Zmg `j egs tjnas ahtuaejs quj ba traî`g oram`js kmqukjtu`js jm ea sghkj`a`, js je bjhbg
`j quj je Hgmorjsksta `j ea \jp
\jpôlekha,
ôlekha, Dgbam Iegrjs Ykeejo
Ykeejoas
as prjsjmtara je Vrgyjhtg `j
Ejy ?;86/<6<6-H\, quj peamtja ng`kikhar ea Ejy Zmkvjrsktarka (Ejy
( Ejy 86<<6)
86<<6) para quj
`jtjrnkmar je kmorjsg eklrj `j egs jstu`kamtjs a eas umkvjrsk`a`js j kmstktutgs supjrkgrjs
 pôlekhgs , aejoam`g quj je ômkhg ikm sjrka oaramtkzar ea hgmtkmuk`a` j`uhatkva y je

`jrjhbg hgmstktuhkgmae a uma j`uhahkøm supjrkgr `j haek`a`.

Jmtgmhjs, sj bam k`g ojmjram`g `kvjrsas gpkmkgmjs y hujstkgmjs `j ea hku`a`amîa
 pjruama hgm rjspjhtg ae njmhkgma`g prgyjhtg3 ya quj sj hgmsk`jra quj jm ea ahtuaek`a`
je kmorjsg a eas umkvjrsk`a`js js eklrj, pjrg sj `jsarrgeea `j namjra njrktghrátkha, y je
―jeknkmar„ je jxanjm `j a`nkskøm mg sjrka pgsklej `jlk`g a eas hgm`khkgmjs ahtuaejs `j
mu
mujs
jstr
trgg sk
skst
stjn
jnaa j`uh
j`uhat
atkv
kvg.
g. [ sg
sgeg
eg hgm
hgm hanl
hanlka
karr eg
egss ar
artî
tîhu
hueg
egss ;? y ;2 `j ea Ejy
Ejy
Zmkvjrsktarka, quj sjñaeam quj je prghjsg `j a`nkskøm a eas umkvjrsk`a`js pôlekhas sj
rjae
rjaekz
kzaa nj
nj`k
`kam
amtj
tj hgmh
hgmhur
ursg
sg pô
pôle
lekh
khg,
g, js `j
`jhk
hkrr a tr
trav
avës
ës `j um
umaa jv
jvae
aeua
uahk
hkøm
øm `j
hgmghknkjmtgs, aptktu`js y ahtktu`js rjaekza`a a tg`gs egs aspkramtjs a rjsjrvar uma
vahamtj para su kmorjsg a ea umkvjrsk`a` `j su jejhhkøm, mg sjrîa mjhjsarkg para pg`jr 
knpejnjmtar `khba pgeîtkha j`uhatkva `jlk`g a egs `kvjrsgs kmhgmvjmkjmtj
kmhgmvjmkjmtjss quj sj a oram
nj`k`a jm mujstra sghkj`a`.

Vgr eg quj, jm tae sjmtk`g, para aeoumas pjrsgmas, ea prgpujsta rjaekza`a sjrîa kmvkalej jm
ea práhtkha, ya quj sj hgmsk`jra quj jxkstkrîa aprgxkna`anjmtj 1‛696,6?2 jstu`kamtjs
umkvjr
umkvjrskt
sktark
arkgs
gs (KMJK.
(KMJK. <61
<612),
2), jm `gm
`gm`j
`j ah
ahjrh
jrhaa `j
`jee 81% jst
jstu`k
u`kam
am jm umkvj
umkvjrsk
rsk`a`
`a`js
js
 pôlekhas, pgr eg quj sj jstkna quj ae baljrsj prjsjmta`g je njmhkgma`g prgyjhtg `j ejy
jmtgmh
jmtgmhjs
js sj `upekh
`upekharî
arîaa ea ha
hamtk
mtk`a
`a`` `j kmt
kmtjrj
jrjsa`
sa`gs
gs jm kmorjs
kmorjsar
ar a eas umk
umkvj
vjrsk
rsk`a`
`a`js
js
 pôlekhas3 y je prglejna rjhajrîa jm quj eas umkvjrsk`a`js tkjmjm rjhursgs j
kmirajstruhturas eknkta`as para atjm`jr ea oram `jnam`a, y jm tae sjmtk`g hgng eg
njmhkgmø je jspjhkaeksta jm pgeîtkhas `j J`uhahkøm Xupjrkgr, Dgroj Ngrk Yaejmzujea,
―jsta prgpujsta aôm tkjmj quj sjr aprgla`a y hgmtar hgm um  prjsupujstg a`khkgmae
quj vkjmj skjm`g hggr`kma`g hgm je Nkmkstjrkg `j Jhgmgnîa y Ikmamzas (NJI) y eas
umkvjrsk`a`js pôlekhas,
pôlekhas, pujs sj rjqukjrj um ikmamhkankjmtg jspjhkae. Vgr um ea`g, `ksjña
y ikmamhka egs njhamksngs `j ahhjsg para egs jstu`kamtjs quj qukjrjm kmorjsar a ea
j`uhahkøm supjrkgr, pjrg, pgr gtrg ea`g, tanlkëm tkjmjs quj ikmamhkar nás vahamtjs a eas
umkvjrsk`a`js pôlekhas hgm um ikmamhkankjmtg quj ejs pjrnkta namtjmjr g njdgrar eas
hgm`khkgmjs `j haek`a` quj ahtuaenjmtj tkjmjm„ (Je
( Je Vjruamg, <6<1)
 

A`jnás, gtrg sjhtgr `j ea pgleahkøm hgmsk`jra quj eas jvaeuahkgmjs `j kmorjsg sgm um
iketrg mjhjsarkg para eknktar je vgeunjm `j aeunmgs quj, tamtg umkvjrsk`a`js pôlekhas
hgngg prk
hgn prkva`
va`as,
as, puj`jm
puj`jm atjm`j
atjm`jr,
r, pgr
pgr eg quj jek
jeknkm
nkmar
ar jsj
jsj rjquks
rjquksktg
ktg pjrnkt
pjrnktkrîa
krîa qu
qujj
huaequkjra puj`a jxkokr igrnar partj `j uma hasa `j jstu`kgs a pjsar `j quj puj`a mg
tjmjr eas aptktu`js y hgmghknkjmtgs nîmkngs mjhjsarkgs, eg quj aijhtarîa mg sgeg
njrktghrahka, skmg tanlkëm egs rjhursgs (iîskhgs, tjhmgeøokhgs y `j pjrsgmae) para ea
atjmhkøm a`jhua`a `j egs aeunmgs.

Xj pg`rîa njmhkgmar tanlkëm quj anpekar je ahhjsg a ea j`uhahkøm umkvjrsktarka mg

asjoura njdgrjs hgm`khkgmjs ealgraejs g jhgmønkhas para mujstrgs døvjmjs. Vgrquj
hgng rjhgr`angs, jm je sjoum`g trknjstrj `je <6<6, ea tasa `j `jsjnpejg duvjmke
aehamzø je 18.<% y jm jsj nksng pjrkg`g, sgeg jm Ekna Njtrgpgektama, sj pjr`kjrgm
nás `j 966 nke jnpejgs duvjmkejs, pgr eg quj ae tjmjr naygr hamtk`a` `j jorjsa`gs eas

 pgsklkek`a`js `j quj jstgs jmhujmtrjm um jnpejg sjrkam ha`a vjz njmgrjs, y hgm jeeg
sgeg sj tjm`rîa um rjtrghjsg a mkvje jhgmønkhg y sghkae3 pujs sj `jlj tjmjr jm hujmta
tanlkëm, quj sjoôm hkiras `je Vgrtae Vgmtj jm Harrjra, egs suje`gs prgnj`kg `j egs
jorjsa`gs `j eas `kijrjmtjs harrjras balîam `jhrjhk`g um 1:% jm prgnj`kg jm <61;, hgm
eg quj sj sktualam jm mkvjejs `j añgs amtjrkgrjs, `jlk`g ae jmirkankjmtg `j ea jhgmgnîa
y ea naygr gijrta `j prgijskgmaejs jm nuhbas harrjras umkvjrsktarkas (HGNJRVJ\Ô,
<6<1),
<6<1), pgr eg quj jm hgmheuskøm,
hgmheuskøm, je njrha`g
njrha`g `j trala
traladg
dg tanpghg jstá prjpara
prjpara`g
`g para
alsgrljr ea gijrta `j tg`gs egs iuturgs prgijskgmaejs quj kmorjsjm.

\jijrjmhkas4
 

Je Vjruamg. (12 `j aogstg `j <6<1). Nkmj`u4 Kmorjsg eklrj a eas umkvjrsk`a`js sjrá
ora`uae y ighaekza`a. Gltjmk`g `j4 bttps4//jepjruamg.pj/mgtkhka/1<9208-nkmj`u-kmorjsg-
eklrj-a-umkvjrsk`a`js-sjra-ora`uae-y-ighaekza`a

KMJK (<612). J`uhahkøm Zmkvjrsktarka. Gltjmk`g `j4

bttp4//n.kmjk.ogl.pj
bttp4//n.kmjk.ogl.pj/jsta`kstkhas/km`khj
/jsta`kstkhas/km`khj-tjnatkhg/umkvjrskty-tuktkgm/
-tjnatkhg/umkvjrskty-tuktkgm/  

HGNJRVJ\Z (69 `j aogstg `j <6<1). ·Js vkalej je kmorjsg ―eklrj„ a mujstras

umkvjrsk`a`js Vôlekhas7. Gltjmk`g `j4 bttps4//www.hgnjxpjru.gro.pj/jm/artkhueg/js-
vkalej-je-%J<%26%;Hkmorjsg-eklrj%J<%2
vkalej-je-%J<%26%;Hkmorjsg-eklrj%J<%26%;@-a-mujstras-umkvj
6%;@-a-mujstras-umkvjrsk`a`js-pulekha
rsk`a`js-pulekhass 

Aqukmg, L. (s.i.) Xktuahkøm `je Xkstjna Zmkvjrsktarkg Vjruamg. J`uhahkøm ae iuturg.

Gltjmk`g `j4 bttps4//j`uhah
bttps4//j`uhahkgmaeiuturg.hgn/mgtkhka
kgmaeiuturg.hgn/mgtkhkas/rjoueam`g-ea-haek`a`
s/rjoueam`g-ea-haek`a`-jm-ea-
-jm-ea-
hamtk`a`-sktuahkgm-`je-skstjna-umkvjrsktarkg-pjruamg/  
hamtk`a`-sktuahkgm-`je-skstjna-umkvjrsktarkg-pjruamg/