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puntuales
(Cargas eléctricas en reposo)
Potencial y diferencia de potencial
r
Una carga puntual Q fija en el origen O crea un campo eléctrico E y ejerce
una fuerza sobre otra carga puntual q0 que se desplaza de A (t=t0) hasta B
(t=t1) siguiendo la trayectoria Γ descrita por rr (t ) para t0≤t≤t1
r r
F (r (t0 ))
r r r r
A F (r (t )) = q0 E (r (t ))
q0 Γ
z
r r q0
r (t0 ) r (t ) r r
B
r F ( r (t1 ))
rˆ(t ) r (t1 ) q0
Q y Vector de posición de q0
O r r r r
r (t ) = x ( t ) i + y (t ) j + z (t ) k
x r r r r
r0 = r (t0 ) r1 = r (t1 ) r r r kQ kQ r
r r r r
r (t )
rˆ(t ) = r E ( r (t )) = r 2 rˆ(t ) = r 3 r (t )
r0 = r0 = r (t0 ) r1 = r1 = r (t1 ) r (t ) r (t ) r (t )
Potencial y diferencia de potencial
r r
F (r (t0 )) r r kQq0 r
A F ( r (t )) = r 3 r (t )
q0 r r (t )
z v (t 0 ) Γ
r r
r (t0 ) r q0 v (t )
r (t ) B r r
r F ( r (t1 ))
r (t1 ) q0 r
Q r r r v (t1 )
y r
O r (t ) = x ( t ) i + y (t ) j + z (t ) k
r
x r dr (t ) dx (t ) r dy (t ) r dz (t ) r r r r Velocidad de q
v (t ) = = i+ j+ k = x′(t )i + y ′(t ) j + z ′(t ) k 0
dt dt dt dt tangente a Γ
t1 t1 r
dt = [− U (r (t ))]t =t10 = −[U (r (t1 )) − U (r (t0 ))]
kQq0 r r dU (r (t )) r t =t r r
WAB,Γ = r 3 r (t ) ⋅ v (t )dt = −
t 0 r (t ) t0
dt
r r
WAB,Γ = −[U (r1 ) − U (r0 )] = − ∆U
r r r r r r r r
r0 = r (t0 ) r1 = r (t1 ) r0 = r0 = r (t0 ) r1 = r1 = r (t1 )
r r 1 r 2
r (t0 ) r m v (t ) Ec (t ) = m ⋅ v (t )
r (t ) B 2
r
r (t1 ) m r
v (t1 )
y Parametrización de la trayectoria Γ
O r r r r
r (t ) = x(t )i + y (t ) j + z (t )k para t0 ≤ t ≤ t1
x Velocidad (tangente a Γ) Aceleración
r r r r r
r d r (t ) r d 2 r (t ) r r r
v (t ) = = x′(t )i + y ′(t ) j + z ′(t ) k a (t ) = = x′′(t )i + y ′′(t ) j + z ′′(t )k
dt 2
dt
r r r t1 r r
B
r
t1
r r
t1
r r
WAB,Γ = F (r ) ⋅ dr = F (r (t )) ⋅ v (t )dt = ma (t ) ⋅ v (t )dt = m a (t ) ⋅ v (t )dt
A,Γ t0 t0 t0
Principio del trabajo – energía cinética
r r r r r
r d r (t ) r 2
d r (t ) r r r
v (t ) = = x′(t )i + y ′(t ) j + z ′(t ) k a (t ) = = x′′(t )i + y ′′(t ) j + z ′′(t )k
dt 2
dt
r 2 1 r 2
v (t ) = ( x′(t )) 2 + ( y ′(t )) 2 + ( z ′(t )) 2 E c (t ) = m ⋅ v (t )
2
r r
′ ′′ ′ ′′ ′ ′′
a (t ) ⋅ v (t ) = x (t ) x (t ) + y (t ) y ( t ) + z ( t ) z (t ) =
1 d
2 dt
[′ ′ ′ ]
( x (t )) + ( y (t )) + ( z (t )) =
2 2 2 1 d r 2
2 dt
( v (t ) )
[ ]
t1 t1
r r 1 d r 2 1 r r
W B
A ,Γ = m a (t ) ⋅ v (t )dt = m (| v (t ) | )dt = m | v (t1 ) | − | v (t0 ) |2
2
t0 t0
2 dt 2
2
W = ∆Ec
A
B