtc fh ikénmsms fh ni prielétmgi, nis vmsmckhs quh gcksmfhrik nis

mkthriggmckhs scgminhs fhn nhkeuioh y ni htkceriaìi fh ni gclukmgigm÷k y ni
inaibhtmzigm÷k) Girigthrìstmgis cbshrvibnhs fhn gckthxtc scgmin mklhfmitc hk hn quh sh
usi hn nhkeuioh. Mkgnuyh ncs prcp÷smtcs, ni mkthriggm÷k hktrh ncs suohtcs, tmhlpc y
hspigmc pirtmgunirhs. (Hs nc quh Dinnmfiy (9==6, 9==4) fhkclmki „gckthxtc
smtuigmckin“). 

  6. GCKVHTVC WCGMCGXNVXRIN ] PCNMVMGC? Gcksmfhri ncs rhgurscs fmspckmbnhs piri ni

gclukmgigm÷k hk hn hktcrkc scgmcgunturin, mkgnuyhkfc nis prégtmgis luntmlcfinhs,
fmsgurscs y eíkhrcs
eíkhrcs hknizifcs hk hn gckthxtc gunturin/smtuigmckin, y nis piutis fh
gclpcrtilmhktc  ‗rhnigmckhs fh pcfhr-, vmsmckhs fh lukfc y hstrugturis scgminhs quh
mkthrigtÿik gck hnnis. (Dinnmfiy? „gckthxtc gunturin“). Hstc gckstmtuyh hn acgc fh mkthrís
piri qumhkhs gcksmfhrik uki vmsm÷k fhn nhkeuioh gclc gckstruggm÷k scgmin. Hsti gipi
suphri ni lhri gcksmfhrigm÷k fhn dhgdc lithrmin fhn nhkeuioh y fh su usc
 

(rhprhshktifc pcr nis gipis 9 i 7), piri mfhktmamgir nis giusis fh hnnc, i vhghs
gcksmfhrikfc uki iehkfi scgmcpcnìtmgi quh sh cpckh in stitu quc, y prcluhvh ni
iggm÷k piri hn gilbmc.

MKVRCFXGGMCK I NCW „FMWGXRWCW FH NI HWGRMVXRI“, PRCPXHWVI FH IKINMWMW (Qhr

guifrc).

Hsth lirgc fh ikénmsms hs hn rhsuntifc fh iùcs fh tribioc hktrh ni hvmfhkgmi fh nis

prégtmgis phfie÷emgis, fh nis grhhkgmis, y thcrìis fhn nhkeuioh y ni inaibhtmzigm÷k. Pcr uk nifc,
kctí quh hxmsthk fmstmktcs hkacquhs scbrh ni hkshùikzi fh ni hsgrmturi, y pcr hsc gclhkgí i
phksir hk nis supcsmgmckhs ighrgi fh ni kiturinhzi fh ni hsgrmturi y fh su iprhkfmzioh hk quh
ístis sh bisik. Pcr ctrc nifc, tuvh hk guhkti nis fmstmktis thcrìis fhn nhkeuioh y ni
inaibhtmzigm÷k, y gclhkgí i phksir scbrh ncs fmstmktcs tmpcs fh prégtmgis phfie÷emgis quh hstis
mlpnmgik. Hk tiktc quh ni thcrìi y ni hvmfhkgmi hk quh sh bisi hsth lcfhnc fh ikénmsms auhrck
rhgcemfis gism hkthrilhkth fh ni mkvhstmeigm÷k y prégtmgi fh ni phfieceìi fh ni hsgrmturi hk
piìshs iken÷ackcs, su rhnhvikgmi fhbh shr nmlmtifi i gckthxtcs smlmnirhs. Wmk hlbirec, hsphrc
quh puhfi aukgmckir fh fmspirifcr piri qumhkhs tribioik hk ctrcs piìshs y gckthxtcs piri
rhamkir, rhvmsir c fhsirrcnnir ipcrths piri hxthkfhr hn ingikgh fh hsti prcpuhsti fh ikénmsms.

Ni prmlhri gcnulki kclbri ncs shms fmsgurscs fh ni hsgrmturi y fh su iprhkfmzioh. Ni

smeumhkth, shùini guén gipi fhn lcfhnc fh nhkeuioh luntmgipis hs hn ghktrc fh ithkgm÷k hk
hstis grhhkgmis y prégtmgis. Nis smeumhkths gcnulkis hxpnmgmtik nis grhhkgmis ighrgi fh ni
hsgrmturi y ighrgi fh su hkshùikzi scbrh nis quh sh bisik ncs fmsgurscs. Ni qumkti gcnulki
shùini hn hkacquh fh ni hkshùikzi quh mlpnmgi gifi fmsgursc, y ni ÿntmli, hn grmthrmc fh
vincrigm÷k fh nc quh shrìi uk iprhkfmzioh hxmtcsc.

Vuvh fmamguntifhs hk fhgmfmr f÷kfh ubmgir nis fmstmkgmckhs hktrh „hxpnìgmtc“ h

„mlpnìgmtc“, y „iprhkfmzioh pcr mkvhstmeigm÷k“. Hsti fmstmkgm÷k lirgi ni nìkhi fmvmscrmi hktrh ni
hkshùikzi y hn iprhkfmzioh: ilbcs sck pirth fh grhhkgmis ighrgi fh g÷lc sh hkshùi i hsgrmbmr,
y pirth fh hkacquhs fh ni hkshùikzi. Pirtmgunirlhkth, ni pinibri „hxpnìgmtc“ mlpnmgi ineukis
acrlis fh hkshùir, lmhktris quh „mlpnìgmtc“ y „pcr mkvhstmeigm÷k“ sck lhfmcs fh iprhkfmzioh
quh kc khghsirmilhkth mlpnmgik hkshùikzi. Piri liycr gnirmfif, fhgmfì pckhr hstis
fmstmkgmckhs bioc ni gcnulki fh „hkacquhs fh ni hkshùikzi“, pcrquh hs hk hsti érhi fckfh ncs
fcghkths tmhkhk quh tclir fhgmsmckhs, y hsis fhgmsmckhs sck, sheÿk lm puktc fh vmsti, pirth
fhn hkacquh fh ni hkshùikzi.

Prcpckec quh hn lirgc fh ikénmsms puhfh shr usifc gclc uki dhrrilmhkti fh
mkvhstmeigm÷k piri mfhktmamgir fmstmktcs fmsgurscs quh puhfhk shr rhnitmvilhkth dclceíkhcs, c
rhsuntifc fh gclbmkigmckhs fh grhhkgmis hxprhsis, hnhlhktcs pirtmgunirhs fh ni prégtmgi fh
hkshùikzi y gckghptcs fh ni hsgrmturi, y pcnìtmgis y fcgulhktcs gurrmgunirhs.
 

Gifi nìkhi fhn guifrc rhprhshkti nc quh gcksmfhrc quh hs uk fmsgursc rhgckcgmbnh
ighrgi fh ni hsgrmturi, quh puhfh shr fmstmkeumbnh h mkgnusc disti gcktrifmgtcrmc gck ncs ctrcs.
Ni fmlhksm÷k dcrmzcktin fhn guifrc prcvhh lhfmcs fh mfhktmamgir supcsmgmckhs quh subyighk i
ni prégtmgi. Ni fmlhksm÷k vhrtmgin prcpckh lcfcs fh githecrmzir nis vmsmckhs ighrgi fh ni
hsgrmturi y fh su iprhkfmzioh, y fh rhgckcghr ncs isphgtcs fh uki vmsm÷k gclprhksmvi fhn
nhkeuioh, quh puhfh shr mkgclpnhti guikfc sh hxprhsik c mlpnmgik nis vmsmckhs pirtmgunirhs.

Xki sinvhfif gck rhsphgtc i hsth lcfhnc fh ikénmsms hs quh ncs thxtcs gckgrhtcs y nc
igtcs lmslcs puhfhk shr dhthrceíkhcs, ibirgikfc fcs c lés fmsgurscs, hk gclpnhois
mkthrrhnigmckhs. Pirtmgunirlhkth, kc hsphrc quh uk fcghkth sh ilcnfh hkthrilhkth i uki scni
nìkhi fhn guifrc. Ncs hkacquhs phrsckinhs fh ni liycrìi fh ncs fcghkths sck hgnígtmgc? hk uki
gnish c hk uki shrmh fh gnishs puhfhk iprcxmlirsh i fcs c lés fmsgurscs, y hk ctris, i ctrcs.
Hk uk gckthxtc fifc, smk hlbirec, puhfh shr pcsmbnh rhgckcghr uk fmsgursc fclmkikth,
fmrhgtrmz fh nis grhhkgmis y prégtmgis fh ni hsgrmturi.

Fmsgursc fh nis dibmnmfifhs fh ni hsgrmturi.

Hsgrmbmr gcksmsth hk ipnmgir gckcgmlmhktcs ighrgi fh uki shrmh fh lcfhncs nmkeþìstmgcs,

rhenis fh rhnigmckhs sckmfc/sìlbcnc, y gckstruggm÷k
g ckstruggm÷k fh crigmckhs. Hk sus acrlis lés hxtrhlis,
sh gcksmfhri quh ni hsgrmturi hs uki igtmvmfif fhsgckthxtuinmzifi, hk ni quh ncs lmslcs
lcfhncs y rhenis sh ipnmgik i tcfis nis acrlis fh hsgrmturi, mkfhphkfmhkthlhkth fhn tmpc fh
thxtc. Nc quh sh gcksmfhri uki buhki hsgrmturi hsté fhthrlmkifi pcr ni gcrrhggm÷k hk ni
acrligm÷k fh gifi nhtri, pinibri, crigm÷k y thxtc. Hsti vmsm÷k sh hkguhktri arhguhkthlhkth
rhnigmckifi gck ni quh gcksmfhri quh ni hsgrmturi hs uki shrmh fh tmpcs thxtuinhs, lcnfhifcs
pcr prcp÷smtcs scgminhs.

Iscgmifi i hsti grhhkgmi, sh hkguhktri ni quh scstmhkh quh iprhkfhr i hsgrmbmr mlpnmgi
iprhkfhr nis rhnigmckhs sckmfc/sìlbcnc quh ehkhrik pinibris bmhk acrlifis, y likhoir ncs
lcfhncs fh gcdhsm÷k hk hn mkthrmcr fh gifi pérriac y hktrh pérriacs fmstmktcs, girigthrìstmgcs
fh thxtcs bmhk acrlifcs. Hsti hs ni vmsm÷k lés gclÿk quh sh hkguhktri hk ncs thxtcs
gurrmgunirhs.
Nis dibmnmfifhs quh sh fhbhk hkshùir, fhsfh hsti phrsphgtmvi, sck nis fh ni hsgrmturi i
likc, fhnhtrhc, puktuigm÷k y hstrugturis crigmckinhs. Wh nhs hkshùi hxpnìgmtilhkth i ncs
inulkcs pitrckhs piri fhnhtrhir gcrrhgtilhkth, y nis rhenis piri crigmckhs erilétmgilhkth
gcrrhgtis, y gcrrhgtilhkth puktuifis. Hn grmthrmc fh hvinuigm÷k, pcr nc tiktc, rhsmfh hk ni
prhgmsm÷k in lclhktc fh ipnmgir hscs pitrckhs.

Hsth fmsgursc hsté prhshkth guikfc sh dighk rhahrhkgmis i „dibmnmfifhs“, fhnhtrhc,

puktuigm÷k y erilétmgi, hxprhsmckhs gclc „gcrrhgtc“, „prhgmsc“, „iprcpmifc“, „ncs inulkcs
fhbhk…“, hk ni hkshùikzi hxpnìgmti y prhsgrmptmvi fh rhenis, y hk hn íkaisms hk ni prhgmsm÷k.

Hn fmsgursc fh ni grhitmvmfif.
 

Hktmhkfh ni hsgrmturi gclc prcfugtc fh ni grhitmvmfif fhn iutcr. Wh hkacgi tilbmík hk

hn thxtc hsgrmtc, phrc digh lés rhahrhkgmi in gckthkmfc y in hstmnc quh i su acrli nmkeþìstmgi. Hk
hsth fmsgursc, hn „smekmamgifc“ hs ghktrin, y hn iutcr sh gclprclhth hk ni gckstruggm÷k fhn
lmslc, y pcr hnnc hsté mlpnmgifc gck sus prcghscs lhktinhs, y gck nis girigthrìstmgis fhn thxtc.

Ni hsgrmturi sh hktmhkfh gclc hn prcfugtc fhn igtc grhitmvc fh uk igtcr, gck kmkeuki

aukgm÷k scgmin
kiturinhzi fh niquh kc shi
hsgrmturi ni fhoumgmcs
ehkhri mkthrhsir c hktrhthkhr
fh vincr in sh
scbrh nc quh nhgtcr. Hsti „buhki“
gcksmfhri grhhkgmi hsgrmturi,
scbrh ni
hk tírlmkcs fh gckthkmfc y hstmnc lés quh, c sulifc i ni prhgmsm÷k quh phrsheuìi hn lcfhnc
ikthrmcr. Wuemhrc quh hsti vmsm÷k sureh i pirtmr fhn fmsaruth fh ni nmthrituri. Lugdcs fcghkths
fh nhkeui sck tilbmík fcghkths fh nmthrituri, y iprhkfmhrck gclc hstufmikths fh nmthrituri i
iprhgmir ni hsgrmturi fh uki ilpnmi eili fh kcvhnmstis, pchtis, friliturec y hksiymstis, pcr
hnnc kc scrprhkfh quh nis grhhkgmis y vincrhs sh trikslmtik hk hn lclhktc fh hkshùir.

Hsti grhhkgmi sh gckhgti gck ni quh scstmhkh quh nis phrsckis iprhkfhk i hsgrmbmr
hsgrmbmhkfc, fh idì quh iprhkfhr i hsgrmbmr mlpnmgi hsgrmbmr nc lés quh sh puhfi. Hsti vmsm÷k
mkgnuyh fcs sub-grhhkgmis.
sub-grhhkgmis. Hk prmlhr nueir, nis phrsckis hsgrmbhk
hsgrmbhk lés, y pcr nc tiktc sh
sh
fhsirrcnnik lés gclc hsgrmtcrhs, sm tmhkhk ni cpcrtukmfif fh hsgrmbmr ighrgi fh thlis
mkthrhsikths, mkspmrifcrhs y phrsckinlhkth rhnhvikths. Hk sheukfc nueir, nhhr buhkis
hsgrmturis prcvhh uk lcfhnc y uk hstìlunc piri iprhkfhr i hsgrmbmr. Pcr nc tiktc, iprhkfhr
g÷lc sh hsgrmbh y quí sh gcksmfhri buhki hsgrmturi hsté mlpnìgmtc hk ncs igtcs fh hsgrmturi y
nhgturi, hk nueir fh shr hkshùifcs hxpnìgmtilhkth.

Hsti pcsturi tuvc uki pcfhrcsi mkanuhkgmi hk ni hkshùikzi fh ni hsgrmturi hk ncs

Hstifcs Xkmfcs y hn Rhmkc Xkmfc hk ncs ”10 y ”50, fikfc nueir i hkacquhs quh ni gcksmfhrik
gc ksmfhrik uki
„iutc-hxprhsm÷k grhitmvi“. Hstcs hkacquhs
hkacquhs mlpnmgik tritir in inulkc  gclc „iutcr“, y firnhs
gcksmekis tinhs gclc hsgrmbmr uk hksiyc c uki gclpcsmgm÷k, brmkfikfc ukc c lés thlis
mkthrhsikths, iyufékfcnhs i ehkhrir hn gckthkmfc y vcgibunirmc gcrrhspckfmhkths, y pmfmhkfc
uki hxthksm÷k lìkmli. Hk hsth fmsgursc sh vincri ni hsgrmturi pcr sì lmsli, pcr hkfh, kmkeÿk
prcp÷smtc c gckthxtc khghsmti shr hsphgmamgifc, y ni liycr pirth fhn gckthkmfc prcvmhkh fh nis
hxphrmhkgmis fh ncs inulkcs. Pcr hsth lctmvc, lugdi fh ni hsgrmturi prcfugmfi i pirtmr fh hsth

hkacquh hs kirritmvi phrsckin, fhsgrmpgmckhs fh nueirhs c hvhktcs fh ni hxphrmhkgmi fh ncs

hsgrmtcrhs, amggm÷k bisifi hk sus hxphrmhkgmis, y fmsgusmckhs fh thlis scbrh ncs quh ncs
hsgrmtcrhs tmhkhk gckcgmlmhktc y cpmkmckhs.

Nc quh sh gcksmfhri uki buhki hsgrmturi iquì sh bisi hk ncs grmthrmcs fh ni nmthrituri,
lés quh hk hn usc aukgmckin gctmfmikc fhn nhkeuioh. Hn tírlmkc „hahgtmvc“ hs utmnmzifc piri
rhahrmrsh i ni hsgrmturi quh di thkmfc íxmtc hk likthkhr hn mkthrís, hxintir ni hlcgm÷k c ni
mliemkigm÷k fhn nhgtcr, lés quh piri fhamkmr ni hahgtmvmfif fh nis prégtmgis scgminhs fh ni
hsgrmturi.

Ncs hkacquhs phfie÷emgcs quh gcknnhvik hsth fmsgursc prcpckhk ni hkshùikzi fh ni

hsgrmturi luy nmeifi i ni hkshùikzi fh ni nhgturi. Ni prmkgmpin mfhi quh rmeh hstcs hkacquhs hs
quh ncs inulkcs fhsgubrmrék quí hs nc quh sh gcksmfhri uki buhki hsgrmturi, y lhocrirék su
prcpmi hsgrmturi in shr hxpuhstcs i hohlpncs fh buhki hsgrmturi, y in thkhr lugdis
cpcrtukmfifhs fh hsgrmbmr , thkmhkfc gcrrhggmckhs scbrh sus prcpmis prcfuggmckhs.
prcfuggmckhs. Ncs
 

tírlmkcs „nhkeuioh tctin“ c „hxphrmhkgmi fhn nhkeuioh“, isì gclc „hsgrmturi grhitmvi“, „ni vcz
fhn hsgrmtcr“, „gckthkmfc mkthrhsikth“, „buhk níxmgc“, sck ehkhrinlhkth utmnmzifcs piri
rhahrmrsh i hstcs hkacquhs.

Hsti vmsm÷k hs grmtmgifi, igusifi fh „nmvmiki“, quh ai nni hk prhpirir i ncs inulkcs piri
nis fhlikfis fh hsgrmturi hk hn lukfc fhn tribioc. Wh ubmgik gclc hn hxtrhlc cpuhstc fh ni

hkshùikzi „piri hn lukfc rhin“. Wmk hlbirec, lugdcs fcghkths gck hxphrmhkgmi hk ni
hkshùikzi fh ni hsgrmturi vincrik nis vhktiois fh hsth lcfhnc, gckthlpnikfc nis
cpcrtukmfifhs quh sh brmkfik fh brmkfir uki hkshùikzi mlpnìgmti in fhoir i ncs inulkcs quh
hnmoik thlis fh su mkthrís, lmhktris quh sh hkshùi hxpnìgmtilhkth nis rhenis y pitrckhs
nmkeþìstmgcs.

Fhsfh uki phrsphgtmvi fmahrhkth, ineukcs mkvhstmeifcrhs scstmhkhk quh hsth fmsgursc
mlpnmgi uki hsgrmturi iscgmin y rcléktmgi, quh prcluhvh quh ncs inulkcs hsgrmbik thxtcs quh
kc shrék vincrifcs hk hn lukfc rhin (Emnbhrt, 9==6).

Ni hsgrmturi gclc prcghsc.

Digmi amkhs fh 9=50, psmg÷ncecs gcekmtmvcs prcpusmhrck uk lcfhnc fh ncs prcghscs fh

gclpcsmgm÷k mkvcnugrifcs hk ni hsgrmturi, gck trhs hnhlhktcs ghktrinhs? pnikmamgigm÷k,
trifuggm÷k y rhvmsm÷k, y fcs aigtcrhs quh mkthrigtÿik gck hstcs? ni lhlcrmi i nirec pnizc fhn
hsgrmtcr, y hn ilbmhkth fh tribioc (Ancwhr y Diyhs, 9=40). Hsti mkvhstmeigm÷k fhspniz÷ ni
ithkgm÷k fhsfh hn prcfugtc digmi ncs prcghscs fh hsgrmturi, y sh rhnigmckibik gck ncs prcghscs
lhktinhs. Hk hsth lclhktc, pcsmbnhlhkth gclc rhsuntifc fmrhgtc fh hsti mkvhstmeigm÷k, ncs
fcghkths gclhkzirck i prhstir lés ithkgm÷k i ncs prcghscs prégtmgcs fh pnikmamgigm÷k, irlifc
fh bcrrifcrhs, y rhvmsm÷k, ikths quh i nis girigthrìstmgis fhn prcfugtc amkin.

Hk hn lcfhnc tiktc ncs

lcfhnc fh ikénmsms prcpuhstc, ncs „prcghscs fh hsgrmturi“ mlpnmgik tiktc
prcghscs gcekmtmvcs gclc ni prégtmgi lmsli.

Xk gcrcnirmc mkhvmtibnh fh hsti gckghptuinmzigm÷k ighrgi fh ni kiturinhzi fh ni

hsgrmturi hs ni vmsm÷k fh quh iprhkfhr i hsgrmbmr mkgnuyh iprhkfhr ncs prcghscs y
prcghfmlmhktcs fh gclpcsmgm÷k fh uk thxtc. Hsti vmsm÷k fh ni hkshùikzi fh ni hsgrmturi
hkencbi, hk prmkgmpmc, tiktc ncs prcghscs gcekmtmvcs gclc ncs prégtmgcs? ncs prcghscs gcekmtmvcs
sh iprhkfhk fh likhri mlpnìgmti, lmhktris quh ncs prégtmgcs phrahgtilhkth puhfhk hkshùirsh
hxpnìgmtilhkth.

Hsth fmsgursc fh ni hsgrmturi rhsunti luy itrigtmvc piri ncs fcghkths y ncs grhifcrhs fh
pcnìtmgis hfugitmvis, pcrquh trifughk nis grhhkgmis i uki shrmh fh hnhlhktcs quh puhfhk shr
hkshùifcs hxpnìgmtilhkth y quh tmhkhk uki shguhkgminmfif mkdhrhkth. Hn hkacquh phfie÷emgc
sh gckcgh gclc „hkacquh prcghsuin“, y sh hkguhktri hk lugdcs prcerilis
prcer ilis fh hstufmc y nmbrcs
fh thxtcs fhsfh 9=40, hk ni acrli fh igtmvmfifhs fhstmkifis i prcfugmr mfhis, pnikmamgir,
ehkhrir bcrrifcrhs, rhvmsir y hfmtir. Hs iquì fckfh fmamhrh hn acgc fh ithkgm÷k hktrh ncs
prcghscs gcekmtmvcs y ncs prégtmgcs? hstis prcpuhstis phfie÷emgis sh prhcgupik pcr ncs
 

prcghscs prégtmgcs fh ni hsgrmturi, lmhktris quh mkghktmvir hn fhsirrcnnc fh ncs prcghscs

gcekmtmvcs puhfh shr uk prcp÷smtc subsmfmirmc.

Wh guhstmcki sm hsth isphgtc fh ni hsgrmturi puhfh shr hvinuifc, hk tiktc quh sh

gcksmfhri quh hn prcghsc hs uk lhfmc piri nnheir i uk amk? hn cbohtmvc fh iprhkfhr y
phrahggmckir hn prcghsc hs lhocrir ni ginmfif fhn prcfugtc amkin. Ineukcs mkthktcs fh

hvinuigm÷k prcpckhk
puhfh itrivhsir fmvmfmr hn
hn prcghsc fhprcghsc fhngcrrhgtilhkth,
hsgrmturi prcfugtc amkin, phrc
pcr nckc
quh, hk prmkgmpmc,
prcfugmr uk fh
uk thxtc inulkc
erik
ginmfif. Xk gclprclmsc gck hsti lithrmi mlpnmgirìi kc s÷nc rhquhrmr uki gclpcsmgm÷k hsgrmti,
smkc tilbmík uki rhanhxm÷k hsgrmti scbrh ncs prcghscs mlpnmgifcs hk su prcfuggm÷k, y hvinuir
ilbcs. Hs pcr hstc quh hk hn guifrc, push uk 3 hk ni gcnulki f fhh grmthrmcs fh hvinuigm÷k, yi
quh kc hstcy gckvhkgmfi fh quh sh puhfik hvinuir ncs prcghscs pcr sì lmslcs, sm kc phrsmeuhk
hn cbohtmvc fh ncerir uk prcfugtc amkin hxmtcsc.

Hn fmsgursc fh ncs eíkhrcs.

Hsth fmsgursc pckh ithkgm÷k kuhvilhkth hk ni hsgrmturi gclc uk prcfugtc, phrc

itmhkfh i nis acrlis hk nis quh hsh prcfugtc hs lcfhnifc pcr hn igtc fckfh sh likmamhsti.
Hsti vmsm÷k fh ni hsgrmturi gclc uk gckouktc fh tmpcs thxtuinhs lcnfhifcs pcr hn gckthxtc

scgmin ilpnìi ni vmsm÷k fhn fmsgursc ikthrmcr in mkgnumr ncs isphgtcs scgminhs fhn igtc fh hsgrmturi.
Wh bisik hk ncs gckghptcs ighrgi fh ni kiturinhzi fh ni hsgrmturi crmemkifcs hk ncs tribiocs fh
Dinnmfiy (9=54), Dinnmfiy y Dissik (9=4=) y Lirtmk (9=4=). Ni gnivh hk hsti trifmgm÷k thcrítmgi
hs quh ncs thxtcs virìik nmkeþìstmgilhkth fh iguhrfc i su prcp÷smtc y gckthxtc. Gclc
rhsuntifc fh hstc, hs pcsmbnh hsphgmamgir nis girigthrìstmgis nmkeþìstmgis fhncs tmpcs fh thxtcs
pirtmgunirhs fh iguhrfc i sm sck crinhs c hsgrmtcs, c sm fhsgrmbhk, mkacrlik, kirrik, c fik
mkstruggmckhs, fh iguhrfc i ni acrlinmfif y ni rhinmfif fh ni smtuigm÷k. Hsti vmsm÷k sh prhcgupi
pcr hn thxtc hsgrmtc, phrc tilbmík prhsti ithkgm÷k i ncs aigtcrhs scgminhs fhn igtc fh hsgrmturi,
tclékfcncs fhsfh uki phrsphgtmvi luy fmahrhkth i ni fhsgrmpti hk hn fmsgursc fh nis
dibmnmfifhs. Ni buhki hsgrmturi kc hs s÷nc ni hsgrmturi gcrrhgti, smkc ni hsgrmturi quh hs
nmkeþìstmgilhkth iprcpmifi piri hn prcp÷smtc quh sh phrsmeuh.

Piri hsti vmsm÷k, iprhkfhr i hsgrmbmr mlpnmgi ni khghsmfif fh iprhkfhr nis

girigthrìstmgis nmkeþìstmgis fh fmahrhkths tupcs fh thxtcs piri shr gipighs fh rhprcfugmrncs
iprcpmifilhkth piri gulpnmr prcp÷smtcs hk gckthxtcs hsphgìamgcs. Hk prmkgmpmc, hs pcsmbnh
ifqumrmr hsth gckcgmlmhktc nmkeþìstmgc fh likhri mlpnìgmti? ncs inulkcs dik iprhkfmfc i trivís
fhn tmhlpc i ifiptir su hsgrmturi i nis fhlikfis fh fmahrhkths gckthxtcs scgminhs smk uki
hkshùikzi hxpnìgmti. Wmk hlbirec, hsth fmsgursc scstmhkh quh hsh gckcgmlmhktc fh iprhkfh
lhocr fh likhri hxpnìgmti.

Hk ni vmfi gctmfmiki, fmahrhkths tmpcs thxtuinhs sck ehkhrifcs pcr ncs gckthxtcs y
prcp÷smtcs scgminhs: piri ni ipnmgigm÷k phfie÷emgi, hstcs fhbhk shr irtmamgminlhkth
hsphgmamgifcs. Wh hkshùi thrlmkcnceìi hsphgìamgi fh gifi tmpc thxtuin, y ncs inulkcs fhbhk
usir hsi mkacrligm÷k piri gckstrumr
gc kstrumr (ikths quh „gclpckhr“) sus thxtcs hk hn lmslc eíkhrc. Wh
pnikthi uk hsphgmin íka isms
isms hk hkshùir nis girigthrìstmgis fh ncs nnilifcs „ eíkhrcs pcfhrcscs“

(tmpcs fh thxtcs iscgmifcs in íxmtc hk ncs élbmtcs hfugitmvcs y burcgrétmgcs). Hk tírlmkcs fh

Nhi y Wtrhht (9==4), hsth hkacquh mlpnmgi ni „scgminmzigm÷k igifílmgi“? iprhkfhr nis
 

gckvhkgmckhs hstibnhgmfis piri ncs tmpcs fh hsgrmturi quh sck intilhkth vincrifis hk ni
igifhlmi. Fhbmfc i quh sh rhqumhrh uki erik giktmfif fh ipcrths nmkeþìstmgcs, hs fmaìgmn
gclbmkir hsth lítcfc fh hkshùikzi gck ctrcs.

Hn grmthrmc fclmkikth fh nc quh sh gcksmfhri buhki hsgrmturi hk hsth fmsgursc hs ni

ifhguigm÷k, rhahrmfi i ni hnhggm÷k fh acrlis nmkeþìstmgis iprcpmifis piri uk tmpc fh thxtc

pirtmgunir. Ni chvinuigm÷k
mlprhgmsmckhs pcbrh hk phfie÷emgi
gckthkmfc chk hsthpuhfh
hstmnc shktmfc, mlpnmgi quh
shr hxghnhkth hk uk thxtc
tiktc gck ineukis
sh ifhguh i nis
girigthrìstmgis fh su tmpc thxtuin, pufmhkfc ncerir su prcp÷smtc hk uk gckthxtc scgmin
fhthrlmkifc.

Hsti vmsm÷k ehkhri cpmkmckhs fmvhrsis hktrh fcghkths, mkvhstmeifcrhs y acrlifcrhs fh

pcnìtmgis? pcr uk nifc sh ni gcksmfhri n÷emgi, smsthlétmgi, hkshùibnh, hk cpcsmgm÷k in
„nmbhrinmslc“ ifoufmgifc i ni vmsm÷k fh ni hsgrmturi grhitmvi: pcr ctrc nifc, sh ni gcksmfhri
prhsgrmptmvi y smlpnmsti, bisifi hk uki ainsi mfhi fh ncs tmpcs fh thxtcs gclc ukmtirmcs,
hstétmgcs y susghptmbnhs fh hsphgmamgigm÷k.

Hn fmsgursc fh ni hsgrmturi gclc prégtmgis scgminhs.

Hk hsti nìkhi, hn „igtc fh hsgrmturi“ hs lugdc lés smekmamgikth quh hk nis fcs
ikthrmcrhs. Hk ni hsgrmturi gclc prcghscs, hn igtc hs rhfugmfc i ncs prcghscs lmslcs fh
hsgrmturi, y hk n hsgrmturi gclc eíkhrcs, hn piphn fhn igtc sh nmlmti i firnh acrli i nis
girigthrìstmgis nmkeþìstmgis. Hk ni hsgrmturi gclc prégtmgis scgminhs, smk hlbirec, hn thxtc y hn
prcghsc fh gclpcsmgm÷k fhn lmslc sck mkshpiribnhs fh uki gclpnhoi mkthriggm÷k scgmin quh
gckstmtuyh hn lirgc fhn igtc gclukmgitmvc y quh lcfhni ncs prcp÷smtcs fh ni lmsli sheÿk ncs
cbohtmvcs fh ni hsgrmturi. Ni hsgrmturi, hktckghs, hs smhlprh gclukmgigm÷k eumifi pcr
prcp÷smtcs hk uk gckthxtc scgmin. NiN i hsgrmturi sh gckghptuinmzi gclc pirth fh ni inaibhtmzigm÷k,
hkthkfmfi hk su shktmfc lés ilpnmc gclc prégtmgis scgminhs? pitrckhs fh pirtmgmpigm÷k,
prhahrhkgmis fh eíkhrcs, rhfhs fh ipcyc y gcnibcrigm÷k, pitrckhs fh usc fhn tmhlpc, hspigmc,
dhrrilmhktis, thgkcnceìi y rhgurscs, ni mkthriggm÷k fh ni hsgrmturi gck ni nhgturi y fhn nhkeuioh
hsgrmtc gck ctrcs lcfcs fh prcfugmr smekmamgifcs, ncs shktmfcs smlb÷nmgcs fh ni inaibhtmzigm÷k, y
nis lhtis scgminhs i nis quh smrvh ni inaibhtmzigm÷k hk ni vmfi fh nis phrsckis y nis mkstmtugmckhs.

Hn íkaisms hk nis prégtmgis scgminhs hk nis quh hn igtc fh hsgrmturi hsté mklhrsc mlpnmgi
quh hsti pcsturi tilbmík tmhkh hk guhkti hn gckthxtc scgmcgunturin lés ilpnmc hk hn quh sh
fhsirrcnni? ncs smekmamgifcs scgminhs y ncs vincrhs quh mlpnmgi ni hsgrmturi, y nis guhstmckhs fh
pcfhr. Pirtmgunirlhkth, hsti vmsm÷k ighrgi fh ni hsgrmturi hkencbi tcfcs ncs gckthxtcs scgminhs
y gunturinhs hk ncs quh sh fhsirrcnni, hk vhz fh prmvmnhemir ineukcs tmpcs fh hsgrmturi iscgmifcs i
ni hfugigm÷k c i ctrcs gckthxtcs acrlinhs. Hk hsth shktmfc, sh rhnigmcki gck hn fmsgursc
scgmcpcnìtmgc fh ni hsgrmturi.

Hsth lcfhnc scstmhkh quh nis phrsckis iprhkfhk i hsgrmbmr mlpnìgmtilhkth,

pirtmgmpikfc hk ncs igtcs fh inaibhtmzigm÷k scgminlhkth smtuifcs quh gulpnhk gmhrtis lhtis
scgminhs quh sck rhnhvikths y smekmamgitmvis piri hnnis. Hstc mlpnmgi kc s÷nc iprhkfhr ni
 

90

gclpcsmgm÷k y gckstruggm÷k fh uk thxtc, smkc tilbmík sibhr qumík nc digh, g÷lc, guékfc, i
quí vhncgmfif, f÷kfh, hk quí gckfmgmckhs, gck quí lhfmcs y gck quí prcp÷smtcs sh hsgrmbhk
ncs thxtcs. Ni mfhktmamgigm÷k gck hn gckthxtc hs uk gckghptc gnivh hk hstcs lcfcs fh
iprhkfmzioh? nis phrsckis gclmhkzik i pirtmgmpir hk prégtmgis pirtmgunirhs smhlprh y guikfc sh
mfhktmamquhk gck ncs vincrhs,
vincrhs, grhhkgmis, cbohtmvcs y igtmvmfifhs fh qumhkhs
qumhkhs hsték mkvcnugrifcs
hk hsis prégtmgis.

Hsti vmsm÷k, i fmahrhkgmi fh nis ctris, kc mlpnmgi khghsirmilhkth quh diyi uk rcn fh
fcghkth hk hn prcghsc? hn iprhkfmzioh cgurrh mlpnìgmtilhkth i trivís fh ni pirtmgmpigm÷k gck
cbohtmvcs, kc i trivís fh ni mkstruggm÷k. Puhfh fhgmrsh quh hsti vmsm÷k kc mlpnmgi kmkeuki
prégtmgi c hkacquh phfie÷emgc. Wmk hlbirec, ni ithkgm÷k ghktrifi hk nis prégtmgis scgminhs isì
gclc hk ncs prcghscs y prcfugtcs fh ni hsgrmturi fmc nueir i trhs tmpcs fh hkacquhs scbrh ni
hkshùikzi fh ni hsgrmturi. Vcfcs hnncs puhfhk y fhbhk shr gclbmkifcs , fhsfh uk lirgc
grìtmgc, gck hn fmsgursc fh ni hsgrmturi gclc scgmcpcnìtmgi.

Hk prmlhr nueir, hxmsthk „hkacquhs aukgmckinhs“ quh cphrik gck uki vhrsm÷k nmlmtifi
fh nis vmsmckhs ighrgi fh ni hsgrmturi y fh su hkshùikzi quh iquì sh fhsgrmbhk. Hstcs hkacquhs
fh ni hkshùikzi fh ni hsgrmturi mlpnmgik hkshùir hk gckthxtcs rhinhs c smlunifcs, fckfh hn
íkaisms sh pckh hk ncerir lhtis scgminhs hsphgmamgis  ‗uki lhti hsphgmamgifi pcr ineuki
iutcrmfif, yi shi uk ohah, c mlpuhsti pcr ni burcgrigmi, lis quh uki lhti pirtmgunir fhn
hsgrmtcr-. Ncs hkacquhs aukgmckinhs c „smtuigmckinhs“ sh hkguhktrik hk ni acrligm÷k vcgigmckin,
quh prhpiri i ncs hstufmikths hk ncs rhquhrmlmhktcs fh ni hsgrmturi piri hn tribioc, c hk gurscs
quh prhpirik i sus inulkcs piri fhshlphùirsh hk aukgmckhs pirtmgunirhs hk nhkeuis
hxtrikohris. Hk hsth hkacquh, sh fi i ncs inulkcs gcksmekis fh hsgrmturi quh hsték smtuifis hk
uk gckthxtc pirtmgunir, y sh nhs hkshùi hxpnìgmtilhkth g÷lc gubrmr ncs rhquhrmlmhktcs fhn
lmslc.

Hstcs hkacquhs kc puhfhk ubmgirsh hk uki gismnni fhn guifrc prcpuhstc pcrquh
ibirgik fcs fmsgurscs (hkacquhs aukgmckinhs y fh nis dibmnmfifhs). Pcr uki pirth, sck pirth fhn
fmsgursc fh ni hsgrmturi gclc prégtmgi scgmin hk tiktc quh sh hkacgik hk trisghkfhr nis rhenis
nmkeþìstmgis y ncs pitrckhs fh hsgrmbmr „thxtcs“, prhstikfc ithkgm÷k tilbmík i nc aigtcrhs

gckthxtuinhs fhn „igtc“ fh hsgrmturi, tinhs gclc ncs tmhlpcs y hspigmcs fhn lmslc, qumík vi i
nhhr nc hsgrmtc, nis girigthrìstmgis hsphgìamgis fh ncs lithrminhs y thgkcnceìis quh sh utmnmzik, htg.
Phrc pcr ctri pirth, hstcs hkacquhs tmhkhk lugdc hk gclÿk gck hn fmsgursc fh nis dibmnmfifhs,
hk tiktc sh prhcgupik pcr prhpirir i ncs hstufmikths i gulpnmr gck lhtis fhamkmfis
hxthrkilhkth.

Ncs ctrcs fcs hkacquhs quh sh irtmgunik gck hsti vmsm÷k sck lhkcs prhsgrmptmvcs y
lhkcs acginmzifcs hk ni cbthkgm÷k fh lhtis aukgmckinhs hsphgìamgis. Ncs tmpcs fh hkacquhs quh
nnilc „gclukmgigm÷k gck prcp÷smtcs“ mkgnuyhk „hn hk a cquh
cquh gclukmgitmvc“ i ni hkshùikzi fh ni
nhkeui quh sh fhsirrcnnc i prmkgmpmcs fh ncs 40 hk cpcsmgm÷k i hkacquhs lis gckghktrifcs
gc kghktrifcs hk ni
acrli fh ncs thxtcs. Hn prmkgmpmc quh subyigh i hstcs hkacquhs hs quh ncs hstufmikths fhbhk
hstir mkvcnugrifcs, nc ikths pcsmbnh, hk igtmvmfifhs gck prcp÷smtcs, smtuifis hk uk gckthxtc,
quh rhqumhrhk fh ni hsgrmturi piri ncerir cbohtmvcs, suohtcs i tcfcs ncs aigtcrhs scgmcpcnìtmgcs
quh iahgtik ni hsgrmturi hk ni vmfi rhin. Hn piphn fhn fcghkth hs hn fh mfhktmamgir smtuigmckhs quh
 

99

gcktmhkhk uk intc erifc fh gclukmgigm÷k iuthktmgi, mkgnuyhkfc tcfi ni gclpnhomfif fh nis

prégtmgis fh hsgrmturi quh sh likmamhstik hk igtcs kiturinhs fh inaibhtmzigm÷k. Nis thgkcnceìis
fh ni mkacrligm÷k y ni gclukmgigm÷k prcvhhk kuhvis cpcrtukmfifhs fh gclukmgigm÷k iuthktmgi
i nirei fmstikgmi, quh rhqumhrhk mktrìkshgilhkth fh ni hsgrmturi.

Hn thrghr hkacquh mkghktmvi i ncs inulkcs i gckvhrtmrsh hk htk÷eriacs fh nis prégtmgis

fh inaibhtmzigm÷k
hstufmikths fh ukfhgckthxtc
ni gcksmeki hstufmirpirtmgunir
puk
irtmgunir hk pirtmgunir
gckthxtc hn quh nhs(uk
eu
eustirìi
stirìi
gursc pirtmgmpir. Wh uk
ukmvhrsmtirmc, nhs nueir
fi i fh
ncs
tribioc, uki creikmzigm÷k gclukmtirmi), cbshrvikfc y fcgulhktikfc nis prigtmgis y ncs thxtcs
quh sh utmnmzik idì, y ehkhrinmzikfc fhsfh hstcs fitcs quí hs nc tìpmgc fh hsh gckthxtc, y sm hs
pcsmbnh, hxpnmgir pcr quí nis gcsis sh dighk fh ni likhri hk quh sh dighk. Hsth hkacquh sh fi
lés hk ni hfugigm÷k suphrmcr, phrc puhfh shr ipnmgifc piri inulkcs fh tcfis nis hfifhs.
Iprhkfhk fmrhgtilhkth fhn prcghsc fh mkvhstmeigm÷k, fhsgubrmhkfc nis prégtmgis y ncs thxtcs
quh khghsmtirék prcfugmr, fh hohlpncs gnircs quh hnncs cbshrvi y rhgcehk.

Hk hsth fmsgursc, hn grmthrmc fh nc quh sh gcksmfhri uki buhki hsgrmturi hs ni hahgtmvmfif

y hn ingikgh fh lhtis scgminhs, quh s÷nc puhfhk vhrsh hk nis gckshguhkgmis fh ni hsgrmturi,
mkgnuyhkfc sus hahgtcs hk ctris phrsckis. Hk ni vmfi fmirmi, nis phrsckis sh prhcgupik s÷nc hk
fhthrlmkir hk quí lhfmfi sus hsgrmtcs smrvhk i sus prcp÷smtcs (quh mkgnuyhk fir uki buhki
mlprhsm÷k fh hnncs lmslcs i trivís fh ni prcnmomfif y ni gcrrhggm÷k fh ncs lmslcs), kc gck sus
prcpmcs oumgmcs ighrgi fh ni ginmfif fh ncs thxtcs. Hk uk gckthxtc hfugitmvc, smk hlbirec, ni
hahgtmvmfif hs uk grmthrmc fh hvinuigm÷k fmaìgmn fh mlpnhlhktir c guiktmamgir, yi quh ni liycrìi
fh nis hvinuigmckhs quh tclik ncs fcghkths c hxilmkifcrhs sh fik hk smtuigmckhs
fhsgckthxtuinmzifis. Hnncs ouzeirék uk hsgrmtc gclc „hahgtmvc“ sm liktmhkhk hn mkthrís fhn
nhgtcr y igtmvik su mliemkigm÷k (gclc hk hn fmsgursc fh ni grhitmvmfif), lés quh gcksmfhrikfc
ncs mkthrhshs scgminhs quh phrsmeuh. Hk gckshguhkgmi, ni „ hahgtmvmfif“ sh subcrfmki i ctrcs
grmthrmcs fh hvinuigm÷k phfie÷emgi. Hxmsthk, smk hlbirec, prégtmgis hvinuitmvis quh kc usik
lhfmfis gclpiritmvis c kcrlitmvis, y quh tclik hk guhkti ni vmsm÷k fhn hsgrmtcr: hstis sì
puhfhk thkhr hk guhkti hsth grmthrmc fh hvinuigm÷k.

Hsth fmsgursc sh girigthrmzi pcr sus rhahrhkgmis i igtcs, gckthxtcs, prcp÷smtcs y

prigtmgis, phrsckis, tmhlpcs, hspigmcs, nis thgkcnceìis y ncs rhgurscs lithrminhs fh ni hsgrmturi,
ni girigthrìstmgis vmsuinhs y aìsmgis fh ncs thxtcs.

Hn fmsgursc scgmcpcnìtmgc fh ni hsgrmturi.

Ehkhrinlhkth, sh hkguhktri hsth fmsgursc hk rhnigm÷k in ikthrmcr, y tilbmík sh

gckghktri hk hn gckthxtc fh hsgrmturi, phrc hkacgifc hk ncs isphgtcs lés ilpnmcs nmeifcs i ni
pcnìtmgi fhn gckthxtc. Wh bisi hk ni grhhkgmi fh quh ni hsgrmturi, gclc tcfc nhkeuioh, hs
lcnfhifc pcr auhrzis scgminhs y rhnigmckhs fh pcfhr, gcktrmbuyh i lcfhnir hsis auhrzis
scgminhs quh cphrirék hk hn auturc, y quh tmhkh gckshguhkgmis piri ni mfhktmfif fhn hsgrmtcr,
quh sh rhprhshkti hk sus thxtcs. (Mvikmg, 9==4). Hk hsti vmsm÷k, hsgrmbmr mlpnmgi likhoir

rhgurscs scgminlhkth gckstrumfcs, ncs fh „fmsgurscs“, quh rhprhshktik hn lukfc fh uki

likhri pirtmgunir, y ncs fh „eíkhrcs“ quh sck gckvhkgmckhs piri tmpcs pirtmgunirhs fh
 

92

mkthriggm÷k scgmin. Hstcs rhgurscs fmsgursmvcs y fh eíkhrc kc sck khutrinhs, smkc quh hsték
scgmcpcnìtmgilhkth hstrugturifcs hk uki acrli tin quh hn shktmfc gclÿk fhthrlmki ni
prhahrhkgmi fh ukc scbrh ncs ctrcs hk uk gckthxtc pirtmgunir, y hsi prhahrhkgmi sh gckfmgh
ehkhrinlhkth gck ncs mkthrhshs fh ncs erupcs scgminhs lés pcfhrcscs hk hsh gckthxtc. Nis
fhgmsmckhs tclifis pcr qumhkhs hsték hk pcsmgmckhs fh pcfhr mkanuyhk c mkgnusc fmgtik guénhs
sck ncs rhgurscs fh fmsgurscs c eíkhrcs gck ncs quh guhkti uk hsgrmtcr. Pcr nc tiktc, ncs
hsgrmtcrhs kc sck gclpnhtilhkth nmbrhs piri hnhemr g÷lc rhprhshktir hn lukfc y i sì lmslcs,
quí rcn scgmin isulmr, y g÷lc fmrmemrsh i sus nhgtcrhs, smkc quh hsték fhthrlmkifcs pcr hn
gckthxtc scgmcpcnìtmgc hk hn quh hsték hsgrmbmhkfc. Qhrsmckhs lcfhrkis fh hsth
„gckstruggmckmslc scgmin“ kc sck tik fhthrlmkikths gclc hsti. Mkgnuyhk uki vmsm÷k fhn
hsgrmtcr gclc uk iehkth scgmin, nmbrh fh hnhemr hktrh fmsgurscs y eíkhrcs quh kc sh prmvmnhemik
hk uk gckthxtc fifc, y fh lhzgnir rhgurscs, prcfugmhkfc thxtcs y prégtmgis dhthrceíkhis y kc
gckacrlmstis, quh sh hkarhktik i kcrlis y gckvhkgmckhs. Fh hsti likhri, uk hsgrmtcr puhfh
igtuir rhsmstmhkfc y cpckmíkfcsh in stitu quc, y gcktrmbuyhkfc tilbmík in gilbmc scgmin y fh
fmsgursc.

Iprhkfhr i hsgrmbmr, sheÿk hsti nìkhi, fhbh mkgnumr hn fhsirrcnnc fh uki gckgmhkgmi
grìtmgi fh pcr quí ncs fmsgurscs y eíkhrcs pirtmgunirhs sck gclc sck? ncs aigtcrhs dmst÷rmgcs y
pcnìtmgcs quh ncs lcnfhirck y lcnfhirck ncs pitrckhs fh prmvmnhemc hktrh hnncs. Hstis
guhstmckhs fhbhk shr iprhkfmfis, piri quh ncs hsgrmtcrhs hktmhkfik nis gckshguhkgmis fh
hsgrmbmr fh uki likhri ikths quh fh ctri, pirtmgmpikfc hk uk fmsgursc c eíkhrc pirtmgunir.
Iprhkfhr i hsgrmbmr smk thkhr hk guhkti hsti fmlhksm÷k grìtmgi shrìi mkifhguifi y prcphksi i
prcfugmr uk gckacrlmslc igrìtmgc quh mré hk fhtrmlhktc fhn hsgrmtcr y/c fh iquhnncs i, piri c
scbrh qumhkhs
qumhkhs ín hsgrmbh.
hsgrmbh.

Hsti pcsturi mlpnmgi ni hkshùikzi hxpnmgmti fh nis hxpnmgigmckhs y gckshguhkgmis

scgmcpcnìtmgis, gclc sh fhsirrcnnik hk ncs hkacquhs gckcgmfcs gclc „Inaibhtmzigm÷k grìtmgi“ c
„Gckgmhkgmi grìtmgi fhn nhkeuioh“. Hstcs hkshùik
hkshùik i mfhktmamgir g÷lc nis pirtmgunirmfifhs
nmkeþìstmgis y nis hnhggmckhs shlm÷tmgis pcsmgmckik i hsgrmtcrhs y nhgtcrhs hk tírlmkcs fh sus
vmsmckhs fh lukfc, rcnhs y rhnigmckhs scgminhs. Ni hnhggm÷k fh pinibris iahgti ni rhprhshktigm÷k
fh ni rhinmfif scgmin, tmhkh gckshguhkgmis hk ni mfhktmfif fhn hsgrmtcr y hk g÷lc sh gckstruyh ni
rhnigm÷k hsgrmtcr-nhgtcr. Hstcs hkacquhs dik smfc fmaukfmfcs ilpnmilhkth hk ncs =0, y
rhgmhkthlhkth dik smfc guhstmckifcs pcr prmvmnhemir uk lcfc pirtmgunir fh ni rigmckinmfif
grìtmgi smk ithkfhr suamgmhkthlhkth i nis thksmckhs fmin÷emgis mkdhrhkths i ni hsgrmturi (Nmnnms,
2007) c i guhstmckhs fh iahgtc c fhshcs (Oikjs, 2002).

Ni Inaibhtmzigm÷k grìtmgi puhfh shr hkshùifi gclc uk thli auhri fhn gurrìgunc, c
iscgmifi i ctrcs hkacquhs phfie÷emgcs, ierheikfc y fikfc bishs i nis hxpnmgigmckhs
scgmcpcnìtmgis y sus gckshguhkgmis
gckshguhkgmis hk nis prégtmgis
prégtmgis scgminhs. Hsth hkacquh
hkacquh tilbmík
tilbmík
gclpnhlhkti iquhnncs hk ncs quh sh mkgmti i ncs inulkcs i gckvhrtmrsh hk htk÷eriacs fh nis
prégtmgis fh inaibhtmzigm÷k, pisikfc fh ehkhrinmzigmckhs scbrh gckthxtcs gunturinhs i
hxpnmgigmckhs scgmcpcnìtmgis, prcpckmhkfc inthrkitmvis quh rhprhshkthk lhocr ncs mkthrhshs fh
ncs erupcs scgminhs lhkcs prmvmnhemifcs. Xki inaibhtmzigm÷k grìtmgi fhbhré mkgnumr uki

mkvhstmeigm÷k ighrgi fh nc quh sh gcksmfhri „hsgrmbmr“ hk gckthxtcs scgminhs hsphgìamgcs?

mfhktmamgikfc gifi fmsgursc.
 

97

Ni kcgm÷k fh hvinuigm÷k hs ni iktìthsms fh hsth fmsgursc, yi quh guinqumhr oumgmc ighrgi

fh nc quh sh gcksmfhri buhki hsgrmturi hs hxilmkifc grìtmgilhkth, fhshktriùikfc nis
rhnigmckhs fh pcfhr quh subyighk i ín piri mfhktmamgir fh qumík/hs sck ncs mkthrhshs quh
ipcyik hsh grmthrmc fh hvinuigm÷k. Wmk hlbirec, hxmsth qumzés uk grmthrmc tégmtc fh hvinuigm÷k
quh gcksmfhri quh ni hsgrmturi puhfh shr ouzeifi hk tiktc tribioh piri likthkhr ni meuinfif
hktrh ncs pirtmgmpikths fh ni gclukmgigm÷k hsgrmti, y isulh rhspcksibmnmfif scgmin pcr hn lcfc
hk hn quh uk igtcr scgmin sh rhprhshkti gck hnni: hsth grmthrmc kc puhfh shr mkgcrpcrifc hk uk
hsquhli fh ginmamgigmckhs, pcrquh hs mkdhrhkthlhkth subohtmvc.

Hsth fmsgursc sh girigthrmzi pcr sus rhahrhkgmis i ni pcnìtmgi, pcfhr, scgmhfif, mfhcnceìi,
rhprhshktigm÷k, mfhktmfif, iggm÷k scgmin y gilbmc scgmin, i ni phfieceìi hxpnìgmti quh sh
fhsgrmbh iquì, y i ni pcsturi grìtmgi digmi ni hvinuigm÷k. Nis prégtmgis phfie÷emgis quh acrlik
pirth fh hsth fmsgursc puhfhk shr fhshstmlifis pcr shr „pcnìtmgis“ h „ mfhcn÷emgis“, gclc sm
ineuki prégtmgi kc nc auhri.

Hn Khw Nckfck Ercup  (9==1) prcpckh uki phfieceìi fh guitrc pirths hk ni quh
mktheri ni „Gclukmgigm÷k gck prcp÷smtcs“ gck ni „Inaibhtmzigm÷k Grìtmgi“,   i trivís fh nc quh
nnilik uk „hkguifrh grìtmgc“, rhnigmckikfc ni gckgmhkgmi gck ni prégtmgi. Wcstmhkhk quh ni
gckgmhkgmi ibrh kuhvis pcsmbmnmfifhs piri ni prégtmgi. Hsti prcpuhsti, nnilifi „Xk vmsm÷k
grìtmgi fh ni inaibhtmzigm÷k“ mkgnuyh? 

9.  Fhsirrcnnc fhn fclmkmc fh nis prégtmgis fh hsgrmturi i trivís fh ni mklhrsm÷k hk

9. 
prégtmgis iutíktmgilhkth gckthxtuinmzifis.
2.  Gckgmhkgmi y hkthkfmlmhktc fh hsis prégtmgis i trivís fh ni mkstruggm÷k likmamhsti
2. 
(hxpnìgmti).
7.  Gipigmfif fh gcksmfhrir
7.  gcksmfhrir hsis prégtmgis
prégtmgis gclc scgminlhkth pirtmgunirhs
pirtmgunirhs y rhinmfifhs
rhinmfifhs
pirgminhs fh hktrh uk rikec lés ilpnmc fh pcsmbmnmfifhs i trivís fhn hkguifrh grìtmgc.
6.  Prégtmgi triksacrlifi, hxphrmlhktigm÷k gck kuhvis prégtmgis scbrh nis quh sh di
6. 
rhanhxmckifc, i trivís fh ni hkshùikzi likmamhsti y hn hkguifrh grìtmgc.

Fhsirrcnnc y ipnmgigm÷k fhn lirgc fh ikénmsms.

Ncs shms fmsgurscs fh ni hsgrmturi y fh su hkshùikzi mfhktmamgifcs iquì puhfhk shr

ifiptifcs piri rhahrmrsh tilbmík i ni nhgturi y su hkshùikzi, c piri rhahrmrsh i ni
inaibhtmzigm÷k hk fckfh ni hsgrmturi y ni nhgturi hsték mktherifis. Vilbmík puhfhk hxmstmr ctrcs
fmsgurscs quh shik rhnhvikths piri ni phfieceìi fh ni hsgrmturi, pcr hohlpnc, ineukcs quh sh
hkacquhk hk ncs aigtcrhs iahgtmvcs. Hn lirgc fh ikénmsms, ifhlés, khghsmti shr hxthkfmfc piri
gcksmfhrir grhhkgmis scbrh ni hsgrmturi y scbrh sus prégtmgis phfie÷emgis hk gckthxtcs
gunturinhs quh trisgmhkfik ncs piìshs iken÷ackcs
iken÷ ackcs hk ncs quh bisí lm mkvhstmeigm÷k.

Ineukcs mkvhstmeifcrhs suphrvmsifcs pcr lì hsték fhsgubrmhkfc quh hn lirgc

prcpuhstc puhfh aukgmckir gclc uki dhrrilmhkti ikinìtmgi piri gcfmamgir fitcs fh hktrhvmstis
hk nis quh ncs fcghkths fh ni hsgrmturi dibnik scbrh sus prégtmgis, y piri gcfmamgir fitcs
cbshrvigmckinhs scbrh nis prégtmgis phfie÷emgis fh hscs fcghkths. Nc quh hsték fhsgubrmhkfc
 

96

hs quh nis phrsckis mkvhstmeifis sh luhvhk dhthrceíkhilhkth hktrh hstcs shms fmsgurscs, hk
likhris hk nis quh ineukis vhghs rhsuhnvhk, ctris liktmhkhk, nis thksmckhs y gcktrifmggmckhs
hktrh hnncs.

³Digmi uki phfieceìi gclprhksmvi fh ni hkshùikzi fh ni hsgrmturi3

Lm prmkgmpin iamrligm÷k hs quh hsth lirgc fh ikénmsms hs uki dhrrilmhkti fh

mkvhstmeigm÷k ÿtmn piri fmstmkeumr hktrh ncs fmahrhkths fmsgurscs fh ni hsgrmturi, gifi ukc fh hnncs
gckstmtumfc pcr vmsmckhs pirtmgunirhs ighrgi fh ni kiturinhzi fh ni hsgrmturi y fh su iprhkfmzioh,
acrlis hsphgìamgis fh dibnir ighrgi fh ni hsgrmturi, y prégtmgis phfie÷emgis y acrlis fh
hvinuigm÷k hsphgìamgis. Vhxtcs rhinhs, gurrìguncs rhinhs, phrsckis hsgrmbmhkfc c dibnikfc scbrh
inaibhtmzigm÷k, y prigtmgis phfie÷emgis cbshrvibnhs puhfhk rhprhshktir ukc fh hstcs
fmsgurscs, c puhfhk shr rhprhshktigmckhs dìbrmfis fh fcs c lés fh hnncs.

Ni rhprhshktigm÷k fhn nhkeuioh luntmgipis puhfh shr ni bish piri mliemkir uki
phfieceìi fh ni hsgrmturi dcnìstmgi y gclprhksmvi. Hk hnni, hn thxtc hsgrmtc, hn prcghsc fh
hsgrmturi, hn igtc fh hsgrmturi y hn gckthxtc scgmcpcnìtmgc fhn lmslc shrìik gcksmfhrifcs gclc
mktrìkshgilhkth mkthrrhnigmckifcs. Iprhkfhr i hsgrmbmr shrìi hktckghs ni gclprhksm÷k fh nis
guitrc gipis.

Xki acrli gclprhksmvi fh ibcrfir ni phfieceìi fh ni hsgrmturi gclbmkiré hnhlhktcs

fh ncs shms fmstmktcs hkacquhs prhshktifcs piri ipnmgirncs hk ni hkshùikzi y ni hvinuigm÷k fh ni
hsgrmturi, iukquh uk fcghkth quh mkthkth hsi mktherigm÷k fhbhré iarcktir ineukis thksmckhs y
gcktrifmggmckhs, gclc yi fmomlcs. Ni vmsm÷k fhn nhkeuioh luntmgipis mlpnmgi ni pcsmbmnmfif fh
uki phfieceìi lés gclprhksmvi quh iquhnnis iscgmifis i uk fmsgursc pirtmgunir.

Xk hohlpnc fh prégtmgi quh tmhkh hk guhkti tcfcs ncs fmsgurscs hs bisir uki shrmh fh
nhggmckhs scbrh uki igtmvmfif smlunifi quh rhqumhri hsgrmbmr bioc fhlikfis y rhstrmggmckhs
rhinhs. Hsti igtmvmfif pcfrìi hstir prhghfmfi pcr uki mkvhstmeigm÷k scbrh hn rcn fh ni hsgrmturi
hk ni smtuigm÷k fifi. Pcfrìik pnikthirsh fmsgusmckhs scbrh ncs aigtcrhs scgmcpcnìtmgcs quh

igtÿik hk hsh hsghkirmc, scbrh ncs eíkhrcs quh sh usik y g÷lc sh triksacrlik hk hn prcghsc,
scbrh ncs prcghscs lhktinhs y fh ncs prcghfmlmhktcs fh gclpcsmgm÷k quh cphrik hk ni
hsgrmturi, scbrh ni kiturinhzi fh ni grhitmvmfif hk ni hsgrmturi y amkinlhkth, scbrh ncs thlis fh
ni prhgmsm÷k y gcrrhggm÷k quh mlpnmgi uk thxtc, y g÷lc sh rhsuhnvhk hstcs. Fh likhri lés
rhinmsti, nis shguhkgmis fh hkshùikzi hsphgìamgis puhfhk mktherir fcs c lés hkacquhs,
lmhktris quh uk gurrìgunc puhfh gclprhkfhrncs i tcfcs.

Diy gcktrifmggmckhs mkdhrhkths hktrh, pcr hohlpnc, ni vmsm÷k fh ni hsgrmturi gclc uk

prcfugtc fhsgckthxtuinmzifc fh ni grhitmvmfif fh uk iutcr y ni vmsm÷k fh ni hsgrmturi gclc
gclukmgigm÷k gck prcp÷smtcs hk uk gckthxtc scgmin, phrc hsc kc mlpnmgi quh uk fcghkth
fhbhré gcksmfhrir ni hsgrmturi sheÿk uki u ctri vmsm÷k, smkc quh ilbis fhbhk shr
gclprhkfmfis y ibcrfifis thkmhkfc hk guhkti ni ctri. Wh tmhkfh i shpirir ncs fmsgurscs,
suemhrc, smeumhkfc mkthrhshs quh busgik prmvmnhemir ukc scbrh ctrcs? ncs mkthrhshs fh iquhnncs
quh hsték hk pcsmgm÷k fh cbthkhr rífmtc pcnìtmgc c gclhrgmin i trivís fh nc gilbmcs hk ncs
 

98

gurrìguncs, ni mktrcfuggm÷k fh kuhvcs lithrminhs phfie÷emgcs, c ni ifcpgm÷k fh uki pcsturi

thcrítmgi scbrh ctri. Ncs fcghkths hsték luy i ni lhrghf fh hstis auhrzis, phrc tmhkhk ni
nmbhrtif mkthnhgtuin fh shr gcksgmhkths fhn lcfc hk quh hstis auhrzis prmvmnhemik uk fmsgursc i
hxphksis fh ctrcs, y gclphksir hstc, sm auhri pcsmbnh. Gck ni mkthkgm÷k fh lixmlmzir nc quh
carhghk i ncs hstufmikths, suemhrc quh ncs fcghkths puhfhk bhkhamgmirsh fh shr gcksgmhkths fh
ni hxmsthkgmi fh hstcs shms fmsgurscs y fh nis prégtmgis phfie÷emgis iscgmifis i hnncs, y fh
rhgckcghr bioc quí fmsgursc sh inmkhik.
 

FMWGXRWCW FH NI HWGRMVXRI. Mvikmg (2006).- 91

Fmsgurscs Gipi hk ame. Gckghptcs scbrh ni hsgrmturi Gckghptcs scbrh hn iprhkfmzioh fh ni Hkacquh fh ni hkshùikzi Grmthrmc fh
9 hsgrmturi fh ni hsgrmturi vincrigm÷k
9. Dibmnmfifhs Vhxtc hsgrmtc Ipnmgigm÷k fh gckcgmlmhktcs Iprhkfhr ni rhnigm÷k hktrh DIBMNMFIFHW, hkshùikzi Prhgmsm÷k
scbrh ni rhnigm÷k hktrh sckmfc/sìlbcnc
sckmfc/sìlbcn c y ncs lcfhncs fh hxpnìgmti fh ni ackítmgi
sckmfc/sìlbcnc
sckmfc/sìlbcn c y ni smktixms smktixms
piri grhir uk thxtc
2.Grhitmvmfif Vhxtc hsgrmtc Ni hsgrmturi hs prcfugtc fh ni Wh iprhkfh i hsgrmbmr hsgrmbmhkfc IXVC-HTPRHWMCK Gckthkmfc
Prcghscs grhitmvmfif fhn iutcr ighrgi fh thlis fhn mkthrís pirtmgunir GRHIVMQI, hkshùikzi mkthrhsikth y
lhktinhs fh gifi iutcr mlpnìgmti fhn „nhkeuioh hstmnc
tctin“ y ni „hxphrmhkgmi fhn
nhkeuioh“ 
7. Prcghsc Prcghscs Prcghscs fh gclpcsmgm÷k hk ni Iprhkfhr ncs prcghscs lhktinhs y ncs PRCGHWC, hkshùikzi 3

lhktinhs
Igtc lhkth fhn hsgrmtcr
rhinmzigm÷k prégtmgiy su prcghscs prégtmgcs
gclpcsmgm÷k fh uk mlpnmgifcs
thxtc hk ni hxpnìgmti fhn lmslc
6. Eíkhrc Igtc Vmpcs thxtuinhs lcfhnifcs pcr Iprhkfhr nis girigthrìstmgis fh EHKHRCW, hkshùikzi Phrtmkhkgmi,
hn gckthxtc scgmin fmstmktcs tmpcs fh thxtcs, quh tmhkhk hxpnìgmti fh ncs lmslcs ifhguigm÷k
prcp÷smtcs hsphgìamgcs y sck
ipnmgibnhs i gckthxtcs hsphgìamgcs
8. Prégtmgis Igtc Gclukmgigm÷k gck uk prcp÷smtc Wh iprhkfh i hsgrmbmr hsgrmbmhkfc hk AXKGMCKIN (hxpnìgmtc), Hahgtmvmfif
scgminhs fhthrlmkifc, hk uk gckthxtc gckthxtcs rhinhs , gck prcp÷smtcs GCLXKMGIGM×K GCK sheÿk hn
scgmin rhinhs fh gclukmgigm÷k PRCP×WMVCW HWPHGÌAMGCW prcp÷smtc
(mlpnìgmtc „nhkeuioh prcpuhstc
gclukmgitmvc“) ,
INXLKCW GCLC
HVK×ERIACW
(mkvhstmeigm÷k)
1. Fmsgursc Gckthxtc Ni hsgrmturi hs uki prégtmgi Iprhkfhr i hsgrmbmr mkgnuyh INAIBHVM_IGMCK GRMVMGI, Rhspcksibmnmfif
scgmcpcnìtmgc scgmcpcnìtmgc scgmcpcnìtmgilhkth
scgmcpcnìtmgilhkth gckstrumfi, gclprhkfhr pcr quí ncs fmahrhkths hkshùikzi hxpnìgmti fh ni scgmin3
y gunturin gck gckshguhkgmis hk ni tmpcs fh hsgrmturi sck fhn lcfc quh „gckgmhkgmi grìtmgi fhn
mfhktmfif, ibmhrti piri ni sck, y tclir pirtmfc hktrh nis nhkeuioh“ 
cpcsmgm÷k y hn gilbmc inthrkitmvis

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