TPGEOTM U XGEX (8:).- HLOTPMTL DG JKGTMBGOTL.

 Go km heudmd dg Numtgbmkm, gkdls dg olvegb`rg dgk dls bek lohg, MOTG BE9 FGHTLP MOTLOEL
ZGKMX]WGY @PMZL,HLBQMPGHGO9 plr uo kmdl @W]WGX @W ]WGX DG NWMTGBMKM, XLHEGDMD MOØOEBM, m
trmvås CmrkmBmrâm Hmskkl Gstrmdm, quego mhtùm go su hmkedmd dg Qrgsedgotg dgk Hlosgildg
Mdbeoestrmheøo, go mdgkmotg dgolbeomdm
dgolbeomdm Gk JKGTGMDLP3 y plr km ltrm pmrtgHMXM DG KMX TGKMX,
XLHEGDMD MOØOEBM, dg`edmbgotg rgprgsgotmdm
rgprgsgotmdm plr Kues HmrklsXmknugrl, quego mhtùm go su
hmkedmd dg Ngrgotg Ngogrmk y Pgprgsgotmotg Kgnmk

dg km rgjgredm godmd, go mdgkmotg dgolbeomdl GK MPBMDLP‒.

Fmnl hlostmr qugkls hlbpmrghegotgs bg msgnurmo sgr dg kms ngogrmkgs motgs hlosenomdms,
fmkkmrsggo gk ke`rg gigrhehel dg sus dgrghfls hevekgs, y qug km dlhubgotmheøo qug bgprgsgotmo gs
suhegotg dg hlojlrbedmd hlo km kgy y m be iuehel pmrm gstg mhtl,y ltlrnmo uo HLOTPMTL DG
JKGTMBGOTL `mil kms senuegotgs hkíusukms9 QPEBGPM9HLOTPMTL DG HGXEØO U MK]WEKGP9 Gk
MPBMDLP mhugrdm mrrgodmr km Gb`mrhmheøo mkJKGTMDLP y m`stgogrsg dg hgkg`rmr humkquegr ltrl
Hlotrmtl pmrm gk Jkgtmbgotldg km Gb`mrhmheøo durmotg gk besbl pkmzl. Gk JKGTMDLP mhugrdm
mkquekmr kmGb`mrhmheøo y pmnmrí km tmrejm dg Jkgtmbgotl, gk Mohepl pmrm Mvetumkkmbegotl,kls nmstls
dg Gotrgnm y Pg-gotrgnm, km Jemozm y humkquegr ltrl hmrnl hlovgoedl, go jlodls m`lomdls, go kms
jghfms l motgs dg kms jghfms y go km Hugotmgspghehmdm
Hugotmgspghehmdm go gstg Hlotrmtl. XGNWODM9 GOTPGNM9 Mk
preohepel dgk pkmzl dggtmbgotl gk MPBMDLP gotrgnmrí km Gb`mrhmheøo go gk Qugrtl dg Gotrgnm y
gkJKGTMDLP km rghe`erí go pkgol sgrvehel y go pgrjghtl gstmdl dg juohelombegotl,mptm pmrm
omvgnmr, kebpem, go `ugoms hlodehelogs, hlo tldl gk gquepl, eohkuslgk bís bldgrol gquepl dg
sgnuredmd y smkvmbgotl dg vedms, (eohkuygodl hfmkg
hfmkghlssmkvmvedms
hlssmkvmvedms pmrm oeýls, dg fm`gr mknuols go
gk nrupl dgk JKGTMDLP), sgnùorgquegrm km mutlredmd dg rgnestrl dg km Gb`mrhmheøo y mpgrtrghfmdm
sgnùo sgmprlpel pmrm uom Gb`mrhmheøo dg su tmbmýl y pl, pgrbegodl qug gk JKGTMDLPusg km
Gb`mrhmheøo sgnùo sg gxplog go km Hkíusukm =8. Gk MPBMDLP ol nmrmozmsu
n mrmozmsu usl y hlbldedmd go
hlodehelogs dg bmk gbpl pmrm tldls kls hruhgrls ltrmvgsâms dgotrl dgk Mrgm dg Hruhgrl.
TGPHGPM9 PG-GOTPGNM9 Gk JKGTMDLPdgvlkvgrí km Gb`mrhmheøo mk MPBMDLP go gk pugrtl dg Pg-
gotrgnm, ke`rg dghumkquegr dgudm hlotrmâdm plr gk JKGTMDLP durmotg gk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl y
gotmo `ugom hlodeheøo hlbl humodl jug rghe`edm, gxhgptl gk dgsnmstg plr gk uslolrbmk. Gk
JKGTMDLP pldrí, se msâ kl dgsgm, dgvlkvgr km Gb`mrhmheøo mk pugrtldg Pg-gotrgnm y dgsgb`mrhmr
motgs dgk o dgk pkmzl dg gtmbgotl, pgrlsgbgimotg rg-gotrgnm ol dmrí oeonùo dgrghfl mk
JKGTMDLP m rggb`lksl mknuol dgkm tmrejm dg Jkgtmbgotl. HWMPTM9 MPGM DG HPWHGPL9 Gk
JKGTMDLP kebetmrí kmomvgnmheøo dg km Gb`mrhmheøo mk Írgm dg Hruhgrl y dgotrl dg kms rgnelogs
dgkÍrgm dg Hruhgrl go qug km Gb`mrhmheøo pugdm omvgnmr kgnmkbgotg. GK JKGTMDLPtmb`eåo
kebetmrí gk gbpl dg omvgnmheøo m uo prlbgdel dg sges (:) flrms plrdâm, m bgols qug gk Hmpetío
sgnùo su gxhkusevm deshrgheøo mhhgdm m gstg gbpl.]WEOTM9 OWBGPL BMVEBL DG QGPXLOMX

 ‘

 PGXQLOXM@EKEDMD PGXQGHTL M OEÝLX

 ‘
 

 XMKWDDGK NPWQL DGK JKGTMDLP9 m) Gk JKGTMDLP ol pgrberí go humkquegr blbgotldurmotg gk

Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl qug gståo m `lrdl bís qug gk oùbgrl Bíxebl dgQgrsloms Durbegodl l
Omvgnmodl, bís, m km deshrgheøo gxhkusevm dgk Hmpetío,uo oùbgrl rmzlom`kg dg vesetmotgs begotrms
qug km gb`mrhmheøo gstå mbmrrmdmhlo sgnuredmd go pugrtl. `) Xe sg trmgo oeýls m `lrdl, gk
JKGTMDLP sgrítltmkbgotg rgsplosm`kg dg su hloduhtm y devgrseøo y oeonùo trepukmotg
sgrírgsplosm`kg dg km hloduhtm l devgrseøo dg kls oeýls. h) Km omturmkgzm dghumkquegr gtmbgotl
pugdg qug ebpedm m humkquegr pgrslom sujregodl dgeohmpmhedmd sehm l `mil trmtmbegotl bådehl
vgoer m `lrdl. Mk rbmr gstghlotrmtl gk JKGTMDLP nmrmozm kms `ugoms hlodehelogs sehms dg
tldls klsbegb`rls dgk nrupl dgk JKGTMDLP pmrm gk hruhgrl hlotgbpkmdl plr gstg hlotrmtl.Gk
JKGTMDLP y su nrupl sg l`kenmo m tgogr tldls kls vesmdls y vmhuoms oghgsmrelspmrm
oghgsmrelspmrm kls pmâsgs m
vesetmr. XGVTM9 TPEQWKMHELO9 Gk MPBMDLP prlvggrí uo Hmpetíodg`edmbgotg
Hmpetíodg`edmbgotg humkehmdl mhgptm`kg
m kls Msgnurmdlrgs dg km Gb`mrhmheøo y uomTrepukmheøo dg`edmbgotg humkehmdm, hlo uoejlrbg,
mkebgotmdm y msgnurmdm. GkMPBMDLP sg hgrhelrmrí dg qug oeonùo trepukmotg kkgvg oe usg drlnms
ekgnmkgs m`lrdl dg km Gb`mrhmheøo oe mrbms dg jugnl (gxhgptl mqugkkms dghkmrmdms go gkbmoegstl)
y sg hgrhelrmrí dg qug gk Hmpetío y km Trepukmheøo l`sgrvgo kmskgygs y rgnkmbgotls dg humkquegr pmâs
go huyms mnums km Gb`mrhmheøo gotrgdurmotg gk hursl dg gstg Hlotrmtl. XGQTEBM9 MWTLPEDMD DGK
HMQETMO9 Gk MPBMDLPsg hgrhelrmrí dg qug gk Hmpetío `reodg mk JKGTMDLP km besbm hlrtgsâm qug
fmrâmse gk JKGTMDLP jugsg gk MPBMDLP, y gk Hmpetío hubpkerí hlo tldms kms ørdgogsrmzlom`kgs
qug gk JKGTMDLP kg då rgspghtl m km ngsøo, lpgrmheøo y trmskmdldg km Gb`mrhmheøo, segbprg qug
gk vegotl, gk gbpl y ltrms herhuostmohems klpgrb
klpgrbetmo.
etmo. Xeo gb`mrnl, gk Hmpetío ol gstmrí l`kenmdl m
hubpker oeonuom lrdgoqug go km lpeoeøo rmzlom`kg dgk Hmpetío pugdm rgsuktmr go qug km
Gb`mrhmheøosg trmskmdg m humkquegr pugrtl l kunmr qug ol sgm sgnurl pmrm km besbm, l qugpugdm
rgsuktmr go qug gk JKGTMDLP dgig dg dgvlkvgr km Gb`mrhmheøo mk o dgkQkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl, l qug
go km lpeoeøo rmzlom`kg dgk Hmpetío, rgsuktg go kmvelkmheøo dg km Hkíusukm =8 y/l humkquegr ltrm
hkíusukm dg gstg Hlotrmtl.

Mdgbís, seo pgriuehel dg humkquegr ltrl rgbgdel qug kg pugdm hlrrgsplodgr mkMPBMDLP, se go km
lpeoeøo rmzlom`kg dgk Hmpetío, gk JKGTMDLP l humkquegrm dgsus fuåspgdgs dgimsgo dg l`sgrvmr
humkquegrm dg kms desplsehelogs dg kmHkíusukm =8, y se sgbgimotg jmktm hlooumsg dgspuås dg qug gk
Hmpetío fmymdmdl km dg`edm mdvgrtgohem mk JKGTMDLP plr gshretl rgspghtl m km besbm, gkHmpetío
eojlrbmrí mk MPBMDLP y mk @rlcgr y gk MPBMDLP pldrí tgrbeomr gkJkgtmbgotl eobgdemtmbgotg
eobgdemtmbgotg l

dmrPg-gotrgnm
km eostruhhelogs mk Hmpetío
gk Qkmzl pmrm qugfm`rí
dgJkgtmbgotl rgnrgsg kmGb`mrhmheøo
tgrbeomdl. mk pugrtl
Gk JKGTMDLP dg fuåspgdgs
y sus Pg-gotrgnm. Dgspuås dg
dgsgb`mrhmrío, gkJKGTMDLP fm`egodl kequedmdl tldls kls nmstls pgodegotgs mk Hmpetío y
gkJKGTMDLP ol tgodrí dgrghfl m oeonùo rggb`lksl dg km tmrejm dg Jkgtmbgotl. Hlorgjgrgohem
Hlorgjgrgohem
gspghâhm mk usl dg gquepl dg dgplrtgs mhuíhls, sgnùo sg dgoggo km Hkíusukm =:, gk Hmpetío
tgodrí mutlredmd pmrm ebpgder mk JKGTMDLP l mhumkquegrm dg sus fuåspgdgs gk usl dg humkquegr
gquepl gspghâhl pmrm dgplrtgmhuíhl se, sgnùo su lpeoeøo rmzlom`kg, tmkgs pgrsloms ol sgmo
hlbpgtgotgs,l denoms dg hlomozm l sg hlbplrtgo dg uom jlrbm errgsplosm`kg, l se olbugstrmo
dg`edl eotgrås go ltrms pgrsloms begotrms qug gstío usmodl gk gquepl.LHTMZM9 NMXTLX DG
GVQKLTMHELO9 Gk JKGTMDLP sgrí rgsplosm`kg dg kls nmstls dg

gxpkltmheøo y, gspghâhmbgotg, sgnùo sg dgog `mil ‛HLODEHELOGX‒ go km Qíneom

Wol dg gstg
Fm`egodl Hlotrmtl,
pmnmdl durmotgpmrm
km Mohepl tldl gk pkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl,
Mvetumkkmbegotl rgspghtl
(M.Q.M.) mtrmvås dg mkmsâhugotm
besblydgksus Fuåspgdgs.
@rlcgr, sgnùo
 

gxeng gstg Hlotrmtl, gk JKGTMDLP sgríolhmdl plr gk Hmpetío pgreødehmbgotg sl`rg kls
dgsgb`lksls rgspghtl mM.Q.M. y, se gk smkdl rgstmotg ol jugsg suhegotg, dg mhugrdl hlo kls
nmstlsmhtumkgs, pmnmrí mk Hmpetío uom hmodmd suhegotg pmrm bmotgogr uo smkdlplsevl
mdghumdl. Gk MPBMDLP sg hgrhelrmrí dg qug gk Hmpetío usg km dg`edmdekengohem
dg`edmdekengohem go kls dgsgb`lksls
pmrm M.Q.M. Motgs dg dgsgb`mrhmr mk o dgkQkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl, gk Hmpetío prgsgotmrí mk
JKGTMDLP uo `mkmohg dgtmkkmdldg kls nmstls, hlo tldls kls rghe`ls pgrogotgs qug kg sgmo plse`kg
y gkJKGTMDLP pmnmrí mk Hmpetío gk smkdl dg kls nmstls, l gk Hmpetío rggb`lksmrímk JKGTMDLP
humkquegr smkdl pmnmdl go gxhgsl, sgnùo gk hmsl. Gk pmnl dg gquepll oghgsedmdgs gspghemkgs,
gspghemkgs,
trmosplrtg l gxhurselogs go grrm l humkquegr ltrlnmstl qug olrbmkbgotg ol sg hlosedgrg hlbl
pmrtg dg kls nmstls dg gxpkltmheøodg km Gb`mrhmheø
Gb`mrhmheøo
o sgrí fghfl plr eotgrbgdel dg km hugotm dgk
@rlcgr,mohepmdmbgotg,, l mk Hmpetío mk gb`mrqug, mdehelomkbgotg
@rlcgr,mohepmdmbgotg mdehelomkbgotg mk M.Q.M. M bgolsqug sg fmymo
fghfl ltrms desplsehelogs gspghâhms plr gshretl, hlomotgrelredmd, tldls kls pmnls rgkmvls m kls
nmstls dg gxpkltmheøo gth. sgríopmnmdls go km besbm blogdm qug km tmrejm dg Jkgtmbgotl. Qmnls
plr hfgqug,tmrigtm dg hrådetl u ltrls eostrubgotls ognlhem`kgs ol slo olrbmkbgotgmhgptm`kgs
olrbmkbgotgmhgptm`kgs
dg`edl m km omturmkgzm eogrmotg dgk prlnrmbm dg tgbplrmdm dg kmGb`mrhmheøo y gk JKGTMDLP
dg`g plr kl tmotl hgrhelrmrsg dg qug gog jlodlssuhegotgs desploe`kgs pmrm pmnmr tldls kls
nmstls rmzlom`kgbgotgprgvese`kgs,
rmzlom`kgbgotgprgvese`kgs, l dgplsetmr jlodls mdehelomkgs hlo gk @rlcgr. OLZGOM9
DGBLPM GOKM GOTPGNM9 m) Xe plr hmusm dg jlrhg bmigurg (sgnùo sg dgog go km Hkíusukm=6 (m)),
gk MPBMDLP dgimsg dg gotrgnmr km gb`mrhmheøo mk JKGTMDLP go gk Qugrtldg Gotrgnm mk preohepel
dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl y sg fehegsg km gotrgnm dgotrldg kms humrgotm y lhfl (46) flrms senuegotgs
m km jghfm mhlrdmdm, l dgotrl dguom dåhebm (=/=1) pmrtg dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl, kl qug sgm bís
hlrtl, gkMPBMDLP pmnmrí mk JKGTMDLP uo rggb`lksl dg km tmrejm dg Jkgtmbgotl sl`rg km`msg dg
uom tmsm demrem prlrrmtm l se sg hloveoegsg butumbgotg, gk MPBMDLPpgrberí uom gxtgoseøo
prlrrmtm dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl. EOHWBQKEBEGOTL DGGOTPGNM
DGGOTPGNM `) Xe m hmusm dg jlrhg bmigurg gk
MPBMDLP dgimsg dg gotrgnmr kmgb`mrhmheøo dgotrl dg humrgotm y lhfl (46) flrms l dg uo pkmzl
gquevmkgotg muom dåhebm pmrtg (=/k1) dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl, kl qug sgm bís hlrtl, dgk blbgotl
mhlrdmdl pmrm km gotrgnm, gk JKGTMDLP tgodrí dgrghfl m rgsheoder gstgHlotrmtl. Gk rgbgdel
gxhkusevl dgk JKGTMDLP sgrí rghe`er dgvlkuheøo dg km submpmnmdm seo eotgrgsgs dg km hmodmd tltmk
l dg kls pmnls qug fmym fghfl mkMPBMDLP l mk Dgplsetmrel. Mktgromvmbgotg, se kms pmrtgs kl
mhugrdmobutumbgotg,
mhugrdmobutumbgo tg, gk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl sgrí prlklonmdl plr uo pkmzl gquevmkgotg mkm
dgblrm. h) Xe gk MPBMDLP dgimsg dg gotrgnmr km Gb`mrhmheøo go gk Qugrtl dgGotrgnm mk preohepel
dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl, gxhgptl plr rmzøo dg jlrhgbmigurg, gk JKGTMDLP tgodrí dgrghfl m
hlosedgrmr gstg Hlotrmtl hlbl rgpudemdlplr gk MPBMDLP. Gk JKGTMDLP tgodrí dgrghfl mk
rggb`lksl seo eotgrgsgs dg kmhmodmd tltmk dg tldls kls pmnls qug fmym fghfl mk MPBMDLP l mk
Dgplsetmrely mdgbís gk MPBMDLP kg pmnmrí dmýls y pgriuehels plr uom hmodmd gquevmkgotg
gquevmkgotgmk
mk
heohugotm plr hegotl (71%) dg km tmrejm dg Jkgtmbgotl. MOWKMHELO QLP GKMPBMDLP9 d) Xe motgs
dgk eoehel dgk pkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl sgnùo sg eodehm go kmpíneom uol dg gstg Hlotrmtl, gk MPBMDLP
degsg mvesl dg moukmheøo m trmvgs dgk@rlcgr y se km moukmheøo jugsg m hmusm dg jlrhg bmigurg, gk
rgbgdel (`)motgrelr sgrí mpkehm`kg. g) Xe km moukmheøo jugsg plr humkquegr hmusm desotmm km dg jlrhg
bmigurg, gk JKGTMDLP tgodrí dgrghfl mk rggb`lksl seo eotgrgsgsdg km hmodmd tltmk dg tldls kls
pmnls fghfls mk MPBMDLP l mk Dgplsetmrel, ymdgbís tgodrí dgrghfl m dmýls y pgriuehels, m
hmkhukmrsg y pmnmrsgeobgdemtmbgotg,
pmnmrsgeobgdemtmbgotg, dg mhugrdl hlo km senuegotg gshmkm9 e) trgeotm (81) dâms l
bísmotgs dgk eoehel dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl, uom hmodmd gquevmkgotg mkvgeoheohl plr hegotl
(07%) dg km tmrejm dg Jkgtmbgotl. ee) bís dg hmtlrhg(=4) pgrl bgols dg trgeotm (81) dâms motgs dgk
 

eoehel dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl,uom hmodmd gquevmkgotg m trgeotm y heohl plr hegotl (87%) dg km
tmrejm dgJkgtmbgotl. eee) hmtlrhg (=4) dâms l bgols motgs dgk eoehel dgk Qkmzl dgJkgtmbgotl, uom
hmodmd gquevmkgotg mk heohugotm plr hegotl (71%) dg km tmrejmdg Jkgtmbgotl. DGHEBL9 DGBLPM
GO KM PG-GOTPGNM9 m) Xe km Pg-gotrgnm dg kmGb`mrhmheøo sg dgblrmsg m hmusm dg jlrhg bmigurg km
Pg-gotrgnm sg fmrí tmoprlotl hlbl sgm plse`kg y begotrms tmotl kms hlodehelogs dg gstg
Hlotrmtlsgnuerío go venlr pgrl seo pgomkezmhelogs l hmrnls mdehelomkgs pmrm gkJKGTMDLP. `) Xe gk
JKGTMDLP dgimsg dg dgvlkvgr km Gb`mrhmheøo mk MPBMDLP gogk pugrtl dg Pg-gotrgnm, dg`edl m
dgblrm eotgohelomdm l hmb`el dg eogrmrel,go hlotrm dg kls hlosgils dgk Hmpetío, gk JKGTMDLP
pmnmrí eobgdemtmbgotg mkMPBMDLP, plr trmosjgrgohem tgkgnríhm derghtm plr eotgrbgdel dg km
hugotm dgk@rlcgr/Dgplsetmrel,
dgk@rlcgr/Dgplsetmrel, sl`rggstmdâms m km tmsm demrem bís uo humrgotm plr hegotl(41%) dg km
tmsm demrem. Xe km dgblrm go km Pg-gotrgnm gxhgdegsg vgeo
vgeohumtrl(04)
humtrl(04) flrms, gk JKGTMDLP tgodrí
qug eodgboezmr mk MPBMDLP hlotrm humkquegrpårdedm l dmýls y pgriuehels qug gk MPBMDLP
pugdm sujrer m hlosghugohem dg olpldgr usmr km Gb`mrhmheøo l tgogr qug moukmr l rgtrmsmr km
gotrgnm gspukmdlgo humkquegr gk su`senuegotg hlotrmtl dg gtmbgotl dg km Gb`mrhmheøo.
DGHEBLQPEBGPM9 MOWKMHELO QLP GK JKGTMDLP9 m) e) Xe gk JKGTMDLP degsg mvesl dgmoukmheøo dg
gstg Hlotrmtl motgs dg l go km jghfm dg eoehel dgk Qkmzl dgJkgtmbgotl, gk JKGTMDLP sgnuerí
l`kenmdl m fmhgr tldls kls pmnls dg`edls mkMPBMDLP hlo motgrelredmd m km jghfm dg moukmheøo y
pgodegotg dg pmnl. Xe gkmvesl dg moukmheøo sg degsg plr gk JKGTMDLP l se gk JKGTMDLP, dgspuås dg
fm`grrghe`edl mvesl dg pmnmr humkquegr subm dg`edm `mil gstg Hlotrmtl dgimsg dgfmhgrkl, gk
MPBMDLP tgodrí dgrghfl m hlosedgrmr gstg Hlotrmtl hlbl rgpudemdlplr gk JKGTMDLP y sg
qugdmrí hlo km hmodmd tltmk dg tldls kls pmnls. M pgsmrdgk dgrghfl dgk MPBMDLP mrre`m
bgohelomdl, m rghe`er l m rgtgogr tldls klspmnls, gk MPBMDLP gstmrí l`kenmdl m benmr su
pårdedm y go gk hmsl dg qug gkMPBMDLP pudegsg mrrgodmr dg ougvl km Gb`mrhmheøo pmrm tldl l
pmrtg dgk Qkmzldg Jkgtmbgotl hlotgbpkmdl plr gstg Hlotrmtl, gk MPBMDLP mhrgdetmrí km
hmodmdogtm dgk gtmbgotl rgsuktmotg dgk ougvl mrrgodmbegotl dgspuås dg dgshlotmrtldms kms
hlbeselogs y ltrls nmstls hlosghugotgs dg uo ougvl gtmbgotl. Km eotgoheøo gs qug gk MPBMDLP
rghe`erí gk besbl ogtl dg humkquegr ougvlgtmbgotl qug fu`egrm rghe`edl sgnùo gstg Hlotrmtl. Gk
MPBMDLP fmrí tldl klplse`kg pmrm vlkvgr m gtmr km Gb`mrhmheøo y ol sg ognmrí errmhelomkbgotg
mvlkvgr m gtmr, muoqug pldrí rghfmzmr hlotrmtls dg gtmbgotl qugrmzlom`kgbgotg pugdmo
hlosedgrmrsg pgriudehemkgs
pgriudehemkgs pmrm km Gb`mrhmheøo, surgputmheøo, su trepukmheøo l su prlnrmbm. ee) Xe
hlo motgrelredmd m km jghfmdg moukmheøo km Gb`mrhmheøo sg fu`egsg mvetumkkmdl pmrm gk Jkgtmbgotl
l fu`egsgukezmdl kls nmstls dg Gotrgnm/Pg-gotrgnm sgnùo sg gxplogo go km píneom uoldg gstg
Hlotrmtl, gk JKGTMDLP pmnmrí gstls nmstls m bgols qug tldls l pmrtgdg gkkls pugdmo sgr
rggb`lksmdls plr gk subeoestrmdlr l sgr trmosjgredls mkprøxebl hlotrmtl dg gtmbgotl, go huyl
hmsl sgrío miustmdls gquetmvmbgotg.Gk Hmpetío
Hmpetío y gk MPBMDLP tgodrío gk dg`gr dg benmr gstls
nmstls segbprg qugsgm plse`kg. `) Xe, dgspuås dg rbmrsg gstg Hlotrmtl gk MPBMDLP
sujregsgqueg`rm l, go gk hmsl dg uom slhegdmd, sg olb`rmsg uo sâodehl, mdbeoestrmdlrl kequedmdlr
go rgkmheøo m km tltmkedmd l pmrtg dgk fm`gr dgk MPBMDLP, klsJKGTMDLPGX tgodrío dgrghfl m
moukmr gk Hlotrmtl dg Jkgtmbgotl y tldl gk deogrlpmnmdl mk MPBMDLP, m su mngotg, l mk
Dgplsetmrel dg mhugrdl hlo gstg Hlotrmtlsgrí rggb`lksmdl seo dgduhheøo mknuom. DGHEBL
XGNWODL9 MZGPEM L EOFM@EKETMHELO9Xe dgspuås dg km gotrgnm km Gb`mrhmheøo go humkquegr
blbgotl sujregsg mvgrâml eofm`eketmheøo dg`edl m su bmqueomrem, l se gohmkkmsg, sujregsg m`lrdmig
lhumkquegr ltrm hlsm qug ebpedegsg gk usl rmzlom`kg dg km gb`mrhmheøo plr gkJKGTMDLP durmotg
uo pkmzl gotrg dlhg (=0) y humrgotm y lhfl (46) flrmshlosghuvms l uom dåhebm pmrtg dgk Qkmzl dg
 

Jkgtmbgotl, mqugkkl qug jugsg bíshlrtl (y km eofm`eketmheøo ol fu`egsg sedl hlosghugohem dg

humkquegr mhtl ljmktm dgk JKGTMDLP), gk MPBMDLP fmrí uo rggb`lksl prlrrmtm dg km tmrejm
dgJkgtmbgotl pmrm gk pkmzl dg eofm`eketmheøo
eofm`eketmheøo l, se sg hlovegog butumbgotg,pgrberí uom
prlklonmheøo prlrrmtm dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl hlrrgsplodegotgmk pkmzl dg eofm`eketmheøo. Xe gk
JKGTMDLP dgsgmsg eovlhmr gstm hkíusukm, dmrímvesl plr gshretl eobgdemtmbgotg mk Hmpetío. Gk
JKGTMDLP sgnuerí gstmodll`kenmdl m pmnmr kls nmstls olrbmkgs durmotg gk pkmzl dg eofm`eketmheøo
eofm`eketmheøo..
Gogk hmsl dg pårdedm tltmk rgmk l hlostruhvm dg km Gb`mrhmheøo, l se kmGb`mrhmheøo qugdmsg
eofm`eketmdm durmotg uo pkmzl hlosghuvl dg bís dghumrgotm y lhfl (46) flrms l uom dåhebm
pmrtg dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl, kl qugsgm bís hlrtl, gk Jkgtmdlr pldrí rgpudemr gstg Hlotrmtl
bgdemotg mvesl plrgshretl mk MPBMDLP l m kls @rlcgr(s) l mk Hmpetío se ol fu`egsg humkqueg
humkquegrbgdel
rbgdel
dg hlbuoehmheøo desploe`kg. Tmo prlotl hlbl sgm jmh`kg dgspuås dgsgbgimot
dgsgbgimotgg rgpudemheøo, km
tmrejm dg Jkgtmbgotl sgrí rggb`lksmdm plr gk MPBMDLPprlrrmtm seo eotgrgsgs plr km prlplrheøo
dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl pgodegotgdgspuås
pgodegotgdgspuås dg km jghfm y km flrm go qug lhurreø km pårdedm l
eofm`eketmheøo. Gogk hmsl dg sgbgimotg rgputmheøo gk JKGTMDLP pldrí fmhgr km rg-gotrgnm
dmodlplsgseøo dg km Gb`mrhmheøo dlodg sg gohugotrg. Gk JKGTMDLP tgodrí dgrghfl mrghupgrmr
dgk MPBMDLP kls nmstls rmzlom`kgs dg trmskmdmr gk nrupl dg gtmbgotlmk pugrtl dg rg-gotrgnm
plr bgdel dg sgrvehels rgnukmrgs, eohkusevg nmstlsrmzlom`kgs dg mklimbegotl. Mktgromvmbgotg,
dgspuås dg uo pkmzl dgeofm`eketmheøo dg bís dg humrgotm y lhfl (46) flrms hlosghuvms l uom
dåhebmpmrtg dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl, kl qug sgm bís hlrtl, y sgnùo km omturmkgzm ynrmvgdmd dg km
eofm`eketmheøo, bgdemotg mhugrdl butul kls JKGTMDLPGX pldríogkgner qugdmrsg m `lrdl durmotg
gk pkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl y gk JKGTMDLP gotlohgsol tgodrí oeonùo dgrghfl m ltrm rghkmbmheøo
hlotrm gk MPBMDLP. DGHEBL TGPHGPL9WXL DG KM GB@MPHMHELO9 Gk JKGTMDLP hubpkerí y sg
hgrhelrmrí qug sus fuåspgdgshubpkmo hlo kms kgygs y rgnkmbgotls dg humkquegr pmâs go huyms
mnums gotrg kmGb`mrhmheøo durmotg gk pkmzl dg gstg Hlotrmtl. Gk JKGTMDLP sg hgrhelrmrí qugol sg
trmenmo m `lrdl humkquegr moebmk dlbåshl l dg ltrl pl seo gkhlosgobegotl gshretl dgk
MPBMDLP. Gk JKGTMDLP sg hgrhelrmrí qug gk hlbplrtmbegotl dgk nrupl dg fuåspgdgs dgk
Jkgtmdlr ol hmusg blkgsm m oeonuompgrslom l qug då bmkm rgputmheøo m km Gb`mrhmheøo. Gk
JKGTMDLP y sus fuåspgdgstrmtmrío m tldls kls trepukmotgs hlo rgspgtl go tldl blbgotl. Gk
Hmpetíokkmbmrí km mtgoheøo dgk JKGTMDLP eobgdemtmbgotg sl`rg humkquegr eojrmhheøo dggstms
hlodehelogs, plr pmrtg suym l dg sus fuåspgdgs, y se sgbgimotghlbplrtmbegotl
sgbgimotghlbplrtmbegotl senuegsg dgspuås
dg gstm mdvgrtgohem, gk Hmpetío eojlrbmrí mkMPBMDLP l su @rlcgr, y gk MPBMDLP pldrí bgdemotg
mvesl gshretl mk JKGTMDLP,rgpudemr gstg Hlotrmtl dg mhugrdl hlo km hkíusukm > dg gstg Hlotrmtl. Xe
gkJKGTMDLP l humkquegr dg sus fuåspgdgs hlbggsg humkque
humkquegr
gr dgketl hlotrm kmskgygs y
rgnkmbgotls dg humkquegr pmâs qug rgsuktmsg go km dgtgoheøo, buktm lgohmrhgkmbegotl dg humkquegr
trepukmotg dg km Gb`mrhmheøo, l se km Gb`mrhmheøojugsg dgtgoedm, mrrgstmdm, gb`mrnmdm l buktmdm,
gk JKGTMDLP eodgboezmrí mkMPBMDLP hlotrm tldm pårdedm, dmýls y pgriuehels y nmstls hlotrmâdls
plr gkMPBMDLP m hlosghugohem dg gkkl y gk MPBMDLP pldrí, bgdemotg mvesl mk
JKGTMDLP,rgpudemr gk Hlotrmtl eobgdemtmbgotg
eobgdemtmbgotg.. Tmb`eåo qugdm gspghâhmbgotg gotgodedlqug
km plsgseøo l gk usl dg humkquegr drlnm ekgnmk l humkquegr mrbm(pmrhukmrbgotg mrbms dg jugnl)
gstí gstrehtmbgotg prlfe`edl m `lrdl dg kmgb`mrhmheøo. Gk eohubpkebegotl sgrí rmzøo suhegotg
pmrm qug gk MPBMDLPrgpudeg gk hlotrmtl dg gtmbgotl eobgdemtmbgotg seo rggb`lksl l
dgrghfl hlotrmgk MPBMDLP. DGHEBL HWMPTL9 XW@PLNMHELO9 Gk JKGTMDLP ol hgdgrí gstg
Hlotrmtl,su`mrrgodmrí km Gb`mrhmheøo l gotrgnmrí hlotrlk dg km Gb`mrhmheøo seo
gkhlosgobegotl
gkhlosgobegotl gshretl dgk MP
MPBMDLP,
BMDLP, hlosgobegotl qug pldrí sgr go kmshlodehelogs
kmshlodehelogs qug gk
 

MPBMDLP hlosedgrg mdghumdms. DGHEBL ]WEOTL9 ZGOTM DG KMGB@MPHMHELO9 m) Gk MPBMDLP

hlovegog ol vgodgr km Gb`mrhmheøo durmotg gk Qkmzldg Jkgtmbgotl eodehmdl go km Qíneom Wol dg
gstg Hlotrmtl. `) Xe gk MPBMDLPvgodegsg km gb`mrhmheøo dgspuås dg km rbm dg gstg Hlotrmtl dg
Jkgtmbgotl,pgrl motgs dg km gotrgnm mk JKGTMDLP, gk MPBMDLP
MP BMDLP eobgdemtmbgotg
olhmrísgbgimotg vgotm plr gshretl mk JKGTMDLP plr eotgrbgdel dgk @rlcgr. Gstmeojlrbmheøo
sgrí trmtmdm hlbl gstrehtmbgotg hlodgohemk plr tldms kms pmrtgsdgk hlotrmtl. Xe sg vgodegsg km
gb`mrhmheøo, uom dg kms senuegotgsdesplsehelogs
senuegotgsdesplsehelogs sgrí mpkehm`kg9 e) Gk MPBMDLP mhlrdmrí qug gk
Hlbprmdlr hubpkghlo gk Hlotrmtl dg Jkgtmbgotl go kms besbms hlodehelogs bgdemotg hgseøo
dggstg Hlotmtl dg Jkgtmbgotl. Humodl gk Hlbprmdlr sg fmhg hmrnl dgk hlotrmtl dggtmbgotl go
kms besbms hlodehelogs bgdemotg hgseøo dgk Hlotrmtl, ol fm`ríhumkquegr ltrm pgomkedmd hlotrm gk
MPBMDLP y oeonuom hlbeseøo mdehelomk pmrmgk @rlcgr. ee) Xe gk Hlbprmdlr ol gstuvegsg despugstl
m hubpker hlo gk Hlotrmtldg Jkgtmbgotl, l ol pudegsg fmhgrkl, gk MPBMDLP plr gk prgsgotg
olb`rm mk@rlcgr pmrm qug trmtg dg l`tgogr uo hlotrmtl dg gtmbgotl dg uom gb`mrhmheøogo
hlodehelogs sebekmrgs l supgrelrgs pmrm gk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl, gosustuheøo dg km Gb`mrhmheøo.
Xe sg gohlotrmsg uom Gb`mrhmheøo go sustuheøosg prgpmrmrí uo ougvl Hlotrmtl dg Jkgtmbgotl y
sg moukmrí gstg Hlotrmtllreneomk. Gk MPBMDLP pmnmrí km hlbeseøo dgk @rlcgr rgspghtl mk Hlotrmtl
dgJkgtmbgotl lreneomk y gk @rlcgr pldrí rgtgogr humkquegr hlbeseøo dg`edm sl`rgkm Gb`mrhmheøo
go sustuheøo. eee) Xe gk MPBMDLP ol pudegsg l`tgogr uomgb`mrhmheøo sebekmr l supgrelr pmrm usl
dgk JKGTMDLP go kms besbms hlodehelogsqug gstg hlotrmtl lreneomk l se gk JKGTMDLP rghfmzmsg km
sustuheøo prlpugstm(gk JKGTMDLP ol rghfmzmrí errmzlom`kgbgotg uom gb`mrhmheøo go
sustuheøo dguo oevgk sebekmr l supgrelr), gotlohgs gstg Hlotrmtl dg Jkgtmbgotl sgríhlosedgrmdl
hlbl moukmdl plr gk MPBMDLP dg mhugrdl hlo km hkíusukm 5. Tldlskls pmnls fghfls plr gk
JKGTMDLP kg sgrío eobgdemtmbgotg rggb`lksmdls go sutltmkedmd seo dgshugotl y mdgbís sg kg
pmnmrío dmýls y pgriuehels hmkhukmdlsdg mhugrdl hlo km hkíusukm 5 (g) =, e) l ee) sgnùo prlhgdm. Gk
@rlcgr rghe`erídgk MPBMDLP km hlbeseøo tltmk dg`edm rgspghtl mk Hlotrmtl lreneomk.
DGHEBLXGVTL9 XGNWPL9 m) Gk MPBMDLP msgnurmrí km gb`mrhmheøo hlo msgnurmdlrms dg prebgrm
hmtgnlrâm, hlotrm tldm hkmsg dg regsnls fm`etumkgs pmrm uom Gb`mrhmheøodg su pl y tmbmýl, hlo
uom hl`grturm ol eojgrelr m kl qug prlvggo kmsEostutg Umhft Hkmusgs =.==.67 u ltrms hlodehelogs
mbpkemdms pmrm pgrbergtmbgotls y pmrm hu`rer9 rgsplosm`ekedmd hevek, rgsplosm`ekedmd
rgsplosm`ekedmd dg
gsquâoíuhl iuotl hlo rgsplosm`ekedmdgs dgrevmdms dgk usl plr gk JKGTMDLP yhumkquegr pgrslom
hlbpgtgotg mutlrezmdm plr åk dg bltls mhuíhls y ltrmsgb`mrhmhelogs m bltlr sebekmrgs, hlbl
tmb`eåo weodsurjgrs, gb`mrhmhelogsmuxekemrgs,
gb`mrhmhelogsmuxekemrgs, hmtmbmrmogs u ltrl gquepl dg dgplrtgs mhuíhls
m `lrdl dg kmgb`mrhmheøo. Gstg sgnurl tmb`eåo hu`rerí Nugrrm y Fugknms g eohkuerí gk sgnurldg km
Trepukmheøo hlotrm kgselogs y/l rgsplosm`ekedmd hevek hlotrmedms durmotggk dgsgbpgýl dg sus
juohelogs. Gk JKGTMDLP tgodrí dgrghfl m kls `goghels dgkls sgnurls dgk MPBMDLP. `) Tldls kls
sgnurls sgbgimotgs sgrío go tmkgshlodehelogs y hlo suigheøo m kms jrmoquehems (dgduhe`kgs) qug
sgmo fm`etumkgspmrm uom Gb`mrhmheøo dg gstg tmbmýl y pl. Gigbpkmrgs dg tldls kls
sgnurlspgrogotgs gstmrío desploe`kgs pmrm eospghheøo plr gk JKGTMDLP motgs dgkeoehel dg
gtmbgotl, dmodl mvesl rmzlom`kg mk MPBMDLP, y sg kkgvmrío m `lrdldg km gb`mrhmheøo. h) @mil
herhuostmohems olrbmkgs gk JKGTMDLP søkl sgrírgsplosm`kg dg kls hlstgs l pårdedms qug pugdmo
fm`gr sedl hlotrmedls go kmrgpmrmheøo dg mvgrâms hmusmdms plr gk JKGTMDLP l sus
fuåspgdgs(eotgohelomkbgotg
fuåspgdgs(e otgohelomkbgotg l ol) m km Gb`mrhmheøo l m humkquegr tgrhgrl fmstm gk oevgkdg km
jrmoquehem (dgduhe`kg)
(dgduhe`kg) go km pøkezm dgk MPBMDLP pmrm hmdm mhhedgotg usuhgsl desotl. Xeo
gb`mrnl, go humkquegr hmsl, km rgsposm`ekedmd
rgsposm`ekedmd dgk JKGTMDLPol gxhgdgrí uom jrmoquehem
 

(dgduhe`kg) gquevmkgotg
gquevmkgotg mk uol plr hegotl (=%) dgkm hmodmd tltmk msgnurmdm. d) Gk JKGTMDLP
pldrí sgr rgsplosm`kg dg uom submsupgrelr m km Jrmoquehem (Dgduhe`kg)
(Dgduhe`kg) pmrm humkquegr mhhedgotg l
suhgsl se gkJKGTMDLP l humkquegrm dg sus fuåspgdgs mhtumsg dg tmk jlrbm (eotgohelomkbgotg
(eotgohelomkbgotgll ol)
qug kebetmsg l moukmsg km hl`grturm `mil gk sgnurl dgk MPBMDLP. g) GkJKGTMDLP tgodrí uo sgnurl
mpmrtg pmrm kls gjghtls pgrslomkgs begotrms qug gståm `lrdl l go grrm y pmrm humkquegr nmstl
bådehl l dg mhhedgotg hlotrmedl,gxhgptl kls hu`egrtls plr gk sgnurl dg km Gb`mrhmheøo. j) Gk
JKGTMDLP dg`gsm`gr qug oe gk sgnurl dg moukmheøo y rgstrehheøo oe gk sgnurl dgrgsplosm`ekedmd dgk
JKGTMDLP gstío eohkuedls go gstg Hlotrmtl, pgrl gstíodesploe`kgs hlo suigheøo m mhgptmheøo plr
kls Msgnurmdlrgs. DGHEBL XGQTEBL9JEMOYM9
XGQTEBL9JEMOYM9 M bgols qug sg desplonm kl hlotrmrel go km píneom =
dg gstg Hlotrmtl,km Jemozm dg`g l`rmr go pldgr dgk Dgplsetmrel go su hugotm dg Dgplsetmrel
goolb`rg dgk MPBMDLP y pldrí sgr usmdm pmrm kequedmr l fmhem km kequedmheøo dghumkquegr
rgsplosm`ekedmd qug gk JKGTMDLP pugdm hlotrmgr `mil humkquegrm dgkms desplsehelogs dg gstg
Hlotrmtl, pgrl fmstm gk puotl dg qug se ol sg usmsgdg tmk bmogrm, km Jemozm sgrí rggb`lksmdm mk
JKGTMDLP seo eotgrgsgs, dgotrldg kms vgeohumtrl (04) flrms senuegotgs mk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl, l
kmkequedmheøo dg tldms kms hugslogs pgodegotgs, mqugkkl qug lhurregrm bístmrdg. DGHEBL
LHTMZL9 DGJEOEHELOGX9
DGJEOEHELOGX9 m) JLPHG BMIGWPG Go gstg Hlotrmtl jlrhgbmigurg senoehm humkque
humkquegr
gr
hmusm derghtmbgotg mtre`ue`kg m mhtls, fghfls,lbeselogs, mhhedgotgs l hmsls jlrtuetls jugrm dgk
hlotrlk rmzlom`kg dgk MPBMDLPl dgk JKGTMDLP (eohkuygodl pgrl seo kebetmrsg m gkkl, fugknms,
hegrrgspmtrlomkgs u ltrms desputms km`lrmkgs, hloblheøo hevek, tubuktls, `klqugl,eovmse
`klqugl,eovmseøo,
øo, nugrrm,
eohgodel, gxpklseøo, sm`ltmng, tlrbgotm, m`lrdmig,gohmkkmbegotl,
m`lrdmig,gohmkkmbegotl, oeg`km, mhtl l rgnkmbgotl dg
nl`egrols, mvgrâm bghíoehm lgkåhtrehm jugrm dgk hlotrlk dg km trepukmheøo y ol hmusmdm plr km
ognkengohemdgk MPBMDLP). Hmb`els dg trepukmheøo ol hlostuygo jlrhg bmigurg. Jlrhgbmigurg ol
gxhusm mk MPBMDLP dgk pmnl dg hlbselogs. `) MPBMDLPGX, JKGTMDLPGX

U @PLCGPX Go gstg Hlotrmtl kls tårbeols ‛MPBMDLP‒, ‛JKGTMDLP‒ y ‛@rlcgr‒ y kls

prlolb`rgs hlrrgsplodegotgs sgrío eotgrprgtmdls hlbl mpkehm`kgs ym sgmoMPBMDLP, JKGTMDLP

l @rlcgr vmrlogs, fgb`rms l pgrslom l pgrsloms iurâdehms, sgnùo gk hmsl. DGHEBL OLZGOL9
XMKZMBGOTL9 Durmotg gk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl kls`goghels,
kls`goghels, dg fm`grkls, dg humkquegr
smkvmbgotl, `uqugs m`modlomdls, yrgblkqugs, dgspuås dg pmnmr km prlplrheøo dg km trepukmheøo,
mkquekgr durmotggk pgrâldl pgrogotg y nmstls, sgrío rgpmrdls m pmrtgs enumkgs gotrg gkMPBMDLP
y gk JKGTMDLP. ZENGXEBL9 MP@ETPMIG U DGPGHFL MQKEHM@KG9 M bgols qugsg gspghequg ltrm
hlsm go gk gspmhel pgrogotg dg km píneom uol dg gstgHlotrmtl, humkquegr desputm go rgkmheøo hlo
km eotgrprgtmheøo y hubpkebegotldg gstg Hlotrmtl sgrí dghededm bgdemotg mr`etrmig go Klodrgs y
dg mhugrdl hlogk dgrghfl eonkås. Km desputm sg slbgtgrí m uo ír`etrl ùoehl m sgr olb`rmdlplr kms
pmrtgs dgk prgsgotg. Xe kms pmrtgs ol pugdgo mhlrdmr gk olb`rmbegotldg uo ír`etrl ùoehl, km
desputm sg dghederí plr trgs ír`etrls, hmdm pmrtgolb`rmodl uol dg gkkls y gk tgrhgrl olb`rmdl plr
gk Qrgsedgotg vengotg dg kmBgdetgrrmogmo Umhft @rlcgrs Msslhemlo l dg km Mbgrehmo Umhft
HfmrtgrMsslhemlo. Gk olb`rmbegotl dg kls ír`etrls l km sustuheøo dg ír`etrls qugol gståo
desploe`kgs sgrí gjghtumdl dgotrl dg dls (0) sgbmoms m pmrr dgmvesl plr gshretl dg km ltrm pmrtg,
go musgohem dg kl humk gk Qrgsedgotg dgkm Mslhemheøo qug olb`rg gk tgrhgr ír`etrl tmb`eåo
olb`rmrí uo ír`etrl plr kmpmrtg qug dgimsg dg olb`rmr uol. Gk kmudl gbedl plr kls ír`etrls
sgrídghesevl y veohukmotg pmrm mb`ms pmrtgs y, go hmsl dg oghgsedmd, sgrí gighutmdlplr uo
tre`uomk l humkquegr ltrm mutlredmd hlbpgtgotg dg km besbm jlrbm quguom sgotgohem go gk Mktl
Tre`uomk. Xe uom dg kms pmrtgs degsg mvesl dgmr`etrmig, gk Dgplsetmrel, dgspuås dg rghe`er olhmheøo
 

dgk prlhgsl oldesplodrí dg humkquegr deogrl go su pldgr seo gk hlosgobegotl dg mb`ms pmrtgsdg
mhugrdl hlo km lrdgo dgk ír`etrl l su kmudl. Gk deogrl sg tgodrí go uomhugotm dg hkegotg. Gstm
hugotm dg`g dgvgonmr eotgrgsgs humodl kms rgnkms dg`mohm omhelomkgs kl pgrbetmo. Gk Dgplsetmrel
pldrí, hlo gk hlosgobegotl dgmb`ms pmrtgs, pmnmr gk deogrl go uom hugotm dg dgpøsetl
hlotrlkmdmbmohlbuomdmbgotg
hlotrlkmdmbmohlbu omdmbgotg plr kls rgprgsgotmotgs kgnmkgs mhrgdetmdls dg mb`ms pmrtgs,fmstm
sm`gr gk rgsuktmdl dgk mr`etrmig. ZGENGXEBL QPEBGPL9 @PLCGPX9 Kls @rlcgrsrbmrío gstg
Hlotrmtl gxhkusevmbgotg pmrm kls ogs dg gstm hkíusukm. Bgdemotgsu rbm dg gstg Hlotrmtl, gk
MPBMDLP y gk JKGTMDLP hlorbmo y hlovegogo klsenuegotg9 m) Km hlbeseøo dg kls @rlcgrs sg
hlosedgrmrí fm sedl dgvgonmdm plrgk(kls) @rlcgr(s) go gk blbgotl dg rbmrsg gstg Hlotrmtl y
sgrí pmnmdgrm plrgk MPBMDLP sl`rg km tmrejm dg Jkgtmbgotl tltmkgs bís kls nmstls dg gotrgnm/rg-
gotrgnm, se prlhgdg, pgrl gxhkuygodl kls nmstls hlrregotgs sgnùo km hkíusukm00 bís mdgkmotg,
`egofu`egsg humkquegr
humkquegr eohubpkebegotl l ol, plr humkquegrrmzøo eohkusl jlrhg bmigurg. Go gk hmsl
dg moukmheøo plr gk JKGTMDLP, kmhlbeseøo sg dgshlotmrí hlbl uo nmstl, dgk dgpøsetl. `) Xe gk
JKGTMDLPprlklonmsg gstg Jkgtmbgotl, kls @rlcgrs tgodrío dgrghfl y rghe`erío dgkMPBMDLP,
hlbeselogs sl`rg km tmrejm `rutm dg Jkgtmbgotl, go km besbm `msg qugsg desplog go gk prgsgotg. h)
Xe gk JKGTMDLP vlkvegsg m gtmr km gb`mrhmheøodgk MPBMDLP, su mngotg l gk Dgplsetmrel, dgotrl
dg dls (0) mýls dg km jghfmdg sgbgimotg gtmbgotl, `ego go kms besbms hlodehelogs l ol,
gotlohgs kls@rlcgrs tgodrío dgrghfl y rghe`erío dgk MPBMDLP, hlbeseøo sl`rg km tmrejm`rutm dg
Jkgtmbgotl pmnmdm plr gsg gtmbgotl mdehelomk, go km besbm `msg qugsg desplog go gstg
hlotrmtl. Xeo gb`mrnl, se gk JKGTMDLP dghedegsg gtmr kmgb`mrhmheøo dgotrl dg gstg pkmzl dg dls
mýls plr eotgrbgdel dg ltrl `rlcgr`lom dg, m quego sg kg pmnm hlbeseøo, gk MPBMDLP pmnmrí
uom hlbeseøo dg uomtgrhgrm pmrtg (=/8) dg km tmsm tltmk m kls `rlcgrs lreneomkgs y dls tgrhels(0/8) mk
ougvl `rlcgr. Gstl slkmbgotg sg mpkehm sgnùo km ke`rg gkghheøo dgkJKGTMDLP y ol gs mpkehm`kg se gk
hmb`el dg `rlcgr fm sedl sungredl l slkehetmdlplr gk MPBMDLP, su mngotg, hmpetío l
rgprgsgotmotg. d) Xe sg kkgnmsg m humkquegrmhugrdl
humkquegrmhugrdl derghtmbgotg gotrg gk JKGTMDLP y gk MPBMDLP
pmrm km hlbprm dg kmgb`mrhmheøo dgotrl dg uo pkmzl dg dls (0) mýls dg km jghfm dg eoehel dg gstg
gtmbgotl, gotlohgs gk @rlcgr tgodrí dgrghfl y rghe`erí dgk MPBMDLP uomhlbeseøo dg vgotm. Xeo
gb`mrnl, se gk JKGTMDLP hlbprmsg km gb`mrhmheøo dgkMPBMDLP plr eotgrbgdel dg uo `rlcgr dg
vgotm `lom dg m quego sg kg pmnm uomhlbeseøo, gotlohgs gk MPBMDLP pmnmrí, l sg hgrhelrmrí dg
qug gk ougvl `rlcgrpmnug uom subm gquevmkgotg m ol bgols dgk queohg plr hegotl (=7%) dg
kmhlbeseøo dg vgotm `rutm. Gk MPBMDLP gs rgsplosm`kg dg olhmr m humkquegr`rlcgr dg vgotm
juturl rgspghtl m gstm rgsplosm`ekedmd. Gstl søkl gs mpkehm`kghlbl hlosghugohem dg km ke`rg
gkghheøo dgk JKGTMDLP y ol gs pgrogotg se gkhmb`el dg `rlcgr jugsg sungredl l slkehetmdl plr gk
MPBMDLP, su mngotg, hmpetíol rgprgsgotmotg. Humkquegr desputm sl`rg gstm hkíusukm pldrí sgr
l`igtl dgmr`etrmig sgpmrmdl. g) Kls @rlcgrs go gstg Hlotrmtl ol sgrío rgsplosm`kgs dghumkquegr
pårdedm, dmýls y pgriuehels l kgseøo m km pgrslom l prlpegdmd dgkMPBMDLP l dgk JKGTMDLP l
humkquegrm dg sus fuåspgdgs, servegotgs l mngotgs ymdgbís kls @rlcgrs ol tgodrío oeonuom
rgsplosm`ekedmd plr humkquegr jmktm dghretgrel
dghretgrel l dgshrepheøo l dg ltrl pl, humkquegrm qug sgm y
hlbl quegrm quglhurrm, y ol tgodrío oeonuom ltrm l`kenmheøo, dg`gr l rgsplosm`ekedmd fmhemgk
MPBMDLP y kls JKGTMDLPGX gxhgptl sgnùo sg gxplog go gk prgsgotg. Gk MPBMDLPy gk JKGTMDLP
bmohlbuomdm y slkedmrembgotg eodgboezmrío y gxlogrmrío m kls@rlcgrs plr humkquegr pårdedm l
dmýls sujredls hlbl rgsuktmdl dg humkquegrrgsplosm`ekedmd
humkquegrrgsplosm`ekedmd dg kls @rlcgrs fmhem tgrhgrls
(pgrslom, rbm, slhegdmd lmutlredmd) dgrevmdls dg km prlblheøo l prgsgotmheøo dg gstg Hlotrmtl
dgJkgtmbgotl, myudm go gk hubpkebegotl dg gstg Hlotrmtl l hubpkegodl gk dg`grdg Dgplsetmrel. j)
 

Qmrm kls ogs dg gstm hkíusukm, kls tårbeols MPBMDLP yJKGTMDLP senoehmo km slhegdmd l gk
eodevedul l humkquegr slhegdmd qugpgrtgogzhm m kls besbls l hlotrlkmdm plr gkkls, eohkuygodl
slhegdmdgspgrtgoghegodl
slhegdmdgspg rtgoghegodl eoderghtmbgotg l m trmvås dg Jedgehlbesmre
Jedgehlbesmrels,
ls, humkquegr derghtlrdg
sgbgimotg slhegdmd, `goghemrel, olbeomtmrel, mngotg l fuåspgd dgkJkgtmdlr. ZENGXEBL
XGNWODL9 QMNL DG KM TMPEJM DG JKGTMBGOTL U LTPMX HMOTEDMDGXM KLX MPBMDLPGX9 Tldls
kls jlodls rghe`edls plr kls @rlcgrs go rgkmheøo hlogstg Hlotrmtl sgrío eobgdemtmbgotg
trmosjgredls mk Dgplsetmrel (se gk prebgr@rlcgr ol gs gk Dgplsetmrel) y gotlohgs rgtgoedls plr gk
Dgplsetmrel go uomhugotm dgsenomdm go km blogdm dg gstg Hlotrmtl. Gk heohugotm plr hegotl
(71%)dg km tmrejm dg gtmbgotl sgrí pmnmdm mk MPBMDLP plr gk Dgplsetmrel dgspuåsdg dgshlotmr
km hlbeseøo tltmk, bgdemotg trmosjgrgohem `mohmrem go km jghfmdg eoehel dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl l
gk prebgr dâm fí`ek dgspuås. Km Moheplpmrm Mvetumkkmbegotl (M.Q.M.) sgrí pmnmdl plr gk
Dgplsetmrel mk Hmpetío, l mkMPBMDLP pmrm sgr bmodmdl mk Hmpetío motgs dgk gb`mrqug, bgdemotg
trmosjgrgohem`mohmrem.
trmosjgrgohem`moh mrem. Km tmrejm dg Gotrgnm y Pg-gotrgnm (se prlhgdgo) sgrío pmnmdls `egohlo gk
prebgr pmnl m kls MPBMDLPGX l derghtmbgotg mk Hmpetío. Gk smkdl dg kmtmrejm dg Jkgtmbgotl sgrí
pmnmdl mk MPBMDLP go gk prebgr dâm km`lrm`kgsenuegotg
km`lrm`kgsenuegotg m km hlohkuseøo dgk Qkmzl dg Jkgtmbgotl.
ZENGXEBL TGPHGPL9 ]WGIMX9Gk JKGTMDLP mvesmrí dg humkquegr qugim go prebgr kunmr mk Hmpetío m
`lrdl ysg fmrí hlostmr km flrm, qugim y omturmkgzm dg km qugim. Xeo gb`mrnl, se kmqugim ol pudegsg
slkuhelomrsg m `lrdl dg km Gb`mrhmheøo gotlohgs gk JKGTMDLPmvesmrí mk MPBMDLP l mk @rlcgr go
olb`rg dgk MPBMDLP tmo prlotl hlbl sgmjmh`kg, dgspuås dgk mhlotghebegotl qug fm dmdl
kunmr m km qugim y, dg tldmsjlrbms, dgotrl dg kms vgeohumtrl (04) flrms dgk mhlotghebegotl u
lhurrgohem,m bgols qug ol sgm jmh`kg dg`edl m km mvgrâm l musgohem dg desploe`eked
desploe`ekedmddg
mddg gquepl
dg hlbuoehmhelogs.
hlbuoehmhelogs. Km qugim sg fmrí lrmkbgotg go prebgr kunmr pgrlsgrí hlorbmdm tmo prlotl
hlbl sgm plse`kg plr gshretl, (plr jmx l hlrrgl),gspghe
hlrrgl),gspghehmodl
hmodl km omturmkgzm gxmhtm dg km qugim.
ZENGXEBL HWMPTL9OLTEJEHMHELOGX9
HWMPTL9OLTEJEHMHELOGX9 Humkquegr olhmhelo qug tgonm qug dmrsg plr humkquegrm
dgkms pmrtgs dg gstg Hlotrmtl sgrí hlbuoehmdm plr gshretl dg humkquegr jlrbm ysg hlosedgrmrí fm
sedl dg`edmbgotg gotrgnmdm se sg prug`m qug fm sedl govemdm m plrtgs pmnmdls dg motgbmol y
dg`edmbgotg derenedm plr hlrrgl l sgrvehel dgbgosmigrl `lom dg l plr jmx go gk hmsl dgk
MPBMDLP, m åk l mk @rlcgr, m susderghhelogs gspghehmdms go gstg Hlotrmtl l, go gk hmsl dgk
JKGTMDLP, m suderghheøo gspghehmdm
gspghehmdm go gstg Hlotrmtl l, humodl prlhgdm, m åk m `lrdl dg
kmGb`mrhmheøo. U pmrm qug hlostg y surtm kls gjghtls lplrtuols, rbmo klshlbpmrghegotgs gk
prgsgotg hlotrmtl go gk kunmr y jghfm dgk gohm`gzmbegotl.

DLU JG9