UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS

ARMADAS ESPE

Tabla de Contenidos

Introducción .................................... pg 3

Objetivos y marco teórico............. pg 4

Equipos, procedimiento y
Tabla de símbolos........................... pg 5

Análisis de resultados ................... pg 6-19

Discusión de resultados ............... pg 19

Anexos y Recomendaciones ........ pg 20-22

 UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS ESPE

INTRODUCCIÓN

CONCEPTO GENERAL

Cuando se aplica una fuerza a un cuerpo, ésta tiende a cambiar la forma

y tamaño del cuerpo. A esos cambios se les llama deformación y ésta
puede ser visible o prácticamente inadvertida si no se emplea el equipo
apropiado para hacer mediciones precisas. Por ejemplo un ensayo
deformación de una varilla de 12 mm de diámetro de realizado en el
laboratorio de la universidad de las fuerzas armadas "ESPE" , se
experimento una deformación minina lo cual prueba y afirma que el uso
de acero es un elemento importante para la construcción, ya que la varilla
soporta los esfuerzos a tensión y el concreto soporta esfuerzos a
compresión lo cual hace que formen un buen dueto . otros ejemplos de
deformación son las siguientes:
Una banda de hule experimentará una deformación muy grande cuando
se estira.
En un edificio sólo ocurrirán deformaciones ligeras en sus miembros
estructurales debido a la carga de sus ocupantes.
Un cuerpo también puede deformarse cuando la temperatura del cuerpo Figura 1.1
cambia. Un ejemplo común es la expansión o la contracción térmica de
un te- cho causada por el clima.

DEFORMACIÓN NORMAL BAJO CARGA AXIAL

Considere una varilla BC, de longitud L y con un área uniforme de

sección transversal A que está suspendida en B ( ver la figura 1.1 a) Si
se aplica una carga P al extremo C, la varilla se alargará (ver figura
1.1b). Al graficar la magnitud P de la carga contra la deformación total δ
(letra griega delta), se obtiene un determinado diagrama de carga-
deformación (figura 1.2). Si bien este diagrama contiene información útil
para el análisis de la varilla considerada, no puede emplearse
Figura 1.2
directamente para predecir la deformación de una varilla del mismo
material pero de diferentes dimensiones.

DIAGRAMA ESFUERZO DEFORMACIÓN

Para obtener el diagrama de esfuerzo-deformación de un material,

comúnmente se lleva a cabo un ensayo o prueba de tensión sobre una
probeta del material. El tipo de probeta más utilizado se muestra en la
figura 1.3. El área de la sección transversal de la sección cilíndrica
central de la probeta se ha determinado exactamente y se han hecho dos
marcas de calibración en dicha porción a una separación de L_0. La
distancia L_0. se conoce como la longitud base de la probeta. Figura 1.3
Probeta en maquina de pruebas de tensión
 Fecha de ensayo:
CURVA DE ESFUERZO - 16/11/2022
DEFORMACION Fecha de entrega:
02/12/2022

OBJETIVO:
Analizar los diagramas dc esfuerzo vs. Deformación axial del
Acero.

MARCO TEÓRICO:

Esfuerzo normal de tracción

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
Deformación unitaria

𝛿
𝜀=
𝐿
Deformación unitaria

𝛿
𝜀% = ∗ 100%
𝐿
Alargamiento porcentual en la rotura

𝛿 𝐿−𝐿
𝐴% = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100
𝐿 𝐿

Diagrama Esfuerzo vs deformación unitaria

límite de proporcionalidad, esfuerzo donde termina cl. comportamiento lineal

 Fecha de ensayo:
CURVA DE ESFUERZO - 16/11/2022
DEFORMACION Fecha de entrega:
02/12/2022

EQUIPO:
1. Calibrador pie de rey
2. Micrómetro
3. Flexómetro
4. Máquina de ensayos universales
PROCEDIMIENTO:

1. Medir las dimensiones de la sección transversal (diámetro, ancho o altura)

2. Medir la longitud entre marcas
3. Aplicar carga con la máquina de ensayos universales hasta que se rompa la probeta
4. Determinar la longitud final entre marcas en la rotura
5. Observar el diagrama fuerza vs desplazamiento del cabezal móvil, escribiendo las
respectivas escalas de la máquina
6. Hacer firmar las hojas de registro

PREGUNTAS PARA EL INFORME:

1.- Graficar el diagrama Esfuerzo vs. Deformación unitaria aproximada.

2.- Determinar con valores de la pendiente, la función que rige el
comportamiento lineal del diagrama esfuerzo vs. deformación
unitaria aproximada.
3.- Determinar los siguientes esfuerzos de tracción:
*Límite de proporcionalidad
*Límite de fluencia
*Esfuerzo último
*Resistencia a la rotura
4.- Determinar las siguientes deformaciones unitarias aproximadas:
 En el límite de proporcionalidad
 En el límite de fluencia
 En la resistencia última
5.- Alargamiento porcentual en la rotura

Tabla de símbolos

límite de fluencia. el esfuerzo permanece constante, aunque existe deformación unitaria, límite
𝜎
de fluencia al 0.2 %

σ
Esfuerzo último, en el punto máximo del diagrama

σ
Esfuerzo en la ruptura
  ANALISIS DE RESULTADOS
VARILLA 1

Longitud de la varilla[mm] 60

Área de la varilla [𝒎𝒎𝟐 ]: 113.0973355

Fuerza Máxima [Kgf]: 7755.499954
Desplazamiento Máximo[mm]: 61.19856075
Tiempo de Ensayo[s]: 100.9999219

DESPLAZAMIENTO [mm.] FUERZA TIEMPO [s.] ESFUERZO DEFORMACION UNITARIA

0.48343766 0 9.788680338 0 0.008057294
0.527221893 27.7049477 10.09186856 0.244965521 0.008787032
0.571006127 52.2623216 10.39483196 0.462100379 0.009516769
0.616995683 73.1622161 10.69788198 0.646896019 0.010283261
0.665190536 91.972104 11.00051046 0.813211943 0.011086509
0.707094898 112.349486 11.30404399 0.993387559 0.011784915
0.748999259 130.114392 11.60970752 1.150463816 0.012483321
0.793108464 143.699306 11.91048587 1.27058083 0.013218474
0.839422902 158.329224 12.21379612 1.399937702 0.013990382
0.885736431 169.105736 12.51681804 1.495222992 0.014762274
0.932049058 178.232991 12.81976527 1.575925637 0.015534151
0.980566334 184.364553 13.1228022 1.630140549 0.016342772
1.031288196 189.477788 13.42584568 1.67535148 0.017188137
1.084214579 198.740765 13.72877712 1.757254179 0.018070243
1.139345419 206.101451 14.03180866 1.82233693 0.01898909
1.194475181 213.416388 14.33477438 1.887015176 0.01990792
1.251809299 221.776351 14.63776896 1.96093347 0.020863488
1.311347696 229.613822 14.94036588 2.03023193 0.021855795
1.375295101 239.541257 15.24374427 2.118009726 0.022921585
1.441447272 247.285216 15.54675386 2.186481358 0.024024121
1.509803515 258.355213 15.84969532 2.284361626 0.025163392
1.580364449 276.792894 16.15272263 2.447386518 0.026339407
1.655334711 291.569287 16.45576533 2.578038518 0.027588912
1.730304247 307.763453 16.7587014 2.721226378 0.028838404
1.805273048 325.005825 17.06171215 2.873682419 0.030087884
1.880241849 343.293265 17.36469711 3.03537889 0.031337364
1.955209923 362.625644 17.66766744 3.206314648 0.032586832
2.030177272 385.093011 17.97034366 3.40496979 0.033836288
2.10514462 408.082869 18.27371127 3.608244766 0.035085744
2.18231651 433.162734 18.57667082 3.829999458 0.036371942
2.2572824 459.810071 18.87965078 4.065613652 0.037621373
2.332247554 486.457452 19.18265999 4.301228227 0.038870793
2.402802308 511.537317 19.4856796 4.522982919 0.040046705
2.471151229 535.5722 19.78863953 4.735497944 0.041185854
2.539498821 558.039567 20.09163258 4.934153086 0.04232498
2.60343627 582.07445 20.39570659 5.14666811 0.043390605
2.667372478 600.884338 20.69862534 5.312984034 0.044456208
2.729103085 618.126753 21.00157719 5.465440457 0.045485051
2.788628166 633.279162 21.30470767 5.599417163 0.046477136
2.845947781 648.954061 21.60860922 5.738013703 0.047432463
2.90326629 662.016506 21.91158571 5.853511073 0.048387772
2.956174649 672.46641 22.21451485 5.945908512 0.049269577
3.011286717 684.896256 22.51760067 6.055812477 0.050188112
3.064193539 702.999422 22.82024763 6.215879607 0.051069892
3.119304017 720.104298 23.12357867 6.367119921 0.0519884
3.172209304 732.851135 23.42660444 6.479826704 0.052870155
3.227318184 748.003543 23.72953396 6.61380341 0.053788636
3.282426531 765.246002 24.0325066 6.766260213 0.054707109
3.341942981 783.010865 24.33533219 6.923336088 0.05569905
3.403662834 801.926402 24.63854235 7.090586161 0.056727714
3.46538208 833.206052 24.94151768 7.367158987 0.057756368
3.531509217 857.278021 25.244473 7.580001924 0.058858487
3.597635717 880.267879 25.54750762 7.7832769 0.059960595
3.663761588 903.780314 25.85020771 7.991172471 0.061062693
3.732090662 926.770086 26.15352797 8.194446686 0.062201511
3.802623554 952.372571 26.45654642 8.420822354 0.063377059
3.875359553 978.497375 26.75946632 8.651816333 0.064589326
3.945890406 1005.66725 27.06247861 8.892050742 0.06576484
4.020828727 1033.35952 27.36524722 9.136904223 0.067013812
4.095765595 1064.18683 27.66847201 9.409477469 0.06826276
4.170701762 1096.05921 27.9714589 9.691291144 0.069511696
4.245637199 1129.49905 28.27444578 9.986964321 0.07076062
4.322775491 1163.46131 28.57747231 10.28725657 0.072046258
4.39550518 1196.90116 28.88007231 10.58292975 0.07325842
4.470437735 1229.29602 29.18342914 10.86936326 0.074507296
 4.54536884 1262.21338 29.4864499 11.1604166 0.075756147
4.620299237 1293.56309 29.78939406 11.43760892 0.077004987
4.695228185 1326.48045 30.09237055 11.72866226 0.078253803
4.770156435 1367.23526 30.39517303 12.08901387 0.079502607
4.845083227 1403.81005 30.69844325 12.41240605 0.080751387
4.920009301 1439.33978 31.00141589 12.7265578 0.082000155
4.992730627 1474.86968 31.30450287 13.04071108 0.083212177
5.06545056 1509.87691 31.60740236 13.350243 0.084424176
5.140373067 1545.40681 31.91001622 13.66439627 0.085672884
5.213090913 1580.41404 32.21337382 13.97392819 0.086884849
5.28801127 1615.42145 32.51645887 14.28346163 0.088133521
5.36293089 1650.95118 32.81930601 14.59761338 0.089382182
5.435645955 1689.61602 33.12234487 14.93948565 0.090594099
5.508360325 1727.23588 33.42540566 15.27211826 0.091806005
5.578870224 1764.85557 33.72832749 15.60474935 0.09298117
5.64937945 1805.08789 34.03128165 15.96048113 0.094156324
5.719887309 1843.20494 34.33434976 16.29750983 0.095331455
5.788190846 1891.89491 34.63735166 16.72802374 0.096469847
5.856493711 1930.55959 34.94001287 17.06989449 0.097608229
5.926998903 1977.58428 35.24333428 17.48568411 0.098783315
5.99750275 2019.38424 35.5463023 17.85527692 0.099958379
6.072412385 2060.66154 35.84931844 18.22024836 0.101206873
6.147320574 2102.46133 36.15235229 18.58983965 0.102455343
6.220024547 2130.35832 36.45586888 18.83650318 0.103667076
6.292727829 2167.70088 36.75838227 19.16668393 0.104878797
6.363226981 2201.66314 37.0612937 19.46697618 0.106053783
6.433725443 2235.10307 37.36425864 19.76265012 0.107228757
6.502019879 2271.15529 37.66727285 20.0814217 0.108366998
6.570313667 2307.73 37.96992213 20.40481312 0.109505228
6.636404101 2344.30505 38.27321659 20.72820758 0.110606735
6.700290615 2383.49221 38.57626315 21.07469817 0.11167151
6.764175917 2426.33681 38.87923733 21.4535276 0.112736265
6.828060613 2473.88417 39.18220612 21.87393857 0.11380101
6.891944078 2520.90887 39.48530965 22.28972819 0.114865735
6.955826957 2572.44459 39.78819875 22.74540403 0.115930449
7.019709232 2613.91859 40.09121643 23.11211469 0.116995154
7.083590901 2667.80321 40.39494783 23.58855932 0.118059848
7.147471966 2704.37792 40.69822998 23.91195074 0.119124533
7.209149949 2739.38532 41.00118953 24.22148418 0.120152499
7.268624307 2770.21246 41.30433464 24.4940559 0.121143738
7.328098083 2798.94998 41.60819616 24.74815133 0.122134968
7.38536886 2826.64234 41.91116071 24.99300558 0.123089481
7.440436119 2862.17189 42.21415799 25.3071558 0.124007269
7.491097527 2902.40421 42.51716489 25.66288758 0.124851625
7.539555584 2941.06888 42.81984188 26.00475834 0.12565926
7.583607958 2978.68891 43.1231452 26.33739247 0.126393466
7.627659916 3015.78628 43.42614017 26.66540525 0.127127665
7.67391379 3052.88331 43.72910165 26.99341497 0.127898563
7.720167248 3086.76501 44.03215783 27.29299499 0.128669454
7.766420291 3124.01462 44.33521824 27.6223538 0.129440338
7.812672856 3155.59032 44.63814738 27.90154428 0.130211214
7.861127234 3183.28251 44.94111694 28.146397 0.131018787
7.909581612 3213.58767 45.24413462 28.41435346 0.13182636
7.958035555 3236.57761 45.54705837 28.6176292 0.132633926
8.006488564 3255.38728 45.84983468 28.78394322 0.133441476
8.054941137 3273.04422 46.15307872 28.94006479 0.134249019
8.103392798 3285.39473 46.45610525 29.04926725 0.135056547
8.151844004 3305.77201 46.75906134 29.22944199 0.135864067
8.200294774 3336.07683 47.06211675 29.49739541 0.13667158
8.248745068 3372.12921 47.36514675 29.81616851 0.137479084
8.297194907 3409.7489 47.66811246 30.1487996 0.138286582
8.347846747 3446.84628 47.97104545 30.47681238 0.139130779
8.398498132 3484.46596 48.27399999 30.80944346 0.139974969
8.449149062 3519.47337 48.57707157 31.1189769 0.140819151
8.502001931 3554.92835 48.87965501 31.43246775 0.141700032
8.552652365 3588.14545 49.18295949 31.72617139 0.142544206
8.605504759 3628.90009 49.4860303 32.08652148 0.143425079
8.658356656 3670.54942 49.78896636 32.45478243 0.144305944
8.71561233 3707.55669 50.09201908 32.78199852 0.145260206
8.775069303 3763.79443 50.39507795 33.27924931 0.146251155
8.832323387 3806.11671 50.69800709 33.65346042 0.14720539
8.889576893 3843.72243 51.00097857 33.98596806 0.148159615
8.946829862 3877.40107 51.30409365 34.28375256 0.149113831
9.004082336 3912.40882 51.60698468 34.59328904 0.150068039
9.059132004 3944.28094 51.90967168 34.87510043 0.150985533
9.116383406 3974.06309 52.21294497 35.13843249 0.151939723
9.175835924 4002.80061 52.51594148 35.39252792 0.152930599
9.23528737 4028.40283 52.81889218 35.61890131 0.153921456
9.296939831 4060.79796 53.12195836 35.9053371 0.154948997
9.358591139 4106.04632 53.42498374 36.30542043 0.155976519
9.420241871 4143.94737 53.72790442 36.64053935 0.157004031
9.481891987 4186.26965 54.03088668 37.01475047 0.158031533
9.543541568 4227.02463 54.33391629 37.3751036 0.159059026
9.605190573 4268.30159 54.6369128 37.740072 0.16008651
9.666839004 4308.5339 54.93963945 38.09580378 0.161113983
9.728486859 4352.94649 55.24288465 38.48849728 0.162141448
9.787932714 4393.17846 55.54590117 38.84422601 0.163132212
9.847378055 4437.59105 55.8488384 39.23691951 0.164122968
9.909024761 4484.61558 56.15188649 39.6527076 0.165150413
9.970670892 4529.33392 56.45461583 40.04810455 0.166177848
10.03231641 4581.50251 56.75788489 40.50937617 0.167205273
10.08955815 4632.70731 57.06081981 40.96212598 0.168159302
10.14459754 4678.68719 57.36386752 41.36867746 0.169076626
10.19963642 4710.3021 57.66683592 41.64821457 0.16999394
10.25247352 4753.33175 57.96957912 42.02868027 0.170874559
10.30531009 4789.3838 58.2727735 42.34745033 0.171755168
10.35814617 4825.43619 58.57587434 42.66622344 0.17263577
10.413183 4859.39861 58.87875112 42.96651721 0.17355305
10.47042052 4889.18077 59.18176688 43.22984927 0.174507009
10.52545582 4918.96327 59.48453318 43.49318437 0.175424264
10.57828895 4947.58703 59.7877545 43.74627401 0.176304816
10.62891999 4975.30301 60.09075717 43.99133707 0.177148666
10.67734902 5002.47254 60.3944878 44.23156843 0.177955817
10.72577761 5023.89484 60.69774377 44.42098315 0.17876296
10.77420574 5044.2725 61.00072604 44.60116124 0.179570096
10.82483447 5065.6948 61.30386883 44.79057595 0.180413908
10.87326171 5086.07211 61.60774498 44.97075099 0.181221028
10.9216885 5116.37693 61.91073417 45.23870441 0.182028142
10.97011484 5146.68175 62.2137353 45.50665782 0.182835247
11.02294308 5180.64417 62.51676184 45.80695159 0.183715718
11.0779717 5215.12892 62.81939686 46.11186367 0.184632862
11.13740155 5252.74861 63.12274138 46.44449476 0.185623359
11.20123242 5288.28412 63.42572711 46.75869763 0.186687207
11.26946419 5316.80567 63.7286601 47.01088352 0.187824403
11.344298 5350.15855 64.03168971 47.30578773 0.189071633
11.42353233 5379.9407 64.33480132 47.56911978 0.190392205
11.50936754 5410.24552 64.63764885 47.83707319 0.191822792
11.6040046 5438.98303 64.94075969 48.09116863 0.193400077
11.70524197 5468.76519 65.24367767 48.35450068 0.195087366
11.81307925 5494.36741 65.5466607 48.58087407 0.196884654
11.925315 5523.10493 65.84932345 48.8349695 0.19875525
12.03974879 5561.24728 66.15269375 49.17222194 0.20066248
12.15638163 5597.82165 66.45562135 49.49561032 0.202606361
12.27961348 5632.82905 66.75861209 49.80514376 0.204660225
12.40724416 5665.22384 67.06163939 50.0915765 0.206787403
12.54367322 5692.91637 67.36474677 50.33643227 0.20906122
12.68230083 5715.35308 67.66765243 50.53481631 0.21137168
12.82532673 5724.71338 67.97059927 50.61757958 0.213755445
12.97054968 5738.8241 68.2736108 50.74234575 0.216175828
 13.1223716 5741.43638 68.57664157 50.76544339 0.218706193
13.28079086 5738.30109 68.87933049 50.73772134 0.221346514
13.44140817 5736.21113 69.18263535 50.71924201 0.22402347
13.60422202 5733.06096 69.48554601 50.69138835 0.226737034
13.76703294 5740.91338 69.78852443 50.76081899 0.229450549
13.92983937 5751.36388 70.09155404 50.85322176 0.23216399
14.09484064 5763.90367 70.39464641 50.96409777 0.234914011
14.25983741 5765.99294 70.69757863 50.98257101 0.237663957
14.4270288 5762.85834 71.00056782 50.95485506 0.24045048
14.59201657 5773.83048 71.3036444 51.05187005 0.243200276
14.75699832 5785.32562 71.60656238 51.15350944 0.245949972
14.91977521 5796.82076 71.90929326 51.25514883 0.24866292
15.08034726 5802.56834 72.21252228 51.30596853 0.251339121
15.24091351 5812.49584 72.51557192 51.39374689 0.254015225
15.40367266 5830.25166 72.81846449 51.55074287 0.256727878
15.56203006 5859.08503 73.12153529 51.80568581 0.259367168
15.72038465 5873.17902 73.42428119 51.93030408 0.262006411
15.87433638 5882.25929 73.72751368 52.01059125 0.264572273
16.02608533 5883.53417 74.030556 52.02186364 0.267101422
16.17562891 5885.73652 74.33354981 52.04133676 0.269593815
16.33176518 5887.68735 74.63648511 52.05858585 0.272196086
16.49009557 5886.79343 74.93920483 52.05068182 0.274834926
16.65281817 5887.06279 75.24251701 52.05306354 0.27754697
16.81773454 5886.23374 75.54549311 52.04573309 0.280295576
16.98264502 5885.7254 75.84837529 52.04123844 0.283044084
17.15414664 5886.59874 76.15144147 52.0489604 0.285902444
17.33003946 5879.52965 76.4545015 51.98645596 0.288833991
17.51472032 5887.1897 76.7574445 52.05418561 0.291912005
17.70598924 5900.0679 77.06043061 52.1680539 0.295099821
17.90384399 5924.10213 77.36344598 52.38056321 0.2983974
18.11268053 5949.7047 77.66641131 52.60693964 0.301878009
18.33029862 5981.57717 77.96910793 52.88875408 0.305504977
18.56329258 6010.31434 78.27243936 53.14284647 0.30938821
18.80945971 6036.96155 78.57540738 53.37845952 0.313490995
19.06880063 6065.17709 78.87834075 53.62793969 0.317813344
19.34351057 6091.8243 79.18135805 53.86355274 0.322391843
19.63138904 6123.61024 79.48443309 54.14460217 0.327189817
19.93023566 6167.95625 79.78735722 54.53670699 0.332170594
20.24884365 6201.91868 80.09035104 54.83700077 0.337480727
20.58501246 6245.8086 80.39443776 55.22507291 0.343083541
20.93874032 6284.85829 80.69741579 55.570348 0.348979005
21.31222088 6328.27323 81.00035994 55.95422035 0.355203681
21.69666466 6371.64015 81.30351159 56.33766808 0.361611078
22.09426187 6417.09772 81.60632986 56.73960125 0.368237698
22.50281959 6465.16688 81.90900184 57.16462596 0.375046993
22.92233304 6513.75974 82.2123656 57.59428118 0.382038884
23.35499902 6564.44188 82.51529859 58.04240963 0.389249984
23.80081611 6615.64633 82.8183898 58.4951564 0.396680269
24.25758464 6648.85078 83.1212689 58.78874823 0.404293077
24.72310943 6699.53361 83.42404829 59.23688278 0.412051824
25.19738548 6749.69273 83.72729271 59.68038683 0.419956425
25.67821828 6798.80722 84.03030962 60.11465426 0.427970305
26.16560278 6846.35476 84.33331113 60.53506676 0.43609338
26.65514758 6890.767 84.63632958 60.92775721 0.44425246
27.14904556 6935.70225 84.93901966 61.32507207 0.452484093
27.64290613 6984.81674 85.24226601 61.7593395 0.460715102
28.13672534 7022.95909 85.54528446 62.09659194 0.468945422
28.63050746 7059.5338 85.84822592 62.41998336 0.477175124
29.12424848 7094.52667 86.15124129 62.72938826 0.485404141
29.61575624 7137.45865 86.45402723 63.10899032 0.493595937
30.10503146 7169.85343 86.75721583 63.39542306 0.501750524
30.59207443 7201.7259 87.06024121 63.6772375 0.509867907
31.07688561 7231.5077 87.36322886 63.94056651 0.517948094
31.55946549 7260.76788 87.66623192 64.1992833 0.525991091
32.03761915 7288.98274 87.9688731 64.44875738 0.533960319
32.51573785 7315.10763 88.27222763 64.67975212 0.541928964
32.98943164 7341.75484 88.57521528 64.91536517 0.549823861
33.46528192 7366.8344 88.8781552 65.1371172 0.557754699
33.94109385 7389.82469 89.18117173 65.34039598 0.565684897
34.41905817 7411.76965 89.48423984 65.53443205 0.57365097
34.89698415 7433.19161 89.78717283 65.72384372 0.581616402
35.37706227 7455.36715 90.09012314 65.91991858 0.589617705
35.85929614 7495.80529 90.39420986 66.27747028 0.597654936
36.34368172 7514.84588 90.69712629 66.44582599 0.605728029
36.83022255 7531.56627 91.00013204 66.59366676 0.613837043
37.31891467 7550.89895 91.30321363 66.76460519 0.621981911
37.80976161 7567.61935 91.60714598 66.91244596 0.630162694
38.3005702 7582.77073 91.91012478 67.04641353 0.638342837
38.79572252 7596.87815 92.21308818 67.17115057 0.646595375
39.29083641 7614.39241 92.51609316 67.32601061 0.654847274
39.7902933 7598.9292 92.81873011 67.18928578 0.663171555
40.28971186 7614.42638 93.12204845 67.32631092 0.671495198
40.79347268 7626.96547 93.42512272 67.43718084 0.679891211
41.29938685 7640.02826 93.72805417 67.55268126 0.688323114
41.80964241 7653.09036 94.03105337 67.66817559 0.696827373
42.32205095 7663.54087 94.33419116 67.76057836 0.705367516
42.83661229 7674.513 94.63708296 67.85759334 0.713943538
43.35551379 7683.91818 94.94006522 67.9407534 0.722591897
43.8765674 7694.89032 95.2430471 68.03776839 0.731276123
44.40196033 7703.25017 95.54604053 68.11168573 0.740032672
44.92731403 7708.99775 95.84873369 68.16250543 0.748788567
45.45481554 7717.88061 96.152027 68.24104717 0.757580259
45.98008734 7724.67282 96.4550443 68.30110349 0.766334789
46.50750693 7729.37506 96.75798498 68.34268047 0.775125116
47.03925663 7734.60032 97.06099497 68.38888186 0.783987611
48.89105146 7738.25724 97.36415585 68.42121613 0.814850858
50.12804954 7744.52782 97.6670207 68.47666022 0.835467492
51.13445965 7748.18543 97.97002299 68.50900059 0.852240994
52.14086976 7751.32003 98.27299601 68.53671654 0.869014496
53.14727987 7752.88767 98.57601793 68.55057757 0.885787998
54.15368998 7754.45463 98.87866027 68.5644325 0.9025615
55.16010009 7755.49995 99.1819532 68.57367521 0.919335001
56.1665102 7751.84235 99.48497511 68.54133485 0.936108503
57.17292031 7747.66242 99.78789655 68.50437618 0.952882005
58.17933042 7741.91554 100.090945 68.45356258 0.969655507
59.18574053 7722.05985 100.3939658 68.27799975 0.986429009
60.19215064 7658.31561 100.6969611 67.71437697 1.003202511
 Esfuerzo - Deformación unitaria
80

70 0,237663957;
50,98257101
60 0,21137168;
𝜎 Esfuerzo kgf/mm^2

50,53481631 0,757580259;
50 68,24104717
1,003202511;
67,71437697
40 0,184632862;
46,11186367
30

20 0,124851625;
25,66288758
10

0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
e Deformación unitaria mm/mm

LONGITUD FINAL (mm) 73.70

MODULO DE ELASTICIDAD 342.0634529
LIMITE PROPORCIONALIDAD 46.111863
LIMITE ELASTICO 52.04133676
LIMITE DE RESITENCIA 67.714376
PUNTO DE FLUENCIA 50.988257

VARILLA 2

Longitud de la varilla[mm] 60

Área de la varilla [𝒎𝒎𝟐 ]: 113.0973355

Fuerza Máxima [Kgf]: 7721.01521

Desplazamiento Máximo[mm]: 58.25341166

Tiempo de Ensayo[s]: 54.02750094

DESPLAZAMIENTO [mm.] FUERZA TIEMPO [s.] ESFUERZO DEFORMACION UNITARIA
1.625911102 40.24488 7.361667841 0.355842867 0.027098518
1.808588584 93.5396 7.664684752 0.827071635 0.030143143
1.995673998 161.9867 7.967677796 1.43227711 0.033261233
2.184963338 234.3163 8.27065852 2.071811006 0.036416056
2.37645658 325.0058 8.573317801 2.873682419 0.03960761
2.567949822 417.4878 8.876594177 3.691402919 0.042799164
2.755356476 511.5373 9.17959569 4.522982919 0.045922608
2.94496699 605.0643 9.482586038 5.349943086 0.049082783
3.136781344 697.9787 9.785586781 6.171486456 0.052279689
3.319769534 789.2055 10.08864796 6.978108751 0.055329492
3.498341419 883.4029 10.39164678 7.810996665 0.05830569
3.668088358 961.255 10.69460633 8.499360292 0.061134806
3.829011043 1041.197 10.99762209 9.206203254 0.063816851
3.983313729 1102.852 11.30054122 9.751349746 0.066388562
4.128792093 1157.714 11.6032798 10.2364384 0.068813202
4.263243533 1207.351 11.90651961 10.67532795 0.071054059
4.388873632 1246.538 12.20976826 11.0218193 0.073147894
4.50788646 1273.186 12.51259231 11.25743387 0.075131441
4.62248701 1298.266 12.81556379 11.47918818 0.07704145
4.732676651 1325.958 13.11834049 11.72404243 0.078877944
4.838455672 1356.785 13.42155643 11.99661567 0.080640928
4.942027495 1394.405 13.72452406 12.32924752 0.082367125
5.045596343 1438.295 14.02752904 12.71731814 0.084093272
5.146959159 1486.887 14.33052131 13.14696878 0.085782653
5.250523056 1539.137 14.63315942 13.60895826 0.087508718
5.35628791 1595.566 14.93649931 14.10790489 0.089271465
5.466457541 1655.654 15.23951122 14.63919188 0.091107626
5.581031763 1716.786 15.54246846 15.17972006 0.093017196
5.704417059 1779.485 15.84546998 15.73410622 0.095073618
5.834409172 1856.525 16.14825745 16.41528505 0.097240153
5.96880523 1926.902 16.45150957 17.03755718 0.099480087
6.109807606 1991.169 16.75446489 17.60580284 0.101830127
6.255212152 2057.526 17.05754262 18.19252784 0.104253536
6.402814905 2119.982 17.36141261 18.74475706 0.106713582
6.552617126 2181.286 17.66444492 19.28680113 0.109210285
6.706820879 2249.733 17.96744682 19.89200699 0.111780348
6.863222394 2322.883 18.27043524 20.53879135 0.11438704
7.021821468 2395.51 18.57313571 21.18095588 0.117030358
7.184821461 2475.452 18.87637552 21.8877996 0.119747024
7.35222215 2565.927 19.17937549 22.68777585 0.122537036
7.521819851 2663.101 19.48237854 23.54698081 0.125363664
7.693614465 2763.42 19.7854147 24.43399806 0.128226908
7.869809083 2866.352 20.08844586 25.34411752 0.131163485
8.050403482 2977.121 20.3914235 26.32353144 0.134173391
8.233194209 3088.755 20.69435226 27.31059131 0.137219903
8.415979783 3224.56 20.99739804 28.51137149 0.14026633
8.600963268 3333.987 21.30037722 29.47891607 0.143349388
8.785941546 3448.414 21.60302727 30.49067035 0.146432359
8.970914621 3563.333 21.90634098 31.50678374 0.149515244
9.155882498 3674.703 22.20942526 32.49150856 0.152598042
9.340845202 3800.369 22.51229974 33.60264073 0.155680753
9.521398931 3920.246 22.8154075 34.66258808 0.158689982
9.699744954 4048.258 23.11840016 35.79445804 0.161662416
9.878086005 4186.27 23.42131544 37.01475047 0.164634767
10.05421955 4311.669 23.72430117 38.12352583 0.167570326
10.22814575 4434.456 24.02730576 39.2092005 0.170469096
10.39986477 4548.585 24.33034461 40.21832206 0.173331079
10.57598028 4660.399 24.63299697 41.2069787 0.176266338
10.75649034 4759.601 24.93629875 42.08411523 0.179274839
10.94139446 4864.101 25.23933183 43.0080942 0.182356574
11.13069234 4963.919 25.54224249 43.8906777 0.185511539
11.32878378 5056.812 25.84523361 44.71203725 0.188813063
11.53566782 5160.79 26.1483433 45.6313979 0.19226113
11.7491438 5243.866 26.45125781 46.36595606 0.195819063
11.9648116 5314.723 26.75425008 46.99246452 0.199413527
12.18707028 5384.643 27.05743868 47.61069981 0.203117838
12.41591917 5448.388 27.36022346 48.17432564 0.206931986
12.64915837 5510.042 27.66291662 48.71946908 0.210819306
12.89338712 5578.49 27.96623688 49.32467799 0.214889785
13.14860443 5645.892 28.2692357 49.92064417 0.219143407
13.40821256 5704.21 28.57214983 50.43629315 0.223470209
13.67660881 5748.751 28.87516751 50.83011802 0.22794348
13.95159375 5793.163 29.17825564 51.22280847 0.232526562
14.23536529 5825.715 29.48117977 51.51062678 0.237256088
14.53012379 5835.78 29.78415588 51.59962288 0.24216873
14.82707256 5866.839 30.08715431 51.87424355 0.247117876
15.13060786 5887.749 30.39018007 52.05913121 0.252176798
15.4407292 5887.496 30.69283166 52.05689144 0.257345487
15.76183191 5906.86 30.9962316 52.22811022 0.262697198
16.09171716 5917.31 31.2992181 52.3205069 0.268195286
16.42818047 5917.31 31.60205254 52.3205069 0.273803008
16.77121802 5919.4 31.9051245 52.33898623 0.2795203
17.11863182 5927.237 32.20819415 52.40828526 0.28531053
17.47042134 5941.868 32.51108326 52.5376467 0.291173689
17.82438271 5952.318 32.81408477 52.63004338 0.297073045
 18.1805157 5964.857 33.11709745 52.7409194 0.303008595
18.54101988 5975.307 33.42013784 52.83331607 0.309016998
18.91029402 6007.702 33.72276748 53.11974882 0.315171567
19.28393792 6046.889 34.02612431 53.46623789 0.321398965
19.66195107 6089.211 34.32912351 53.840449 0.327699185
20.04653216 6148.735 34.63207229 54.36675747 0.334108869
20.43547786 6194.081 34.93508535 54.76770173 0.340591298
20.83098306 6243.196 35.23814537 55.20196917 0.347183051
21.23744804 6294.432 35.54103178 55.65499489 0.353957467
21.65047393 6346.038 35.84504344 56.11129165 0.360841232
22.07225841 6404.035 36.14815466 56.62410083 0.367870974
22.50279672 6455.239 36.45110998 57.0768476 0.375046612
22.9420875 6507.489 36.75404797 57.53883708 0.382368125
23.3945299 6559.739 37.05711185 58.00082656 0.389908832
23.85792024 6606.764 37.36104921 58.41662075 0.397632004
24.332257 6635.757 37.66402916 58.67297711 0.405537617
24.81314285 6685.948 37.96710189 59.11676405 0.413552381
25.3027746 6735.586 38.26999523 59.55565588 0.42171291
25.79676004 6782.088 38.57274998 59.96682567 0.429946001
26.29509449 6829.635 38.87592665 60.38723208 0.438251575
26.79997448 6875.093 39.17896012 60.78916524 0.446666241
27.30920621 6920.027 39.48195739 61.186474 0.455153437
27.8249776 6964.962 39.78500164 61.58378276 0.463749627
28.34290272 7006.762 40.08803972 61.95337557 0.472381712
28.86517357 7047.516 40.39097348 62.31372566 0.481086226
29.39398173 7085.327 40.69395844 62.64804279 0.489899696
29.92713435 7139.549 40.99695803 63.12746965 0.498785573
30.46463077 7177.169 41.29996993 63.46010379 0.507743846
31.00427899 7212.176 41.60262999 63.76963418 0.516737983
31.54826569 7245.615 41.90594139 64.06530355 0.525804428
32.09439471 7278.533 42.20891711 64.3563607 0.534906579
32.64267028 7309.882 42.51191978 64.63355073 0.544044505
33.19528268 7339.665 42.81490551 64.89688583 0.553254711
33.74785066 7367.357 43.11798979 65.14173551 0.562464178
34.30036978 7394.528 43.4209043 65.38197905 0.57167283
34.85284021 7419.606 43.72390658 65.60372499 0.58088067
35.40526655 7444.34 44.02690155 65.82241389 0.590087776
35.95764456 7489.01 44.32988766 66.21738411 0.599294076
36.51216408 7508.054 44.63255464 66.38577576 0.608536068
37.06663546 7527.386 44.93582371 66.55670809 0.617777258
37.62324798 7545.674 45.23890337 66.7184038 0.627054133
38.18419506 7566.051 45.54179285 66.89857885 0.636403251
38.7472828 7581.726 45.84590113 67.03717691 0.645788047
39.31251109 7598.968 46.14886107 67.18962991 0.655208518
39.8820726 7614.392 46.4518083 67.32601061 0.66470121
40.45158145 7599.22 46.75497881 67.19185864 0.674193024
41.02542278 7607.664 47.05796685 67.26652196 0.683757046
41.59921586 7621.741 47.36175022 67.39098555 0.693320264
42.17295651 7631.146 47.66481641 67.47414561 0.702882608
42.74883684 7642.641 47.96793842 67.57577891 0.712480614
43.32685669 7652.046 48.2707948 67.65893896 0.722114278
43.90920741 7662.495 48.57379361 67.75132955 0.731820124
44.49150563 7670.855 48.87674431 67.82525298 0.741525094
45.07375176 7681.306 49.17977893 67.91765575 0.751229196
45.66032353 7688.62 49.48246093 67.98232429 0.761005392
46.24902983 7693.323 49.78572999 68.02390736 0.770817164
46.84425126 7701.16 50.08877461 68.0932064 0.780737521
47.45035444 7707.431 50.39168643 68.1486505 0.790839241
48.99279267 7712.132 50.69474761 68.19022138 0.816546545
49.83466712 7715.268 50.99751969 68.21794953 0.830577785
50.67654158 7716.835 51.30073485 68.23180446 0.844609026
51.51841603 7718.403 51.60374676 68.24566548 0.858640267
52.36029049 7719.448 51.90666204 68.25490211 0.872671508
53.20216494 7720.492 52.20971206 68.26413873 0.886702749
54.04403939 7721.015 52.5124491 68.26876313 0.90073399
54.88591385 7716.835 52.81571201 68.23180446 0.914765231
55.7277883 7712.655 53.1186858 68.1948397 0.928796472
56.56966275 7702.728 53.42166306 68.10706742 0.942827713
 Esfuerzo - Deformación unitaria
0,956858953;
80 0,232526562; 67,91765575
51,22280847
70
𝜎 Esfuerzo kgf/mm^2

0,195819063;
60
46,36595606
50 0,268195286;
40 52,3205069

30 0,161662416;
35,79445804
20
0,125363664;
10 23,54698081
0 0,02412736; 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
e Deformación unitaria mm/mm

LONGITUD FINAL (mm) 73.76

MODULO DE ELASTICIDAD 337.40767
LIMITE PROPORCIONALIDAD 46.3659
LIMITE ELASTICO 51.222808
LIMITE DE RESITENCIA 67.917655
PUNTO DE FLUENCIA 52.320506

 DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS:
El límite de resistencia es similar soportando alrededor esfuerzos de 67 kgf/mm^2. el de
fluencia es de 52 kgf/mm^2, la normativa INEC sostiene que los valores mínimos son de
42 kgf y un valor máximo de 55 kgf. El acero estaría trabajando en óptimas condiciones
con esfuerzos de 46 kgf.
Recomendaciones:
Revisar con antelación textos que aporten información adicional para entender de mejor
manera la practica
Analizar con cautela los datos y las gráficas que los representan
Emplear buenas practicas de laboratorio al momento de realizar actividades
Tomar nota de datos relevantes y usarlos a favor del aprendizaje
Presentarse con los instrumentos adecuados y usar el mandil de forma correcta
Anexo:
Si se revisa el libro “Estructuras de Concreto Reforzado” de Park y Paulay, hallaremos
una sección especifica para el tratamiento de varillas y el comportamiento monótono de
esfuerzos en las mismas, dando como resultado ciertas curvas típicas de esfuerzo
deformación para el refuerzo de acero

El modelo representa 3 variaciones e idealización es de las graficas de deformación,

para poder utilizar dichas tablas se requiere los valores de los esfuerzos deformaciones
al inicio de cedencia, al endurecimiento por deformación y al momento de ruptura
La primera se fundamenta en simplificar la curva como dos líneas rectas, ignorando el
punto de cedencia y el aumento en el esfuerzo debido al endurecimiento por
deformación
Para valores más exactos y gráficos mas precisos de obtiene los siguientes cuadros

Tomando como ejemplo la practica realizada se puede comparar el grafico obtenido con
los esquemas generales para las deformaciones. De la gráfica obtenida en la práctica,
respecto a la varilla dos, se pueden extraer los datos necesarios para comparar con el
modelo visto
Se observa que el comportamiento lineal, en este caso A-B, llega a poco menos de 6000
kgf, donde empieza el punto de cedencia B-C, para llegar a la curva final de deformación
C-D, que concluye con el fallo final de la varilla