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08.Jeanne Raimond.

qxp_Tramayfondo_revista 21/1/21 23:22 Página 119

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Crime, offence and sexual sin in 13th century Marian literature

Abstract
While the preachers and writers of the Church spread a sexuality that can only be sinful when it is not conceived
as procreative, when they argue and propagate messages or theories that systematically relate it to death, there
are in the Marian literature, beyond the official condemnation, some texts that present subterfuges or escape tac-
tics of the weak, sinner lovers, to a tremendous destiny. These are the ones that will be presented in this study of
two great texts of 13th century Marian lyric, Los Milagros de Nuestra Señora by Gonzalo de Berceo and Las
Cantigas de Santa María by Alfonso El Sabio.

Key words: Love. Insubordination. Punishment. Prohibition. Marian protection.

Resumen
Mientras se explayan los predicadores y los escritores de la Iglesia sobre una sexualidad que no puede ser sino
pecaminosa cuando no se concibe como procreadora, cuando argumentan y difunden mensajes o teorías que la
relacionan sistemáticamente con la muerte, existen en la literatura marial, más allá de la condena oficial, algunos
textos que presentan subterfugios o tácticas de escape de los débiles, enamorados pecadores, a un tremendo
destino. Son los que se van a presentar en este estudio de dos grandes textos de la lírica marial del siglo XIII,
los Milagros de Nuestra Señora de Gonzalo de Berceo y las Cantigas de Santa María de Alfonso El Sabio.

Palabras clave: Amor. Insumisión. Castigos. Prohibición. Amparo marial.

ISSN. 1137-4802. pp. 119-131

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