Theor

yBook
 Regl
asdepl
ural
i
zaci
ón
1-)Cuandounapalabr
atermi
neen:“
ch”
,”
o”,
”s”
,”
sh”
,”
x”,
”z”
,supl
uralsef
ormar
á
agregándol
e“Es”
.Example:

e.
g.:

Si
gul
ar Pl
ural Meani
ng

Abeach Beaches Unapl

aya

At
omat
o Tomat
oes Unt
omat
e

Agl
ass Gl
asses Unvaso/
vidr
io

Abush Bushes Unar

bust
o

Af
ox Foxes Unzor
ro

Abuzz Buzzes Unzumbi

do

2-)Cuandounapalabr
ater
minaen:“y”perosi
emprequesupenúlt
imal
etr
asea
unaconsonante,
secambiaral
a“y”por“i”agr
egándol
e“es”par
afor
marsupl
ural
.
Example:

I
.E:

Si
ngul
ar Pl
ural Meani
ng

Abody Bodi
es Uncuer
po

Aci
ty Ci
ti
es Unaci
udad

Apar
ty Par
ti
es Unaf
iest
a

3-
)Cuandounapal
abr
ater
mineen:“
lf
”,“f
”,“f
e”siempresecambi
aral
a“f
”por“
v”
ysel
eagregar
a“s”o“
es”par
aformarsuplur
al.Example:

Si
ngul
ar Pl
ural Meani
ng

Anel
f El
ves Unel
fo

Al
eaf Leaves Unahoj
a

Awi
fe Wi
ves Unaesposa
4-)Sonpl
ural
sir
regular
saquel
laspalabr
asquenosiguenreglaalgunay/
ono
respet
ancambioalgunoyest
ánr epr
esentadasenl
asigui
enteli
sta.

Si
ngul
ar Pl
ural Meani
ng

Aman Men Unhombr

e

Awoman Women Unamuj

er

Achi
ld Chi
ldr
en Unni
ño/
unani
ña

Al
ouse Li
ce Unpi
ojo

Amouse Mi
ce Unr
atón

Af
oot Feet Unpi
e

Agoose Geese UnGanso

At
oot
h Teet
h Undi
ent
e

A Ox Oxen Unbuey

Adeer Deer Unvenado

Af
ish Fi
sh Unpescado

Agr
ouse Gr
ouse unaper
diz

Asal
mon Sal
mon Unsal
mon

Asheep Sheep Unaovej

a

5-)Todapal
abraquenoseencuent
reenl
asant
eri
oressi
mpl
ement
esel
esagr
ega
“s”paraf
ormarpl
ural
.

Si
ngul
ar Pl
ural Meani
ng

Aboy Boys Unmuchacho

Agi
rl Gi
rl
s Unamuchacha

Aspoon spoons Unacuchar

a

At
oy Toys Unj
uguet
e
 Ar
ti
cul
oindef
ini
do
A:Un/una;seusadel
antedel
aspalabr
asquecomienzanconsoni
dode
consonant
e,t
ambiénseusadel
ant
edelpref
ij
o“uni
”.

An:Un/una;seusadel
ant
edelaspalabr
asquecomi enzanconsoni dode
vocal
es,t
ambiénseusadel
ant
edel assi
glas“
F.”,
”H.”
,”L.
”,
”M.”
,”
N.”,
”R.”
,”
S.”
,”
X.”;
asímismoseusarádel
ant
edelassigui
entes4palabraspueslosúnicoscasos
dondelal
etr
a“H”esmudaeninglésyson:hei
r,honest,honor
,hour;Examples:

Acar
:Uncar
ro

(
Kar
)

Ahouse:unacasa

(
Jaus)

AU.
F.O: UnO.
V.N.
I

(
Yu.
Ef.
Ou.
)

Auni
ver
se:Ununi
ver
so

(
Yuni
ver
s)

AnAppl
e:Unamanzana

(
Apol
)

AnF.
H.L.
M.M.
R.S.
X

(
ef)
.(
eich)
.(
el)
.(
em)
.(
en)
.(
ar)
.(
es)
.(
eks)

Anhei
r:Unher
eder
o

(
ear
)

Anhonest
:Unhonest
o

(
ónesst
)

Anhonor
:Unhonor

(
ónor
)

Anhour
:Unahor
a
 Ar
ti
cul
odef
ini
do
The=El/l
a/l
o/l
as/l
os

Demost
rat
ivos:

Thi
s=est
e/est
a/est
o

That=Aquel
/aquel
lo/aquel
la Si
ngul
ar

Esa/eso/ ese

These:
Est
os/est
as

Those:Esos/esas/aquel
las/aquel
los Pl
ural

Est
ruct
ura:

Suj
eto+Ver
bo+Compl
ement
o

Thi
s i
s amar
ker

(Iwas)bor
nthi
sway

(I
twas)madei
nchi
na

I
nter
rogat
ivo
Ver
bo+suj
eto+compl
ement
o+?

I
s she ast
udent ?

I
s he at
eacher ?

Ar
e They ast
upi
ds ?
 Pr
onunci
aci
ón
Laspalabraseningl
éssepronunci
andeacuer
dosuter
minaci
ónf
onét
icayno
comoenespañolocast el
lanodondesepr
onunci
andeacuer
doasuunión
(asoci
acióndelet
ras)
.

Hel
p j
elp

Tr
y t
rái

Pear pear

*”
Kn”l
a“K”esmuda

*“
Wr”l
a“W”esmuda
 LessonTwo(
2)/
(2nd)SecondPar
t
Est
ruct
ura:

Aner
aserandapenci
l ar
e t
hings

Suj
eto +ver
bo+compl
ement
o

Pl
ural-
--
--
-They ar
e t
hings

Suj
eto+ver
bo+compl
ement

I
nter
rogat
ivos:

Ver
bo+suj
eto+compl
ement
o+?

Excepci
ones:

Cuandot
edi
cen: Pr
egunt
as:

Iam Ar
eyou?

Youar
e Am I?

Cuandot
epr
egunt
an: Respondes

Ar
eyou? yes,
Iam

Am I? yes,
youar
e

Respuest
aaf
ir
mat
iva:

Cor
ta:Yes,
+suj
eto+ver
bo

Lar
ga:
Yes,
+suj
eto+ver
bo+compl
ement
o
 LessonThr
ee(
3)/
(3rd)Thi
rdPar
t
Haber

Ther
eis=Hay

I
sther
e?=¿Hay? Si
ngul
ar

Ther
eisn´
t=Nohay

I
sn´
tther
e?=¿Nohay?

Ther
ear
e=Hay

Ar
ether
e?=¿Hay? Pl
ural

Ther
ear
en´
t=Nohay

Ar
en´
tther
e?=¿Nohay?

Ther
e=al
lá/ahí
;par
adeci
r“al
láhay”eni
ngl
és.

-Ther
e,t
her
eis (
singul
ar)

-Ther
e,t
her
ear
e (pl
ural
)

Excepci
ones:

Sit
edi
cen:

My_
___
__your
?

Your
___
__my?

Respuest
anegat
iva:

Cor
ta:No,
+suj
eto+ver
bo+not

Lar
ga:
No,
+suj
eto+ver
bo+not+compl
ement
o

Di
rect
a:No,
+suj
eto+ver
bo+(
alt
ernat
iva)
 LessonFour(
4)/
(4th)Four
thPar
t
Adj
ect
ives

Losadjet
ivoseningl
ésnotienengéneroniseplural
izan;mayormenteeningl
és
sedescri
beprimero,
luegoseanotaodi ceelobj
etoaescr i
bir
,salvol
ascosas
dondeestoelver
boseroest ar(
tobe):enesascasosser áigualqueenespañol
o
cast
ell
ano.

Exampl
e:

Thet
all
gir
l:Lamuchachaal
ta

Thet
all
boy:Elmuchachoal
to

Thet
all
student
:Losest
udi
ant
esal
tos

Shei
stal
l:El
laesal
ta

For
mul
as:

1.A:(
Whi
ch)+ver
bo+suj
eto+?

1.B:(
Whi
ch)+ver
bo+compl
ement
o+?

2.A(
Who)+ver
bo+suj
eto+?

2.B(
who)+ver
bo+compl
ement
o+?
 LessonFi
ve(
5)/
(5th)Fi
ft
hPar
t
Do–Does:Auxi
li
ar

Ot
rosauxi
li
ari
es:

Can–coul
d

Have/has–had

May–mi
ght

Must–oughtt
o

Shal
l–shoul
d

Wi
ll-woul
d

Pr
onoun auxi
li
ary Makequest
ions

I do 1-
)Kar
lisi
ncl
ass

You do

She

He does 2-
)Kar
lcanr
eadi
ncl
ass

I
t

They

We do 3-
)Kar
lreadsi
ncl
ass

You *Auxi
li
ary+subj
ect+ver
b+obj
ect+?

(
Do/
Does) (
Singul
ar)
LessonSi
x(6)
/(6th)Si
xthPar
t
Ver
btoHave:

I
nter
rogat
ivas

Suj
eto+ver
bo Auxi
li
ar+suj
eto+ver
bo+?

I have Do you have ?

You have Do I have ?

He He

She Has Does She have ?

I
t i
t

We We

You Have Do You have ?

They They

Af
ir
mat
ivas

Af
ir
maci
ón+Suj
eto+ver
bo

Yes+ I+have

Yes+ you+have

Yes+sheorhe+has

Yes+we/
they/
you+have

Negat
ivas

Negaci
ón+suj
eto+auxi
li
arnegat
ivo+ver
bo

No+ I + don’
t +have

No+you + don’
t +have

No+sheorhe+doesn’
t +have

No+we/
they/
you+don’
t +have
 LessonSeven(
7)/
(7th)Sevent
hPar
t
Possessi
vesadj
ect
ivesandpr
onouns

*
Possessi
veFor
m(P.
F)‘
s

Thi
sis t
hecar ofPaul
a

Posesi
ón poseedor

P.
F:Thi
sisPaul
a’s car

PoseedorPosesi
ón

‘
s de/del
/del
a

*
Possessi
veadj
eti
ve(
P.A)

Thi
sisPaul
a’scar

P.
A:Thi
sis hercar

P.
ACor
respondi
ent
e

*Possesi
vepr
onoun(
P.P)

Thi
sisPaul
a’scar

P.
P:Thi
sisher
s

P.
Pcor
respondi
ent
e

*Obj
ectpr
onoun(
O.P)

Thi
sisPaul
a’scar

O.
P:Thi
sbel
ongst
oher

O.
Pcor
respondi
ent
e
LessonEi
ght(
8)/
(8th)Ei
ght
hPar
t
Pr
eposi
ti
onsofpl
ace

I
n=dent
ro/
en

At
=en,
par
alugar
esf
ij
os

Near
=cer
cade

On=sobr
e,en

I
nfr
ontof
=del
ant
ede/enf
rent
ede

Bet
ween=enmedi
ode

I
nsi
de=dent
rode

Out
side=f
uer
ade

Behi
nd=det
rásde

Under
=debaj
ode

Ar
ound=al
rededorde

Among=ent
revar
ios

I
nthemi
ddl
e=enmedi
ode

Ont
hel
eft
=al
aizqui
erda

Ont
her
ight
=al
ader
echa

Besi
de=all
adode

besi
de=ademásde

Ont
hecor
ner
=al
aesqui
na

Above=ont
het
opeof
/enci
ma/enl
aci
made

I
nto=adent
rode

Nextt
o=all
adode

Over
=porenci
made

Farf
rom=l
ejosde
 LessonNi
ne(
9)/
(9th)Ni
nthPar
t

Pr
esentPr
ogr
essi
veTense(“
Tobe”+ver
b“i
ng”
)

Suj
eto+ver
bot
obe+ver
bo(
ing)+compl
ement
o

She i
s wor
king now

Ando

Tobe+ver
bo=est
a+ver
bo Endo

i
endo

i
swal
king=est
a+cami
nando Leyendo

Dur
miendo

*
Cuandounver
botermi
neen“
e”sel
eel
imi
nar
ála“
e”alagr
egar“
ing”
wri
te+i
ng=wirt
ing.

*Cuandounapal abr
atermineend,
g,m,
n,p,
t;seledupli
carálamismalet
rasisus
últ
imastresl
etr
asenunapal abr
amonosíl
abasi guenelpat
rónfi
nalde
consonante+vocal+consonant
ealagr
egar“ i
ng”.

Run=Runni
ng

Kar
ili
kest
odance

Kar
ili
kesdanci
ng

Pet
erdanci
ngkar
irest
s

Est
ruct
uraenpr
esent
e

Suj
eto+t
o+ver
bo

Suj
eto+ver
bo+ver
bo“
ing”

Pr
eposi
ción+ver
bo“
ing”+suj
eto+ver
bo
 LessonTen(
10)
/(10th)Tent
hPar
t
Si
mpl
eFut
ureTense(
wil
l)

Suj
eto+wi
ll+ver
bo+compl
ement
o

Dei
vi wi
l
l ki
ss Juma

I
nter
ri
gat
ivas:

Wi
ll+suj
eto+ver
bo+compl
ement
o+?

Wi
ll Dei
vi ki
ss Juma ?

Af
ir
mat
ivas:

Yes,
+suj
eto+wi
ll
+ver
bo+compl
ement
o

Yes, Dei
vi wi
ll ki
ss Juma

Negat
ivas:

No,
+suj
eto+won´
t+ver
bo+compl
ement
o

No, Dei
vi won´
t ki
ss Juma
I
mmedi
ateFut
ureTense(
“Tobe”+Goi
ngTo)

Subj
ect+“
ToBe”+“
goi
ngt
o”+ver
b+compl
ement
o

Suj
eto+“
ToBe”+goi
ngt
o+ver
bo+compl
ement
o

Dei
vi i
s goi
ngt
o ver
bo compl
ement

I
nter
rogat
ivas:

“
ToBe”+suj
eto+goi
ngt
o+ver
bo+compl
ement
o+?

i
s Dei
vi goi
ngt
o ki
ss Juma ?

Af
ir
mat
ivas:

Yes,
+suj
eto+“
ToBe”+goi
ngt
o+ver
bo+compl
ement
o

Yes, Dei
vi i
s goi
ngt
o ki
ss Juma

Negat
ivas:

No,
+suj
eto+“
ToBe”negat
ive+goi
ngt
o+ver
bo+compl
ement

No, Dei
vi i
sn´
t goi
ngt
o ki
ss Juma
 LessonEl
even(
11)
/(11th)El
event
hPar
t
Char
act
eri
sti
cs:Si
ze,
shapes,
hei
ght&Wei
ght

Per
iod(
grammar
)

Poi
nt(
mat
h)

Dot(
com)

-
Hei
ght=at
lur
a

Whati
syourhei
ght?

Myhei
ght i
s1.
80mt
s

I
t

Tal
l=al
to

Howt
allar
eyou?

Iam 1.
80cm t
all

Wei
ght=peso

Whati
syourwei
ght?

Mywei
ght i
s78kg

I
t

Wei
gh=pesar

Howmuchdoyouwei
gh?

Iwei
gh78kg
On+dí
as-
>OnMonday=ell
unes

I
n+meses-
>inNovember=ennovi
embr
e

On+f
echas- y21st=elpr
>onJanuar imer
odeener
o

I
n+años-
>in1941=enelaño1941

At+hor
as-
>at3:
00=al
as3:
00

O’
cl
ock=enpunt
o

3:
00=i
t’
sthr
eeo’
cl
ock

3:
05=i
t´
sthr
eef
ive/i
t’
sfi
vepastt
hree

3:
15=i
t’
sthr
eef
if
teen/i
t’
saquar
terpostt
hree

3:
30=i
t’
sthr
eet
hir
ty/i
t’
shal
fpastt
hree

3.
40=i
t’
sthr
eef
ort
y/i
t´
stwent
ythr
ee

For
mul
asDo/Does

1-
)What+auxi
li
ary+subj
ect+ver
b+?

(
Do/
Does) (
singul
ar)

2-
)When+auxi
li
ary+subj
ect+ver
b+?

(
Do/
Does) (
singul
ar)

3-
)wher
e+auxi
li
ary+subj
ect+ver
b+?

(
Do/
Does) (
singul
ar)

4-
)whi
ch+noun+auxi
li
ary+subj
ect+ver
b?

(
Do/
Does) (
singul
ar)

5-
)who+ver
b+obj
ect+?

(
Plur
al)

6-
)why+auxi
li
ary+subj
ect+ver
b+?

(
Do/
Does) (
singul
ar)
For
mul
as

What+subst
ant
ive+i
sther
e+?

When+ar
ether
e+nouns+?

Wher
e+ar
ether
e+nouns+?

Whi
ch+nouns+ar
ether
e+?

Who+i
sther
e+obj
ect+?

Whatki
nd+of+ nouns +ar
ether
e?

(
Plur
alorsi
ngul
ar)

How+ar
ether
e+nouns+?

Howmany+nouns+ar
ether
e+?
 LessonTwel
ve(
12)
/(12th)Twel
ft
hPar
t
Adj
ect
ivest
hatexpr
essquant
it
y

Usual
ly-gener
all
y/t
wiceaweek

Sel
dom –r
arel
y/onceamont
h

Of
ten–f
requent
ly/t
hreet
imesaweek

Al
ways–ever
yday

Haddl
yever/onceayear

Never–neveri
nal
if
eti
me

Somet
imes–occasi
onal
ly/t
wiceamont
h

Adver
bsoff
recuency(
A.F)

*
Subj
ect+A.
F+ver
b+obj
ect

I
nter
rogat
ives:

1-
)Howof
ten+auxi
li
ary+subj
ect+ver
b+obj
ect+?

Howof
ten does she come t
ocl
ass?

2-
)Auxi
li
ary+subj
ect+A.
F+ver
b+obj
ect+?

Does she al
ways come t
ocl
ass?

3-
)Auxl
iar
y+subj
ect+ever+ver
b+obj
ect+?

Does she evercome t

ocl
ass?

Fr
ecuenci
esI
nter
rogat
ives:

Auxi
li
ary+subj
ect+ver
bo+obj
ect+f
recuency+?

Does she come t

ocl
assever
yday ?
LessonThi
rt
een(
13)
/(13th)Thi
rt
eent
hPar
t
Compar
ati
veFor
m:

1-
)Shor
tadj
ect
ives(
1or2phonet
icsyl
labl
es)+er

Tal
l+ er=Tal
ler +t
han

Al
to+más=másal
to+que

2-
)Shor
tadj
ect
ivest
hatendi
n“e”+er
,youmustel
imi
nat
ethe“
e”

ni
ce + er= ni
cer t
han

Agr
adabl
e+más=Masagr
adabl
eque

3-)Shor
tadj
ect
ivest
hatendi
n“y”,
whent
hei
rsecondl
astl
ett
eri
saconsonant
youmustchangethe“y”f
or“
i”+er

Happy+er=happi
er

4-
)Shortadj
ect
ivesthatendin:d,
g,
m,n,
p,
tyoumustdupli
cat
etheirsamelet
ter
whenthei
rfi
nallast3let
ter
sfoll
owtheconsonantr
owel+consonantpat
ter
n

Bi
g+er=bi
ggert
han

CV C

5-
)Mor
e+l
ongadj
ect
ives(
3ormor
ephonet
icsyl
labl
es)mor
eimpor
tantt
han…

6-
)Mor
e+ver
bs

Mor
eusedt
han

7-
)Mor
e+adver
bs

Mor
eof
tent
han

8-
)mor
e+shor
tadj
ect
ivest
hatendi
n“i
d”

Mor
e st
upi
dthan
Super
lat
iveFor
m:

1-
)Shor
tadj
ect
ives(
1or2phonet
icsyl
labl
es)+est
.

Tal
l+est=Thet
all
est

Al
to+maxi
mo=el(
maxi
mo)al
todet
odos.

2-
)Shor
tadj
ect
ivest
hatendi
n“e”+est
,youmustel
imi
nat
ethe“
e”.

Ni
ce+est=Theni
cest

Elmasagr
adabl
edet
odos

3-)Shor
tadj
ect
ivest
hatendi
n“y”whent
hei
rsecondl
astl
ett
eri
saconsonant
youmustchangethe“y”f
or“
i”+est
.

Happy+est=Thehappi
est

Elmasf
eli
zdet
odos

4-
)Shortadj
ect
ivesthatendind,g,
m,n,
p,
tyoumustdupli
cat
etheirsamelett
er
whenthei
rfi
nallast3let
terf
oll
owtheconsonant+vowel+consonantpatt
ern.

Bi
g+est=Thebi
ggest

CV C

5-
)Themost+l
ongadj
ect
ives(
3ormor
ephonet
icsyl
labl
es)

Themosti
mpor
tant

6-
)Themostused

Themost+ver
b

7-
)Themost+adver
bs

Themost+of
ten

8-
)Themost+shor
tadj
ect
ivest
hatendi
n“i
d”

Themost st
upi
d
Compar
ati
vesameval
ue:

1-
)As+adj
ect
ive+as

As+ t
all +as

2-
)As+adver
b+as

As+of
ten +as

3-
)As+ver
bs+as

As+used+as

4-
)As+much+noncountnouns+as

As+much+t
ime +as

5-
)As+l
it
tl
e+uncount
abl
enouns+as

As l
it
tl
e t
ime as

6-
)As+many+count
abl
enouns+as

As many f
ri
end as

7-
)As+f
ew+countnouns+as

As f
ew f
ri
ends

Except
ions

Base Compar
ati
ve Super
lat
ive

Good Bet
tert
han Thebest

Wel
l

Bad Wor
set
han Thewor
st

-
il
l

Many Mor
ethan Themost

Much
Compl
ex Mor
ecompl
ext
han Themostcompl
ex

Fi
ne Mor
efi
net
han Thef
inest

Li
tt
le Lesst
han Thel
east

Far Far
thert
han Thef
art
hest

Ol
d El
dert
han Theel
dest

Ol
dert
han Theol
dest

Exampl
es:

Mi
ke,
Jil
landJack(
Tal
lni
ntel
li
gent
,lazyandshor
t)

Mi
kei
sthet
all
est

Ji
l
list
hemosti
ntel
li
gent

Mi
kei
sasl
azyasj
ack

Jacki
sshor
tert
hanMi
ke
LessonFi
ft
een(
15)
/(15th)Fi
ft
eent
hPar
t
Di
d=Pastt
enseauxi
li
ary

St
ruct
ure:

Subj
ect+ver
b+obj
ect

(
Past
)

She at
e pi
zza

I
nter
rogat
ives:

Auxi
li
ary+subj
ect+ver
b+obj
ect+?

(
present
)

Di
d She eat pi
zza ?

Af
fi
rmat
ives:

Af
fi
rmat
ion+subj
ect+ver
b+obj
ect

(
Past
)

Yes She at
e pi
zza

Negat
ives:

Negl
ect
ion+subj
ect+negat
iveauxi
li
ary+ver
b+obj
ect

(
present
)

No She di
dn’
t eat pi
zza
Too=demasi
ado

Ver
y=muy

So=t
an

Subj
ect+t
obe+t
oo +adj
ect
ive

Ver
y

So

She i
s so ni
ce

Toomuch=demasi
ado

Ver
ymuch=mucho

Somuch =t
ant
o

Subj
ect+have/
has+t
oomuch +nocountnoun

Ver
ymuch

Ther
eis somuch

She has somuch money

Toomany=demasi
ado

Somany=t
ant
os

Subj
ect+have/
has+t
oomany+countnouns

Somany

Ther
ear
e

Ther
ear
e somany gi
rl
s
Enough=suf
ici
ent
ement
e

Subj
ect+t
obe+adj
ect
ive+enough

She i
s beaut
if
ul enough

Enough=suf
ici
ent
e

Subj
ect+have/
has+enough+noun

Ther
eis/
Ther
ear
e

She has enough beaut

y
 LessonSi
xteen(
16)
/(16th)Si
xteent
hPar
t

Doyouhaveanypr oblems?
No,Ihavenopr obl
ems.
No,Idon’thaveanyprobl
ems.
Yes,Ihavesomepr obl
ems.
Yes,Ihaveeveryprobl
em i
nthewhol
ewor
ld.

PastPr
ogr
essi
veTense(
“Tobe”pastt
ense+ver
b“i
ng”
)

Subj
ect+ver
btobe+ver
b(i
ng)+compl
ement

She was wor

king atsubway