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UNIDAD 1
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y
Manifestaciones Clínicas de la Desnutrición
Autor
Productores Académicos
Cuidado de la Edición
Diseño y Diagramación
Apoyo Secretarial
!
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
MÓDULO II
MANEJO DEL NIÑO Y NIÑA DESNUTRIDOS
UNIDAD 1
Etiología, Epidemiología,
Fisiopatología y
Manifestaciones Clínicas
de la Desnutrición1
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Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
Contenido
I. PRESENTACIÓN .............................................................................................................. 6
II. OBJETIVOS DE APRENDIZAJE ...................................................................................... 7
A. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................ 8
D. EPIDEMIOLOGÍA ..................................................................................................... 16
#
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
c) Electrolitos ................................................................................................. 30
a) Marasmo ..................................................................................................... 42
b) Kwashiorkor ............................................................................................... 43
c) Kwashiorkor marasmático ........................................................................ 44
V. REFERENCIAS ............................................................................................................... 59
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Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
3. Factores ambientales
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Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
D. EPIDEMIOLOGÍA
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Cuadro 1
FORMA DE DESNUTRICIÓN 12 a 23 24 a 35
meses de edad meses de edad
)%
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
)&
Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
Ejercicio Intratexto
En el anexo se presentan los resultados sobre estado nutricional de
niños menores de cinco años, tomados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud
Materno Infantil 1995. Con base en esta información, el Ministro de Salud Pública
y Asistencia Social le solicita un análisis de la situación nutricional, en términos
de:
1. Naturaleza
2. Magnitud
3. Distribución
4. Tendencias y
5. Grupos más afectados
1. Naturaleza
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. Magnitud
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
)'
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
3. Distribución
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4. Tendencias
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
)(
Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
!"#$%"#&'#(')("*"!+,+,-
1. Naturaleza
La naturaleza del problema de desnutrición en Guatemala es
principalmente crónica, con base en la elevada prevalencia de
retardo en talla.
2. Magnitud
La magnitud de la desnutrición crónica es del orden de 57.3% para
los niños de 24 a 35 meses de edad.
3. Distribución
De acuerdo a la gráfica 5.2 la distribución de la desnutrición
crónica severa es <3 DE, aproximadamente 30 % para el área
rural y 10% para el área urbana. Al ver el cuadro 5.9 se puede
observar que el porcentaje total de niños con retardo en talla para
edad (desnutrición crónica) por debajo de -2 DE es de 35.3% para
el área urbana y de 56.6% para el área rural. En el mismo cuadro
se puede observar que la región con la prevalencia más alta de
desnutrición crónica es la región Nor-Occidental del país, donde
la proporción de niños por debajo de -2 DE en talla para edad es
de 69.9 %.
4. Tendencias
La tendencia de la prevalencia de desnutrición muestra una ligera
disminución a través del tiempo; lo que se puede observar en el
cuadro 5.7 donde se presenta que de acuerdo a la encuesta
nacional de salud de 1987, la proporción de desnutrición crónica
era de 67.6 % para el grupo de niños de 24 a 35 meses. Al ver los
datos de la última encuesta, se puede observar que la proporción
de niños del mismo grupo de edad con desnutrición crónica es de
57.3%.
!*
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
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Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
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E. FISIOPATOLOGÍA Y RESPUESTAS DE
ADAPTACIÓN
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2. Metabolismo de proteínas
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Gráfica 2
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Tx= tratamiento
* El tratamiento con hierro, ácido fólico y vitamina B12 comenzó el día 2; la ingesta de energía y
proteínas aumentó gradualmente hasta alcanzar 150 kcal y 4 g de proteína/kg/día, en el noveno
día. No hubo respuesta reticulocitaria ni de hemoglobina hasta que la masa corporal magra,
determinada por el índice creatinina-talla, empezó a aumentar.
Gráfica 3
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Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
Ejercicio Intratexto
Usted debe explicar a un grupo de estudiantes de medicina los cambios y respuestas de
adaptación, fisiológicos y metabólicos que ocurren en la desnutrición. Elabore un cuadro resumen que
las explique.
Reducción en la
ingestión de
energía
Metabolismo de
proteínas
Cambios endocrinos
Hematología y
transporte
de oxígeno
"#
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
Funciones renales
Sistema inmunológico
Electrolitos
Funciones
gastrointestinales
Sistema nervioso
central y periférico
"$
Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
RESPUESTAS AL EJERCICIO
Reducción en la ingestión Niños: períodos más cortos de juegos y actividades que exigen
de energía esfuerzo físico.
Adultos: períodos más largos de descanso y/o trabajo físico más
lento.
"%
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
Funciones renales Hay disminución del flujo plasmático renal y la filtración glomerular
puede disminuir por el débito cardíaco reducido.
Capacidad de concentración y acidificación de orina y depuración de
agua está normal.
Electrolitos Hay alteración del intercambio celular de sodio y potasio, con pérdida
de potasio y aumento del sodio intracelular.
La disminución de potasio intracelular sumado a la reducción de la
masa muscular producen disminución del potasio corporal total, lo
que contribuye a la fatiga, reducción de la fuerza del músculo
esquelético y la reducción de la motilidad intestinal.
Funciones gastrointestinales
Hay disminución de la actividad de las disacaridasas intestinales,
secreciones gástricas y pancreáticas, y producción de bilis.
La motilidad intestinal es irregular y hay sobrecimiento bacteriano en
la luz intestinal. Como consecuencia se produce una digestión y
absorción incompleta de carbohidratos, aminoácidos y lípidos,
frecuentemente acompañada por diarrea.
Sistema nervioso A edades muy tempranas de la vida, la DPE severa puede producir
central y periférico reducción o retraso en el crecimiento del cerebro, la mielinización de
los nervios, producción de neurotransmisores y actividad de la
conducción nerviosa.
No se sabe con certeza cuál es el grado de irreversibilidad de esas
alteraciones.
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#!
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
b) Kwashiorkor
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#"
Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
J'7(1):"#$8#7(2-#78;)$(*)7(2"72)7(:'21*":):"'$#7(:;"8)7(1);)(*'7
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"
##
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
Ejercicio Intratexto
1. Como parte de sus responsabilidades Ud. tiene que capacitar a un
grupo de guardianes de la salud para que reconozcan los signos
clínicos de la desnutrición severa. Usando los tres dibujos que se
presentan a continuación, escriba en el cuadro a la derecha del dibujo
las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes de la desnutrición usando
terminología local; en cada ilustración se proporciona un ejemplo.
#$
Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
KWASHIORKOR MARASMÁTICO
" Barrigón_____________________________________
" _______________________________________
" _______________________________________
" _______________________________________
" _______________________________________
" _______________________________________
" _______________________________________
" _______________________________________
#%
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#'
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
Ejercicio Intratexto
Usted ha hecho el diagnóstico clínico de DPE severa edematosa
en un niño de 13 meses de edad que mide 71 cms.,pero quiere conocer
la magnitud de su deficiencia de proteínas corporales. Usted cuenta con
el recurso de laboratorio y solicita un análisis de excreción de creatinina
en orina de 24 horas. El resultado del examen es de 80 mg. de creatinina
en 24 horas. La talla normal promedio para niños y niñas de 13 meses
de edad es 76.3 cms.
#(
Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
RESPUESTAS AL EJERCICIO
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Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
Cuadro 4
& Hipoglicemia
& Hipotermia
$!
Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
Instrucciones:
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*)(-$"&)&D
$"
Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
I Parte:
Esta consta de 10 preguntas de selección múltiple, solamente hay una
respuesta para cada pregunta. Marque la literal correspondiente en la hoja de
respuestas. (5 puntos cada una)
`D +'A;#(*)($-8;":"/$("$<)$8"*(#7()&#:-)&'';C6:<;:(*'(7",-"#$8#i
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7#4C*#*'i
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Diplomado a Distancia en Salud de la Niñez
MODULO II
Unidad 1 Punteo Obtenido
Etiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones
Clínicas de la Desnutrición
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HOJA DE RESPUESTAS
I PARTE II PARTE
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Gracias.
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Etiología, Epidemiología, Fisiopatología y Manifestaciones Clínicas
V. REFERENCIAS
1. Ahmed T, Ali M, Salam MA, Rabbani GH, Fuchs 11. Schofield C, Ashworth A. Why have mortality
GJ. Standardized management reduces mortality rates for severe malnutrition remained so high?
among severely malnourished children with Bull World Hlth Org 1996;74:223-229.
diarrhea. Dhaka: International Centre for
Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; 12. Torún B. Protein-energy malnutrition. En:
1997. Strickland GT, ed. Hunter’s tropical medicine and
emerging infectious diseases. 8th. ed.
2. Ahmed T, Salam MA, Rabanni GH, Suskind R, Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000, p. 927-940.
Fuchs FH. Manual for protocolized management
of severely malnourished children with diarrhoea. 13. Torún B, Chew F. Protein-energy malnutrition.
Dhaka: International Centre for Diarrhoeal En: Shils ME et al, eds. Modern nutrition in health
Disease Research, Bangladesh; 1997. and disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins; 1999, p. 963-988.
3. Briend A, Golden MHN. Treatment of severe child
malnutrition in refugee camps. Eur J Clin Nutr 14. Torún B, Menchú MT, Elías LG.
1993;47:750-754. Recomendaciones dietéticas diarias del INCAP.
Guatemala: INCAP/OPS; 1994.
4. de Onis M, Monteiro C, Akre J, Clugston G. The
worldwide magnitude of protein-energy 15. Torún B, Samayoa C. Un sistema sencillo para
malnutrition: An overview from the WHO global evaluar el estado nutricional de niños, con
database on child growth. Bull World Hlth Org participación comunitaria. En: Memorias IX
1993;71:703-712. Congreso Latinoamericano de Nutrición. San
Juan, Puerto Rico; 1991, p. 159.
5. FAO. World Food Summit: Reviewing global
commitment to fight hunger. Rome: FAO; 1996. 16. Torún B, Viteri FE. Influence of exercise on linear
growth. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48 (suppl 1):S186-
6. Golden MHN, Ramdath D, Golden BE. Free S190.
radicals and malnutrition. En: Dreosti IE (ed),
Trace elements, micronutrients and free 17. UNICEF. The state of the world’s children.
radicals. Clifton, NJ: Humana Press; 1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1996.
7. López Blanco M, Hernández Valera Y, Torún B, 18. Viteri FE, Torún B. Nutrition, physical activity and
Fajardo L. Taller sobre evaluación nutricional growth. En: Ritzen M et al, eds. The biology of
antropométrica en América Latina. Caracas: normal human growth. New York: Raven
Ediciones Cavendes; 1995. Press;1981.
8. Ministerio de Salud de Guatemala. Encuesta 19. World Health Organization. Physical status: The
nacional de salud 1996. use and interpretation of anthropometry. Geneva:
WHO; 1995. (Tech Rep Ser No. 854).
9. O’Donnell A, Torún B, Caballero B, Lara Pantin E,
Bengoa JM. La alimentación del niño menor de 20. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Tratamiento
6 años en América Latina. Caracas: Ediciones de la malnutrición grave: manual para médicos y
Cavendes; 1994. otros profesionales sanitarios superiores.
Ginebra: OMS; 1999.
10. Pelletier DL, Frongillo EA, Schroeder DG, Habicht
JP. The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in
developing countries. Bull World Hlth Org 1995;
73:443-448.
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VI. ANEXO1
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