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LABRECHASALARIAL
Y LATEORIADE
DE OPORTUNIDADES
IGUALDAD
Un estudio de genero para el caso mexicano
Resumen
Abstract
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72 el trimestre economico
Introduccion
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 73
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74 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 75
I. LA TEORIADEIGUALDADDE OPORTUNIDADES(io)
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76 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMIC*)
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 77
por las circunstancias, sino que son producto unicamente de su esfuerzo, y por tanto debe hasta
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78 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO
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la brecha salarial 79
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80 el trimestre economico
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la brecha salarial 81
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82 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMIC*)
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 83
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84 el trimestre economico
cia empirica de que las mujeres eligen la ocupacion que mas les
reditua en terminos salariales (Brown, Pagan y Rodriguez, 1999).
En tanto esto sea asi, las diferencias salariales entre mujeres y hom
bres se deberan a la diferenciacion estructural y a la discriminaeion.
Pueden coexistir diferencias en los rendimientos de los determinan
tes del salario por sectores y por genero con una igualdad salarial
general, siempre y cuando existan suficiente competencia ymovilidad
de recursos, excluyendo los efectos de las dotaciones iniciales y de la
diferenciacion economica estructural. En sectores laborales en los
que hubiera fallas de mercado que impidan la remuneration equili
brada a la productividad inmediata de ambos generos, dichas fallas
tendrian que implicar el fenomeno de la discriminaeion por genero.
De lo anterior se infiere que las diferencias que existen (Brown,
Pagan y Rodriguez, 1999) entre los salarios de mujeres y hombres
consisten principalmente de la suma de la discriminaeion y de la di
ferenciacion economica estructural. Desde el punto de vista de la 10
esta suma es la que debe eliminarse.
Los datos
que en otros casos los trabajadores laboran mas de ocho horas diarias
durante seis y hasta siete dias, dependiendo del trabajo que se acu
mule. Se selecciono unicamente asalariados que trabajaran tiempo
completo ya que para el analisis de igualdad de oportunidades se
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 85
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86 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 87
Escolaridad de hombres
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88 el trimestre economico
| Hombres QH]Mujeres
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 89
Mujeres Hombres
[U Manufacturas
Eil Comercio, servicios financieros, servicios comunales
Mujeres Hombres
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 40 50
Porcentil
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90 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO
IV. ESTIMACIONECONOMETRICA
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la brecha salarial 91
log^=X;pe + u0
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92 el trimestre economico
V. Resultados
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 93
2. Regresion de cuantiles
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94 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 95
Aqui se observa que para los hombres se cumple que los rendi
mientos de la experiencia son decrecientes a partir del decil 5. El
contrario se observa en los primeros cuatro deci
comportamiento
les, en los que los rendimientos son crecientes, a pesar de que son
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2E-08) (2.1E-17) (1.1E-03) (3.5E-09)
(6.1E-18)
(1.9E-03)
(2.2E-03)
(3.7E-04)
(3.3E-04)
(5.7E-03)
(3.1E-11)
(1.1E-09)
(4.9E-06)
(8.8E-20)
(5.0E-11)
(5.0E-13)
(3.0E-05)
(3.4E-05)
(5.6E-06)
(2.0E-11)
(9.6E-05)
(1.2E-03)
(8.7E-11)
(7.9E-06)
(1.5E-19)
(8.7E-06)
(7.2E-13)
(4.4E-05)
(5.2E-05)
(1.3E-04)
(2.6E-11)
(6.2E-03)
(7.2E-10)
(1.2E-18)
(4.2E-04)
(7.1E-05)
(6.5E-05)
(3.7E-04)
(1.1E-03)
(5.9E-12)
(2.2E-10) (1.0E-10) (1.9E-02) (3.7E-09)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 10
20
50
30
40
60
80
70
90
R2_0.2131_0.2368_0.251_0.2732_0.2971_0.3248_0.3468_0.365_0.38
(7.2E-03)
CUADRO
Rendimientos
2.
de
la
hombres
experiencia
para
CUADRO
Regresion
1.
de
del
logaritmo
cuantiles
hombres*
hora
salario
por
para
Esfuerzo
2.951
3.203
3.851
2.860
2.326
1.990
1.033
2.116
1.122 Experiencia2
2.495
2.966
5.626
1.547
0.369
-0.371
-0.530
-3.308
-4.633 5anos
0.003
0.007
0.009
0.029
0.037
-0.018
-0.034
-0.015
-0.009
15anos
-0.010
-0.022
0.004
-0.012
-0.006
0.006
0.008
0.023
0.028
Escolaridad
0.090
0.085
0.078
0.093
0.112
0.108
0.137
0.115 Constante
0.606
0.269
-0.383
0.240
0.028
0.335
--0.081
-0.784
-0.077
Experiencia
-0.021
0.008
-0.011
0.003
0.033
0.009
-0.039
0.042
-0.017
El
ala
desviacion
parentesis
entre
estandar.
numero
es
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(1.1E-09) (2.9E-03) (1.5E-04)
(5.1E-03)
(1.2E-10)
(8.9E-09)
(6.9E-04)
(2.5E-03)
(1.4E-03)
(4.7E-09)
(5.7E-04)
(1.1E-02)
(5.6E-05)
(7.3E-06)
(1.5E-05)
(9.6E-11)
(6.3E-06)
(1.3E-04)
(5.2E-11)
(1.4E-12)(3.7E-04)
(2.6E-05)
(3.4E-05)
(1.2E-04)
(1.7E-05)
(1.5E-05)
(2.9E-04)
(2.1E-10)
(1.2E-10)
(3.0E-12)
(5.8E-05) (1.4E-03)
(2.2E-04)
(5.2E-12)
(3.7E-10)
(1.0E-04)
(3.0E-05)
(6.2E-05)
(2.2E-10)
(2.7E-05)
(5.2E-04) (2.4E-09) (3.3E-11) (6.6E-04)
20
10
30
80
70
50
60
40
90 20
10
80
50
60
30
40
70
90
(1.9E-04)
R2_0.1774_0.2068_0.2279_0.2326_0.2492_0.2628_0.2699_0.2825_0.3056
El
ala
desviacion
parentesis
estandar.
entre
numero
es
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98 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMIC*)
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 99
3. Indice de discrimination
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100 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMIC*)
192 10 97 79 5887
259 20 86 63 107 76
146 30 89 91 122
104
137 40 93 95 119 98
12450 102 98 90112
134 60 109 109 123 78
10070 118 129 128 84
49 80 134 157 116
112
66 90 153 124 109 87
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 101
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102 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 103
CONCLUSIONES
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104 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO
Septiembre de 2000
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la brecha salarial 105
Apendice
Edad
0.0031 6.03E-05 51.713 0.0000
0.0181 8.30E-05 218.131 0.0000
Experiencia
-0.0359 1.43E-04 -251.472 0.0000
Experiencia2
Secundario 0.0001 6.74E-05 0.836 0.2940
Residentes -0.0066 9.65E-05 -68.668 0.0000
-0.0189
Hijos 1.13E-04 -168.078 0.0000
Constante0.3028 1.32E-03 230.194 0.0000
R2 0.1331
Observaciones 1 608 663
ponderadas
Observaciones 1339
esviacion
Coeficiente J t-studentP-H^l
estanaar
R2 0.2066
Observaciones 3 219 220
ponderadas
Observaciones 2 751
Referencias bibliograficas
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106 EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMIC*)
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LA BRECHA SALARIAL 107
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