AJNWCXJH HG HGTGNKI \ NLGONLJ VICLXLNJ

Gsnugcj Vriagsliojc hg Hgrgnki

XTJDJMI JNJHGELNI

  JTBWEGOXJNLIO MWTLHLNJ
  VTG^GOXJHI VIT=

HLGBI BGTJTHI NITOGMI VL]JOBI

  J^LBOJXWTJ=

CIBLNJ \ JTBWEGOXJNLIO MWTLHLNJ

  HINGOXG TG^VIO^JDCG=

VJDCI ELTJOHJ ELTJOHJ

  NLNCI=

L[

  KWJNKI, VGTW

  4646
 

ll
Hghlnjtirlj

Hghlni gstj eioibrjaåj j Hlis y j els pjhrgs. J Hlis pirqug kj gstjhi

nioelbi j njhj pjsi qug hiy, nulhêohieg y hêohieg airtjcgzj pjrj niotloujr, j els

pjhrgs, qulgogs j ci cjrbi hg el vlhj kjo vgcjhi pir el dlgogstjr y ghunjnlþo slgohi
el jpiyi go tihi eiegoti. Hgpisltjohi su gotgrj nioaljozj go njhj rgti qug sg eg

prgsgotjdj slo huhjr ol uo sici eiegoti go el lotgclbgonlj y njpjnlhjh. Gs pir gccis

qug siy ci qug siy jkirj. Cis jei nio el vlhj.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

lll
Jbrjhgnlelgotis

Go prlegr cubjr, j Hlis pir kjdgreg buljhi pir gc njeloi hg cj agclnlhjh kjstj

jkirj0 go sgbuohi cubjr, j njhj uoi hg cis qug sio pjrtg hg el ajelclj j el VJHTG

Mujo Nirogmi, el EJHTG0 j els kgrejois pir slgeprg kjdgreg hjhi su augrzj y

jpiyi loniohlnliojc qug eg kjo jyuhjhi y ccgvjhi kjstj hiohg gstiy jkirj. Vir 

ýctlei, j els niepjúgris hgc trjdjmi go gsj jreioåj brupjc qug eg kjo jpiyjhi y kg

pihlhi cibrjr jnjdjr gc prgsgotg trjdjmi y j el hlrgntir hg priygntis qulìo eg jyuhþ

go tihi eiegoti

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

lv
Jdstrjnt

Xkg wirh jrbuegot njo dg usgh ti lohlnjtg joy stjtgegot tkjt jaalres

siegtklob. Xkg jrbuegot, tkgrgairg, hgolgs gvgrytklob tkjt niotrjhlnts lt. Xkg

gxprgsslio 'jrbuegot' ls eirg ir cgss syoioyeius wltk 'jrbuegotjtlio', gxngpt tkjt

wklcg 'jrbuegotjtlio' jcsi hgslbojtgs tkg jntlvlty ia jrbulob, 'jrbuegot' rgagrs ti tkg

spgnlaln hlsnurslvg strunturg lo wklnk tkg jrbuegot ls prgsgotgh. Lo prjntlng, tkg cgbjc

jrbuegot ls iog ia tkg eist argqugot joh ls ia brgjt lepirtjong lo tkg murlshlntliojc

algch, slong lt usgs tkg murlspruhgong joh hintrlog tkjt jrg lts ejlo jspgnts.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

v
Xjdcj hg Niotgolhis

Njpåtuci :...........................................................................................................................:
Lotrihunnlþo.................
Lotrihunnlþo..........................
..................
..................
..................
.................
.................
..................
..................
........................................:
...............................:
:.4 Jrbuegotjr...........
Jrbuegotjr....................
..................
.................
.................
..................
..................
..................
..............................................:
.....................................:
:.> Jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj..........
muråhlnj...................
.................
.................
..................
..................
..................
......................................>
.............................>
:.8 Cj ogngslhjh hg cj nikgrgonlj gotrg cjs prgelsjs y cj nioncuslþo.............. nioncuslþo.......................
...........;
..;
:.7 Njrjntgråstlnjs..........
Njrjntgråstlnjs...................
..................
..................
..................
.................
.................
..................
....................
...............................:4
....................:4
:.1 Itris jspgntis...........
jspgntis...................
.................
..................
..................
..................
.................
.................
..................
...............................:7
......................:7
:.2 Gstrunturj...............................................................................................................:1
Njpåtuci 4.........................................................................................................................4>
 Êedlti hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo................
jrbuegotjnlþo........................ .................
..................
..................
..................
.................
.................
........................4>
...............4>
4.4 Niongpti................................................................................................................4>
4.> Cþblnj
4.8 Vrgsupugstis
muråhlnjpjrj cj Jrbuegotjnlþo
y jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj Muråhlnj
muråhlnj........ Lhþogj............
Lhþogj.....................
.................
.................
................. ..................
.....................4>
............4>
......................................47
.............................47
Njpåtuci >.........................................................................................................................>:
Cj Tgtþrlnj y cis Mugngs..................................................................................................>:
>.4 Hgsjrricci...............................................................................................................>:
>.> Jrbuegotjnliogs y Ajcjnljs..........
Ajcjnljs...................
..................
..................
..................
.................
.................
..................
...................>>
..........>>
>.8 Ci nlgrti gs qug gc slbolalnjhi hg cjs pjcjdrjs gs niovgonliojc y njedlj sgbýo
cis niotgxtis..................
niotgxtis..........................
.................
..................
..................
..................
.................
.................
.................................
.................................>8
.........>8
Njpltuci 8.........................................................................................................................>1
Xgxtis Jrbuegotjtlvis.........
Jrbuegotjtlvis.................
.................
..................
..................
..................
.................
.................
..................
..............................>1
.....................>1
8.4. niongpti................................................................................................................>1
8.>Xlpis hg Xgxtis jrbuegotjtlvis..........
jrbuegotjtlvis................... ..................
..................
..................
.................
.................
.......................>2
..............>2
8.8 Gstrunturj hg cis Xgxtis Jrbuegotjtlvis..........
Jrbuegotjtlvis................... ..................
..................
.................
.........................>;
.................>;
8.7 ^gbýo itris jutirgs....................
jutirgs............................
.................
..................
..................
..................
.................
.................
.......................86
..............86
Njpåtuci 7.........................................................................................................................87
Nioncuslþo.................
Nioncuslþo..........................
..................
..................
.................
.................
..................
..................
..................
.................
...............................87
.......................87
Clstj hg rgagrgonljs...........
rgagrgonljs...................
.................
..................
..................
..................
.................
.................
..........................................81
.................................81

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Njpåtuci :

  Lotrihunnlþo

:.4 Jrbuegotjr 

Gs hjr rjziojelgotis qug sg slrvjo pjrj hgeistrjr uoj pripislnlþo.

Hghunlr, loagrlr niosgnugonljs i rjziogs go jpiyi hg uoj nisj. Gs uo hlêcibi

go gc qug uo sumgti (gc gouonljhir) prgsgotj uoj sgrlg hg jrbuegotis nio cis

qug prgtgohg eihlalnjr cj niohuntj hg itri sumgti (gc gouonljtjrli), hg airej qug

ìstg ýctlei jngptg cj tgsls pripugstj pir gc prlegri.

Cj pjcjdrj jrbuegoti pughg usjrsg pjrj lohlnjr nujcqulgr gouonljhi qug

jalrej jcbi. Gc jrbuegoti, pir tjoti, olgbj tihi ci qug cg niotrjhlng. Cj

gxprgslþo 'jrbuegoti' gs eês i egois sloþolej hg 'jrbuegotjnlþo', sjcvi qug

elgotrjs qug 'jrbuegotjnlþo' hgslboj tjedlìo cj jntlvlhjh hg jrbuegotjr,

'jrbuegoti' sg rgalgrg j cj gspgnåalnj gstrunturj hlsnurslvj go cj nujc gc

jrbuegoti sg prgsgotj. Go cj prêntlnj gc jrbuegoti muråhlni gs uoi hg cis eês

argnugotgs y rgvlstg uoj brjo lepirtjonlj go gc êedlti murlshlnnliojc, pugs nio ìc

sg rgnurrg j cj murlspruhgonlj y j cj hintrloj qug sio sus vgrtlgotgs prlonlpjcgs.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

 Jrbuegotjr i rjziojr gs uoj jntlvlhjh qug nioslstg go hjr rjziogs j

ajvir i go niotrj hg uoj hgtgrelojhj tgsls qug sg trjtj hg sistgogr i rgautjr.

Gsj jntlvlhjh pughg sgr euy niepcgmj y nioslstlr go uo oýegri euy gcgvjhi hg

jrbuegotis, niogntjhis gotrg så hg euy vjrljhjs airejs.

Vir gmgepci, uoj sgotgonlj rgnlgotg hgc trlduojc niostltunliojc gspjúic

sidrg cj niostltunliojclhjh i oi hg cj cgy sidrg tìnolnjs hg rgprihunnlþo jslstlhj

(CXTJ) inupj njsl 76 pêblojs. Jså gc trlduojc gotlgohg qug gc CXTJ go su

niomuoti oi vucogrj cj rgsgrvj hg cj cgy irbêolnj, pirqug gc jrtånuci :7 hg cj

niostltunlþo gspjúicjsg rgalgrg qug cj CXTJ oi hgsjrriccj gsg hgrgnki

auohjegotjc y go niosgnugonlj oi gs ogngsjrli qug jhiptg cj airej gspgnåalnj

hg cgy irbêolnj0 qug pgreltlr j cj eumgr hgnlhlr cldrgegotg cj suspgoslþo hg uo

trjtjelgoti hg rgprihunnlþo jslstlhj oi jagntj jc niotgolhi gsgonljc hgc hgrgnki

j cj vlhj, ol supiog jheltlr tênltjegotg uo ougvi supugsti hg jdirti, yj qug

gsj hgnlslþo sici pughg tiejrcj kjstj gc eiegoti go qug sg kjyj prihunlhi cj

trjosagrgonlj hg gedrliogs jc ýtgri ejtgroi i oi pgreltlr cj agrtlclzjnlþo hg

nujcqulgr eumgr nio lohgpgohgonlj hg qug gc hiojotg sgj su ejrlhi i hgc kgnki

hg qug gstg i oi vlonucj ejtrleioljcegotg oi vucogrj gc oýncgi gsgonljc hg cj

lostltunlþo ajelcljr, yj qug cj ajelclj pritgblhj niostltunliojcegotg oi gs

ýolnjegotg cj ajelclj ejtrleioljc.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Xihis gsis jrbuegotis y eunkis itris qug njdg goniotrjr go gsj

sgotgonlj niostltuygo uoj elsej jrbuegotjnlþo, pirqug sg losnrldgo hgotri hg

uo pringsi qug nielgozj nio gc pcjotgjelgoti hg uo pridcgej y tgreloj nio

uoj rgspugstj. Hg ejogrj qug pihgeis hlstlobulr gotrg cj jrbuegotjnlþo go su

niomuoti njhj uoi hg cis jrbuegotis qug sg niepiog y cis niomuotis pjrnljcgs

h jrbuegotis hlrlblhis j hgagohgr i niedjtlr uoj tgsls i uoj nioncuslþo. Jså gc

prlegri hg cis jrbuegotis rgniblhis airej uoj cåogj nio vjrlis itris, hlrlblhis

j pridjr qug cj cgy go nugstlþo oi vucogrj cj rgsgrvj hg cj cgy irbêolnj.

Gedjrnjrsg go uoj jntlvlhjh jrbuegotjtlvj slbolalnj jngptjr qug gc

pridcgej hg qug sg trjtj kj hg rgsicvgrsg eghljotg rjziogs qug sg kjngo

prgsgotgs pir eghli hgc cgobujmg irjc i gsnrlti. Jrbuegotjr supiog, pugs,

rgouonljr jc usi hg cj augrj aåslnj i hg cj nijnnlþo pslnicþblnj niei eghli hg

rgsicunlþo hg pridcgejs. Jhgeês, go uoj jrbuegotjnlþo pughgo hlstlobulrsg

vjrlis gcgegotis= jqugcci j ci qug sg ccgbj, cj nioncuslþo, y cis nrltgrlis qug

niotricjo gc pjsi hg cjs prgelsjs j cj nioncuslþo, gsti gs, cj loagrgonlj.

:.> Jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj

Cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj gs uo pringsi niboltlvi gspgnljclzjhi (tgþrlni

i prjntlni) qug sg rgjclzj eghljotg nionjtgojnlþo hg loagrgonljs muråhlnjs

nioslstgotgs, nikgrgotgs, gxkjustlvjs, tgcgicþblnjs, auohjhjs go cj rjzþo

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

sualnlgotg, y nio nioinlelgoti lhþogi sidrg gc njsi idmgti hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo.

Cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj sg nionrgtlzj rgcjnliojohi prgelsjs, j cj cuz

vlonucjotg hg cis prlonlplis y hgeês nêoiogs cþblnis pgrtlogotgs, pjrj idtgogr

sgnugonljc y nirrgntjegotg, nioncusliogs qug, sgbýo gc njsi, jalreg i olgbugo

cj sudsuonlþo hgc kgnki go cj klpþtgsls muråhlnj i jalrego i olgbugo cj vjclhgz i

lovjclhgz i cj vlbgonlj airejc i rgjc hg cj oirej muråhlnj hjhj i jalrego i

olgbugo cj pgrtlogonlj i lepgrtlogonlj, i cj jpclnjdlclhjh i lojpclnjdlclhjh i cj

niepjtldlclhjh loniepjtldlclhjh hg cj oirej muråhlnj jc njsi nionrgti.

Nujohi cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj gstg rgagrlhj jc jspgnti „ aêntlni

vlonucjhi j cj oirej muråhlnj pisltlvlzjhj, (pir gmgepci= j su augotg rgjc i

ejtgrljc) gccj sg irlgotjrê j hgeistrjr i rgautjr cj vgrhjh i pridjdlclhjh i cj

ajcsghjh i gc grrir sidrg gc njsi. Gotiongs sg ogngsltjrê niei jpiyi gc gepcgi

hg uoj i eês loagrgonljs gouonljtlvjs pjrj jcnjozjr j vgrhjh nionrgtj i cj

pridjdlclhjh i ajcsghjh hg pridcgej.

Cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj nioslstg go gsbrlelr uoj sgrlg nionjtgojhj hg

rjziojelgotis gxpugstis j pgrsujhlr jc hgstlojtjrli sidrg cj vjclhgz hg uoj

tgsls qug pir ci bgogrjc oi gstê hgeistrjhj. Gs uoj sgrlg nionjtgojhj hg

loagrgonljs.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Nio gc gepcgi hgc niongpti, cj nionjtgojnlþo qug hgdg gxlstlr

logxnusjdcgegotg uoj niogxlþo lotgroj gotrg cjs loagrgonljs0 hg eihi qug, cj

jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj sgj slgeprg uoj uolhjh slstìelnj (nikgrgotg), uoj

titjclhjh niostltulhj pir uoj niogxlþo rjnliojc hg sus niepiogotgs. Cj

jpclnjnlþo niosnlgotg hg cis prlonlplis hg cj oi niotrjhlnnlþo airejc y hg

nikgrgonlj tgohrê niei rgsuctjhi cj nirrgntj nionjtgojnlþo hg loagrgonljs.

Gxngpnliojcegotg, cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj pughg nionrgtjrsg eghljotg

uoj sicj loagrgonlj, gs hgnlr go uo sici jrbuegoti.

Cj gxlbgonlj hg cj nioslstgonlj go cj jrbuegotjnlþo lepclnj gc hgdgr hg

gvltjr niotrjhlnnliogs gotrg cjs loagrgonljs qug sg nionjtgojo y sg irlgotjo

kjnlj uoj hgtgrelojhj nioncuslþo.

Gstj gxlbgonlj lepclnj gc hgdgr hg njhj jrbuegotjotg j tgogr go nugotj y

rgspgtjr cis prlonlplis hg oi niotrjhlnnlþo airejc y hg lhgotlhjh hurjotg cj

jrbuegotjnlþo hg njhj tgsls qug sistlgog. Gstj gxlbgonlj oi leplhg cj

niotrjpislnlþo hg jrbuegotis niei inurrg nio gc hlsnursi hgc rgautjotg.

Go cj nionjtgojnlþo hg jrbuegotis i rgjclhjhgs hjhjs, sg rgspgtjrê cj

gxlbgonlj hg cj nioslstgonlj y hg cj nikgrgonlj.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

^g hlng qug gs alojclstj pirqug tihj jrbuegotjnlþo gsbrlelhj nio rlbir

gstê go rjzþo hlrgntj hg cj rgprgsgotjnlþo jotgcjhj hgc rgsuctjhi qug pgrslbug gc

jrbuegotjotg, niei gs cj hg hgeistrjr cj vgrhjh i pridjdlclhjh i ajcsghjh, gtn.

y pgrsujhlr jc hgstlojtjrli, pjrj qug cj tgsls sgj jheltlhj pir cj augrzj hg cis

jrbuegotis hgc jrbuegotjotg.

Nujohi hgnleis qug gstj auohjhj go cj rjzþo sualnlgotg, gs pirqug,

niei jalrej Cgldolz= "Ojhj inurrg slo uoj rjzþo sualnlgotg", gs hgnlr ojhj

inurrg slo qug sgj pisldcg pjrj uo sgr qug nioiznj cjs nisjs sualnlgotgegotg gc

hjr uoj rjzþo hg gcci, eistrjohi pirquì cjs nisjs sio jså y oi hg itrj ejogrj.

Tjzþo go vlrtuh hgc nujc muzbjeis qug olobýo kgnki pughg nioslhgrjrsg

vgrhjhgri i gxlstgotg y olobýo mulnli vgrjz sl o kjy rjzþo sualnlgotg pir gc nujc

hgdj sgr jså y oi hgc itri eihi―. Hlnki hg itri eihi, ojhj inurrg slo uoj rjzþo

hg hgeistrjr.

Njhj nioncuslþo loagrlhj hgdg lohlnjr gc auohjegoti hgc pir quì gs "jså"
i oi gs "jså" gc slbolalnjhi qug niotlgog.

Cj jrbuegotjnlþo gs uo nieuolnjnlþo rjziojhj pir gsi, uoj

jrbuegotjnlþo sgj muråhlnj i oi, sici sg nionrgtj go uoj rgcjnlþo hlêhlnj. Gs hg

ojturjcgzj trjosltlvj. ^g hlagrgonlj hg cj rgacgxlþo pirqug ìstj nielgozj, sg

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

hgsjrriccj y nioncuyg go cj egotg hgc elsei sumgti niboisngotg. Go cj

jrbuegotjnlþo (sgj muråhlnj i oi) gc nioinlelgoti, cj vicuotjh, gc sgotlelgoti sg

priygntjo j itri u itris go gc jaêo hg cibrjr qug cj tgsls sgj jheltlhj.

Cj tgsls hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo gs cj lhgj ouncgjr j hgagohgr, sistgogr i

rgautjr. Gs gc puoti hg pjrtlhj hg cj jntlvlhjh niboltlvj jrbuegotjtlvj. Go jcbuoj

injslþo gsj tgsls qulzê tgobj cj njclhjh hg uoj klpþtgsls0 go itris njsis, cj tgsls

tlgog cj njclhjh hg uoj jalrejnlþo i ogbjnlþo njtgbþrlnj. Gc niotgolhi hg cj tgsls

i dlgo gs hg åohicg ogtjegotg muråhlnj i dlgo hg åohicg aêntlnj pgri rgbucjhj pir

cj oirej muråhlnj i qug hgdg sgr rgbucjhj. Muråhlnjegotg, gsj rgjclhjh aêntlnj,

gsj rgjclhjh aêntlnj gstê prgvlstj go cj klpþtgsls muråhlnj i niei gcgegoti aêntlni

hg cj niosgnugonlj muråhlnj. Cj tgsls hgdg sgr aireucjhj nio ncjrlhjh.

Gs logxnusjdcg gc hgdgr hg usjr jhgnujhjegotg gc cgobujmg hurjotg cj

jrbuegotjnlþo. ^ici y sicjegotg g gepcgi nirrgnti hgc cgobujmg pgreltlrê jc

jrbuegotjotg gxprgsjr, trjoseltlr gc sgotlhi jutìotlni hg ci qug sistlgog0

jhgeês, cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj gxlbg gc gepcgi rlburisi hgc cgobujmg tìnolni-

 muråhlni pgrtlogotg j njhj njsi.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

:.8 Cj ogngslhjh hg cj nikgrgonlj gotrg cjs prgelsjs y cj nioncuslþo.

Cj nioncuslþo alojc hg tihj jrbuegotjnlþo hgdg tgogr uoj niogxlþo

logsnlohldcg nio cjs prgelsjs jrbólhjs.

Go njsis hg jrbuegotjnlþo niepcgmj cj nioncuslþo alojc gs cj rgsuctjotg

hg cjs nioncusliogs pjrnljcgs (lotgreghljs) lokgrgotgs j njhj uoi hg cis

eýctlpcgs y rgcgvjotgs jspgntis hgc pridcgej.

Cj nioncuslþo hgdg rgacgmjr nio tihi rlbir y oltlhgz cj njclhjh y njotlhjh

hgc niotgolhi hg cjs prgelsjs0 gvltjohi, hg gsg eihi, lonurrlr, pir gmgepci, go

cj ajcjnlj, gxngpti gc njsi hg uoj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj pir lohunnlþo

loniepcgtj go cj qug cj nioncuslþo tgohrê uoj gxtgoslþo ejyir qug ci jdirhjhi

go cjs prgelsjs y, jhgeês gccj sgrê hg brjhi pridjdcg, supugsti qug pughg

inurrlr gvgotujcegotg, pir gmgepci, hurjotg gc hgdjtg muråhlni pjrj cj

aireucjnlþo hg uoj oirej pisltlvj.

Vjrj qug cj nioncuslþo gstì gxgotj hg lovjclhgz, grrir, ajcsghjh, gs

ogngsjrli qug j jrbuegotjnlþo kjyj tgolhi cubjr slo pjrjciblseis ol ajcjnljs.

Go prlonlpli, pughgo hlstlobulrsg trgs hlstlotis njepis hg ci muråhlni go

qug sg gagntýjo jrbuegotjnliogs.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Gc prlegri hg gccis gs gc hg cj prihunnlþo i gstjdcgnlelgoti hg oirejs

 muråhlnjs. Jquå, j su vgz, pihråj hlagrgonljrsg gotrg cjs jrbuegotjnliogs qug sg

prgsgotjo go uoj ajsg prg cgblscjtlvj y cjs qug sg prihungo go cj ajsg

pripljegotg cgblscjtlvj.

Cjs prlegrjs sg gagntýjo niei niosgnugonlj hg cj jpjrlnlþo hg uo

pridcgej nuyj sicunlþo „ titjc i pjrnljc- sg plgosj qug pughg sgr cj jhipnlþo hg

uoj eghlhj cgblscjtlvj. Gmgepci hg gcci sio cjs hlsnusliogs sidrg cj

hgspgojclzjnlþo i oi hgc jdirti, hg cj gutjojslj i hgc trêalni hg hribjs, i sidrg

cj rgbucjnlþo hgc ccjejhi trêalni hg loacugonlj.

Itri tlpi hg jrbuegotjnliogs surbgo nujohi uo pridcgej pjsj j

nioslhgrjnlþo hgc Vjrcjegoti i hg jcbýo þrbjoi hg cj Jhelolstrjnlþo, ci qug

kjyj i oi hlsnutlhi prgvljegotg cj iplolþo pýdclnj. Elgotrjs qug go cj ajsg

prgcgblscjtlvj pughg nioslhgrjrsg qug cis jrbuegotis tlgog, go bgogrjc, uo

njrêntgr eês picåtlni y eirjc qug muråhlni, go cj ajsg cgblscjtlvj cis pjpgcgs sg
lovlgrtgo, hg ejogrj qug sio cjs nugstliogs hg tlpi tìnolni „ muråhlni cjs qug

pjsjo j uo prlegr pcjoi.

Go tihi njsi, cjs tgiråjs hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj hg qug hlspiogeis

oi sg inupjo prêntlnjegotg hg olobuoi hg gstis niotgxtis hg jrbuegotjnlþo.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Wo sgbuohi njepi go qug sg gagntýjo jrbuegotis muråhlnis gs gc hg cj

jpclnjnlþo hg oirejs muråhlnjs j cj rgsicunlþo hg njsis, dlgo sgj gstj uo

jntlvlhjh qug ccgvjo j njdi mugngs go sgotlhi gstrlnti, þrbjois jhelolstrjtlvis

go gc ejs jepcli sgotlhi hg cj gxprgslþo i slepcgs pjrtlnucjrgs. Jquå j su vgz,

njdrlj hlstlobulr gotrg jrbuegotjnli6ogs go rgcjnlþo nio pridcgejs

niongrolgotgs j cis kgnkis, i dlgo jc Hgrgnki.

Vughg hgnlrsg qug cj tgiråj hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj hielojotg sg

ngotrj go cjs nugstliogs rgcjtlvjs j cj lotgrprgtjnlþo hgc Hgrgnki y qug sg

pcjotgjo go cis þrbjois supgrlirgs hg cj jhelolstrjnlþo hg mustlnlj.

Alojcegotg, gc tgrngr êedlti go qug tlgogo cubjr cis jrbuegotis muråhlnis

gs gc hg cj hibeêtlnj muråhlnj. Cj hibeêtlnj gs, hgshg cugbi, uoj jntlvlhjh

niepcgmj go cj qug njdg hlstlobulr gsgonljcegotg gstjs trgs auonliogs=

:) suelolstrjr nrltgrlis pjrj cj prihunnlþo hgc Hgrgnki go cjs

hlvgrsjs lostjonljs go qug gcci tlgogo cubjr0

4) suelolstrjr nrltgrlis pjrj cj jpclnjnlþo hgc Hgrgnki0

>) irhgojr y slstgejtlzjr uo sgntir hgc irhgojelgoti muråhlni.

Cjs tgiråjs usujcgs hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj sg inupjo tjedlìo hg

cjs jrbuegotjnliogs qug hgsjrriccj cj hibeêtlnj go nuepclelgoti hg cj sgbuohj

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

hg gstjs auonliogs. Hlnkis pringsis hg jrbuegotjnlþo oi sio euy hlstlotis hg

cis qug gagntýjo cis þrbjois jpclnjhirgs, pugsti qug hg ci qug sg trjtj gs hg

suelolstrjr j gsis þrbjois nrltgrlis „ jrbuegotis- hlrlblhis j ajnlcltjrcgs „ go

sgotlhi jepcli- cj tiej hg uoj hgnlslþo muråhlnj nioslstgotg go jpclnjr uoj

oirej j uo njsi.

Cj hlagrgonlj qug, oi idstjotg, gxlstg gotrg jedis pringsis hg

jrbuegotjnlþo pihråj slotgtlzjrsg jså= Elgotrjs qug cis þrbjois jpclnjhirgs

tlgogo qug rgsicvgr njsis nionrgtis, gc hibeêtlni hgc Hgrgnki sg inupj hg

njsis jdstrjntis.

Vir uo cjhi, pirqug gc prjntlni ogngsltj rgnurrlr j nrltgrlis suelolstrjhis

pir cj hibeêtlnj, jc egois nujohi sg goargotj nio njsis hlaånlcgs, jc tlgepi qug

cj hibeêtlnj sg jpiyj tjedlìo go njsis nionrgtis. Vir itri cjhi, pirqug go

injsliogs cis trlduojcgs - i nlgrti tlpi hg trlduojcgs- tlgog qug rgsicvgr njsis

jdstrjntis, gsti gs, sus hgnlsliogs pughgo oi nioslstlr go niohgojr j [ j pjbjr 

uoj nlgrtj njotlhjh hg hlogri i go jdsicvgr j \ hg hgtgrelojhi hgclti, sloi

tjedlìo go hgncjrjr qug hgtgrelojhj cgygs lostltunliojc, qug uo rgbcjegoti gs

lcgbjc i qug nlgrtj oirej hgdg lotgrprgtjrsg go nlgrti sgotlhi.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Vir ci hgeês, jcbuois trlduojcgs, jc hgnlhlr go njsi nionrgti, nrgjo

 murlspruhgonlj, ci qug slbolalnj qug cj rgbcj go qug djsjo su hgnlslþo y qug vlgog

gxprgsjhj go cj rjtli hgnlhlgohi hgc ajcci tlgog uo njrêntgr bgogrjc y jdstrjnti y

vjcg, go niosgnugonlj, pjrj cis njsis auturis.

:.7 Njrjntgråstlnjs

- Hgnlr nujc gs cj oirej i lotgrprgtjnlþo hg cj oirej j usjr.

- Jpclnjnlþo hg uo njsi nionrgti irlgotjhj j hgeistrjr cj vgrhjh/rgautjr,

cj vgrhjh/ajcsghjh sidrg uo njsi.

- ^g hgdg gvltjr niotrjhlnnliogs.

- ^g nionrgtj eghljotg uoj sicj loagrgonlj.

Vugsti qug tihj cj jrbuegotjnlþo prgtgohg cj jhkgslþo hg cis lohlvlhuis,

gc juhltirli, j qug sg hlrlbg, pjrj qug gxlstj jrbuegotjnlþo sg ogngsltjo nlgrtjs

niohlnliogs prgvljs, niei cj gxlstgonlj, hg uo cgobujmg nieýo i gc nionursi

lhgjc hgc lotgrcinutir, qug tlgog qug ejotgogrsg j ci cjrbi hg tihi gc pringsi hg
cj jrbuegotjnlþo. Go cj jrbuegotjnlþo sg pughgo hlstlobulr trgs gcgegotis, gc

hlsnursi, gc irjhir y gc juhltirli0 pgri gstg uctlei niei sg lohlnj, mugbj uo pjpgc

prghielojotg y sg hgalog niei gc niomuoti hg tihis jqugccis go qulgogs gc

irjhir qulgrg loaculr nio su jrbuegotjnlþo. VGTGCEJO piog hg ejolalgsti

nþei cj hlstlonlþo ncêslnj gotrg trgs bìogris irjtirlis= gc hgcldgrjtlvi (jotg cj

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

jsjedcgj), gc muhlnljc (jotg cis mugngs) y gc gplhåntlni (jotg gspgntjhirgs qug oi

tlgogo qug priouonljrsg), sg gagntýj prgnlsjegotg hgshg gc puoti hg vlstj hg cj

auonlþo qug rgspgntlvjegotg mugbj gc juhltirli y nionghg, pir nlgrti, uoj

nioslhgrjdcg lepirtjonlj jc bìogri gplhåntlni (nujohi gc hlsnursi pjrtg hg cj

jhkgslþo prgvlj hgc juhltirli, niei inurrg go cis pjogbårlnis, go cis sgreiogs

rgclblisis i go cis eåtlogs picåtlnis), pugs gc alo hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo oi gs sici

niosgbulr cj jhkgslþo hgc juhltirli, sloi tjedlìo jnrgngotjrcj. ^lo gedjrbi, cj

ncjslalnjnlþo eês lepirtjotg hg tlpis hg jrbuegotjnlþo qug gagntýj VGTGCEJO

sg djsj go cj hlstlonlþo gotrg cj jrbuegotjnlþo qug tlgog cubjr jotg gc juhltirli

uolvgrsjc, cj jrbuegotjnlþo jotg uo uolni iygotg (gc hlêcibi) y cj hgcldgrjnlþo

nio uoi elsei.

^idrg tihi go cis ýctleis júis, sg ks nionghlhi uoj brjo lepirtjonlj jc

niongpti pgrgcejoljoi hg juhltirlj uolvgrsjc, qug juoqug hlstj hg sgr uo

niongpti ncjri, jc egois go gc trjtjhi pjrgng njrjntgrlzjrsg pir gstjs oitjs=

:) Gs uo niongpti cåeltg go gc sgotlhi hg qug cj jrbuegotjnlþo

jotg gc juhltirli uolvgrsjc gs cj oirej hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo idmgtlvj.

4) Hlrlblrsg jc juhltirli uolvgrsjc gs ci qug njrjntgrlzj j cj

jrbuegotjnlþo alcisþalnj.

>) Gc hgc juhltirli uolvgrsjc oi gs uo niongpti gepårlni= gc jnugrhi

hgc juhltirli uolvgrsjc "oi gs uoj nugstlþo hg kgnki, sloi hg hgrgnki".

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

8) Gc juhltirli uolvgrsjc gs lhgjc go gc sgotlhi hg qug gstê airejhi

pir tihis cis sgrgs hg rjzþo, pgri pir itri cjhi gs uoj niostrunnlþo hgc

irjhir, gs hgnlr, oi gs uoj gotlhjh idmgtlvj.

7) Gcci slbolalnj oi sici qug hlvgrsis irjhirgs niostruygo hlvgrsis

juhltirlis uolvgrsjcgs, sloi tjedlìo qug gc juhltirli uolvgrsjc hg uo

elsei irjhir njedlj.

Woj hg cjs auonliogs qug nuepcg gstg niongpti go cj idrj hg

VGTGCEJO gs cj hg pgreltlr hlstlobulr (juoqug sg trjtg hg uoj hlstlonlþo

leprgnlsj, niei tjedlìo ci gs cj hlstlonlþo gotrg cis hlvgrsi juhltirlis) gotrg

pgrsujhlr y niovgongr. Woj jrbuegotjnlþo pgrsujslvj, pjrj VGTGCEJO, gs

jqugccj qug sici vjcg pjrj uo juhltirli pjrtlnucjr, elgotrjs qug uoj

jrbuegotjnlþo niovlongotg gs cj qug sg prgtgohg vêclhj pjrj tihi sgr hg rjzþo.

Go alo, cj jrbuegotjnlþo, j hlagrgonlj hg cj hgeistrjnlþo, gstê

gstrgnkjegotg clbjhj j cj jnnlþo i uo pringsi nio cj qug sg prgtgohg idtgogr

uo rgsuctjhi= cibrjr cj jhkgslþo hgc juhltirli, pgri sici pir eghli hgc cgobujmg,

gs hgnlr, prgsnlohlgohi hgc usi hg cj vlicgonlj aåslnj i pslnicþblnj. Vir itri cjhi,

su prixlelhjh nio cj prjntlnj kjng qug go cj jrbuegotjnlþo oi qugpj kjdcjr

pripljegotg hg idmgtlvlhjh, sloi tjo sici lepjrnljclhjh=… sgr lepjrnljc oi gs sgr 

idmgtlvi, gs airejr pjrtg hgc elsei brupi qug jqugccis j cis qug sg muzbj, slo

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

kjdgr tiejhi pjrtlhi hg jotgejoi pir olobuoi hg gccis. Cj oinlþo hg

lepjrnljclhjh, pir itri cjhi, pjrgng gstjr go gstrgnki niotjnti nio cj rgbcj hg

 mustlnlj (sgr lepjrnljc lepclnj qug go nlrnuostjonljs joêcibjs sg rgjnnliojråj

lbujc) y nio ci hg juhltirli uolvgrsjc (cis nrltgrlis sgbulhis tgohråjo qug sgr

vjclhis pjrj gc ejyir oýegri pisldcg y go ýctlej lostjonlj, pjrj gc juhltirli

uolvgrsjc.

 Jc gstuhljr cjs prgelsjs hg qug sg pjrtg go uoj jrbuegotjnlþo, sg

pughgo hlstlobulr trgs jspgntis= gc jnugrhi, cj gcgnnlþo y cj prgsgotjnlþo hg cjs

prgelsjs.

Vjrj pihgr hgsjrriccjrg uoj jrbuegotjnlþo kjy qug pjrtlr, go gagnti, hg

ci qug sg jheltg lolnljcegotg, sl dlgo gc puoti hg pjrtlhj elsei niostltuyg yj uo

prlegr pjsi go su jntujclzjnlþo pgrsujslvj. Cis idmgtis hg jnugrhi pughgo sgr

rgcjtlvis j ci rgjc (kgnkis vgrhjhgs i prgsuonliogs), i dlgo rgcjtlvis j ci

prgagrldcg (vjcirgs, mgrjrquåjs y cubjrgs hg ci prgagrldcg).

:.1 Itris jspgntis

Lepirtjonlj= pgreltg supclr cj ajctj hg prugdj rgspgnti hg cj

vgrhjh i ajcsghjh hg uoj tgsls.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Êedlti0 gs gc êrgj hg ci pisldcg i pridjdcg

Alojclhjh= niovgongr jc hgstlojtjrli. Cibrjr cj jhkgslþo hg uo

juhltirli sidrg uoj tgsls pjrj qug sg ejtgrljclng go cj niohuntj hg cis

lohlvlhuis.

Idmgti= bgogrjr puotis hg vlstj go pri y go niotrj jngrnj hg uoj

tgsls.

:.2 Gstrunturj

Xgsls

Gs gc idmgti hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo, gs cj lhgj ouncgjr j sistgogr i j

rgautjr. Gs gc pridcgej, uo kgnki qug bgogrj niotrivgrsljs y qug vj j bgogrjr

hlagrgotgs puotis hg vlstj.

Auohjegotis

^io hjhis pir gc rjziojelgoti, gstis hgdgo sgr gxpugstis nio irhgo y

ncjrlhjh.

Nioncuslþo

Gs cj jalrejnlþo hg cj tgsls.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Go cj gspgnlg, cj jrbuegotjnlþo hgshg gc puoti hg vlstj muråhlni, jpclnjhi

j cj lepjrtlnlþo hg mustlnlj, sg trjtj hg cis Tjziojelgotis y Mustlalnjnliogs hgc

Muzbjhir pjrj tiejr sus hgnlsliogs go cis mulnlis go pjrtlnucjr.

Xlgog su irlbgo go cj rgtþrlnj qug gs cj nlgonlj hg pihgr jrbuegotjr,

rgcjnliojhj j cj vgz nio cj irjtirlj qug gs go så gc jrtg hg kjdcjr nio gcinugonlj

y pgrsujhlr, pir ci tjoti pjrj qug uo muzbjhir djsg sus rgsicunliogs, cjs nujcgs

hgdgo gstjr hgdlhjegotg auohjegotjhjs y eitlvjhjs, cj eitlvjnlþo sio cis

jrbuegotis cþblni-muråhlnis jpclnjhis pjrj rgjclzjr uoj rgsicunlþo ncjrj, prgnlsj

y niobrugotg nio cis pcjotgjelgotis hg cjs pjrtgs go cis kgnkis hg cj hgejohj

y niotgstjnlþo, jså niei cj jpclnjnlþo hgc hgrgnki pir pjrtg hgc muzbjhir go cj

sgotgonlj qug jc mulnli go pjrtlnucjr cg rgnjlbj.

Niei jotgnghgotg tgogeis qug cj ejogrj hg muzbjr i lepjrtlr mustlnlj go

gc trjosnursi hgc tlgepi kj tgolhi hlvgrsjs jngpnliogs i eihjclhjhgs, djsjhj

go cjs hlvgrsjs gtjpjs hgc hgrgnki, slgohi gc prlegr jotgnghgotg gc Gstjhi

 Jdsicutlstj= gc nujc sg irlbloj nio cj nrggonlj hg qug cis rgygs, cis nujcgs
nujcgs pir

tgogr irlbgo "hlvloi", hgslbojdjo j cis muzbjhirgs hg gsg gotiongs, ìstis

tjedlìo nrgåjo tgogr nlgrtj hlvlolhjh pir gc irlbgo hg su oiedrjelgoti, pir ci

qug sus hgtgrelojnliogs rgsuctjdjo lojtjnjdcgs pgri slo auohjegoti cgbjc

jcbuoi, qughjohi gc sumgti j gxpgosjs hg cj hgnlslþo "hlvloj" slo hgeistrjr su

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

nucpjdlclhjh i loingonlj, pir ci qug gsg slstgej, cgmis hg sgr musti i hlvloi, grj

go eunkjs injsliogs jrdltrjrli g lomusti, jpjrtjhi hg cj rgjclhjh muråhlnj.

Vistgrliregotg, go cj gtjpj hg cj rgvicunlþo arjongsj, lobcgsj y

oirtgjegrlnjoj, sg nrgj gc ccjejhi gstjhi hg hgrgnki= nio gc qug ojng cj grj hg

cj nihlalnjnlþo, hjohi j cuz jc slstgej nioinlhi niei gc slstgej brjejtlnjc, qug

oi gs itrj nisj qug jpclnjr gc hgrgnki go djsg j ci qug gstlpucjo cis nþhlbis, gs

hgnlr lrsg j cj cgtrj slo ejyir lotgrprgtjnlþo, pir ci qug tjedlìo gstg slstgej

rgsuctjdj go hlvgrsjs injsliogs lomusti pir oi jrbuegotjr i lotgrprgtjr gc

prgngpti cgbjc nio gc hgclti i jsuoti go pjrtlnucjr, yj qug gc eês pjrgnlhi grj gc

qug sg jpclnjdj.

Gc nrltgrli brjejtlnjc sg trjtj hg gc cgobujmg gepcgjhi pir gc muzbjhir go

sus rgsicunliogs, jpclnjhi go his vjrljotgs råblhjs qug sio hgshg gc puoti hg

vlstj sgeêotlni, eghljotg gc nujc gc muzbjhir sg cleltj ýolnjegotg j hgsgotrjújr 

ci qug cj oirej gxprgsj, y j niotrjrli, sici nujohi go gc pjrtlnucjr jså ci pgreltg

cj oirej.

Xlgepi hgspuìs, nio cj nrgjnlþo hgc Xrlduojc Niostltunliojc hg Justrlj

ojng gc gstjhi niostltunliojc hg hgrgnki, djsjhi go gc slstgej hg mgrêrqulni,

(niostltunlþo, cgygs, murlspruhgonlj, gtn), jpclnjohi go gstj gtjpj gc nrltgrli

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

slstgeêtlni, hgshg gc jspgnti cgbjc sg rgalgrg j gc niotgxti oirejtlvi i nugrpi

hg cgygs go gc qug sg gonugotrj losgrti gc gouonljhi (ccêegsg gouonljhi jc

hgclti y/i alburj muråhlnj go pjrtlnucjr).

Gc Nrltgrli ^lstgeêtlni, tlgog jhgeês eìtihis i pjrtlnucjrlhjhgs

eghljotg gc nujc sg hgsjrriccj pjrj ccgbjr j su idmgtlvi, slgohi ìstis=

J ^ghgs Ejtgrljcgs= qug oi gs itrj nisj qug cj cinjclzjnlþo aåslnj

hg cj oirej, (cinjclzjnlþo tipibrêalnj hg cj oirej).

J Tudrlnj= pirqug tihis cis irhgojelgotis cgbjcgs sg cinjclzjo go

(njpåtucis, tåtucis, jrtånucis, gtn.

^lstgeêtlni Go ^gotlhi Gstrlnti= qug j rjåz hg su irhgojelgoti

sg (gonugotrjo hgdlhjegotg udlnjhis cis njpåtucis, tåtucis, jrtånucis, gtn,

hgotri hgc niotgxti cgbjc.

J Nikjgrgotlj= sg rgalgrg j qug his hlspislnliogs loniepjtldcgs

gotrg så oi (pughgo idrjr hgotri hg uo elsei irhgojelgoti cgbjc pugs

sio niotrjhlntirljs.
Oi Tghuohjonlj= sg gxncuyg cj jtrldunlþo j uo gouonljhi

oirejtlvi hg uo (slbolalnjhi qug kjyj slhi jtrldulhi j itri gouonljhi

oirejtlvi, oi sio rgpgtltlvis go uo elsei irhgojelgoti cgbjc.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Alojcegotg, go cj 4ª bugrrj euohljc, hgrlvjhi hg cis nråegogs hg bugrrj,

surbg gc gstjhi sinljc hg hgrgnki rgblhi djmi gc nrltgrli hg lotgrprgtjnlþo

auonliojc, djsjhi go cis alogs hg cj oirej, gs hgnlr, cj vicuotjh hgc cgblscjhir,

go djsg j cis alogs y vjcirgs hg cj oirej, njedljohi rjhlnjcegotg j cis nrltgrlis

jpclnjhis nio jotgrlirlhjh y qug sg gonugotrjo hgdlhjegotg hgsnrltis go cis

pêrrjais qug jotgnghgo.

Gstg nrltgrli sg djsj go cis slbulgotgs prlonlplis=

Xgcgiciblni= ^g rgalgrg go så j lotgrprgtjr gc gouonljhi hg jnugrhi j su

alojclhjh (alojclhjh hg cj oirej).

Klstþrlni= ^io cis nrltgrlis jpclnjhis pir itris cgblscjhirgs sidrg uoj

hgtgrelojhj oirej, cj nujc hgdg sgr jntujclzjhj jc tlgepi go qug sg jpclnj

(Tgairejs).

Vslnicþblni= oi gs itrj nisj ejs qug cj gxpislnlþo hg eitlvis hgc

cgblscjhir pjrj pripiogr hgtgrelojhj oirej i hgc muzbjhir go gc qug sg

gonugotrg go pirqug hg su hgtgrelojnlþo (qug pgosþ gc cgblscjhir i muzbjhir).

Vrjbeêtlni= ^l sio ajvirjdcgs i hgsajvirjdcgs cjs niohlnliogs hgrlvjhjs

hg uo hgtgrelojhi tlpi hg lotgrprgtjnlþo.

Vrlonlplis= Djsjhj go cis prlonlplis Niostltunliojcgs, prlonlpli bgogrjc

hgc hgrgnki, gtn.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Tgh Jdsurhj= go djsg j ìstj ois pgreltg rgnkjzjr uoj lotgrprgtjnlþo hg

uo (hinuegoti oirejtlvi hg gotrg cjs tgþrlnjegotg pisldcgs pir cjs

niosgnugonljs jdsurhjs j cjs qug ois niohung.

Hg Jutirlhjh= Auohjegotjhj go cj Murlspruhgonlj.

GMGEVCI= Go bgogrjc tihjs cjs jutirlhjhgs gstêo idclbjhjs go tìrelois

hg cis jrtånucis :8 y :1 hg cj Niostltunlþo Vicåtlnj hg cis Gstjhis Wolhis

Egxlnjois, j mustlalnjr sus rgsicunliogs, jdsicutjegotg tihjs, olobuoj pughg

gsnjpjr hg cis prlonlplis hg cgbjclhjh y sgburlhjh muråhlnj, rjzþo pir cj nujc, sl

cis mugngs tlgog qug gxpiogr jrbuegotis tgohgotgs j mustlalnjr i gxpclnjr pir quì

rgsicvlgrio go uoj u itrj airej y hg gsg eihi, niovgongr j itris.

Cis þrbjois gonjrbjhis hg rgsicvgr niotrivgrsljs muhlnljcgs, cj ýolnj

airej go qug pughg mustlalnjr su gxlstgonlj, gs lepjrtlgohi uoj mustlnlj

budgrojegotjc jc rgsicvgr cis njsis nionrgtis, djsjhis go cj jpclnjnlþo hg cj

cgy, nujohi gcci gs sualnlgotg pjrj hlntjr uoj sgotgonlj jpgbjhj j hgrgnki, slo
gedjrbi, hg tgogr qug kjngr usi hg uoj hlagrgotg lotgrprgtjnlþo, cis

jrbuegotis qug sg ejtgrljclngo go cjs sgotgonljs, hgejohjo uo gsaugrzi

lotgcgntujc hg ejyir govgrbjhurj, pirqug gc niovgonlelgoti hgc rgsuctjhi hg cj

hgnlslþo tiejhj oi gstê gxprgsjegotg go cj cgy jpclnjdcg jc njsi, sloi qug, sg

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

gonugotrj go gc hgsnudrlelgoti qug gc mugz rgjclng hgc niotgolhi hg irlbgo,

alojclhjh, gotiroi sinljc, gtn, hg cj cgy.

Xrlhlegosliojclhjh hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj muhlnljc

Hlegoslþo ^inljc

Hlegoslþo Oirejtlvj

Hlegoslþo Jxlicþblnj

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Njpåtuci 4

Êedlti hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo

4.4 Niongpti

Cj gxpgrlgonlj go gc gmgrnlnli hg cj inupjnlþo muråhlnj jså niei cj tgiråj

hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj niohungo j lhgotlalnjr cjs êrgjs go cjs qug sg

rgqulgrg hgc gepcgi hg gstj, go gc gmgrnlnli hg cj ejblstrjturj (niei mugz i

alsnjc) go cj hgagosj, go gc pringhlelgoti muhlnljc i jhelolstrjtlvi i jrdltrjc, go cj

jsgsiråj muråhlnj j pgrsiojs muråhlnjs pýdclnjs i prlvjhjs, go gc gmgrnlnli hg cj

pitgstjh hg cgblscjr, go cj gosgújozj hgc Hgrgnki, go cj lovgstlbjnlþo muråhlni-

sinljc i sinli muråhlni, y go cis gstuhlis y gxpislnliogs hg cis murlstjs, gtn.

4.> Vrgsupugstis pjrj cj Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj Lhþogj

Hieloli niboltlvi hgc jrbuegotjotg sidrg gc idmgti hg cj

jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj.

Gs ogngsjrli nioingr qug gs cis qug trjtj hg hgeistrjr i rgautjr. Gsg

olvgc iptlei hg nioinlelgoti hgc pridcgej s rgacgmj go gc pcjotgjelgoti y

rjziojelgoti gstrlnti g logquåvini hg cj tgsls qug sg hgalgohg i sg rgautj. Gs

tjedlìo ogngsjrli qug cis lotgrcinutirgs nioiznjo pcgojegotg jqugcci qug gs

idmgti hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo. Go gc njsi hg cis þrbjois nicgbljhis hgdgo

gstjdcgngr uoj egtihicibåj jhgnujhj qug pgreltj j njhj lotgbrjotg nioingr y

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

gvjcujr njhj jrbuegoti hg cj hgnlslþo j jhiptjr. Vir gsi, gs ngosurjdcg, pir

gmgepci, qug jcbýo ejblstrjhi alreg rgsicunliogs slo cggrcjs, i sgj, slo sjdgr hg

quì trjtj, tjc jntltuh gs uoj lrrgspiosjdlclhjh qug gqulvjcg j jdhlnjr hg uoj hg

cjs gxlbgonljs pirqug y pjrj qug sg kj hg hgnlhlr, pirqug y pjrj qug hì kj hg

hgnlhlr0 hlnkj ielslþo gs uoj jntltuh ogbjtlvj qug lepclnj loarjnnlþo jc hgdgr

 muråhlni hg eitlvjr cj rgsicunlþo, yj qug susnrldg jrbuegotis y hgnlsliogs qug

oi nioing y hg gsj ejogrj tjedlìo lonurrg go uo brjvg jtgotjhi niotrj cj

sgburlhjh muråhlnj. Loarlobg tjedlìo cj pridlhjh. Vir tjoti, bgogrj uo lepjnti

sinljc hg zizidrj, hg hgsnioaljozj go cis mustlnljdcgs.

Jpclnjnlþo hg cj cþblnj

Nioinlelgoti y jpclnjohi puotujc hg cis prlonlplis hg cj cþblnj bgogrjc

(ncêslnj i eihgroj) j sl niei cjs njtgbiråjs y nêoiogs hg cj cþblnj muråhlnj, sio

logvltjdcgs pjrj gc rlbir go cj jrbuegotjnlþo. Ejotgogr uoj jtgonlþo gspgnljc

pjrj gvltjr i hgtgntjr pjrjciblseis i ajcjnljs.

Jpclnjnlþo hg nioinlelgotis hg ejyir brjhi hg jdstrjnnlþo

Gs euy lepirtjotg pjrj cibrjr galnlgonlj niboltlvj niei rgsuctjhi hg cj

jrbuegotjnlþo, cj jpclnjnlþo puotujc, go njsi ogngsjrli hg nioinlelgotis hg

Ioticibåj, Gplstgeicibåj, Hgioticibåj Muråhlnj, jxlicibåj Muråhlnj, gtn.,

lbujcegotg lepirtjotg gs cj jpclnjnlþo hg cj hintrloj muråhlnj hg cj gspgnljclhjh

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

pgrtlogotg jså niei hg cjs njtgbiråjs hg Xgiråj Bgogrjc hgc Hgrgnki. Gc ejyir

i egoir hieloli hg cjs hlsnlpclojs prgnltjhjs hgpgohg hg njhj sumgti

niboisngotg rgspiosjdcg hg gagntujr cj jrbuegotjnlþo.

Jpclnjnlþo hg nucturj bgogrjc

^l cj ogngslhjh hg cibrjrj galnlgonlj go cj jrbuegotjnlþo cj rgqulgrg, gc

jrbuegotjotg jpclnjrj tjedlìo sus nioinlelgotis pgrtlogotgs hg nucturj

bgogrjc. Eês juo , gstg prgsupugsti niboltlvi sg kjng lotgclbldcg sl sg tlgog go

nugotj qug cj nlgonlj muråhlnj gs uoj nlgonlj kuejoj y cjs oirejs muråhlnjs

rgbucjo gc niepirtjelgoti, cj niohuntj kuejoj0 pir ci tjoti, gs pgrejogotg cj

ogngslhjh hg rgsicvgr muråhlnjegotg pgtlnliogs y nioaclntis hg vjrljhi niotgolhi,

tjcgs niei hg åohicg gnioþelni, psåqulnj, sinljc, rgclblisj, picåtlnj, jbrjrlj, gtn.

Vir gcci gc jrbuegotjotg tgohrê ogngslhjh hg niotjr nio gc jpiyi hg cj

hlsnlpcloj pgrtlogotg sgj eghljotg gc jsgsirjelgoti hg gxpgrtis go cj ejtgrlj

y/i cj loairejnlþo go cj dldclibrjaåj gspgnljclzjhj.

4.8 Cþblnj muråhlnj y jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj

 Jotgs hg pjsjr j nioslhgrjr gsjs tgiråjs, niovlgog jncjrjr uo ýctlei

puoti= Nþei sg rgcjnlioj cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj (i cj tgiråj hg cj

jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj) nio cj cþblnj muråhlnj.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Vir uo cjhi, pughg hgnlrsg qug cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj vj eês jccê hg

cj cþblnj muråhlnj, pugs niei sg kj vlsti nio jotgrlirlhjh, cis jrbuegotis

 muråhlnis sg pughgo gstuhljr tjedlìo hgshg uoj pgrspgntlvj pslnicþblnj i

sinlicþblnj, i dlgo hgshg uoj pgrspgntlvj oi airejc, qug j vgngs sg hgoieloj

cþblnj ejtgrljc i cþblnj loairejc, y itrjs vgngs tþplnj, rgtþrlnj, hljcìntlnj,

gtnìtgrj.

Vir itri cjhi, cj cþblnj muråhlnj vj eês jccê hg cj jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj,

go gc sgotlhi hg qug tlgog uo idmgti hg gstuhli eês jepcli, Vjrj jncjrjr gsti sg

pughg sgbulr utlclzjohi uoj nioinlhj hlstlonlþo gagntujhj pir Diddli (:<17)

hgotri hg cj cþblnj muråhlnj.

Go su iplolþo, cj cþblnj muråhlnj gstjråj niostltulhj pir cj cþblnj hgc

Hgrgnki, qug sg ngotrj go gc joêclsls hg cj gstrunturj cþblnj hg cjs oirejs y hgc

irhgojelgoti muråhlni, y pir cj cþblnj hg cis murlstjs, qug sg inupj hgc gstuhli hg

cis hlvgrsis rjziojelgotis i jrbuegotjnliogs hg cis murlstjs tgþrlnis i

prêntlnis. Ojturjcegotg, gstis his njepis hg gstuhli oi pughgo sgpjrjrsg hg

ejogrj tjmjotg= Vir gmgepci, cj niostrunnlþo hgc slciblsei muråhlni oi pughg

kjngrsg hg gspjchjs jc joêclsls cþblni hi cjs oirejs muråhlnjs, pugsti qug niei

kgeis vlsti" uoj hg cjs prgelsjs y cj nioncuslþo hgc elsei sio oirejs0 y

nujohi hlsnutleis cj nugstlþo hg sl cj cþblnj sg jpclnj i oi j cjs oirejs, surblþ

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

gc pridcgej hg cjs niotrjhlnnliogs gotrg oirejs, ci qug gs uo pridcgej tåplni

hg cj cþblnj hgc Hgrgnki i "niei kiy sugcg sgr eês dlgo hgoieloj- hg cj cþblnj

hgþotlnj i hg cjs oirejs.

Gc joêclsls cþblni hg cis rjziojelgotis Muråhlnis cj cþblnj hg cis murlstjs.

Gs uo njepi hg gstuhli trjhlnliojc hg cj tgiråj hgc Hgrgnki. ^lo gedjrbi, cj

jutirlzjnlþo hg cj cþblnj airejc eihgroj, gsti gs, hg cj cþblnj ejtgeêtlnj i

cþblnj sledþclnj pjrj gstis pripþsltis gs jcbi qug kj tgolhi cubjr dêslnjegotg

j pjrtlr hg cj sgbuohj bugrrj euohljc.

Cj idrj qug sugcg nioslhgrjrsg niei pliogrj gs cj Murlstlskg Cibl` hg

Wcrlnk @cuob, nuyj prlegrj ghlnlþo hjtj hg :<7:, sl dlgo "niei gc jutir gxpclnj

go gc prþcibi" ^u niongpnlþo hg cj cþblnj muråhlnj gstjdj yj gcjdirjhj hgshg

:<><. @CWB pjrtg hg uoj niongpnlþo hg cþblnj bgogrjc niei "tgiråj hg cj

niosgnugonlj cþblnj" (p. 4), ci qug cg pgreltg hlstlobulr gotrg jrbuegotis vjclhis

y oi vjclhis hgshg gc puoti hg vlstj cþblni-airejc. Cj cþblnj muråhlnj sgrlj uoj

pjrtg gspgnljc hg gsj cþblnj bgogrjc, i sgj, "cj tgiråj hg cjs rgbcjs cþblni-

airejcgs qug ccgbjo j gepcgjrsg go cj jpclnjnlþo hgc hgrgnki" (p. K). \ jquå. j

su vgz hlstlobug gotrg cj airej dêslnj hgc rjziojelgoti muråhlni", qug go su

iplolþo, sgråj uoj jpclnjnlþo jc njepi hgc Hgrgnki hgc slciblsei trjhlnliojc

eihus djrdjrj0 y cis jrbuegotis gspgnljcgs hg cj cþblnj muråhlnj Go gstj ýctlej

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

njtgbiråj loncuyg gc rjziojelgoti pir jojcibåj ( i j slelcl) rjziojelgoti g

niotrjrli, cis jrbuegotis j airtlirl (ejlirg jh elous yj eloirl clh ejlus), gc

jrbuegotue jh jdsurhue y cis jrbuegotis lotgrprgtjtlvis.

Gstis ýctleis sio cis qug slrvgo pjrj gstjdcgngr cjs prgelsjs hg cis

rjziojelgotis hghuntlvis -sgråjo cis eghlis pjrj ci qug kgeis ccjejhi

 mustlalnjnlþo gxtgroj- y oi airejo pjrtg pripljegotg hg cj cþblnj muråhlnj= sio

"prlonlplis pjrj cj lotgrprgtjnlþo, oi pridcgejs cþblni-muråhlnis" (p. :<2).

Go uo joêclsls hg cis rjziojelgotis muråhlnis, @CWB oi tlgog go nugotj,

slo gedjrbi, cj cþblnj hgþotlnj i cþblnj hg cjs oirejs. Gstj ýctlej hlsnlpcloj sg

hgsjrriccj tjedlìo j pjrtlr hg :<7: (júi go qug jpjrgng gc gosjyi hg Bgirbg.

K. Qio Rrlbkt Hgiotln Cibln) y ccgvj j niongdlr cj cþblnj muråhlnj -dlgo go nujoti

cþblnj hgc Hgrgnki, i dlgo go nujoti cþblnj hg cis murlstjs- oi niei uoj

jpclnjnlþo hg cj cþblnj airejc bgogrjc jc njepi hgc Hgrgnki, sloi niei uoj

cþblnj gspgnljc, gcjdirjhj j pjrtlr hg cjs eihjclhjhgs hgþotlnjs hg idclbjnlþo,

prikldlnlþo y pgrelslþo.

Gstis ipgrjhirgs hgþotlnis pughgo, pugs, utlclzjrsg -niei ci kgeis

kgnki jotgrliregotg- pjrj hjr nugotj hg cis rjziojelgotis muråhlnis i hg

jcbuois hg gccis. Qgjeis, drgvgegotg, nþei sg pcjotgj gstj tjrgj uo jutir

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

niei @JCLOIR^L qug kj slhi tjedlìo uoi hg cis auohjhirgs hg cj cþblnj

hgþotlnj.

@JCLOIR^@L (:<2>) nioslhgrj niei rjziojelgotis muråhlnis jqugccis

qug vlgogo gxlblhis pir cj vlhj muråhlnj, y prgsgotj hg gccis uoj hidcg

ncjslalnjnlþo. Vir uo cjhi, hlstlobug gotrg rjziojelgotis hg nijnnlþo lotgcgntujc

(cþblnis), hg pgrsujslþo (rgtþrlnjs) y pripljegotg muråhlnis (cis qug sg djsj o go

prgsuonliogs, prgsnrlpnliogs, alnnliogs, gtn. gstjdcgnlhjs pir cj cgy).

Vir itri cjhi, sgpjrj cis rjziojelgotis oirejtlvis (nujohi jc egois

uoj hg cjs prgelsjs y cj nioncuslþo sio oirejs) hg cis oi oirejtlvis (qug sþci

sgråjo muråhlnis pir jnnlhgotg). Cis rjziojelgotis oirejtlvis, pir su cjhi,

pughgo tgogr cubjr go gc pcjoi hg cj gcjdirjnlþo, hg cj lotgrprgtjnlþo i hg cj

jpclnjnlþo hgc Hgrgnki, go nionrgti, go gc pcjoi hg cj lotgrprgtjnlþo hgc Hgrgnki

sg utlclzjo tjoti jrbuegotis gxtrjcþblnis, qug sg djsjo go eghlis purjegotg

 muråhlnis (pir gmgepci, gc jrbuegoti jd juntirltjtg, bgogrjcl sgosu, rjtliog cgbls

cgbls
gstrlntj gtn.), y jrbuegotis cþblnis, qug sg djsjo go cj cþblnj airejc

pripljegotg hlnkj (pir gmgepci, jrbuegotis j airtlirl, j ejlirl, j pjrl j

niotrjrli). Cis jrbuegotis gstrlntjegotg cþblnis gstêo rgblhis, slo gedjrbi,

tjoti pir rgbcjs cþblnjs go sgotlhi gstrlnti (cjs hg cj cþblnj hgþotlnj airejo pjrtg

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

hg cj cþblnj airejc hghuntlvj) niei pir rgbcjs gxtrjciblnjs, gsti gs, pir rgbcjs

 muråhlnjs hg lotgrprgtjnlþo hgc Hgrgnki

 Jhgeês, @JCLOIR^@L nioslhgrj qug gc prlegr tlpi hg

hg rgbcjs gstêo

sudirhlojhjs j cjs sgbuohjs, ci qug pihråj gotgohgrsg go gc sgotlhi hg qug cj

 mustlalnjnlþo lotgroj hgpgohg hg cj mustlalnjnlþo gxtgroj i gs uo

uo eiegoti

cþblnjegotg pistgrlir jc hg ìstj.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Njpåtuci >

Cj Tgtþrlnj y cis Mugngs

>.4 Hgsjrricci

Nio gstis hlsnursis eistrjeis qug cj rgtþrlnj aug hlsgújhj pjrj

pgrsujhlr j cis ejblstrjhis y oi pjrj qug gccis ois pgrsujhjo. Go cj jotlbóghjh

y pjrtg hg cj ghjh eghlj cis mugngs oi pgrirjdjo ol jrbuegotjdjo go sus

sgotgonljs, ldjo hlrgnti jc brjoi. ^ici go gc rgojnlelgoti cjs tìnolnjs rgtþrlnjs

geplgzjo j loaculr go cj rghjnnlþo muhlnljc pjrj sgr jdirrgnlhjs pir gc nucti j cj

sgonlccgz y prgnlslþo qug hieloþ go gc slbci [QLLL y [L[. J pgsjr hg tihjs cjs

kugccjs hg cj rgtþrlnj oi sg puhlgrio dirrjr go cj prêntlnj airgosg. Gstg pgrlihi

gstj euy pini gstuhljhi y rgnlgotgegotg kj ccjejhi cj jtgonlþo sidrg gc

elsei.

Go njedli, gc pjpgc hgc ccjejhi slciblsei muhlnljc kj slhi ouci go cj

jotlbóghjh pjrj cjs hlsnusliogs prêntlnjs, pirqug oi grj nioslhgrjhi

rgniegohjdcg pjrj jrbuegotjr. Vir gmgepci Nlngrþo go gc hljcibi ^idrg cj

Ojturjcgzj hg cis hlisgs, j pripþslti hg nþei jrbuegotjr sidrg cjs hlstlotjs

hintrlojs hlng qug "nujohi sg kjccjo rghunlhjs j cj drgvg airej

slcibåstlnj...gstêo ejs gxpugstjs j cj nrltlnj i ngosurj. Wo råi hg rêplhj

nirrlgotg pughg njsl hgc tihi i gotgrjegotg gcuhlr cj nirrupnlþo, elgotrjs qug

uo jbuj gstjonjhj sg nirriepg aênlcegotg0 jså tjedlìo uoj aculhj nirrlgotg hg

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

gcinugonlj hlcuyg aênlcegotg cjs ngosurjs hg cj nråtlnj, elgotrjs qug uo

jrbuegoti rjziojhi hg ejogrj gsnugtj sg hgalgohg j sl elsei nio hlalnuctjh.

¹Gotiongs qug lepghåj gc njis jdsicuti9 ¹Zuì lepghåj qug gc mugz oi

sg jvjsjccjhi pir cis irjhirgs9. Vir uo cjhi sg tiejrio eghlhjs pjrj cleltjr cj

jslstgonlj hg rgtþrlnis go cis pcgltis y gc usi hg nlgrtis jrbuegotis. Cis brlgbis,

pir gmgepci, prikldlgrio qug cis rgtþrlnis rggepcjngo i kjdcgo go cis mulnlis pir 

gsi sici sg hghlnjdjo j niepiogr cis hlsnursis. ^g gotrgojdj j cis mugngs

niotrj cis gagntis hg cis rgtþrlnis, jså go gc Hlbgsti sg gxlbg jc Mugz qug oi sg

lrrltg i eugstrg niepjslþo y eunkis jsuotis sg prgagråj hgmjr juo murjhi

ouegrisi jotgs qug juo sici sumgti qug gs ejs leprgsliojdcg.

Vgri tjedlìo gxlstg itri ajntir= gc mugz gstjdj egmir gotgrjhi hg ci qug

inurråj j su jcrghghir, cjs nluhjhgs kjstj gc slbci [L[, grjo go tihi gc euohi gc

kibjr hg uoj pgqugúj pidcjnlþo urdjoj, 4 j 7% hg cj pidcjnlþo hg njhj pjås,

argotg j uo <6% hg pidcjnlþo rurjc, j gsti sg suejdj cj loeivlclhjh gspjnljc, cj

bgotg oi njedljdj hg cinjclhjh, ol sicåj vljmjr ejs qug uois nujotis `lcþegtris.

Go gstjs nlrnuostjonljs gc mugz prieghli oi hgpgohåj hg cjs pjrtgs pjrj jhqulrlr 

cj loairejnlþo qug ogngsltjdj pjrj hgnlhlr. Vgri go gc slbci [[L tihi kj

njedljhi, cjs brjohgs nluhjhgs niongotrjo gc <6% hg cj pidcjnlþo y nioingr

quì inurrlþ go njhj njsi, jkirj så hgpgohg hg ci qug cjs pjrtgs hlbjo, pir gcci

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

sg kjng gxtrjújr lovgstlbjnliogs qug jyuhgo j uo egmir niotric hg cj

jrbuegotjnlþo qug gepcgjo cjs pjrtgs go cltlbli, gsti sgrlj tjo lepirtjotg niei

jojclzjr cjs sgotgonljs, pir gcci gspgrjeis qug gstj cgnturj pgreltj lolnljr uo

gstuhli hg cjs airejs hg jrbuegotjr qug usjo cis cltlbjotgs, pgrltis, loncuslvg go

cis priplis hinuegotis qug j vgngs nioslhgrjeis cldrgs hg jrbuegotjnlþo,

niei sio cis niotrjtis.

>.> Jrbuegotjnliogs y Ajcjnljs

Wo idmgti hg gspgnljc lotgrìs go gc gstuhli hg cjs jrbuegotjnliogs ci

niostltuygo cjs ajcjnljs, gsti gs, jqugccis jrbuegotis qug pjrgngo dugois, pgri

qug oi ci sio. Hg jnugrhi nio ci qug jotgs kgeis vlsti, cjs ajcjnljs pihråjo

ncjslalnjrsg go airejcgs, ejtgrljcgs y prjbeêtlnjs, sgbýo loarlomjo jcbuoj hg cjs

rgbcjs hg cj dugoj jrbuegotjnlþo njrjntgråstlnj hg jcbuoj hg gsjs

niongpnliogs.

Vir gmgepci0 niegtgråj uoj ajcjnlj hg tlpi airejc gc qug jrbuegotjrj hg

cj slbulgotg airej= "gstj pgreltlhi lovgstlbjr nio gedrliogs oi vljdcgs0 uo ivuci

oi gs uo prggedrlio oi vljdcg, pir ci tjoti oi gstj pgreltlhi lovgstlbjr nio

þvucis". Gc grrir nioslstg go kjdgr lotgrprgtjhi qug go cj prlegrj prgelsj sg

gstjdcgng qug jcbi gs niohlnlþo ogngsjrlj pjrj itrj nisj y oi uoj slepcg

niohlnlþo sualnlgotg.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Wo gmgepci hg ajcjnlj ejtgrljc= "cj prikldlnlþo qug gstjdcgng cj cgy hg

lovgstlbjr nio prggedrliogs vljdcgs jcnjozj j cis prggedrliogs sidrjotgs hg uo

trjtjelgoti hg agrtlclhjh, sl gstis oi prgsgotjo olobýo hgagnti hg njrêntgr

dlicþblni y juoqug sg sgpj qug su hgstloi gs cj hgstrunnlþo. Oi pihgeis

rgtirngr cjs pjcjdrjs, oi pihgeis kjngr qug oi vljdcgs slbolalqug ci qug oi

slbolalnj. Cis prggedrliogs qug dlicþblnjegotg tlgogo cj njpjnlhjh hg

hgsjrriccjrsg oi pughgo sgr vljdcgs. Oi kjy olobuoj itrj airej hg gotgohgr gsj

pjcjdrj. Gc grrir go gstg njsi gs uoj gspgnlg hg gsgonljclsei clobóåstlni qug

prgtgohg qug kjy uo slbolalnjhi vgrhjhgri hg cjs pjcjdrjs, qug cjs pjcjdrjs sio

gc rgacgmi hg jcbýo tlpi hg rgjclhjh prggxlstgotg.

>.8 Ci nlgrti gs qug gc slbolalnjhi hg cjs pjcjdrjs gs niovgonliojc y

njedlj sgbýo cis niotgxtis.

Oi slgeprg gs aênlc hgtgntjr cj gxlstgonlj hg uoj ajcjnlj y eunkjs vgngs

gs hlsnutldcg sl uo jrbuegoti gs i oi ajcjz. Go bgogrjc hgpgohlgohi hgc

niotgxti. Jså go cis gmgepcis jotgrlirgs j cj prlegrj ajcjnlj oi cg sgrlj sl cj arjsg

jedlbuj "gstj pgreltlhi lovgstlbjr nio prggedrliogs oi vljdcg" puhlgrj

gotgohgrsg pir rjziogs hg niotgxti niei "sici gstj pgreltlhi lovgstlbjr nio

prggedrliogs oi vljdcgs.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Vir itri cjhi gstj ncjri qug kjy njsis go qug gstj go qug gstj mustlalnjhi

gagntujr uoj lotgrprgtjnlþo rgstrlntlvj hgc slbolalnjhi hg uo tgreloi= pir gmgepci

sl sg trjtj hg uoj oirej pgojc qug gstjdcgng qug nlgrti tlpi hg jnnlþo gs hgclti

qug hgdg njstlbjrsg nio uoj hgtgrelojhj pgoj y itri tjoti pughg hgnlrsg hg cjs

"pgohlgotg rgsdjcjhlzjs"= jså eunkis dliìtlnis0 nioslhgrjo qug sg hgdg prikldlr 

lovgstlbjr nio gedrliogs, oi pirqug jc kjngrcj sg loarlomj uo prlonlpli eirjc, sloi

pir gc tgeir g qug sl oi sg prikldlgrj gsi, sg pihråj ccgbjr j rgjczjr

lovgstlbjnliogs rgjcegotg nugstliojdcgs hgshg gc puoti hg vlstj eirjc.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Njpltuci 8

Xgxtis Jrbuegotjtlvis

8.4. niongpti

Cis tgxtis jrbuegotjtlvis kjo slhi hgalolhis nio argnugonlj niei gc

pringsi hg jpiyjr i hlsnrgpjr nio uoj jalrejnlþo nuyj vjclhgz gs nugstliojdcg

i hlsnutldcg.

Gstis tgxtis tlgogo niei egtj pgrsujhlr i niovgongr cj juhlgonlj j cj

nujc sg hlrlbg jngrnj hgc vjcir hg cj tgsls pir cj nujc dusnj uoj jpridjnlþo.
Niei gc pripþslti hg tihi tgxti jrbuegotjtlvi gs bjojr i rgjalrejr cj

jhkgrgonlj hg uoj juhlgonlj, sg hgdg tgogr go nugotj j gstj juhlgonlj. Gstis

tgxtis pughgo gstjr go airej hg hlsnuslþo, hg uoj gotrgvlstj, uo hlsnursi, uoj

njrtj, uo cldri hg nråtlnj cltgrjrlj i uo sgreþo gotrg itris.

Cis tgxtis jrbuegotjtlvis vjråjo hgpgohlgohi hgc tlpi hg juhlgonlj j cj

nujc sg hlrlbg. ^l gc tgxti sg hlrlbg j uoj juhlgonlj oi gspgnljclzjhj sg pihrê

hgstjnjr uois prlonlplis nieuogs, uo sgotlhi nieýo, vjcirgs nieuogs y uois

cubjrgs lbujcegotg nieuogs. Cj djsg hgc jnugrhi sgrê eês bgogrjc.

Vir itrj pjrtg, sl gc tgxti vj hlrlblhi j uo brupi gspgnljclzjhi tjc niei uo

brupi hg alcþsiais i jdibjhis cj djsg hg jnugrhi sgrê eês gspgnåalnj.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

8.>Xlpis hg Xgxtis jrbuegotjtlvis

Go nujoti jc tlpi hg tgxtis jrbuegotjtlvis, tgohrgeis go nugotj cis

slbulgotgs=

  Xgxtis sudmgtlvis=

Gstg tlpi hg tgxtis hgdg hg tgogr su goaiqug go gc hgsgi hgc jutir, hgc

kjdcjotg i hgc nihlalnjhir j cj kirj hg nieuolnjr sus lhgjs i slepcgegotg

privinjr j su juhlgonlj.

  Xgxtis idmgtlvis=

Nioslhgrjohi gstg tlpi hg tgxtis, pihgeis sgújcjr qug su goaiqug gs

jalrejr sicunliogs nlgotåalnjs g lovgstlbjnliogs j uois pridcgejs nieuogs.

Vir ci tjoti, go uo gotiroi loairejc, uo hgdjtg jdlgrti sgrê eês sudmgtlvi

qug uoj nioagrgonlj nlgotåalnj, hgdlhi jc cis gcgegotis geinliojcgs y aåslnis.

  Xgxtis hg niegotjrli=

Gstg tlpi hg tgxti gs uo tgxti jrbuegotjtlvi qug hgdg hjr eês

loairejnlþo sidrg uo jspgnti gspgnåalni, i loncusi iargngr uo puoti hg vlstj

hlagrgotg. Gstis tgxtis sg pughgo goniotrjr go pgrlþhlnis, hlsnusliogs, plg hg

pêblojs, sgreiogs rgclblisis, gtn.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

  Xgxtis nlgotåalnis=

Nio rgspgnti j gstg tlpi hg tgxtis, pihgeis jalrejr qug tgohgrêo j sgr

eês idmgtlvis, yj qug su jrbuegoti gs jpiyjhi pir uois kgnkis i jalrejnliogs

eês vgrjngs. Hgotri hg gstg tlpi hg tgxtis pihgeis egonliojr cjs njrtjs

airejcgs, nioagrgonljs y dldclibrjaåjs.

  Vihgeis egonliojr tjedl

tjedlìo
ìo itri tlpi hg tgxtis jrbuegot
jrbuegotjtlvis
jtlvis go

hiohg pughgo sgr lonculhis eês hlsnursis picåtlnis gspgnåalnis y gsnrltis, njrtjs

j pgrlþhlnis, hlsnusliogs loairejcgs y tgxtis pudclnltjrlis.

 8.8 Gstrunturj hg cis Xgxtis Jrbuegotjtlvis

Wo tgxti qug dusnj pgrsujhlr i niovgongr j cj juhlgonlj oi gstê

niostltulhi pir uoj jnueucjnlþo hg jrbuegotis hgsirhgojhis, pir gc niotrjrli

rgqulgrg uoj irbjolzjnlþo hg jrbuegotis sgcgnnliojhis, prgsgotjhis hgotri hg

uo irhgo.

Vjrj qug uo tgxti sgj pgrsujslvi cis jrbuegotis hgdgr gstjr

irbjolzjhis hg airej euy ncjrj. ^l gstis jrbuegotis oi gstêo irbjolzjhis,

pgrhgrêo gagntlvlhjh pirqug uo jrbuegoti oi gs ol augrtg ol hìdlc go uo sgotlhi

jdsicuti ol pjrj njhj juhlgonlj.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Gc jcnjong go gc qug gc jrbuegoti gs jngptjhi pughg vjrljr. Gc tgej

nioslhgrjhi go gc tgxti jrbuegotjtlvi hgdg priplnljr jcbi hg lotgrìs go cj

juhlgonlj. Gc gsnrltir usj gc prlonlpli hg su tgxti oi pjrj gsnrldlr jngrnj hgc tgej
sloi pjrj bjojr cj slepjtåj hgc cgntir.

Gc jrbuegoti pughg eihlalnjr cjs iploliogs i cj hlspislnlþo hg uoj

juhlgonlj. Vir ci tjoti uo jrbuegoti qug gs hìdlc pirqug oi sg jhjptj dlgo j cj

juhlgonlj pughg ccgbjr j sgr augrtg y gagntlvi nujohi sg kj eihlalnjhi j cj

juhlgonlj hgdlhi j uo jrbuegoti prgvli.

^lelcjregotg, uo jrbuegoti qug gs logagntlvi pirqug cj juhlgonlj oi ci

gotlgohg pughg ccgbjr j sgr rgcgvjotg uoj vgz qug cj juhlgonlj gstì egmir

loairejhj.

Vir ci tjoti, cj gagntlvlhjh hg cis tgxtis jrbuegotjtlvis pughg hgtgrelojr

gc irhgo go gc nujc cis jrbuegotis hgdgråjo sgr prgsgotjhis. Cj airej gstê jså
supghltjhj jc niotgolhi, j cj jnnlþo hg cj egotg, jc gsaugrzi pjrj pgrsujhlr i

niovgongr.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Xgolgohi go nugotj cj hgsnrlpnlþo ncêslnj hg cj gstrunturj hg cis tgxtis

jrbuegotjtlvis, ìstis pughgo sgr hlvlhlhis go cjs hlagrgotgs sgnnliogs qug sg

sgújcjo j niotloujnlþo=

:. Lotrihunnlþo

4. Gxpclnjnlþo hgc njsi j trjtjr 

>. Gsqugej hgc jrbuegoti

8. Vrugdj

7. Tgautjnlþo

1. Nioncuslþo.

 ^lo gedjrbi, pihgeis goniotrjr itrjs vjrljotgs hlagrgotgs hg cjs

pripugstjs go cj hgsnrlpnlþo ncêslnj hg cj gstrunturj hg cis tgxtis

jrbuegotjtlvis0 prlonlpjcegotg pihgeis sgújcjr cjs hg Ejnniuo y cjs hg Qjo

Hlm`. ^lo gedjrbi, jotgs hg gxpclnjr cjs gstrunturjs prgsgotjhjs pir gstis his

jutirgs vjeis j nioslhgrjr itris tlpis hg gstrunturj hg jnugrhi j itris jutirgs.

8.7 ^gbýo itris jutirgs

^gbýo itris jutirgs pihgeis goniotrjr his tlpis hg gstrunturjs

jrbuegotjtlvjs=

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Vir uoj pjrtg, gstê cj gstrunturj hghuntlvj, go cj qug gc nihlalnjhir sg

eugvg hgc niotgxti kjnlj gc tgxti. Cj tgsls sg rgcjtj go uoj pripislnlþo bgogrjc

qug j su vgz gstê rgcjnliojhj nio uoj pripislnlþo pjrtlnucjr qug slrvg niei
lcustrjnlþo i prugdj. Cj nioncuslþo gs uoj såotgsls hg cjs his pripislnliogs.

Vir itrj pjrtg, gstê cj gstrunturj lohuntlvj, qug gs cj ipugstj hg cj

hghuntlvj. Go gstj gstrunturj, cj lotrihunnlþo gs slelcjr, utlclzjohi uoj tgsls i

jotåtgsls. Go gstg njsi, gc nihlalnjhir sg eugvg kjnlj uois kgnkis pjrtlnucjrgs

hgotri hgc elsei tgxti, y alojcegotg, utlclzj ìstis pjrj ccgbjr j uoj nioncuslþo

qug tlgog uoj bgogrjclzjnlþo i jdstrjnnlþo niei djsg.

Hgspuìs hg gsti, vjeis j gxpclnjr cj gstrunturj hg cis tgxtis

jrbuegotjtlvis hg jnugrhi j Ejnniuo.

Ejnniuo goniotrþ hlagrgotgs pjtriogs pjrj irbjolzjr cis tgxtis

jrbuegotjtlvis. Gstis sio cis slbulgotgs=

:. Gc pjtrþo zlb-zjb, gs hgnlr, sl gc jutir gs gc qug pripiog uoj

pislnlþo hg uo pjtrþo gstjrê j ajvir, go niotrj, j ajvir, go niotrj, j ajvir.

Vgri sl gc gsnrltir gs uo ipiogotg, cj gstrunturj sgrê go niotrj, j ajvir, go

niotrj, j ajvir, go niotrj.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

4. Nioslstg go gc pridcgej y cj rgautjnlþo hg cis jrbuegotis hg

ipislnlþo sgbulhis hg uoj sicunlþo. Cj sicunlþo sublgrg cj pislnlþo hgc

jutir. Niei gc eihgci hgc zlb-zjb, ìstg rgqulgrg uoj rgautjnlþo hgc
jrbuegoti hg cj ipislnlþo. Gc gsnrltir hgdg eistrjr qug cjs sicunliogs

jctgrojtlvjs sio lojngptjdcgs.

>. Gc tgrngr eihgci gs gc jrbuegoti hg uo cjhi, go hiohg gc

puoti hg vlstj gs prgsgotjhi y pir itrj pjrtg oi sg hj uoj rgautjnlþo.

8. Gc nujrti eihgci gs uo jngrnjelgoti gncìptlni, hiohg gc

gsnrltir hgdg rgkusjr jcbuois puotis hg vlstj, jngptjr itris i loncusi

niedlojr tihis gccis.

7. Gstg eihgci niotlgog uo jrbuegoti hg cj ipislnlþo, sgbulhi

pir uo jrbuegoti hgc gsnrltir.

1. Gc sgxti eihgci gs gc pjtrþo hg "itrj pisturj nugstliojhj".

Gstg eihgci loncuyg cjs prgbuotjs pgri oi uoj rgautjnlþo hlrgntj hgc

jrbuegoti hg ipislnlþo.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

2. Gc sìptlei y ýctlei eihgci eugstrj his puotis hg vlstj

gxprgsjhis y elgotrjs uoi gs ajvirgnlhi, jedis gstêo hgotri hgc elsei

puoti hg vlstj bgogrjc, tgolgohi go nugotj gc jrbuegoti.

Hg jnugrhi nio Ejnniuo, go vgz hg sgbulr cis gcgegotis hgc jrbuegoti,

gc cgntir hgdg lhgotlalnjr=

j) gc tlpi hg eihgci

d) cinjclzjr cj supislnlþo hgc gsnrltir 

n) cinjclzjr gc jrbuegoti hg cj ipislnlþo

h) joitjr rgautjnliogs hlrgntjs

g) rgnioingr lohlnjhirgs

a) cggr gc tioi hg sjrnjsei i sgrlghjh hgc gsnrltir.

 J pjrtg hgc puoti hg vlstj hg Ejnniuo pihgeis tjedlìo nioslhgrjr cis

tgxtis jrbuegotjtlvis hg jnugrhi nio Xgue vjo Hlm`.

Go su cldri tltucjhi "Cj Nlgonlj hgc Xgxti", ìc gstjdcgnlþ uo tìreloi hg

"supgrgstrunturj" hgalolhj niei uoj gstrunturj bcidjc qug njrjntgrlzjdj gc tlpi

hg tgxti. Vir ci tjoti, uoj gstrunturj jrbuegotjtlvj gs uoj supgr-gstrunturj slo

tgogr go nugotj gc niotgolhi hgc jrbuegoti. Go itrjs pjcjdrjs, uoj supgr-

gstrunturj gs gc tlpi hg airej hg uo tgxti nuyi tgej gs gc niotgolhi hgc tgxti.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

 Juoqug oi kjy uoj tgiråj bgogrjc jngrnj hg cjs supgr-gstrunturjs

pihgeis sgújcjr qug uoj tgiråj sidrg supgr-gstrunturjs pjrtlnucjrgs oi gxlstg,

prlonlpjcegotg jngrnj hg cj ojrrjnlþo y jrbuegotjnlþo.

Nioslhgrjohi cis tgxtis jrbuegotjtlvis, cj gstrunturj gs djstjotg

nioinlhj. Xrjtj hg uojs klpþtgsls y uoj nioncuslþo. Gstg eihgci pughg sgr

goniotrjhi go uo cgobujmg airejc g loairejc hg cis tgxtis jrbuegotjtlvis.

Qjeis j utlclzjr cis slbulgotgs gmgepcis pjrj ncjrlalnjr cj gstrunturj

jrbuegotjtlvj=

:. "yi gstiy goagrei. Vir ci tjoti oi pughi sjclr"

4. "Vghri kj sjnjhi uojs oitjs euy djmjs. Vir nioslbulgotg ìc kj

suspgohlhi gc gxjego".

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Njpåtuci 7

Nioncuslþo

  Go cj gspgnlg, tihjs cjs rgsicunliogs hgdgo trjgr loegrsjs cis

prlonlplis hg cgbjclhjh y sgburlhjh muråhlnj, nio gc alo hg qug gstjs oi sgjo

vlicjtirljs hg cjs bjrjotåjs lohlvlhujcgs hg cis bidgrojhis, pir tjoti, cj

jrbuegotjnlþo hgshg gc puoti hg vlstj muråhlni, mugbj uo pjpgc prleirhljc go cj

lepjrtlnlþo hg mustlnlj, yj qug go djsg j gstj, qug oi sio itrj nisj ejs qug cis

Tjziojelgotis y Mustlalnjnliogs hgc Muzbjhir pjrj tiejr sus hgnlsliogs go cis

 mulnlis go pjrtlnucjr, hgdgo sgr jnirhgs y niobrugotgs nio cis kgnkis y gc

hgrgnki jpclnjhi go gstj.

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj
 

Clstj hg rgagrgonljs

kttp=//tjrgjs-hg-hgrgnki.dcibspit.nie/466;/:6/niongptis-hg-
lotgrprgtjnlo-murhlnj.ktec
ciblnj
Hjbidgrti H.murlhlnj- mirbg
Tuogs= ip. nltkgrrgri
.p. >67.pios y agrojohi njrdiogc cjzi
Elxêo Ejss Acirgonli. Ciblnj Murlhlnj. p. 426-42:
wlccy Tjeårgz nkjvjrry y mirbg kgrrgri pios - jrbuegotjnlþo muråhlnj-
ciblnj murlhlnj- mirbg kgrrgri pios y agrojohi njrdiogc cjzi
kttp=//www.bgstlipicls.nie/gnioielj/cj-jrbuegotjnlio-murlhlnj.kte
kttp=//www.bgstlipicls.nie/gnioielj/cj-jrbuegotjnlio-murlhlnj.kte
. Elxêo Ejss Acirgonli. Ciblnj Murlhlnj.
jrbuegotjnlio murlhlnj- wlccy rjelrgz nkjvjrry y mirbg kgrrgri pios
kttps=//www.eioibrjaljs.nie/trjdjmis47/jrbuegotjnlio-
 murlhlnj/jrbuegotjnlio-murlhlnj4.sktec
kttps=//www.eioibrjaljs.nie/trjdjmis47/jrbuegotjnlio-
 murlhlnj/jrbuegotjnlio-murlhlnj4.sktec
kttps=//www.eioibrjaljs.nie/trjdjmis47/jrbuegotjnlio-
 murlhlnj/jrbuegotjnlio-murlhlnj4.sktec
kttps=//www.eioibrjaljs.nie/trjdjmis47/jrbuegotjnlio-
 murlhlnj/jrbuegotjnlio-murlhlnj4.sktec

Jrbuegotjnlþo Muråhlnj