IT2

Inglés técnico 2
Unidad 1 Clase 2

THERE IS / THERE ARE (forma

Gabriela Salto impersonal del verbo haber)
Módulo didáctico
Al finalizar la clase de hoy ya
podrás entender:
| La forma impersonal del verbo
haber (there is, there are) de modo
afirmativo, negativo e interrogativo.
tehere are

| El pasado simple del verbo “to be”

en su forma afirmativa, negativa e
tehre is

interrogativa.
| La estructura en pasado del verbo
there is/there are (there was/there
were).
 There is, there are: estructuras
que denotan existencia
¡Bienvenidos al segundo encuentro con IT2!
Hoy trabajaremos con there is / there are (que
se traducen como hay). Estas son estructuras
que denotan existencia y responden a la forma
impersonal del verbo haber.
Los temas que abordaremos son los siguientes:
| La estructura there is que es la que se emplea con
Además trabajaremos con el pasado simple del
verbo to be, también en su forma afirmativa,
negativa e interrogativa.
Finalmente, estudiaremos el pasado del verbo there
is / there are cuya estructura es there was / there
were y que se traduce como hubo o había.

sustantivos incontables o con sustantivos contables
2
en singular, en su forma afirmativa, negativa e
interrogativa.
| La estructura there are empleada con sustantivos
Recuerden ir realizando los ejercicios que les
proponemos ya que les ayudarán a terminar de
comprender el funcionamiento de estas estructuras.

contables en plural en su forma afirmativa, negativa Good Luck!

e interrogativa.
 Hello, hello! How are you today? Vamos a comenzar
con nuestra segunda clase. Es bueno aclarar que
para aprender cualquier idoma es necesario ir
comprendiendo paso a paso los contenidos, porque
estos son acumulativos y se retoman de una clase a la
siguiente.

Is there
There is a book willingness to
of English. learn?

No Dice: “Hay un libro de

entiendo ingles” “¿hay ganas de
nada… aprenderlo?” Para comprender estas
oraciones vamos a estudiar las
páginas siguientes, hacé los
ejercicios y cuando vuelvas a
releer ya las entenderás.
 There is, there are

Usamos esta estructura para denotar existencia. Es la

forma impersonal del verbo haber.
Traducimos THERE IS y THERE ARE como HAY.

| Usamos THERE IS con | Usamos THERE

sustantivos contables ARE con sustantivos
4
en el singular y con contables en el plural.
sustantivos incontables.

Observemos los siguientes esquemas:

 THERE IS

Afirmativo

Estructura Artículo Objeto Traducción

There is a printer. Hay una impresora.

Adjetivo
some Hay algo de información.
There is little Hay poca información.
a lot of Information. Hay mucha información.
more Hay más información.

Negativo

Estructura Adverbio Artículo Objeto Traducción

5
There is not a printer. No hay una impresora.
Adjetivo
There is not any information. No hay nada de información.
much No hay mucha información.
 OBSERVEN:
| También podemos formar el negativo utilizando :
NO + SUSTANTIVO
Ejemplo:

There is no information No hay información

in this chapter. en este capítulo.

Interrogativo

Estructura Artículo Objeto Traducción

Is there a printer? ¿Hay una impresora?

Adjetivo
Is there any information? ¿Hay algo de información?
6
more ¿Hay más información?
 THERE ARE

Afirmativo

Estructura Adjetivo Objeto Traducción

There are many input and output Hay muchos dispositivos de entrada y salida.
several devices. Hay varios dispositivos de entrada y salida.
some Hay algunos dispositivos de entrada y salida.
a lot of Hay muchos dispositivos de entrada y salida.
(a) few Hay unos cuantos dispositivos de entrada y salida.

Negativo

Estructura Adverbio Adjetivo Objeto Traducción

There are not any input and output No hay ningún dispositivo de entrada y salida.
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many devices. No hay muchos dispositivos de entrada y salida.
a lot of No hay muchos dispositivos de entrada y salida.
 OBSERVEN:
| También podemos formar el negativo utilizando :
NO + SUSTANTIVO

Ejemplo:

There are no input and No hay dispositivos de

output devices entrada y salida.

Interrogativo

Estructura Adjetivo Objeto Traducción

Are there any input and output ¿Hay algunos dispositivos de entrada y salida?
many devices? ¿Hay muchos dispositivos de entrada y salida?
several ¿Hay varios dispositivos de entrada y salida?
8
 Desempeño 4
Realicen la traducción del siguiente texto y subraye las
formas there is/are:
Optical fibre cable maintenance support, monitoring
and testing system for optical fibre cable networks
carrying high total optical power
System requirements for optical fibre cable
9
maintenance systems for optical fiber cable carrying
high total optical power
There are two kinds of safety issue as regards optical
fibre cable carrying a high total optical power.One
is human safety, and this problem relates to the
exposure of eyes or skin to high power light.The other
is component safety when there is a high power light
input. There are several fibre-optic components in
optical fibre cable maintenance systems for optical
fibre cable carrying a high total optical power. When
the components have a larger optical loss than
usual, this may pose a fire-hazard in the worst case.
It is important for optical fibre cable maintenance
systems to be able to detect faults in optical fibre
cable networks, because this makes it possible for
network operators or physical plant to avoid dangerous
situations. There are several ways to implement
maintenance functions: OTDR testing for optical
fibre cable, optical loss testing and the optical power
monitoring of optical signal or pump power using OPM.
 Therefore, optical fibre cable maintenance systems
must have optical branching devices for test light
insertion (e.g., an optical coupler).
FUNCTION POINTS AT NIELSEN
Nielsen Media used function point analysis (FPA) for
an upgrade to the Global Sample Management System
(GSMS) for Nielsen Media/NetRatings, which keeps
track of the Internet rating sample, a group of 40,000
homes nationwide that volunteer to participate in
ongoing ratings.
In late fall of 1998, Nielsen Media did an FP count
based on the current GSMS. (FPA is always easier and
10
more accurate when there is an existing system.)
Nielsen Media had its counters—three quality
assurance staff—do their FPA, and then input their
count into Knowledge-Plan, a productivity modeling
tool. In early 1999, seven programmers began writing
code for the system, which they were expected to
complete in 10 months. As November approached, the
project was adding staff to try to meet the deadline.
When it became evident that the deadline would not
be met, a new FP count was conducted. The GSMS
had grown to 900 FPs. Besides the original 500 plus
20%, there were 300 FPs attributable to features and
functions that had crept into the project.
How did that happen? The way it always does:
The developers and users had added a button here, a
new feature there, and soon the project was much
larger than it was originally. But Nielsen Media had put
a stake in the ground at the beginning from which they
could measure growth along the way.
The best practice is to run the FPA and productivity
model at the project’s launch and again when there is a
full list of functional requirements. Then do another
analysis anytime there is a major modification in the
functional definition of the project.
Source: “Ratings Game,” CIO Magazine, October 2000,
by Bill Roberts.
 Pasado Simple Del Verbo “To Be”

Como ya vimos en IT1 el verbo TO BE es un verbo

irregular. Esta irregularidad se manifiesta en la no
utilización de verbos auxiliares en la formación del
negativo e interrogativo y también en la construcción
de los tiempos presente y pasado. En esta unidad
vamos a considerar la construcción del pasado simple.

11
Incluimos aquí los cuadros con ejemplos del verbo
en sus formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa y la
correspondiente traducción.
 Afirmativo

Pronombre Verbo Adverbio Traducción

Personal TO BE

I was at the (Yo) estaba en la oficina.

You were office. (Usted) estaba en la oficina.
He was (El) estaba en la oficina.
She was (Ella) estaba en la oficina.
It was (El/Ella) estaba en la oficina.
We were (Nosotros) estábamos en la oficina.
You were (Ustedes) estaban en la oficina.
They were (Ellos) estaban en la oficina.

Negativo

Pronombre Verbo Adverbio Adverbio Traducción

Personal TO BE
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I was not at the (Yo) no estaba en la oficina.

You were office. (Usted) no estaba en la oficina.
He was (El) no estaba en la oficina.
She was (Ella) no estaba en la oficina.
It was (El/Ella) no estaba en la oficina.
We were (Nosotros) no estábamos en la oficina.
You were (Ustedes) no estaban en la oficina.
They were (Ellos) no estaban en la oficina.
 Interrogativo

Verbo Pronombre Adverbio Traducción

TO BE Personal

Was I at the ¿Estaba en la oficina?

Were You office. ¿Estaba en la oficina?
Was He ¿Estaba en la oficina?
Was She ¿Estaba en la oficina?
Was It ¿Estaba en la oficina?
Were We ¿Estábamos en la oficina?
Were You ¿Estaban en la oficina?
Were They ¿Estaban en la oficina?

OBSERVEN:
| En los esquemas anteriores el verbo TO BE está
13
usado con el significado ESTAR, pero también se usa
en el pasado con el significado SER.
Ejemplo:

1 | I visited a site while it was still under construction.
The diagnosis for my PC was good: it was virus-free.
2 | Gravity 1.0 was the most automated reader we
evaluated.
1 | Visité un sitio mientras estaba todavía en
construcción. El diagnóstico para mi PC fue bueno:
estaba libre de virus.
2 | Gravity 1.0 fue el lector más automatizado que
evaluamos.
 Desempeño 5
Realicen la traducción del siguiente texto
Integrated Circuit
The first integrated circuits were created in the late
1950s in response to a demand from the military
for miniaturized electronics to be used in missile
control systems. At the time, transistors and printed
circuit boards were the state-of-the-art electronic
14
technology. Although transistors made many new
electronic applications possible, engineers were
still unable to make a small enough package for the
large number of components and circuits required
in complex devices like sophisticated control
systems and handheld programmable calculators.
Several companies were in competition to produce
a breakthrough in miniaturized electronics, and
their development efforts were so close that there
is some question as to which company actually
produced the first IC. In fact, when the integrated
circuit was finally patented in 1959, the patent was
awarded jointly to two individuals working separately
at two different companies.
 Lea el siguiente texto, identifique y subraye los verbos
en pasado simple del TO BE.
PROJECT SELECTION
In April 1999, one of Capital Blue
Cross’ health-care insurance plans had been in the
field for three years, but hadn’t performed as well as
expected.
The ratio of premiums to claims payments wasn’t
meeting historic norms. In order to revamp the
product features or pricing to boost performance,
15
the company needed to understand why it was
underperforming. The stakeholders came to the
discussion already knowing they needed
better extraction and analysis of usage data in
order to understand product shortcomings and
recommend improvements.
After listening to input from the user teams, the
stakeholders proposed three options. One was to
persevere with the current manual method of pulling
data from flat files via ad hoc reports and retyping it
into spreadsheets.
The second option was to write a program to
dynamically mine the needed data from Capital’s
customer information control system (CICS). While
the system was processing claims, for instance, the
program would pull out up-to-the-minute data at a
given point in time for users to analyze.
The third alternative was to develop a ecisionsupport
 system to allow users to make relational queries
from a data mart containing a replication of the
relevant claims and customer data.

Each of these alternatives was evaluated on cost,

benefits, risks, and intangibles.

QUESTION
1 | What are three costs, benefits, risks, and
intangibles associated with each project?
2 | Based on your answer to question 1, which
16
project would you choose?
Source: “Capital Blue Cross,” CIO Magazine, February
15, 2000, by Richard Pastore.
 THERE WAS - THERE WERE
Esta estructura es el pasado de THERE IS / THERE
ARE. Se traduce como HUBO / HABIA.
Ejemplos:

1 | There was an error 1 | Había un mensaje

message. Ignoring it, de error. Ignorarlo, fue
was devastating to your devastador para su
program. programa.

2 | There were some 2 | Había algunos

error messages. Ignoring mensajes de error.
them, was devastating to Ignorarlos, fue
your program. devastador para su
programa.

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Con este tema damos por finalizada la clase de hoy.
Lean todo lo presentado. Es muy importante que lo
entiendan bien.

En la próxima clase seguiremos trabajando con el

pasado simple, pero de otros verbos.

See you next class!

Have a nice week!