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I KS RZOBMHRMS CKLK
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IKS RZOBMHRMS MH MI
RZGBOHE
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Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl
Ckhtmhobk bm ig euìg
Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws – Ckhstruccoóh, ghçiosos y kpmrgcoóh ...................................................................................... 3
»Wuï ms mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws; ................................................................................................................................... 3
Ckhstruccoóh bmi Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws .......................................................................................................................... 3
»Cólk smimccokhgr iks trms puhtks bmi trobmhtm; ...............
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Nimxojoiobgb
Nimxo joiobgb g ig dkrg bm smimccokhgr
smimccokhg r mi puhtk 7 .................................
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»Cklk sm utoiozg mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws; .......................
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= rmeigs pgrg mi usk bm iks trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws ............
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Rmrlohkikeìg rmigcokhgbg ckh trobmhtms ....................................................................................................................... ::
Skpkrtm, Zmsostmhcog y Zmvmrsoóh bm ig tmhbmhcog ckh mi
m i trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ...................
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Iìhmgs bm sm÷gi k bm mhtrgbg (troeemr iohms).........
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Ckhciusokhms ............................................................................................................................................................. :=
Iìhmgs pgrgimigs mh iks Rrobmhtms bm Ghbrmws y Scdonn .......................
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Mi ckhcmptk bm mhmreìg bmi prmcok mh rmigcoóh g iks Rrobmhtms bm Ghbrmws
Ghbrmw s .........
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Nrmcumhcog bmi prmcok mh rmigcoóh g iks trobmhtms .......
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Rrghsocoóh bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws gi trobmhtm bm Sdonn lkbonocgbk ........ .................

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Iìhmgs bm skpkrtms y rmsostmhcogs mh iks Rrobmhtms ......
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Skpkrtms
Skpkr tms dkrozkhtgims
dkrozkh tgims ..................
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Skpkrtms bm trobmhtms ................................................................................................................................................... 3>
Skpkrtms
Skpkrt ms bm Nojkhgcco
Nojkhg cco ................
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Ckhvmremhcog bm skpkrtms ........................................................................................................................................ 34
»Cólk pkbmlks ghgiozgr ig mhmreìg bmi prmcok lmboghtm trobmhtms; .........
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Rmhbmhcog bmi prmcok pmrbomhbk mhmreìg ...................................................................................................................... 3?
Jgrrgs k cghbmigs mxtrmlgs (pocks bmi prmcok) .................
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Lkvolomhtks olpuisovks bmi prmcok .............................................................................................................................. 20
Mi ohbocgbkr kscoigbkr mstkcçstock mh ckljohgcoóh ckh iks trobmhtms pgrg mi ghçiosos bm ig mhmreìg bmi prmcok .........
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^kiulmh mxtrmlk y iks trobmhtms ................................................................................................................................. 2:
Egps (Jrmcdgs mh mi prmcok) y iks trobmhtms .................................................................................................................. 23
Rrobmhtms bm Ghbrmws ckljohgbks ckh ohbocgbkrms tïchocks .........
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Dmrrglomhtgs prmboctovgs ......................................................................................................................................... 24
Ohbocgbkr ^kiulmh ckljohgbk ckh iks trobmhtms ...................
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Mi ohbocgbkr LGCB y iks trobmhtms ................................................................................................................................ =7
Mi LGCB cklk uh ohbocgbkr bm tmhbmhcog ............................................................................................................... =7
Sm÷gims bm trgbohe bmi LGCB ................................................................................................................................... =:
Mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock (mstkcçstock imhtk) y iks trobmhtms ............

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]h ohbocgbkr bmiolotgbk mhtrm bks hovmims nofks ....................
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»Cólk kpmrgr
k pmrgr ckh mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock
m stkcçstock mh ckhfuhtk ckh iks trobmhtms;
t robmhtms; .........
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Rrobmhtms usgbks fuhtk ckh Zmtrkcmsks y Mxtmhsokhms bm Nojkhgcco.................
Nojkhgcco..........................
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Mxtmhsokhms bm Nojkhgcco y trobmhtms ........................................................................................................................... >7
Mstrgtmeogs bm Rrgbohe ckh mi Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ..................
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Ig ohsporgcoóh pgrg mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws .................................................................................................................. >2
Bmscropcoóh bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ........................................................................................................................... >2
Lgrcks bm tomlpk y lmrcgbks mh
m h qum sm pumbm gpiocgr mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ...........
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»Cklk trgzgr mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws mh mi erçnock; ...........
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Mstrgtmeogs bm trgbohe bmsgrrkiigbgs pgrg mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ..................
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Ig rmeig bmi ngiik bmi prmcok ....................................................................................................................................... >>
Mi lïtkbk bm ig iìhmg loho-lmboghg ......................................................................................................................... >5
Mi lïtkbk bm ig gccoóh bmi prmcok pighg (soh tmhbmhcog) .............
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Kpmrgcokhms bm bgytrgbohe ckh mstm mhnkqum ..................
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Bovmremhcogs mhtrm mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws y mi
m i prmcok u ktrks ohbocgbkrms tïchocks .......
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]sk bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws mh ckhfuhtk ckh igs khbgs bm Miiokt .........
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Ckhciusokhms ................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Prmboccokhms bmi lmrcgbk usghbk vmrsokhms lkbonocgbgs bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws G hbrmws ..........
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Igs rmeigs pgrg kpmrgr ckh mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ..................
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»Cólk bojufgr uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws jçsock; ..............
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»Cklk bojufgr uh trobmhtm bm Scdonn mstçhbgr; ..................
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»Cklk bojufgr uh trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk; ...................
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Prmboccoóh bmi bmspiklm bmi pmtróimk mh :072 ckh mi trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk ..................
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Ghçiosos y sm÷gi ckh mi trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk .................
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Prmcgucoóh gi usgr mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws y sus vgroghtms ................
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Jrkamrs
Jrkam rs Zmcklmhbgbks
Zmcklm hbgbks ..................................
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Ktrgs Kpcokhms rmcklmhbgbgs .................................................................................................................................... 54
Jojiokergnìg ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5?
Bgtks bm ckhtgc
ckhtgctk
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:

Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws – Ckhstruccoó

Ckhstruccoóh,
h, ghçiosos
y kpmrgcoóh
»Wuï ms
»Wuï ms mi trobmhtm
tr obmhtm bm Ghbrmws;
Ghbr mws;
Bmsgrrkiigbk pkr Gigh Ghbrmws, mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ms uhg dmrrglomhtg bm cghgims bm
tmhbmhcog qum ckhsostm
iìhmgs bm tmhbmhcog bm trmsy iìhmgs.
pgrgimigs Romhm uhg
mquobostghtms iìhmg
g cgbg bm bm
igbk tmhbmhcog
ig iìhmg lmboghg
cmhtrgi. mh mi cmhtrk ckh bks
Mstgs iìhmgs sm trgzgh lmboghtm ig smimccoóh bm 3 puhtks, usugilmhtm ckh jgsm mh lçxolks k
lìholks bm rmgccoóh lkvoïhbksm
lkvoïhb ksm bmsbm ozquomrbg g bmrmcdg mh mi erçnock. Gi oeugi qum ckh igs iìhmgs
iìhmg s
bm tmhbmhcog y cghgims hkrlgims, igs iìhmgs bm tmhbmhcog mxtmrhgs lgrcgh çrmgs bm skpkrtm y
rmsostmhcog pktmhcogims. ]hg tmhbmhcog pmrlghmcm voemhtm mh tghtk qum mi cghgi bmi trobmhtm sm
lghtmheg y smg rmspmtgbk pkr mi prmcok (ms bmcor qum sm lghtmheg bmhtrk bm sus iìlotms).
Iks cgljoks bm tmhbmhcog kcurrmh

kcurrm h cughbk ig gccoóh bmi prmcok rklpm y mscgpg bmi cghgi bm
bmii trobmhtm.
Mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws sm jgsg mh ig tmrcmrg imy bm lkvolomhtk bm Hmwtkh. ’Pgrg cgbg gccoóh, dgy
uhg rmgccoóh oeugi y kpumstg“, gieuhks tgljoïh mxtomhbmh mstk g, ’Pgrg cgbg gcc oóh pksotovg dgy
uhg rmgccoóh hmegtovg“. Mhtkhcms, cughbk mi lmrcgb k sujm, bmjm jgfgr.
Zkemr Jgjskh bm Jgjskh Stgtostocgi Kreghosgtokh y Jgjskh Ckiimem (Lgssgcdusmtts) utoiozó ig

tmrcmrg imy bm Hmwtkh pgrg prkhkstocgr ckh prmcosoóh ig cgìbg bmi lmrcgbk bm 7?:?. Gigh Dgii
Ghbrmws num giulhk bm Zkemr Jgjskh ’ Ghbrmws Gctokh Zmgctokh“. Sm im
Jg jskh y lçs tgrbm prknmskr bm ’Ghbrmws
kcurroó ig ohtrkbuccoóh bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws cklk pgrtm bm su cursk. Ms olpkrtghtm tmhmr mh
cumhtg qum Zkemr Jgjskh dozk uhg nkrtuhg bm $=0 loiikhms utoiozghbk ig tmrcmrg imy bm lkvolomhtk
g nohms bm ig bïcgbg bm 7?:0. Bmsbm mhtkhcms, iks trobmhtms dgh sunrobk lucdgs lkbonocgcokhms,
cklk mi trobmhtm bm Scdonn mstçhbgr
mstçhbgr y
y mi trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbo nocgbk .
Ik q um im egrghtozg
egrghtozg gi
gi kpmrgbkr l çs eghghcogs
eghghcogs qu m pïrbobgs gi usgr mi trob mhtm bm Ghbrmws
Ghbrmws ms
qum sm dg bmlkstr gbk qum mi prmcok iimeg g ig iìhmg 40%. Mstk
iìhmg lmboghg ckh uhg pr mcosoóh bmi 40%
soehonocg qum ohciusk soh olpimlmhtgr mstrgtmeogs gvghzgbgs pgrg trobmhtms, mi kpmrgbkr tomhm
lgykrms pksojoiobgbms bm kjtmhmr eghghcogs ckh mstg dmrrglomhtg.
Ckhstrucco óh bmi Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws

»Cuçi ms ig lmfkr nkrlg bm bmnohor uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws; Ig lghmrg obmgi bm mxpiocgr mstg
dmrrglomhtg bm ghçiosos bmi lmrcgbk ms mxpkhomhbk pgsk pkr pgsk cklk sm trgzg uh trobmhtm bm
br mws mh mi erçnock bm prmcoks bm tgi lghmrg qum pkbglks or bmsgrrkiighbk uhg bmnohocoóh cigrg
Ghbr
Gh
g ik igrek bmi prkcmsk.
Mh ig olgemh 7 sm lumstrg uh erçnock bm prmcoks mh jighck qum vglks g ghgiozgr6
3

Olgemh 7 - EZÇNOCK BM PZMCOKS CKH RMHBMHCOG

RMHBMHCOG JG FOSRG SOH HOHEÖH OHBOCGBKZ HO GHÇ IOSOS GEZMEGBK
Zmsuitg mvobmhtm mh mstm erçnock mh pgrtocuigr qum mi prmcok mstç mh uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg. Pgrg
gpiocgr mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws cughbk mi prmcok mstç cgymhbk, sm hmcmsotg uhg smcumhcog Lçxolk-
Lìholk-Lçxolk g pgrtor iks cuçims vglks g ckhstruor mi trobmhtm.
Iks puhtks smimccokhgbks mh mstm mfmlpik sm lumstrgh mh ig olgemh :. Mh uhg tmhbmhcog gicostg,
pgrg gpiocgr mstg dmrrglomhtg mi trgbmr bmjm juscgr uhg smcumhcog bm puhtks Lìholk-Lçxolk-
Lìholk soehonocgtovks.
2

Olgemh : - R
Rmhbmhcog
mhbmhcog Jgfos tg bkhbm sm oh bocgh mi Lçxolk -L
-Lìholk-Lçxolk
ìholk-Lçxolk
Mh ig olgemh 3 trgzglks uhg iìhmg mhtrm mi puhtk Lìholk y uhk bm iks Lçxolks bm ig smcumhcog
Lçxolk-Lìholk-Lçxolk y mhckhtrglks mi puhtk lmbok k lmboghg bm msg iìhmg.
Pgrg bojufgr mstg iìhmg, sm utoiozg mi smeuhbk Lçxolk bm ig smcumhcog, qum ms uh gitk lçs jgfk ckh
rmspmctk gi Lçxolk ghtmrokr.
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Olgemh 3 - Puhtk lmbok (k Lmboghg) bm ig iìhmg

iìhmg
Mh mstm cgsk, usglks mi prolmr puhtk Lçxolk bm ig smcumhcog bm trms povktms cklk mi puhtk bm
ohocok bmi trobmhtm. Mi soeuomhtm pgsk ms trgzgr uhg iìhmg qum crucm mi puhtk lmbok obmhtonocgbk mh ig
olgemh 3. Mi rmsuitgbk ms ig iìhmg lmboghg qum sm lumstrg mh ig olgemh 2.
Iìhmg
Olgemh 2 - Iìhmg Lmboghg
Lmboghg qum pgsg pkr mi puht k lmbok mhtr m mi Lìholk
Lìholk y mi smeuh bk Lçxolk
>

Mh mi soeuomhtm erçnock (olgemh =) trgzglks bks iìhmgs pgrgimigs g ig iìhmg lmboghg y ckikcglks
sus krìemhms mh iks puhtks Lìholk y Lçxolk ( puhtks povktm). Mstgs iìhmgs pgrgimigs sm ckhvomrtmh
mh igs iìhmgs lmboghgs supmrokr m ohnmrokr bmi trob mhtm bm Ghbrmws .
Olgemh = - Iìhmgs pgrgimigs lmboghgs (iìhmg

(iìhmgss p uhtmgbgs gzuims)
Lucdks pgqumtms bm ghçiosos erçnock y pigtgnkrlgs bm trgbohe, cklk Lmtgtrgbmr 2 yLmtgtrgbmr =,

ohciuymh mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws, bm tgi nkrlg qum mi trgbmr hk tomhm qum smeuor mi prkcmbolomhtk
bmscrotk mh mstm grtìcuik pgrg trgzgr ig iìhmg lmboghg y sus pgrgimigs ckh mi noh bm utoiozgr mstg
dmrrglomhtg.
Mh ig olgemh > sm lumstrg mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws cklpimtk pgrg ig tmhbmhcog jgfostg usgbg mh mstm
mfmlpik6
5

Olgemh > - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws c klpimtk
Hk tkbks iks trobmhtms skh crmgbks bm ig loslg nkrlg. Ghtms bm dgcmr cugiquomr prkymccoóh bmi
prmcok ckh jgsm mh uh trobmhtm ms hmcmsgrok bmtmrlohgr su cgiobgb k vgiobmz. Pgrg mstm noh, mi trgbmr
bmjm ghgiozgr igs ohtmrgccokhms mhtrm mi prmcok y igs iìhmgs bmi trobmhtm.
Mh ig olgemh 5 sm bmstgcgh msgs ohtmrgccokhms.
Olgemh 5 - Mvgiugcoóh
Mvgiugcoóh bm ig cgiobgb bmi Rrob mhtm
4

Cklk pkbmlks vmr mh mstm mfmlpik, mi trobmhtm

trob mhtm mstç bmscrojomhbk ig gccoóh bmi prmcok jgstghtm jomh,
pkr ik tghtk, pkbmlks bmcor qum ms ’vçiobk“, ’prkjgbk“
’prkj gbk“ k qum tomhm ’gitg cgiobgb“. ]hg vm z qum dmlks
bmtmrlohgbk qum tmhmlks uh trobmhtm prkjgbk, ms rgzkhgjim mspmrgr qum mi prmcok ckhtohöm
rmgccokhghbk mh igs iìhmgs lmboghgs dgstg qum ig gccoóh bmi prmcok prumjm ik ckhtrgrok, ms bmcor
dgstg qum mi trobmhtm hk smg vçiobk.
Mh tïrlohks emhmrgims, mhtrm lçs vmcms smg prkjgbg uhg iìhmg lmboghg y gctöm cklk uh
skpkrtm/rmsostmhcog pgrg mi prmcok, lgykr ckhnoghzg pumbm tmhmr mi trgbmr bm qum smeuorç
ohniumhcoghbk mi cklpkrtglomhtk bmi prmcok.
»Cólk smimccokhgr iks trms puhtks bmi trobmhtm;

»Cólk
Mi prolmr pgsk pgrg utoiozgr mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ms smimccokhgr iks trms puhtks pgrg mi trgzgbk bmi
trobmhtm. Mstks puhtks pkr ik emhmrgi sm jgsgh mh gitks k lçxolks bm rmgccoóh k jgfks k lìholks
bm rmgccoóh, tgljoïh ckhkcobks cklk puhtks povktm. Ig olgemh 4 lumstrg uh erçnock bogrok ckh
uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws qum sm mxtomhbm dgcog grrojg bmsbm mi lìholk mh fuhok. Mi prolmr puhtk
smimccokhgbk lgrcg mi ohocok bm ig iìhmg lmboghg. Iks puhtks : y 3 bmnohmh ig ghcdurg bmi cghgi bmi
trobmhtm. Ig iìhmg lmboghg mstç jgsgbg mh bks puhtks6 mi puhtk 7 y mi puhtk lmbok mhtrm iks puhtks
: y 3. Cklk tgi, ig iìhmg lmboghg cklomhzg mh mi puhtk 7 y josmcg ig iìhmg nkrlgbg pkr iks puhtks :
y 3. Mstk ckhtrkig ig pmhbomhtm (ohciohgcoóh) bm ig iìhmg lmboghg.
Igs iìhmgs bm tmhbmhcog mxtmrhgs sm mxtomhbmh mh pgrgimik ckh rmspmctk g ig iìhmg lmboghg. Mi
trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws rkfk lumstrg uhg iìhmg lmboghg gitmrhgtovg jgsgbg mh mi lìholk bm fuiok qum
ms utoiozgbk cklk puhtk 7. Dgy qum tmhmr mh cumhtg qum ig iìhmg lmboghg rkfg tkbgvìg bovobm ig iìhmg
mhtrm iks puhtks : y 3, pmrk ms lçs prkhuhcogbg qum ig iìhmg lmboghg gzui. Pkr ik tghtk, pkbmlks
bmbucor qum ig pmhbomhtm bmi trobmhtm bmpmhbm bm ig ckikcgcoóh bmi puhtk 7.
Olgemh 4 - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws (gzui) ckh iks 3 puhtks qum bmnohmh mi trobmhtm. Rgljoïh lumstrg uh trobmhtm (rkfk) ckh uhg
iìhmg lmboghg cmhtrgi gitmrhgtovg jgsgbg mh ktrk lìholk qum ms usgbk cklk puhtk 7
?

Ig olgemh ? lumstrg ktrk erçnock bogrok bm prmcoks ckh uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws qum tomhm uhg
pmhbomhtm hmegtovg. Ig iìhmg lmboghg gzui mlpomzg mh mi puhtk 7 y josmcg ig iìhmg mhtrm iks puhtks
: y 3. Igs iìhmgs bm tmhbmhcog mxtmrokrms skh pgrgimigs y mquobostghtms ckh rmspmctk g ig iìhmg
lmboghg cmhtrgi. Pgrg rmnmrmhcog bm ig pmhbomhtm, mi trobmhtm rkfk utoiozg mi lìholk bm gekstk cklk
puhtk 3, ik qum dgcm qum ig iìhmg lmboghg smg lçs prkhuhcogbg tgi cklk vmlks mh mi erçnock
Olgemh ? - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ck h pmhbomhtm hmegtov g pgrg mi

mi ghçiosos bm tmhbmhcog jgfostg
Nimxojoi
Nimxojoi obgb g ig dkrg bm smimccokhgr mi puhtk 7
G vmcms ig iìhmg lmboghg

lmboghg hmcms
hmcmsotg
otg gfustm pgr
pgrg
g mstgjimcm
mstgjimcmrr uhg pmhbomhtm rmgios
rmgiostg.
tg. Iks trobmh
trobmhtms
tms qum
tomhmh uhg pmhbomhtm bmlgsogbk prkhuhcogbg skh gtrgvmsgbks ckh ngcoiobgb. Soh mljgrek, iks
trobmhtms qum skh bmlgsogbk pighks hk smrçh cgpgcms bm cgpturgr ig tmhbmhcog. Ig olgemh 70
lumstrg uh erçnock qum tomhm uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws qum sm mxtomhbm dgcog grrojg bmsbm mi lìholk
bm nohgims bm mhmrk. Obmgilmhtm, mi puhtk 7 bmjmrìg mstgr jgsgbk mh mi jgfk bmi lkvolomhtk. Iks
puhtks : y 3 lgrcgh mi prolmr lçxolk bm rmgccoóh y mi prolmr lìholk bm rmgccoóh bmspuïs bmi puhtk
7. Soh mljgrek, uhg iìhmg lmboghg jgsgbg mh mi lìholk bm nohgims bm mhmrk ckohcobm ckh mi skpkrtm
(nimcdgs vmrbms
mh lgrzk (nimcdgs vmrbms)) y ig rmsostmhcog mh fuiok. Lçs olpkrtghtm göh, sm crmg uh cghgi qum
ckhtomhm ig gccoóh bmi prmcok burghtm lucdks lmsms.
Kjsmrvm qum mi lmrcgbk gicghzó ckhbocoóh skjrmcklprg cughbk iks prmcoks sm lkvomrkh pkr
mhcolg bm ig iìhmg bm tmhbmhcog supmrokr bmi trobmhtm. Nohgilmhtm, ig tmhbmhcog rmvomrtm tktgilmhtm
ckh ig rupturg bmi prmcok pkr bmjgfk bm ig iìhmg bm tmhbmhcog ohnmrokr.
70

Olgemh 70 - Rrobmhtm
Rrobmhtm bm Ghbr mws ckh iìhmg lmboghg
lmboghg gfustgbg g igs ckhboc okhms bmi lmrc gbk pgrg tmhmr uhg pmhbomhtm lçs
rmgiostg
Mh ig olgemh 77 sm lumstrg uh erçnock ckh bks pksojims trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws. Mi trobmhtm rkfk tomhm
ol gemh 77
uhg pmhbomhtm bmlgsogbk mlpohgbg.
mlpo hgbg. Pkbmlks hktgr qum ig tmhbmhcog hk sm ohvortoó cughbk mi prmcok
sm lkvoó pkr bmjgfk bm ig iìhmg bm tmhbmhcog ohnmrokr g nohgims bm gjroi. Pkr ik tghtk, cklk gitmrhgtovg
pkbmlks trgzgr ktrk trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws jgsgbk mh uhg iìhmg lmboghg crmgbg g pgrtor bmi lìholk
bm lmbogbks bm bocomljrm. Mstk crmg uh trobmhtm lçs pighk qum rmsuitg lçs rmgiostg pgrg ig
tmhbmhcog gicostg voemhtm.
Gi oeugi qum ckh igs iìhmgs bm tmhbmhc

tmhbmhcog
og hkrlgims, igs iìhmgs bm tmhbmhcog lçs mlpohgbgs mh uh
trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws skh lçs nçcoims bm rklpmr. Ig vgiobmz bmi trobmhtm gzui sm ckhnorló cughbk iks
prmcoks mhckhtrgrkh rmsostmhcog y rmjktgrkh mh ig iìhmg bm tmhbmhcog supmrokr g prohcopoks bm gjroi y
pkstmrokrlmhtm mhckhtrgrkh skpkrtm y rmjktgrkh mh ig iìhmg bm tmhbmhcog ohnmrokr g prohcopoks bm
lgyk.
77

Olgemh 77 - Erçnock ckh : trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws, uhk bm iks cuçims mstç luy ohciohgbk
7:

»Cklk
»Cklk sm
s m utoio zg mi trobmhtm
trob mhtm bm Ghbr
Ghbrmmws ;
Bm gcumrbk g Ghbrmws, mi prmcok gicghzg ig iìhmg lmboghg bm uh trobmhtm mi 40% bmi tomlpk. Ckh
mstg ohnkrlgcoóh, mi trgbmr pumbm juscgr kpkrtuhobgbms pgrg gjror pksocokhms ikhe cmrcg bmi lìholk
bm uhg kscoigcoóh bmi prmcok k pksocokhms sdkrt cmrcg bmi lçxolk bm uhg kscoigcoóh bmi prmcok, y
usgr ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm pgrg mi comrrm bm igs pksocokhms y ig tklg bm jmhmnocoks.
Zmtrkcmbglks pkr uh lklmhtk mh mi tomlpk y prmtmhbglks qum mstglks vomhbk uh erçnock bm 2D
bm uh lmrcgbk mh qum tmhmlks

Lçxolk-Lìholk-Lçxolk ig ohtmhcoóh
trgzglks bm vmhbmr.
uh trobmhtmvmhbmr . Cughbk
bm Ghbrmws sm prkbucm
tmhtgtovk, tgi uhg
cklksmcumhcog bm puhtks
sm lumstrg mh ig
ol
olgemh 7:, y hks lghtmhmlks kjsmrvghbk ig gccoóh bmi prmcok.
gemh 7:,
Olgemh 7:
7: - Erçnock bm prmcoks c kh tro bmhtm bm Ghbrmws ghgiozghbk uhg tmhbmhcog jgfost g
Mh ig olgemh 73 mi prmcok sujm y prumjg ig iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr trms vmcms, ik qum prkpkrcokhg
ckhnorlgcoóh gbocokhgi bm qum humstrk trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ms vçiobk. Bmpmhbomhbk bm humstrg
mstrgtmeog bm trgbohe, pubolks dgjmr gjomrtk pksocokhms bm vmhtg cgbg vmz qum mi prmcok gicghzó ig
iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr. ]h trgbmr ckhsmrvgbkr pubk dgjmr usgbk ig prolmrg prumjg bm ig iìhmg
lmboghg supmrokr cklk uhg ckhnorlgcoóh bmi trobmhtm y guh gsì dgjrìg tmhobk bks kpkrtuhobgbms
gbocokhgims pgrg gjror pksocokhms sdkrt.
Mstg mstrgtmeog bm mhtrgr gi lmrcgbk cmrcg bm uh puhtk bm kscoigcoóh mh qum mi prmcok lumstrg gitgs
prkjgjoiobgbms bm cgljogr su bormccoóh, hks pmrlotm utoiozgr stkp ikss gfustgbks y prmbmcor ig
rmigcoóh eghghcog/romsek bm ig kpmrgcoóh . So dujoïrglks mstgbk kpmrghbk ckh mi erçnock bm ig
olgemh 73 pubolks dgjmr ckikcgbk uhg krbmh bm vmhtg mh $==.00 ckh uhg krbmh stkp ikss grrojg
bmi lçxolk mh $=4.00. Ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm dgjrìg smrvobk cklk kjfmtovk bm tklg bm
jmhmnocok y hks dgjrìg pmrlotobk mstolgr mi pktmhcogi bm eghghcogs bm ig kpmrgcoóh. Mh mstm mfmlpik,
73

ig iìhmg lmboghg mstç girmbmbkr bm $2=.00, pkr ik tghtk,

tghtk , ig eghghcog pktmhcogi ms bm $70.0
$70.000 mh ckhtrg
bm uhg pïrbobg pktmhcogi bm $3.00, ik qum hks bg uhg rmigcoóh eghghcog/romsek supmrokr g 367.
So mi tglg÷k bmi stkp ikss y ig rmigcoóh eghghcog/romsek sm gfustgh g humstrk pigh bm trgbohe,
pkbmlks mfmcutgr ig krbmh bm vmhtg y mhtrgr gi lmrcgbk. Pkr mi ckhtrgrok, so iks pgrçlmtrks bm ig
kpmrgcoóh hk sm gbmcögh g humstrk pigh bm trgbohe, pkbmlks gjstmhmrhks bm mhtrgr gi lmrcgbk,
lghtmhomhbk humstrk cgpotgi smeurk lomhtrgs juscglks humvgs y lmfkrms kpkrtuhobgbms. Gljgs
gitmrhgtovgs skh pksojims usghbk trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws.
Olgemh 73 - Vkhgs
Vkhgs lgrcgbgs lmboghtm cìrcui ks rkf ks bkh bm mi prmcok rmgccokhg gi gicghzgr igs iìhmgs
iìhmgs bmi trobmhtm
Cklk ohbocglks ghtmrokrlmhtm, bm gcumrbk g Ghbrmws mi prmcok tmrlohg pkr gicghzgr ig iìhmg
lmboghg bmi trobmhtm mi 40% bmi tomlpk. Mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 72 vmlks cklk sm bmlumstrg
mstg gnorlgcoóh. Mh humstrg kpmrgcoóh dopktïtocg, dgjrìglks ckikcgbk uhg krbmh bm sgiobg fustk
mhcolg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm, ckh ig kpcoóh bm or lkvomhbk mstg krbmh gjgfk ckhnkrlm mi
tomlpk prkermsg y mi lmrcgbk sm lumvm g humstrk ngvkr (mh mstm cgsk, tmhbrìglks qum lkvmr mi
stkp ikss pgrg prktmemr igs eghghcogs qum sm prkbucmh ckhnkrlm mi lmrcgbk jgfg).
72

Olgemh 72 - Prmcok
Prmcok gic ghzg ig iìhmg lmboghg
lmboghg cmhtrgi mi 40% bmi tomlpk
Mxostmh ktrgs mstrgtmeogs qum pumbmh utoiozgrsm ckh iks trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws, igs cuçims vmrmlks
pkstmrokrlmhtm mh ktrks mfmlpiks.
Gbmlçs bm prkpkrco
prkpkrcokhgr
khgr mstrgtme
mstrgtmeogs
ogs bm trgbohe mspmcì
mspmcìnocgs,
nocgs, iks trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws pmrlotmh
bmtmrlohgr ig bormccoóh bm ig tmhbmhcog. ^mglks gdkrg mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 7= y trgtmlks bm
prmtmhbmr qum mi prmcok mstç mh uhg tmhbmhcog gicostg. Mi trobmhtm bmlumstrg, tgi cklk ik dgcm mi
erçnock bm prmcoks pkr sì loslk, qum mi prmcok sm mstç lkvomhbk ckh uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg. Cgbg
vmz qum trgzglks uh trobmhtm vçiobk mh uh lmrcgbk mh tmhbmhcog, tmhbrç uhg pmhbomhtm pksotovg k
hmegtovg, y pkr ik tghtk hk dgjrç hoheuhg gljoeùmbgb ckh rmspmctk g ig tmhbmhcog. _g smg qum mi
kpmrgbkr mstïbm
pgrg mi ïxotk kpmrghbk g ngvkr bmqum
sus kpmrgcokhms ig tmhbmhcog
smg cgpgzk trgtghbk bm kpmrgr
bm bmtmrlohgr ckh ckhtrg ig tmhbmhcog,
prmcosoóh ms crìtock
ig tmhbmhcog mh mi
lgrck bm tomlpk mh qum mstç hmekcoghbk. Mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ms uhg dmrrglomhtg qum im pmrlotm
dgcmr mstk.
7=

Olgemh 7= - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws bmscrojomhbk uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg mh mi prmcok
= rmeigs
rmeigs pgrg mi
mi us k bm ik s tr obmhtms bm Ghbrmws
Mxostmh cohck rmeigs jçsocgs pgrg utoiozgr iks trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws6
7. Mxostm uhg gitg prkjgjoiobgb bm qum mi prmcok iimeum dgstg ig öitolg iìhmg lmboghg (IL).
:. Mi prmcok pumbm y yg
g smg rmvmrtor su bormccoóh mh ig iìhmg lmboghg, lkvmrsm ckh numrzg g trgvïs
bm mstg iìhmg, k ckhskiobgrsm grrojg/bmjgfk bm miig.
3. Cughbk mi prmcok gtrgvomsg ig iìhmg lmboghg, pkr ik emhmrgi rmgiozg uh lkvolomhtk bm
rmtrkcmsk y vumivm g prkjgr ig iìhmg lmboghg ghtms bm ckhtohugr mi lkvolomhtk kroeohgi bm
rupturg.
2. Mi prmcok ohvomrtm su bormccoóh mh cugiquomr iìhmg lmboghg k iìhmg lmboghg pgrgimig.
=. Cughbk mi prmcok ohvomrtm su bormccoóh ghtms bm gicghzgr ig iìhmg lmboghg, sm lkvmrç lçs y
ckh lgykr nkrtgimzg mh ig bormccoóh kpumstg bm ik qum sm lkvìg mh bormccoóh g ig iìhmg
lmboghg (ZmZmeig Dgekpo ghg).
eig Dgekpoghg
Gdkrg vglks
vglks g mxp
mxpiocgr
iocgr igs rmeigs gh
ghtmrokrms
tmrokrms ckh lgykr c
cigrobgb
igrobgb lm
lmboghtm
boghtm mi usk bm m
mfmlpiks6
fmlpiks6
Zmeig 76 Mxostm uhg ergh prkj

Zmeig p rkjgjoiob
gjoiobgb
gb bm qum mi prmcok gicghcm
gic ghcm ig öitolg iìhmg lmboghg (IL)
Ig rmeig 7 sm bmlumstrg mh mi soeuomhtm erçnock (olgemh 7>)6
7>

Mi pr mcok c gm dgstg ig iìhmg lmboghg

Olgemh 7> - Mi
Zmeig :6 Mi prmcok pumbm yg smg ohvmrt

Zmeig ohvmrtor
or su bormcc
b ormccoóh
oóh mh ig iìhmg
iìhmg lmboghg,
lmboghg, lkvmrsm ckh
numrzg g trgvïs bm mstg iìhmg,
iìhmg, k ckhskiob
ckhs kiob grsm grrojg/bmjgfk bm miig.
Pkbmlks vmr ig bmlkstrgcoóh bm ig rmeig : mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 75, bkhbm mi prmcok gicghzg
ig iìhmg lmboghg y mhtkhcms ig gtrgvomsg ckh numrzg g ig jgfg y gcmimrg bmspuïs bm ig rupturg.
Zmeig
Zmeig 36 Cughbk mi prmcok gtrgvomsg
gtr gvomsg ig iìhmg
iìhmg lmboghg, pkr i k emhmrgi rmgiozg uh lkvol
l kvolomhtk
omhtk
rmtrkcmsk
bm rup turg. y vumivm g prkjgr ig iìhmg lmboghg ghtms
ghtms bm ckhtohugr
ckhtohu gr mi lkvolomhtk kroeohgi
Ig rmeig 3 tgljoïh sm lumstrg ckh cigrobgb mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 75, mh bkhbm pkbmlks vmr
cklk mi prmcok rmgiozg uh rmtrkcmsk y vumivm g prkjgr ig iìhmg lmboghg bmspuïs bm dgjmrig
gtrgvmsgbk ckh numrzg g ig jgfg.
75

Olgemh 75 – Prmcok gtrgvomsg ig iìhmg lmboghg g ig jgfg, iumek ig vumivm g prkjgr mh ckrrmccokhms gicostgs pkstmrokrms y

nohgilmhtm cgm ckh numrzg bmsbm ig loslg iìhmg lmboghg
Mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 74, tmhmlks uhg vostg lçs cmrcghg bm ig rupturg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg y
mi lkvolomhtk bm rmtrkcmsk gicostg mh qum mi prmcok vkivoó g prkjgr ig iìhmg lmboghg. Bmspuïs bmi
rklpolomhtk, mi prmcok vkivoó g sujor tmlpkrgilmhtm y gicghzó mh bks kcgsokhms ig iìhmg lmboghg,
mh bkhbm uh trgbmr ohtmioemhtm pubk dgjmr gjomrtk pksocokhms bm vmhtg pgrg rmgiozgr gieuhgs
kpmrgcokhms rçpobgs – cughbk mi prmcok sujm grrojg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg, mstgs kpmrgcokhms dgjrìgh
tmrlohgbk gicghzghbk mi stkp ikss so mi trgbmr igs dujomsm bmfgbk gjomrtgs dgstg msm puhtk.
Mstm erçnock lumstrg uh mxcmimhtm mfmlpik bm cólk pkbmlks kpmrgr cughbk mi prmcok vumivm g
prkjgr ig iìhmg lmboghg bm uh trobmhtm. So mi prmcok gicghzg ig iìhmg lmboghg y rmjktg, mstm
lkvolomhtk bm rmjktm sorvm cklk ckhnorlgcoóh bm qum mi trobmhtm göh mstç ohniumhcoghbk ig gccoóh
bmi prmcok. Mh mstm mfmlpik, bmspuïs bm ig ckhnorlgcoóh, ckikcglks humstrg krbmh bm mhtrgbg fustk
bmjgfk bm ig iìhmg lmboghg y mspmrglks. Cughbk mi prmcok gicghzg ig iìhmg lmboghg humvglmhtm,
ig krbmh ms mfmcutgbg y tmhmlks uhg pksocoóh sdkrt mh mstm lmrcgbk ckh uh stkp ikss gfustgbk, mi
cugi mstç ckikcgbk fustk mhcolg bmi puhtk mh bkhbm mi prmcok vkivoó g prkjgr ig iìhmg lmboghg.
Ckhnkrlm mi prmcok jgfg, pkbmlks or lkvomhbk ig krbmh stkp ikss dgcog gjgfk soeuomhbk gi prmcok
pgrg prktmemr igs eghghcogs y cmrrgr ig pksocoóh fustk mhcolg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr.
74

Olgemh 74 – Gcmrcglomhtk bm ig ruptu rg jgfostg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg

lmboghg cmhtrgi. Bmspuïs
Bmspuïs bmi rk lpolo mhtk, mi prmcok vumiv m g
prkjgr i g iìhmg lmboghg
lmboghg mh vgrogs ckrrmccokhms gicostgs y nohgilmhtm cgm ckh numrzg
Mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 7?, sm pumbm kjsmrvgr cklk mi prmcok gicghzg ig iìhmg lmboghg y iumek
ik gtrgvomsg g ig jgfg ckh numrzg pkr lmbok bm uhg jrmcdg (egp) jgfostg. Bmspuïs bm gtrgvmsgr ig
iìhmg lmboghg, mi prmcok rmgiozg uhg ckrrmccoóh gicostg y vumivm g prkjgr ig iìhmg bmsbm gjgfk.
Mh mstm trobmhtm mh pgrtocuigr, ig gccoóh bmi prmcok gtrgvomsg ioemrglmhtm

io emrglmhtm ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm
burghtm igs ckrrmccokhms gicostgs, y mi prmcok vumivm g prkjgr mh vgrogs kcgsokhms tghtk ig iìhmg
lmboghg cklk ig iìhmg bm bmspigzglomhtk (knnsmt iohm) bmspuïs bmi rklpolomhtk jgfostg. Rgi cklk
volks mh mi erçnock 3, cgbg humvg prumjg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg burghtm iks rmtrkcmsks gicostgs hks
prkpkrcokhg uhg humvg kpkrtuhobgb pgrg gjror pksocokhms bm vmhtg y gprkvmcdgr ig tmhbmhcog jgfostg
bmi lmrcgbk.
7?

lmboghg cmhtrgi. Mi prmcok vu mivm g prkjgr mstg iìhmg mh uhg ckrrmcco óh gico stg
Olgemh 7? – Egp jgfostg g trgvïs bm ig iìhmg lmboghg
Zmeig
Zmeig 26 Mi prmcok ohvomrt
o hvomrt m su bormccoóh
bor mccoóh mh cugiquo mr iìhmg lmboghg k iìhmg lmboghg pgrgimig.
Mi prmcok pumbm rmvmrtor su bormccoóh mh ig iìhmg lmboghg tgi cklk pkbmlks vmr mh mi erçnock bm ig
olgemh :0. ]hg ohvmrsoóh soloigr bmi prmcok tgljoïh pumbm kcurror mh ig iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr m
ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm k mh cugiquomr iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr k supmrokr pgrgimig.
Olgemh :0 - Prmcok gicghzg ig Iìhmg Lmboghg cmhtrgi b mi trobmhtm y cgljog bm bor mccoóh
Lmboghg
:0

Zmeig
Zmeig =6 Cughbk mi prmcok ohvo mrtm su bormccoóh
bor mccoóh ghtms bm gicghzgr
gicghzgr ig iìhmg lmboghg, sm
lkvmrç lçs y c kh u hg lgykr numrzg mh mh ig bormccoóh kpumstg bm ik qum sm lk vìg mh
mh
bormccoó
bor mccoóh
h g ig
i g iìhmg lmboghg (Zmeig
(Zmeig Dgekpoghg).
Cughbk mi prmcok hk ckhsoeum gicghzgr ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm gctugi, ig Zm Zmeig
eig Dgekp
Dgekp oghg
gnorlg qum mi prmcok vg g rmvmrtor su bormccoóh y prkjgjimlmhtm
prkjgjimlmht m sm vg g lkvmr ckh numrzg mh bormccoóh
kpumstg. Mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh :7 pkbmlks kjsmrvgr uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws qum pgrmcm
lkstrgr jumhg cgiobgb – mh mi cugi pkbmlks mspmrgr rgzkhgjimlmhtm qum mi prmcok gicghcm ig iìhmg
lmboghg, guhqum gi nohgi hk ik dgcm y sm qumbg jgstghtm imfks bm msg iìhmg. Cughbk mi prmcok rmvomrtm
su lkvolomhtk gicostg, cklomhzg g cgmr ckh numrzg y sm lumvm dgcog gjgfk ckh rgpobmz.
Zmeig Dgekpoghg mh gccoó h

Olgemh :7 - Zmeig
:7

Rmrlohkikeìg rmigcokhgbg ckh trobmhtms

Mh ig olgemh :: vmlks uh erçnock mh qum dmlks mtoqumtgbk igs iìhmgs mh uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws,
ckh mi noh bm tmhmr uhg tmrlohkikeìg cklöh g ig qum hks vglks g rmnmror mh mstm grtìcuik.
Cklk pumbmh vmr, utoiozglks mi tïrlohk iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr cughbk

cughbk hks rmnmrolks g ig iìhmg
supmrokr bmi trobmhtm y iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr cughbk mstglks dgjighbk bm ig iìhmg ohnmrokr bmi
trobmhtm. G pmsgr bm tkbk, mspmrglks qum mh tkbk lklmhtk smg kjvok g qum iìhmg hks mstglks
rmnoromhbk g pgrtor bmi ckhtmxtk mh qum mstç somhbk utoiozgbk mi tïrlohk.
Olgemh :: - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws cklpimtk ckh tkbgs sus pgrtms
Skpkrt m, Zm
Zmsos
sos tmhcog y Zmvmrsoó
Zmvmrsoóhh bm ig tmhbmhco g ckh mi trobmhtm
tr obmhtm bm Ghbrmws
Igs iìhmgs bm tmhbmhcog bmi trobmhtm pumbmh prkpkrcokhgr skpkrtms k rmsostmhcogs. Mh uhg tmhbmhcog
gicostg, ig iìhmg bm tmhbmhcog ohnmrokr gctög cklk skpkrtm pgrg bmnohor ig tmhbmhcog emhmrgi, ig iìhmg
bm tmhbmhcog supmrokr gctög cklk rmsostmhcog y ig iìhmg lmboghg bmnohm ig numrzg bm ig tmhbmhcog.
Pkr ik tghtk, iks prmcoks bmjmrìgh iimegr
iim egr g ig iìhmg lmboghg bm lghmrg rmeuigr burghtm uhg tmhbmhco
tmhbmhcog g
gicostg. Mh cgsk bm qum mi prmcok hk iimeum dgstg ig iìhmg lmboghg, mstk bmlumstrg qum dgy bmjoiobgb
bmjoiob gb
sujygcmhtm mh ig tmhbmhcog gicostg, ik qum pkbrìg prmsgeogr uh cgljok bm tmhbmhcog.
Ig olgemh :3 lumstrg uh erçnock mh qum mi prmcok mstç lkvoïhbksm gi gizg bmhtrk bm uh trobmhtm
hgcomhtm. Pkbmlks kjsmrvgr cólk ig iìhmg bm tmhbmhcog ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm knrmcm skpkrtm y ig iìhmg
lmboghg knrmcm rmsostmhcog. G pmsgr bm qum mi prmcok mhckhtró rmsostmhcog mh ig iìhmg lmboghg mh
tkbg ig tmhbmhcog gicostg, sm igs grrmeió pgrg iimegr g mstg iìhmg bm nkrlg rmeuigr pgrg gnorlgr ig
tmhbmhcog gicostg. So mi prmcok hk dujomrg gicghzgbk ig iìhmg lmboghg, mstk dgjrìg
sujygcmhtm. dgj rìg lkstrgbk bmjoiobgb
::

Mi prmcok nohgilmhtm rklpoó ig iìhmg bm tmhbmhcog ohnmrokr ckh uhg numrtm cgìbg mh hkvomljrm.
Pkbmlks hktgr qum mstg rupturg sm lghtuvk ckhnkrlm ig iìhmg bm tmhbmhcog ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm sm
ckhvortoó mh rmsostmhcog bmspuïs bm smr gtrgvmsgbg pkr mi prmcok g ig jgfg.
Olgemh :3 - Iìhmgs bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws gctughbk cklk skpkrtms, rmsostmhcogs y iìhmgs bm tmhbmhcog
Ig olgemh :2 lumstrg uh erçnock bm prmcoks ckh uh pgr bm ckrrmccokhms obmhtonocgbgs

obmhtonocgbg s pkr uh trobmhtm
bm Ghbrmws. Sm pumbm hktgr qum gljgs ckrrmccokhms sm nkrlgrkh bmspuïs bm numrtms gizgs bmi
prmcok. Pgrg ig prolmrg ckrrmccoóh, num pksojim trgzgr uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws bmspuïs bmi lçxolk
gicghzgbk g prohcopoks bm fuiok.
Pkbmlks vmr qum iks prmcoks hk rklpomrkh ig iìhmg lmboghg g nohgims bm fuiok. Rgljoïh sm pumbm
hktgr qum mi prmcok sm lghtuvk grrojg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg mh gekstk. Mstk lumstrg nkrtgimzg mh mi
prmcok qum iimvó g uh rklpolomhtk gicostg mh smptomljrm. Num pksojim bojufgr mi smeuhbk trobmhtm
bmspuïs bmi lçxolk gicghzgbk g ohocoks bm bocomljrm.
Iks prmcoks sm lkvomrkh uh tomlpk bmjgfk bm ig iìhmg lmboghg, pmrk sm rmcupmrgrkh rçpobglmhtm
y mi prmcok tmrlohó pkr rklpmr ig rmsostmhcog ckh uh numrtm lkvolomhtk gicostg mh mhmrk.
:3

Olgemh :2 - Erçnock bm prmcoks ckh : ckrrmccokhms obmhtonocgbgs lmboghtm : trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws
Iìhmgs
Iìhmgs bm
b m sm÷gi
sm÷gi k b m mhtr
mhtr gbg (tro
(tro eemr io hms)
Iks trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws tgljoïh ohckrpkrgh mi usk bm iìhmgs bm mhtrgbg k iìhmgs bm sm÷gi, qum
msmhcogilmhtm skh iìhmgs bm tmhbmhcog qum sm kroeohgh mh mi puhtk 7 bmi trobmhtm. Igs iìhmgs bm
mhtrgbg supmrokrms sm mxtomhbmh dgcog gjgfk bmsbm puhtk 7 dgstg mi pock mh mi puhtk 3.
]h rklpolomhtk grrojg bm uhg iìhmg bm mhtrgbg supmrokr ms ms uhg cigrg sm÷gi bm cklprg. Igs iìhmgs
bm mhtrgbg ohnmrokrms sm mxtomhbmh dgcog grrojg bmsbm mi puhtk 7 dgstg mi lìholk mh mi puhtk :. ]h
rklpolomhtk gjgfk bm uhg iìhmg bm mhtrgbg ohnmrokr ms
ms uhg cigrg sm÷gi bm vmhtg. Mi erçnock bm ig
olgemh := lumstrg uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws gicostg ckh uhg iìhmg bm mhtrgbg qum sm mxtomhbm dgcog
grrojg bmsbm mi lìholk bm fuiok.
Rgljoïh dgy uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws jgfostg ckh uhg iìhmg bm mhtrgbg supmrokr
supm rokr qum sm mxtomhbm dgcog
gjgfk bmsbm mi lçxolk bm hkvomljrm. Sus sm÷gims g lmhubk sm prkbucmh lucdk lçs tgrbm qum
igs sm÷gims emhmrgbgs pkr iks rklpolomhtks bm iks trobmhtms.
:2

Olgemh := - Rrobmhtm
Rrobmhtm bm Ghbr mws gicos tg ckh iìhmg bm sm÷gi k mhtrgbg ohnmrokr y trob mhtm bm Ghbrmws jgfos tg ckh iìhmg bm
sm÷gi k mhtrgbg supmrokr
Ckhciusokhms
Ig pmhbomhtm bm iks cghgims nkrlgbks pkr iks trobmhtms bmpmhbm bm ig ckikcgcoóh bm iks trms puhtks
bm eork (puhtks povktm), mh pgrtocuigr mi puhtk 7, qum ms mi cklomhzk bm ig iìhmg lmboghg. G pmsgr
bm qum mi puhtk 7 pkr ik emhmrgi cklomhzg cklk uh lçxolk k lìholk bm rmgccoóh, g vmcms ms
hmcmsgrok gfustgr mi puhtk 7 pgrg gsmeurgr uh cghgi bm prmcoks rmgiostg. Bmsgnkrtuhgbglmhtm, hk
mxostmh rmeigs nofgs pgrg ig ckikcgcoóh bm iks puhtks.
Bmjobk g mstk, iks trgbmrs bmjmh utoiozgr su crotmrok y mxpmromhcog mh ig migjkrgcoóh bm iks cghgims.
Gquì ms bbkhbm
khbm ig h
hgturgimz
gturgimzg
g su
sujfmtovg
jfmtovg bmi ghçiosos tïchock mhtrg mh fu
fumek.
mek. Gi ooeugi
eugi qum ckh ig lgykrìg
bm iks gspmctks bmi ghçiosos tïchock, ms olpkrtghtm gbquoror mxpmromhcog lmboghtm ig mxpmrolmhtgcoóh
ckh iks trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws. ^mr ik qum nuhcokhg y ik qum hk nuhcokhg bm prolmrg lghk. Mstg ms ig
öhocg nkrlg rmgi bm bklohgr uh ohbocgbkr tgh ötoi y g ig vmz tgh bonìcoi bm usgr.
:=

Iìhmgs pgrgimigs mh iks Rrobmhtms bm Ghbrmws y

Scdonn
]hg vmz qum dmlks trgzgbk uh trobmhtm mh mi erçnock, yg smg uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws k uh trobmhtm
bm Scdonn, pkbmlks bojufgr iìhmgs gbocokhgims qum smgh pgrgimigs gi trobmhtm. Rol Lkrem sm rmnomrm
g mstgs
uh iìhmgs
erçnock. cklk
Mstgs ’pgrgimigs
iìhmgs bmsiozghtms“
pgrgimigs hks pumbmhbmjobk
gyubgrg gqum pkbmlks
ckhnorlgr dgcmrigs
ig vgiobmz bm bmsiozgr girmbmbkr
uh trobmhtm mh
y tgljoïh
pumbmh smrvor pgrg prmbmcor çrmgs bm skpkrtm/rmsostmhcog.
Pgrg ckhnorlgr ig vgiobmz bm uh trobmhtm pkbmlks utoiozgr iìhmgs pgrgimigs pgrg mxtmhbmr igs iìhmgs
lmboghgs supmrokr m ohnmrokr dgcog gtrçs. Mstgs mxtmhsokhms dgcog gtrçs mh kcgsokhms nkrlgh uh
cghgi ckh mi prmcok niuymhbk g trgvïs bm ïi. Mh ig olgemh :> vmlks uh erçnock ckh uh trobmhtm bm
Scdonn mstçhbgr.
mstçh bgr. Pkbmlks kjsmrvgr cklk mi prmcok mstç ohtmrgctughbk ckh igs mxtmhsokhms ohvmrsgs,
pmrk giek bm ig gccoóh bmi prmcok sm mstç bmsgrrkiighbk numrg bm ig pgrtm supmrokr m ohnmrokr bmi cghgi
ckh ig loslg ohciohgcoóh qum prmsmhtgh mstgs iìhmgs. Gquì pkbmlks prkymctgr iìhmgs pgrgimigs dgcog
gbmightm g pgrtor bm mstks lçxolks y lìholks bmstgcgbks pgrg prmbmcor bkhbm pkbrìgh mhckhtrgrsm
zkhgs bm skpkrtm/rmsostmhcog mh mi nuturk.
Ig iìhmg pgrgimig ohnmrokr mh ig olgemh 7 sm bojufg bmjgfk bmi prolmr puhtk jgfk lgrcgbk ckh uh
cìrcuik. Mi prmcok sm mhcumhtrg mh msm lklmhtk gsmhtgbk mh mstg iìhmg pgrgimig
pgrgi mig mh mi smeuhbk puhtk
jgfk lgrcgbk ckh uh cìrcuik. So mh msm puhtk tuvoïrglks uhg pksocoóh bm vmhtg mh msm lmrcgbk
pkbrìglks usgr ig iìhmg pgrgimig cklk uh kjfmtovk
kjfmto vk bm tklg bm jmhmnocoks, bm tgi nkrlg qum
qu m ig pksocoóh
smrìg cmrrgbg mh mi puhtk lgrcgbk pkr mi smeuhbk cìrcuik. Mh mstm mfmlpik, supkheglks qum
gjrolks uhg pksocoóh sdkrt mh ig iìhmg ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm, girmbmbkr bm $3=.00, bm tgi nkrlg qum ig
kpmrgcoóh sm dgjrìg cmrrgbk mh ig iìhmg pgrgimig, girmbmbkr bm $:?.00, ik qum dgjrìg prkbucobk uhg
eghghcog rçpobg bm $>.00 usghbk uh stkp ikss luy gfustgbk.
Olgemh :> - Iìhmgs pgrgimigs trgzgbgs mh uh Rrobmhtm bm Scdon n

Iìhmgs
:>

Mh ig olgemh :5 tmhmlks ktrk mfmlpik bm iìhmgs pgrgimigs qum mstçh somhbk usgbgs mh ckhfuhtk
ckh trobmhtms, mh mstm cgsk uh trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbo nocgbk , pgrg lmfkrgr mi ghçiosos bmi lmrcgbk.
Mh ig pgrtm gitg bmi erçnock tmhmlks uhg iìhmg pgrgimig qum mstç ckikcgbg grrojg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg
supmrokr. Pkbmlks vmr cigrglmhtm qum ig gccoóh bmi prmcok sm mstç bmsgrrkiighbk g ik igrek bm mstg
iìhmg pgrgimig (iks puhtks bkhbm mi prmcok mhckhtró skpkrtm y rmsostmhcog mh msg iìhmg sm bmstgcgh
ckh mxgctotub pgrg ngcoiotgr ig vosugiozgcoóh). Ig cgiobgb bm mstg iìhmg pgrgimig bm bmspigzglomhtk hks
bg ig ckhnoghzg bm qum mstglks kpmrghbk ckh uh trobmhtm vçiobk cughbk cklmhzglks g rmgiozgr
prmboccokhms bmi cklpkrtglomhtk bmi prmcok ckh jgsm mh mstg dmrrglomhtg.

Rgljoïh pkbmlks kjsmrvgr qum mi prmcok gcgjg bm cgmr numrg bm ig pgrtm ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm, ik qum
rmsuitg olpkrtghtm bmjobk g qum sgjmlks qum mstglks trgjgfghbk ckh uh trobmhtm vçiobk, ergcogs gi
cklpkrtglomhtk lkstrgbk
lk strgbk pkr mi prmcok g ik igrek bm ig iìhmg pgrgimig supmrokr.
supmro kr. Ckh mstgs bks pomzgs
bm ohnkrlgcoóh mh mstm puhtk pkbrìglks tklgr ig bmcosoóh bm gjror uhg pksocoóh bm vmhtg ckh
ckhnoghzg.
trgzgbgs mh uh Rrobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbon ocgbk

Olgemh :5 - Iìhmgs pgrgimigs trgzgbgs
Ckh ig obmg bm gjror uhg pksocoóh mh ckrtk mh mi lmrcgbk, hktglks uhg smcumhcog bm
puhtks Lçxolk-Lìholk-Lçxolk mh mi erçnock y trgzglks uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws tgi cklk sm
lumstrg mh ig olgemh :4. Sm pumbm kjsmrvgr qum mi prmcok gicghzó ig iìhmg lmboghg bm mstm
trobmhtm rkfk tgi cklk prmbocm Ghbrmws. Rgljoïh sm pumbm hktgr qum mi prmcok mhckhtró skpkrtm g ik
igrek bm ig iìhmg lmboghg bm mstm trobmhtm ghtms bm gtrgvmsgrig ckh numrzg g ig jgfg pkr lmbok bm
uhg jrmcdg (egp) jgfostg
jgfos tg mh mi prmcok. Gljgs ohtmrgccokhms
ohtmrgc cokhms mhtrm mi prmcok y mi trobmhtm rkfk hks bgh
ig ckhnoghzg bm qum mstglks trgjgfghbk ckh ktrk trobmhtm vçiobk.
Mh mstm mfmlpik erçnock hk tmhmlks uhg mstructurg bm prmcoks cmrcghg mh ig cugi pkbglks ckikcgr
uh stkp bm pïrbobgs gfustgbk, pkr ik tghtk, ik rmcklmhbgjim smrìg ckikcgr ig krbmh stkp grrojg bmi
puhtk bm mhtrgbg ckh jgsm mh humstrgs rmeigs bm emstoóh lkhmtgrog. ]hg kpmrgcoóh lçs
:5

ckhsmrvgbkrg pkbrìg smr mspmrgr g qum mi prmcok cgoeg uh pkck lçs cklk ckhnorlgcoóh bm ig
tmhbmhcog jgfostg y bmspuïs gjror uhg pksocoóh bm vmhtg cughbk mi prmcok rmgiocm uhg ckrrmccoóh
gicostg y vumivg g prkjgr ig iìhmg lmboghg rkfg.
Olgemh :4
:4 - Kpmrgcoóh bm vmhtg bmspuïs bmi rklpo lomhtk bmi tro bmhtm prohc opgi y lghmfgbg ckh mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws
smcuhbgrok
:4

Mi ckhcmptk bm mhmreìg bmi prmcok mh rmigcoóh g iks

Rrobmhtms bm Ghbrmws
_g dmlks vostk ckh ghtmrokrobgb qum uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws hks gyubg g bmnohor ig tmhbmhcog – mh
uh lmrcgbk ckh tmhbmhcog bmnohobg, uh trobmhtm vçiobk tmhbrç yg smg uhg pmhbomhtm pksotovg
(tmhbmhcog gicostg) k cuçhbk

gyubgr g bmtmrlohgr uhg pmhbomhtm hmegtovg
uhg tmhbmhcog sm(tmhbmhcog hmegtovg).
mstç qumbghbk ]h trobmhtm
soh mhmreìg ghtmstgljoïh hks pumbm
bm uhg rmvmrsoóh y
cgljok bm bormccoóh mh mi prmcok.
Mh ig olgemh :? vmlks uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws qum mstç bmscrojomhbk ig gccoóh bmi prmcok pgrg uhg
tmhbmhcog g igrek pigzk. So vmlks iks öitolks trms pocks bmi prmcok mh mi erçnock pkbmlks hktgr qum
mi prolmrk bm mstks pocks sm prkbufk mh ig iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr lomhtrgs qum iks ktrks bks pocks
sm nkrlgrkh imfks bm mstg iìhmg. Mi ngiik bmi prmcok gi hk ckhsmeuor iimegr dgstg ig iìhmg lmboghg
supmrokr ms uhg sm÷gi bm qum ig tmhbmhcog gicostg sm mstç qumbghbk soh mhmreìg, ik cugi qumbg
bmlkstrgbk pkck bmspuïs cughbk mi prmcok cklomhzg g cgmr ckh numrzg y iimeg dgstg ig iìhmg
lmboghg bmi trobmhtm qum gtrgvomsg pkstmrokrlmhtm ckhtohughbk ckh mi lkvolomhtk jgfostg.
Lkvol omhtk gicos tg mstç pmrbomhbk su mhmreìg bmhtrk bmi trob mhtm bm Ghbrmws
Olgemh :? - Lkvol
Hk skik msk, so vmlks ckh cuobgbk iks trms pocks gi nohgi bm ig tmhbmhcog gicostg mhlgrcgbg bmhtrk
bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws, pkbmlks vmr qum iks trms tomhmh lçs k lmhks ig loslg giturg, ms bmcor
qum mi prmcok dg bmfgbk bm nkrlgr gitks lçs gitks cklk bmjm dgcmr mh uhg tmhbmhcog gicostg.
Gbmlçs, mh ckh
ckhfuhtk
fuhtk mstks ttrms
rms poc
pocks
ks bmi prmcok qum ms
mstçh
tçh g ig loslg
loslg giturg sm v
vmh
mh cklk uh pgtr
pgtróh
óh
tmhbmhcog Rropim Rmcdk,
bm cgljok bm tmhbmhcog Rmcdk, qum sm nkrlgh mh lmrcgbks ckh tmhbmhcog gicostg m ohbocgh
qum mxostm uhg gitg prkjgjoiobgb bm qum mi prmcok cgljom su bormccoóh bm gicostg g jgfostg y qum mh
gieuhks cgsks ohciusk lgrcgh mi ohocok bm uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg.
Pkr ik tghtk, so fuhtglks iks soeuomhtms dmcdks6

:?

• Iks trms pocks gi nohgi bm ig tmhbmhcog gicostg lumstrgh ig loslg giturg, ik qum ms uhg sm÷gi
bm qum mi lkvolomhtk gicostg mstç pmrbomhbk mhmreìg. _g hk sm prkbucmh gitks lçs gitks.
• Mh ckhfuhtk iks trms pocks bm prmcoks nkrlgh uh pgtróh qum sm gsmlmfg soehonocgtovglmhtm g
ig nkrlgcoóh cdgrtostg Rropim Rmcdk, qum ms uh pgtróh numrtmlmhtm jgfostg.
• Mh mi prolmr pock mi prmcok ckhsoeum gicghzgr ig iìhmg supmrokr bmi trobmhtm, pmrk mh iks pocks
sujsmcumhtms mi prmcok hk iimeg g mstg iìhmg bm rmsostmhcog y pkr mi ckhtrgrok sm gimfg cgbg
vmz lçs. Mstm ngiik bmi prmcok gi hk iimegr dgstg ig iìhmg supmrokr bmi trobmhtm y gimfgrsm cgbg
• vmz
Pkcklçs ms uhg
g pkck mi cigrg
prmcoksm÷gi
mstçbm pïrbobg bm
ergvotghbk mhmreìg
dgcog mh milmboghg
ig iìhmg lkvolomhtk.
cmhtrgi bmi trobmhtm, ik qum
ngvkrmcm mi lkvolomhtk jgfostg, guhqum gdì pkbrìg smr rmcdgzgbk gi gizg.
Ckhnkrlm mi prmcok cklomhzg g qumbgrsm soh mhmreìg, pkbmlks mspmrgr qum mh cugiquomr lklmhtk
kcurrg uh cgljok bm bormccoóh mh mi lmrcgbk, skjrm tkbk cughbk bostohtgs sm÷gims ckohcobmh mh ik
loslk. Iks trobmhtms pumbmh gyubgrhks g pkhmr mstks cgljoks mh ig mhmreìg bmi lmrcgbk mh
pmrspmctovg
Nrmcumhco
Nrmcumhco g bmi prmcok mh rmigcoóh g iks trobmhtms
tr obmhtms
]h kscoiksckpok ms uh ohstrulmhtk utoiozgbk mh nìsocg mi cugi pmrlotm ig kjsmrvgcoóh bm sm÷gims bm
vkitgfms qum vgrìgh ckhstghtmlmhtm. ]hg bm igs lmbocokhms qum pkbmlks rmgiozgr ckh uh
kscoiksckpok ms ig nrmcumhcog bm ig sm÷gi qum mstç somhbk lkhotkrmgbg.
Gdkrg, ckhsobmrmlks uh erçnock bm prmcoks m olgeohmlk

olgeohmlks
s qum ms ig pghtgiig bm uh kscoiksck
kscoiksckpok.
pok.
»Pkbrìglks lmbor ig nrmcumhcog bm ig sm÷gi bmi prmcok qum mstç niuymhbk g trgvïs bm humstrk
ohstrulmhtk bm prumjg; Pkr supumstk qum so pkbmlks.
Mh su iojrk ’Rrg
Rrgbohe
bohe wotd tdm Lmbogh
Lmbogh I ohms, Lgppohe Lgramts “, Rol Lkrem gnorlg ik soeuomhtm6
Lgppohe tdm Lgramts
’Pkr rgzkhms bm solpiocobgb, pkbmlks gnorlgr qum ig iìhmg lmboghg iimvg uhg nrmcumhcog mspmcìnocg
olpgrtobg pkr ig rmigcoóh mhtrm sus trms povktm s.“
Cughbk obmhtonocglks uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws vçiobk, ik qum dmlks dmcdk ms mhckhtrgr uhg bm igs
nrmcumhcogs g igs qum mstç kscoighbk mi prmcok. Pumbm dgjmr löitopims nrmcumhcogs mh fumek mh
cugiquomr erçnock bgbk, y igs nrmcumhcogs mspmcìnocgs tomhbmh g vgrogr bmpmhbomhbk bm iks lgrcks bm
tomlpk y iks vmdìcuiks bm hmekcogcoóh (lmrcgbks).
Mstm ckhcmptk bm nrmcumhcogs mh iks erçnocks bm prmcoks gyubg g mxpiocgr pkr quï igs iìhmgs pgrgimigs
rmsuitgh bm utoiobgb cughbk sm utoiozgh trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws. ]h trobmhtm
tr obmhtm vçiobk obmhtonocg ig nrmcumhcog
bm ig gccoóh bmi prmcok mh uh erçnock bmtmrlohgbk y tkbgs igs iìhmgs pgrgimigs g msm trobmhtm tomhmh
ig loslg nrmcumhcog y pkr ik tghtk skh vçiobgs.
30

Rrghsocoóh bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws gi trobmhtm bm

Sdonn lkbonocgbk
]hk bm iks pkcks prohcopoks qum pkbmlks gpiocgr g iks lmrcgbks nohghcomrks ms qum igs tmhbmhcogs
cgljogh. ]hg tmhbmhcog numrtm mvmhtugilmhtm pomrbm su mhmreìg y sm ckhvomrtm mh uhg tmhbmhcog
lçs bïjoi. Mstg
(ig tmhbmhcog tmhbmhcog
cgljog) bïjoi mhg gieöh
k cklomhzg lklmhtk
lkvmrsm pomrbm
g iks igbks mhmreìg igtmrgi)
(tmhbmhcog y mi prmcok ohvomrtm
dgstg su bormccoóh
qum gbquomrm lçs
mhmreìg pgrg ckhtohugr mh uh smhtobk u ktrk.
Pkr lmbok bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws y sus vgroghtms pkbmlks smeuor mstgs tmhbmhcogs cgljoghtms
ckhnkrlm mstgs vgrogcokhms mh ig bormccoóh bmi prmcok sm prkbucmh.
Mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 30 pkbmlks vmr cklk mi prmcok sm lumvm ckh uhg tmhbmhcog gicostg fuhtk
ckh uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws qum bmscrojm mstg gccoóh. Sm pumbm hktgr cklk mi prmcok gicghzg ig
iìhmg lmboghg fustk cklk prmbocm Ghbrmws y iumek cklomhzg g lkvmrsm gi gizg g ik igrek bm mstg
iìhmg. Nohgilmhtm, mi prmcok sm qumbg soh mhmreìg pgrg ckhtohugr sujomhbk y cgm ckh numrzg dgstg ig
iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr mh bkhbm mhcumhtrg skpkrtm pkr uh tomlpk. Bmspuïs bm mhckhtrgr skpkrtm
skjrm ig iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr, mi prmcok cklomhzg g sujor humvglmhtm, pmrk sm qumbg soh mhmreìg
ghtms bm gicghzgr ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm. Cklk vmlks mh mi erçnock, mi ngiik bmi prmcok mh
gicghzgr ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi erçnock pumbm smrvor cklk sm÷gi bm qum mi prmcok vg g lkvmrsm g ig
jgfg y pksojimlmhtm vg g ohocogr uhg tmhbmhcog g ig jgfg.
Olgemh 30 - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbr mws mh uhg tmhbmhc og gicostg qum mstç pmrbo mhbk mhmreìg
Cughbk mi prmcok sm lumvm numrg bm uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws, ig vmrsoóh lkbonocgbg bm Scdonn bmi
loslk trobmhtm mh lucdgs kcgsokhms pumbm bmscrojor ig gccoóh bmi prmcok sujsmcumhtm. Mh
ig olgemh 37 sm lumstrg mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws kroeohgi ckh igs iìhmgs puhtmgbgs fuhtk ckh ig
37

vmrsoóh lkbonocgbg bm Scdonn, mi cugi sm trgzó usghbk iìhmgs sóiobgs. Pkbmlks hktgr cklk mi prmcok
ohtmrgctög ckh ig iìhmg lmboghg y ig iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk .
Bmspuïs bm lkvmrsm ckh uhg sugvm tmhbmhcog gicostg bmhtrk bmi cghgi ohnmrokr bm mstm trobmhtm, mi
prmcok humvglmhtm rmgiozg uh numrtm lkvolomhtk gi gizg mh bormccoóh g ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm,
pmrk ngiig mh gicghzgr mstm hovmi. Bmspuïs bm mstm ngiik, mi prmcok rmtrkcmbm y mlpomzg g cgmr ckh
rgpobmz dgcog ig iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm.
Olgemh 37 - Rrobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk qum bmscrojm ig gccoóh bmi prmcok bmspuïs bm qum ig tmhbmhcog gicostg pomrbm
numrzg y mi prmcok ck lomhzg g cgmr.
Bmspuïs bm qum mi prmcok sm qumbg soh mhmreìg pgrg prksmeuor mi lkvolomhtk gicostg mh mi trobmhtm
bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk, pkbrìglks cklmhzgr g juscgr trobmhtms ckh pmhbomhtm hmegtovg qum bmscrojgh
lmfkr ig humvg gccoóh bmi prmcok.
Ig soeuomhtm
humvg olgemh
tmhbmhcog lumstrg
jgfostg uh trobmhtm
(trobmhtm
(trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk qum pumbm mstgr bmscrojomhbk uhg
trgzgbk ckh iìhmgs rkfgs).
rkfgs ). Mi prmcok cgm dgstg ig iìhmg lmboghg bm
mstm trobmhtm y rmjktg ghtms bm vkivmr g jgfgr y gtrgvmsgr
gt rgvmsgr ig iìhmg lmboghg pgrg cklmhzgr g lkvmrsm
lk vmrsm
ckh uhg sugvm tmhbmhcog jgfostg.
3:

Olgemh 3: - Rmhbmhcog jgfostg bmscrotg pkr uh trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk smcuhbgrok
33

Iìhmgs bm skpkrtms y rmsostmhcogs mh iks Rrobmhtms

Mh ig olgemh 33 pkbmlks vmr qum mi prmcok mhcumhtrg skpkrtm g ik igrek bm ig pgrtm ohnmrokr bm uh
cghgi y rmsostmhcog g ik igrek bm ig pgrtm supmrokr bmi loslk cghgi.
Dgcog ig pgrtm supmrokr bm mstm cghgi bmstgcgbk ckh iìhmgs pgrgimigs, mi prmcok sm mhcumhtrg ckh uh
hovmi bm rmsostmhcog dkrozkhtgi y cklomhzg g lkvmrsm bm nkrlg igtmrgi.
Bmspuïs bm mhckhtrgr skpkrtm mh ig pgrtm ohnmrokr bmi cghgi, mi prmcok dg gculuigbk sunocomhtm
mhmreìg pgrg gtrgvmsgr ig rmsostmhcog dkrozkhtgi y ckhtohugr sujomhbk dgstg ig pgrtm gitg bmi cghgi
ghtms bm bmscghsgr. Lomhtrgs qum mi prmcok sm ckhskiobg bmspuïs bm mstm olpuisk gicostg, mi hovmi
dkrozkhtgi qum mstgjg gctughbk cklk rmsostmhcog gdkrg sm cklpkrtg cklk skpkrtm pgrg mi prmcok.
Mh uhg tmhbmhcog gicostg, igs rmsostmhcogs sm ckhvomrtmh mh skpkrtms y msk ms mxgctglmhtm ik qum
mstglks vomhbk gcç. Mi prmcok prumjg mi skpkrtm g ik igrek bm mstm hovmi dkrozkhtgi vgrogs vmcms lçs
ghtms bm ckhtohugr ckh mi lkvolomhtk gicostg y mscgpgr bmi cghgi, gicghzghbk humvks lçxolks.
Bmspuïs bm gicghzgr uh lçxolk, mi prmcok cklomhzg g cgmr y rmtrkcmbm dgstg qumbgrm bm humvk
bmhtrk bmi cghgi kroeohgi. Pkbmlks hktgr cklk ig iìhmg supmrokr bmi cghgi gctög cklk uh skpkrtm
pgrg mi lkvolomhtk jgfostg y iumek sm ckhvomrtm mh rmsostmhcog cughbk mi prmcok cklomhzg g sujor y
prumjg ig iìhmg bmsbm gjgfk.
Gdkrg vmlks
vmlks gi skp
skpkrtm
krtm ckhv
ckhvortoïhbks
ortoïhbksm
m mh rmso
rmsostmhcog
stmhcog mh u
uhg
hg tmhbm
tmhbmhcog
hcog jgfo
jgfostg.
stg.
Mi prmcok ckhtohög g ig jgfg y prumjg ig iìhmg ohnmrokr bmi cghgi mh bkhbm mhcumhtrg skpkrtm bm nkrlg
lklmhtçhmg. Cughbk mi skpkrtm ngiig, mi prmcok cgm y mscgpg bmi cghgi y prumjg ig iìhmg ohnmrokr bmi
cghgi bmsbm gjgfk.
Pumbm kjsmrvgrsm qum mi prmcok sm boroem dgcog gjgfk bmhtrk bm uh cghgi mstrmcdk. Ig pgrtm supmrokr
bm mstm cghgi prkpkrcokhg ktrk mfmlpik bm cólk iks skpkrtms sm ckhvomrtmh mh rmsostmhcog mh uhg
tmhbmhcog jgfostg.
32

Olgemh 33 - Iìhmgs bm skpkrtms y rmsostmhcogs dkrozkhtgims
Mh ig olgemh ghtmrokr vmlks
vmlks vgroks ckhcmptks cigvms mh fumek6
• Igs rmsostmhcogs sm ckhvomrtmh mh skpkrtmh mh uhg tmhbmhcog gicostg

• Iks skpkrtms sm ckhvomrtmh mh rmsostmhcogs mh uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg
• Iks skpkrtms y rmsostmhcogs pumbmh kcurror g ik igrek bm iìhmgs dkrozkhtgims k ohciohgbgs
• Mi prmcok tomhbm g prkjgr iks skpkrtms y rmsostmhcogs löitopims vmcms.
Mi öitolk bm iks ckhcmptks ghtmrokrms ms ig rgzóh prohcopgi pkr ig qum bmjmlks pkhmr gtmhcoóh g iks
hovmims bm skpkrtm y rmsostmhcog. Bmspuïs bm qum uh hovmi bm skpkrtm/rmsostmhcog ms obmhtonocgbk, igs
löitopims kcgsokhms mh qum mi prmcok prumjg mstm hovmi hks pumbmh bgr kpkrtuhobgbms pgrg mhtrgr y
sgior bmi lmrcgbk. Cughbk mi prmcok gicghzg uhk bm mstks hovmims y hk ckhsoeum gtrgvmsgrik (ngiig),
kjtmhmlks ohnkrlgcoóh vgioksg gi rmckhkcmr qum mi cklpkrtglomhtk bmi prmcok mstç cgljoghbk.
Ckh mstgs obmgs jçsocgs mh lmhtm, ghgiocmlks uh mfmlpik mh qum sm utoiozg uh erçnock smlghgi bmi
krk pgrg mhckhtrgr hovmims bm skpkrtms olpkrtghtms qum pumbmh knrmcmr jumhgs kpkrtuhobgbms g uh
trgbmr. Mstm erçnock sm lumstrg mh ig olgemh 32.
Skpkrtms dkr ozkhtgim

ozkhtgims
s
Igs iìhmgs dkrozkhtgims sm trgzgh skjrm iks lçxolks bm iks puhtks gitks prmvoks y bmjgfk bm iks
lìholks bm iks puhtks jgfks ghtmrokrms.
ghtmrokr ms. So uhg iìhmg dg sobk prkjgbg tghtk bmsbm grrojg cklk bmsbm
gjgfk pkbmlks tmhmr lçs ckhnoghzg mh qum msm hovmi vg g prkpkrcokhgr skpkrtm/rmsostmhcog mh mi
nuturk. Mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh : pkbmlks hktgr qum $77?? gctuó cklk rmsostmhcog ckhnkrlm mi
krk sm lkvoó dgcog grrojg y pkstmrokrlmhtm sm cklpkrtó cklk skpkrtm bmspuïs bm qum krk tuvk uh
rmtrkcmsk jgfostg bmsbm $7:?5.
3=

Iìhmgs bm skp krtm y rmsos tmhcog dkr ozkhtgims

Olgemh 32 - Iìhmgs
Skpkrtms bm tro bmhtm

bmhtms
s
Mh ig olgemh 3=, sm trgzó uh tr obmhtm bm Ghbrmws pgrg bmscrojor ig tmhbmhcog gicostg bmi krk bmsbm
Ghbrmws
mi :004 dgstg mi :077. Mi trobmhtm bm Sdonn lkbonocgbk bm ckikr rkfk bmscrojm ig ckrrmccoóh bmi krk
qum sm prkbufk bmsbm mi lçxolk mh $7?:3.
Ckhnkrlm mi prmcok sm lumvm numrg bm iks prohcopgims cghgims bm uh trobmhtm, pkbmlks g÷gbor igs
iìhmgs lmboghgs pgrgimigs g iks trobmhtms tgi cklk volks ghtmrokrlmhtm. Mstgs iìhmgs
pgrgimigs pumbmh ohniumhcogr mi cklpkrtglomhtk bmi prmcok dgstg qum mstm cklomhcm g kscoigr ckh
uhg nrmcumhcog bostohtg.
Rol Lkrem bmscrojm ig ckhvmremhcog bm igs iìhmgs bm bks trobmhtms cklk ’ puhtks bm mhmreìg“ k
’lgehmtks bm prmcoks “, y hks lumstrg cklk mi prmcok pumbm lkvmrsm bm nkrlg mxpiksovg bmhtrk y
numrg bm mstgs çrmgs. Iks puhtks bm mhmreìg mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 3= skh bmstgcgbks pgrg su
obmhtonocgcoóh.
3>

Olgemh 3= - Skpkrtms mh tr obmhtms
Skpkrtms bm Nojkhgcco
Cughbk mhckhtrglks uh lkvolomhtk soehonocgtovk bmi prmcok ms gprkpogbk gpiocgr uh mstubok bm
rmtrkcmsks bm Nojkhgcco, tgi cklk sm pumbm vmr mh ig olgemh 3>. Pumbm hktgrsm cklk mi prmcok dg
rmjktgbk mh mi hovmi bm Nojkhgcco =0% ghtms bm prksmeuor ckh su lkvolomhtk
lkvol omhtk jgfostg. Pkstmro
Pkstmrokrlmhtm
krlmhtm
mi hovmi >7.4% knrmcm skpkrtm gi prmcok, mi cugi sm skstomhm mh msg zkhg pkr mi lklmhtk.
Olgemh 3> - Hovmims bm skpkrtm-rmtrkcmsk bm Nojkhgcco pgrg tmhbmhcog gicostg

35

Ckhvmremhcog
Ckhvmremhcog bm skpk rtms
Mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 35 sm vumivm giek bmskrbmhgbk y iimhk bm iìhmgs cughbk gpiocglks tkbks
iks mstuboks bm skpkrtms qum dmlks mxpiocgbk, pmrk gi dgcmr mstk pkbmlks kjsmrvgr bkhbm
ckhvmremh iks bostohtks topks bm skpkrtms.
Mh mstm lklmhtk, mi prmcok sm mhcumhtrg grrojg bmi hovmi bm skpkrtm dkrozkhtgi mh $77??. So mstm
skpkrtm hk pumbm rmtmhmr mi prmcok mhtkhcms mi lkvolomhtk jgfostg pumbm mhckhtrgr ktrk skpkrtm mh
$7703.
Mi skpkrtm dkrozkhtgi mh $77?? ckohcobm ckh mi hovmi bm Zmtrkcmsk bm Nojkhgcco >7.4%. Mi prmcok
pumbm mhckhtrgrsm mh su cglohk ktrk skpkrtm bm Nojkhgcco so cgm y iimeg dgstg mi hovmi bm Nojkhgcco
5>.2% mh $70::.
Mh mstm mfmlpik mi prmcok ckhtohög su lkvolomhtk jgfostg y sm boroem dgcog uh puhtk bm mhmreìg mh
ig ohtmrsmccoóh bm iks bks trobmhtms. Mi soeuomhtm puhtk bm mhmreìg sm prkbucm fustk grrojg bm $70::.
Pgrg rmsulor humstrk ghçiosos pkbmlks bmcor qum mi prmcok mstç prkjghbk gctugilmhtm mi skpkrtm
dkrozkhtgi, mi skpkrtm bm Nojkhgcco y mi skpkrtm bmi trobmhtm girmbmbkr bmi hovmi bm $77??. So mstm
hovmi hk ckhsoeum skstmhmr mi prmcok, ig próxolg ckhvmremhcog bm skpkrtms sm prkbucm girmbmbkr bm
$70::.
Olgemh 35 - Ckhvmremhcog bm hovmims bm skp krtm
* =0% hk ms uh hovmi bm Nojkhgcco guhqum ms ohciuobk mh ig lgykrìg bm igs dmrrglomhtgs bm
ghçiosos
cklk mi bm Nojkhgcco.
hovmi Mi vgikr
bm rmtrkcmsk =0%g prkvomhm
crìtock ig dkrg bmbmmvgiugr
ig tmkrìg
ig bm Bkwbmi
gccoóh mh prmcok.
bkhbm mi hovmi =0% ms vostk
34

Mi ghçiosos ghtmrokr rmgiozgbk ckh vgroks topks bm skpkrtms pumbm gpiocgrsm ckh igs rmsostmhcogs bm
ig loslg lghmrg, cughbk sm mstç mstuboghbk uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg mh ig cugi mi prmcok mstç
rmgiozghbk lkvolomhtks ckrrmctovks gicostgs.
»Cólk pkbmlks ghgiozgr ig mhmreìg bmi prmcok

lmboghtm trobmhtms;
Mh uh cgpìtuik ghtmrokr (Mhmreìg bmi prmcok mh rmigcoóh ckh iks trobmhtms)
trobmhtms ) lkstrglks mi ckhcmptk bm
mhmreìg bmi prmcok mh rmigcoóh ckh iks trobmhtms y ig nkrlg mh qum mstgs dmrrglomhtgs bmi ghçiosos
tïchock pumbmh gyubgrhks g bmtmrlohgr cuçhbk uhg tmhbmhcog mh mi lmrcgbk mstç eghghbk k
pmrbomhbk mhmreìg.
Mh mstm grtìcuik vglks g prknuhbozgr lçs mh mstks ckhcmptks y mxpiocgr cólk pumbm ghgiozgrsm ig
mhmreìg bmi prmcok lmboghtm iks trobmhtms y ktrgs dmrrglomhtgs bm ghçiosos tïchock.
Rmhbmhco
Rmhbmhcogg bmi
bmi prmcok
p rmcok pmrbo
pmrbomhbk
mhbk mhmreìg
Mh ig olgemh 34 vmlks uh erçnock bm prmcoks ckh uh
uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws bmscrojomhbk ig gccoóh
bmi prmcok
cìrcuiks bm uhg
rkfks) tmhbmhcog
mh mi gicostg g hktgr
erçnock pkbmlks igrek qum
pigzk.
mi So vmlksbmiks
prolmrk trmslçxolks
msks öitolks pocks (lgrcgbks
sm nkrló ckh
mh ig iìhmg
lmboghg supmrokr lomhtrgs qum iks soeuomhtms bks pocks kcurromrkh imfks bm msg iìhmg. Mi dmcdk bm
qum mi prmcok hk ckhsoeg gicghzgr ig iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr mh iks bks öitolks pocks ms uhg sm÷gi
bm qum ig tmhbmhcog sm mstç qumbghbk soh mhmreìg y cklk vmlks mh mi erçnock, mi prmcok tmrlohg pkr
cgmr dgstg ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm, y pkstmrokrlmhtm ig gtrgvomsg ckhtohughbk ckh su
lkvolomhtk jgfostg.
Lkvol omhtk gicos tg mstç pmrbomhbk su mhmreìg bmhtrk b mi trobmhtm bm Ghbr mws
Olgemh 34 - Lkvol
3?

Jgrrgs k cghbmigs mxtr

mxtrmlgs
mlgs (poc
(poc ks bmi prmcok)
prmco k)
Igs jgrrgs mxtrmlgs skh jgrrgs
jgrrg s bm prmcoks qum skjrmsgimh bm ig lgykr pgrtm bm ig gcco
gccoóh
óh bmi prmcok.
Skh ik qum sm ckhkcm usugilmhtm cklk pocks mh mi prmcok . Mh lucdgs kcgsokhms sm t rgzgh rgzgh iks
pgrtor bm mstks puht ks.
trob mhtms y iks mstuboks bm Nojkhgcco g pgrtor
Mh ig olgemh 3? tmhmlks bks trobmhtms bm Sdonn lkbon ocgbk qum bmscrojmh tmhbmhcogs jgfostgs mh
ol gemh 3?
mi prmcok. Mh mi igbk ozquomrbk bmi erçnock bm prmcoks, ig gccoóh bmi prmcok ms vkiçtoi y pkbmlks
kjsmrvgr hulmrksgs jgrrgs mxtrmlgs mh nkrlg bm pocks bmi prmcok. ]toiozghbk trms bm mstgs jgrrgs
mxtrmlgs sm bojufg mi prolmr trobmhtm y sm pumbm kjsmrvgr qum mi prmcok iimeg g prkjgr tghtk ig iìhmg
lmboghg ohnmrokr cklk ig iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr mh igs jgrrgs mxtrmlgs1 ms bmcor qum igs prumjgs
tghtk bmi skpkrtm cklk bm ig rmsostmhcog sm prkbufmrkh ckh uhg mimvgbg mhmreìg.
Sm pumbm hktgr cklk mi cklpkrtglomhtk bmi prmcok cgljog ckhnkrlm kcurrm ig trghsocoóh
trghsoc oóh gi smeuhbk
trobmhtm. Mh iuegr bm lkstrgr pocks gi gizg y ig jgfg (jgrrgs mxtrmlgs) qum skjrmsgimh bm ig gccoóh
bmi prmcok, mi prmcok mstç nkrlghbk tmcdks y sumiks rmbkhbmgbks, ms bmcor lçxolks y lìholks lçs
sugvms.
Olgemh 3? - Jgrrgs mxtrmlgs mh mi prmc ok
Lkvolomhtks olpuiso vks b mi prmcok

Ig olgemh 20 lumstrg uh erçnock mh bkhbm mi prmcok sujm ckh uh numrtm olpuisk y skjrmpgsg iks
bks lçxolks prmvoks mh pkck
pkck tomlpk. Pkr ik tghtk, mstglks ghtm uh lkvolomhtk olpuisovk bmi prmcok
gi gizg. Soh mljgrek, mi tïrlohk ’Olpuisovk“ ms giek gljoeuk gsì qum vglks g vmr so pkbmlks
g÷gbor uh pkck bm bmnohocoóh pgrg mstg boscusoóh.
Mh mi luhbk bm ig nìsocg (k mhmreìg), olpuisovk usugilmhtm sm rmnomrm g uhg numrzg soehonocgtovg qum
ms gpiocgbg pkr uh jr mvm
mvm pmrokbk bm tomlpk. Ig numrzg mh cumstoóh ms ’soehonocgtovg“ bmjo bk g su
20

dgjoiobgb pgrg cgusgr cgljoks y mi pmrokbk bm tomlpk ms ’jrmvm“ mh rmigcoóh ckh mi pmrokbk tktgi qum
sm mstç mstuboghbk.
Rrgsigbghbk mstks ckhcmptks gi cglpk bm iks erçnocks bm prm coks pkbmlks bmnohor ’olpuisovk“ cklk
uh cgljok soehonocgtovk bmi prmcok qum kcurrm mh uh pmrokbk bm tomlpk ckrtk.
Zoca Gcamrlgh mhsm÷g uh lïtkbk pgrg bmtmrlohgr cugh olpuisovk ms uh lkvolomhtk bmi prmcok ckh
jgsm mh mi hölmrk bm pocks prmvoks qum skh skjrmpgsgbks burghtm mi lkvolomhtk.
Mh ig olgemh 20 mi prmcok prmsmhtg uh lkvolomhtk igtmrgi (soh tmhbmhcog bmnohobg) mh uh rghek jomh
bmnohobk ghtms bm lkvmrsm gi gizg dgstg mi hovmi bmi pock gicostg prmvok 7. Bmspuïs bm uhg ioemrg
ckrrmccoóh jgfostg, mi prmcok cklomhzg g sujor ckh numrzg y mh pkck tomlpk skjrmpgsg iks bks pocks
gicostgs prmvoks mh su cglohk dgcog grrojg, ik qum cgionocg g mstm lkvolomhtk cklk gicostg.
Gbmlçs bm tmhmr uh lkvolomhtk qum gtrgvom

gtrgvomsg
sg iks bks lçxolks prmvoks, tgljoïh tmhmlks
hulmrksgs jgrrgs bm prmcoks bm mhmreìg mimvgbg qum sm prkbucmh mh mstm lkvolomhtk olpuisovk, mi
cugi cklmhzó ckh bks bm mstgs jgrrgs. Mstgs bks prolmrgs jgrrgs tgljoïh pkbrìgh smr bmscrotgs
cklk jgrrgs bm rghek glpiok.
Olgemh 20 - Lkvolomhtk olpuisovk bmi prmcok
Mi ohbocgbkr ksc oigbkr mstkcçstock mh ckljohgcoóh c kh iks tr obmhtms pgrg

pgrg mi
mi
ghçiosos
ghçioso s bm ig mhmreìg
mhmreìg bmi prmcok
Cughbk sm dgjig gcmrcg bm uhg jgrrg bm prmcoks ohbovobugi cklk uh ohbocgbkr bm qum ’ig mhmreìg
bmi prmcok ms bïjoi“ k ’ig mhmreìg bmi prmcok ms numrtm“, mi rghek bmi prmcok gi cugi hks mstglks
rmnoromhbk ms kjvoglmhtm skik uhg öhocg jgrrg. Soh mljgrek, cughbk hks rmnmrolks
gi ohbocgbkr kscoigbkr mstkcçstock
mstkcçstock imhtk, mh mstm cgsk mstglks dgjighbk gcmrcg bm ig mhmreìg bm
27

prmcok g ik igrek bm uhg smrom bm jgrrgs bm prmcoks. Mh gljks cgsks, sm trgtg bmi loslk ckhcmptk
bm mhmreìg bmi prmcok qum ms gpiocgbk g lgrcks bm tomlpk bostohtks.
Ig mhmreìg bmi prmcok bmhtrk ms uhg jgrrg ohbovobugi sm c khsobmrg ’numrtm“ cughbk ig jgrrg comrrg
cmrcg bmi puhtk lçs gitk. Mh ig olgemh 27 sm lumstrg uh erçnock bm prmcoks mh bkhbm sm dg
bmstgcgbk mh vmrbm gieuhgs bm igs jgrrgs bm prmcoks qum pkbrìgh ckhsobmrgrsm cklk sm÷gims bm
numrzg. Pumbm hktgrsm qum dgy uhg prmbklohghcog bm jgrrgs qum lumstrgh nkrtgimzg mh mi prmcok gi
loslk tomlpk qum mi ohbocgbkr kscoigbkr mstkcçstock imhtk mstç sujomhbk ckhsobmrgjimlmhtm.
Bmspuïs bm qum mi mstkcçstock mh mi erçnock sm lumvm dgstg ig zkhg bm skjrmcklprg y nkrlg uh
pock, sm pumbm vmr qum mi prmcok tgljoïh cklomhzg g rmtrkcmbmr. G pgrtor bm mstm puhtk tmhmlks bks
smlghgs mh qum mi prmcok lumstrg bmjoiobgb y cgm pkr bmjgfk bm ig iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr, guhqum
soh lucdg numrzg, y pkstmrokrlmhtm sm lghtomhm lkvoïhbksm bm nkrlg igtmrgi burghtm uhgs
smlghgs. G ckhtohugcoóh, sm prkbucm uhg smrom bm jgrrg jgfostgs ghtms bm qum mi prmcok cgoeg bm
nkrlg brglçtocg. Mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock tgljoïh sm bmspiklg y gicghzg ig zkhg bm skjrmvmhtg
ghtms bm rmjktgr gi gizg.
Olgemh 27 - Kscoigbkr
Olgemh Kscoigbkr mstkcçstock ck lk ohbocgbkr bmi olpuisk bmi prmcok
Pumbmh mhckhtrgr lçs ohnkrlgcoóh skjrm mi usk bmi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock pgrg ghgiozgr ig mhmreìg
bmi prmcok mh ckhfuhtk ckh iks trobmhtms mh
mh mstg smccoóh
smccoóh..
mxtrmlk
^kiulmh mxtrmlk y i ks tro bmhtm
bmhtms
s
Mi vkiulmh mxtrmlk ms ktrg
k trg sm÷gi bm mhmreìg mimvgbg mh mi prmcok.
prmco k. Pkbmlks vmr uh vkiulmh mimvgbk
mh mi lmrcgbk cughbk iks cklprgbkrms olpuisgh ckh numrzg mi prmcok dgstg gicghzgr uh humvk pock
gicostg k cughbk iks vmhbmbkrms trgtgh bm jgfgr mi prmcok mh uhg kig bm vmhtgs dgstg gicghzgr uh
humvk lìholk.
2:

Mh ig olgemh 2: vml
vmlks
ks uh erçnock mh bkhbm mi prmcok dg cgìbk bm nkrlg smvmrg ckh vgroks gulmhtks
gulmht ks
soehonocgtovks bmi vkiulmh bm hmekcogcoóh. Cgbg uhk bm mstks ohcrmlmhtks bmi vkiulmh pkbrìg smr
vostk cklk uhg vmhtg bm cgpotuigcoóh, pmrk ig cgìbg bm iks prmcoks ckhtohuó olpigcgjim. ^groks bm
iks gulmhtks bmi vkiulmh kcurromrkh girmbmbkr igs jgrrgs
jgrrg s qum lumstrgh pocks mxtrmlks mh mi prmcok.
Bmspuïs bm qum mi vkiulmh sm vumivm cgso ohsoehonocghtm ktrg kig bm vmhtgs cklomhzg y mi vkiulmh
gulmhtg bm nkrlg brglçtocg cughbk mi prmcok gicghzg mi lìholk nohgi.
^kiulmh mxtrmlk
Olgemh 2: - ^kiulmh
Egps
Egps (Jrmcdgs mh mi
mi prmcok)
pr mcok) y iks tro bmhtms
Igs jrmcdgs mh mi prmcok
Igs prmcok sm nkrlgh mh uh erçnock bm prmcoks cughbk hk sm prkbucm gctovobgb bm
hmekcogcoóh bmhtrk bm uh comrtk rghek bm prmcoks. Mstgs jrmcdgs k egps, cklk tgljoïh sm ims
ckhkcm, skh lumstrgs vosojims bm mhmreìg gilgcmhgbg bmi prmcok qum ms iojmrgbg.
Mh ig olgemh 23 vmlks trms bm iks cugtrk topks bm egps qum sm lumstrgh ckh cigrobgb.
Mi egp bm gektglomhtk sm nkrlg mh mi nohgi bm uh lkvolomhtk bm prmcoks. Bmspuïs bm uh egp bm

gektglomhtk mi prmcok hkrlgilmhtm dgcm giek bonmrmhtm (cgljog bm cklpkrtglomhtk), guhqum hk sm
bmjm supkhmr gutklçtocglmhtm qum dgjrç uh cgljok mh ig bormccoóh k tmhbmhcog bmi prmcok. Mh mi
erçnock bm ig olgemh > mi prmcok sm lumvm mh uh rghek igtmrgi bmspuïs bmi egp bm gektglomhtk.
Iks egps g vmcms sm prkbucmh bmhtrk bm uh pgtróh erçnock y sm ims ckhkcm cklk egps ckluhms .
Mh mi erçnock sm pumbm kjsmrvgr qum mstks egps ckluhms skh lmhks olpkrtghtms qum iks egps bm
gektglomhtk y iks egps bm rupturg.
23

]h egp bm ruptur g sm prkbucm cughbk mi prmcok rklpm y mscgpg bm uh pgtróh bm ckhemstoóh. Mh mi
erçnock sm pumbm kjsmrvgr qum mi prmcok rmstgurg su mhmreìg ckhnkrlm kscoig bm nkrlg igtmrgi bmhtrk
bm uh rghek bm prmcoks bmnohobk. Ig mhmreìg gilgcmhgbg ms iojmrgbg g ig jgfg y mi prmcok ckhtohög
su tmhbmhcog jgfostg.
Egps mh mi prmcok mh u h lmrcgbk ghgiozgbk ckh trob mhtms

Olgemh 23 - Egps
Mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 22 knrmcm uh mxcmimhtm mfmlpik bm iks egps bm mscgpm.
Bmspuïs bm qum mi prmcok mhcumhtrg skpkrtm g ik igrek bm ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm mh mi erçnock
bm prmcoks, sm prkbucm uhg jgrrg gicostg bm rghek glpiok qum comrrg cgso mh su puhtk lçs gitk.
Pkstmrokrlmhtm mi prmcok nkrlg uhg jrmcdg gicostg g pgrtor bm ig cugi sm prkbucm ktrg jgrrg gicostg bm
rghek glpiok qum comrrg cgso mh mi puhtk lçxolk gicghzgbk. G ckhtohugcoóh, kcurrm ktrk egp gicostg
g pgrtor bmi cugi sm nkrlg uhg jgrrg gicostg ckh uh rghek mxtrmlgbglmhtm glpiok.
Pumbm hktgrsm ig bonmrmhcog mh cughtk gi cklpkrtglomhtk bmi prmcok mhtrm iks egps ckluhms y bm
gektglomhtk y iks egps bm mscgpm. Mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh > iks egps sm nkrlgh mh iks puhtks
bm trghsocoóh k cgljok mhtrm uh cklpkrtglomhtk y ktrk. Pkr su pgrtm, mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 5 sm
lumstrg ig nkrlgcoóh bm egps gicostgs mh mi prmcok ckhnkrlm mi lmrcgbk bmfg gtrçs cklpimtglmhtm
uh cklpkrtglomhtk y cgljog brglçtocglmhtm dgstg tmhmr uh cklpkrtglomhtk tktgilmhtm humvk.
22

Egps k j rmcdgs bm mscgpm mh uh lmrcgbk qu m rklpo ó gi gizg uh tr obmhtm

Olgemh 22 - Egps
2=

Rrobmhtms bm Ghbrmws ckljohgbks ckh ohbocgbkrms

tïchocks
»Wuï
»Wuï topk bm ohn krlgcoóh t mhmlks ghgiozgr cughbk vmlks uh er çnock bm prmcoks;
mhmlks pgrg ghgiozgr
Soh olpkrtgr mi lmrcgbk ghgiozgbk k mi lgrck bm tomlpk skiglmhtm dgy bks topks bm bgtks
nuhbglmhtgims6 prmcok y vkiulmh . So bmscklpkhmlks mi prmcok mh sus cklpkhmhtms (gpmrturg,
lçxolk, lìholk y comrrm), mh rmgiobgb tmhmlks cohck topks bm bgtks nuhbglmhtgims cughbk sm
ohciuym mi vkiulmh.
Pkr ik tghtk, sm tomhm cohck topks bm bgtks pgrg trgjgfgr, guhqum mh ig gctugiobgb mxostmh iotmrgilmhtm
comhtks bm ohbocgbkrms qum pumbmh smr gpiocgbks g iks erçnocks bm prmcoks. »W »Wuï
uï pkbmlks bmcor
gcmrcg bm mstk;
Mh pkcgs pgigjrgs, mstks ohbocgbkrms bmrovgh ohnkrlgcoóh gbocokhgi skjrm mi cklpkrtglomhtk bm iks
prmcoks lmboghtm mi usk bm iks cohck topks bm bgtks nuhbglmhtgims.
Cgbg bmrovgcoóh bm iks bgtks nuhbglmhtgims hks iimvg lçs imfks bm ig gccoóh rmgi bmi prmcok y
prmsmhtg uh bmsngsm mhtrm ig gccoóh bmi prmcok y mi ohbocgbkr.
Cklk mfmlpik, ckhsobmrmlks mi ohbocgbkr LGCB qum sm jgsg mh bks lmbogs lóvoims bmi prmcok,
uhg bm lkvolomhtk imhtk y ktrg bm lkvolomhtk rçpobk. Pumstk qum mi prmcok ms humstrk bgtk
nuhbglmhtgi, igs lmbogs lóvoims sm ckhvomrtmh mh ig prolmrg bmrovgbg bm iks bgtks sujygcmhtms. Ig
iìhmg LGCB ms uhg bonmrmhcog mhtrm igs bks lmbogs lóvoims pkr ik qum rmprmsmhtg ig smeuhbg
bmrovgbg bm iks bgtks bm prmcoks. Ig iìhmg bm sm÷gi LGCB ms uhg lmbog lóvoi bm ig iìhmg LGCB ik
qum hks bg uhg tmrcmrg bmrovgbg. Gi tklgr ig bonmrmhcog mhtrm mi LGCB y igs iìhmgs bm sm÷gi bmi
LGCB kjtmhmlks mi dostkerglg LGCB, qum ms ig cugrtg bmrovgbg bm iks bgtks nuhbglmhtgims.
Pkbrìglks cumstokhgr mi vgikr bm cugiquomr ohnkrlgcoóh prkpkrcokhgbg pkr ig cugrtg bmrovgbg bm iks
bgtks nuhbglmhtgims, skjrm tkbk cughbk ig ohnkrlgcoóh bmrovgbg vg g ig zgeg bm iks bgtks
nuhbglmhtgims cklk bmjm smr.
Mh emhmrgi, qumrmlks jgsgr humstrgs bmcosokhms mh bgtks nuhbglmhtgims, ms bmcor ig prkpog gccoóh
bmi prmcok y mi vkiulmh qum sm prkbufk burghtm mi pmrìkbk bm ohtmrïs. Iks ohbocgbkrms pumbmh
gyubgrhks g ckhnorlgr ig gccoóh bmi prmcok y hks prkpkrcokhgh sm÷gims bm cklprg/vmhtg.
So kptglks pkr utoiozgr ohbocgbkrms tmhmlks qum mhtmhbmr bks cksgs6
• Iks ohbocgbkrms hks lumstrgh bgtks bmrovgbks, hk bgtks nuhbglmhtgims

• Iks ohbocgbkrms mstçh gtrgsgbks ckh rmspmctk g ig gccoóh bmi prmcok
Dgy vgrogs trglpgs mh qum pkbmlks cgmr mh ik qum sm rmnomrm gi vgstk luhbk bm iks ohbocgbkrms.
Ig prolmrg trglpg ms ig jösqumbg miusovg bmi ohbocgbkr ’pmrnmctk“. Ckh comhtks bm ohbocgbkrms pgrg
mimeor mstg jösqumbg pumbm burgr pgrg somlprm.
2>

Ktrg trglpg ms pmhsgr qum lçs ms lmfkr – ms bmcor, so uh ohbocgbkr ms jumhk mhtkhcms smeurglmhtm
smeurgl mhtm
bks ms lmfkr. Mi prkjimlg ms qum bks ohbocgbkrms rgrglmhtm knrmcmh ig loslg sm÷gi pkr ik tghtk mh
lucdgs kcgsokhms tmhmlks qum ohtmrprmtgr lmhsgfms ckhtrgboctkroks bm vgroks ohbocgbkrms.
So cgmlks mh ig trglpg bm ’lçs ms lmfkr“, ktrk pmioerk qum pumbm sureor ms ig pgrçiosos bm ghçioso
ghçioso s .
Ig jösqumbg bmi ohbocgbkr obmgi y ig ohtmrprmtgcoóh bm lmhsgfms ckhnioctovks bm löitopims ohbocgbkrms
pumbmh olpmborim gi trgbmr ig gbkpcoóh bm lmbobgs gbmcugbgs mh iks lmrcgbks.
Pgrg mvotgr mstks prkjimlgs, mi trgbmr pumbm kptgr pkr jgsgrsm prohcopgilmhtm mh iks bgtks
nuhbglmhtgims (prmcok y vkiulmh), lomhtrgs qum cklpimlmhtg mstg ohnkrlgcoóh kcgsokhgilmhtm
kcgsokhgilmht m ckh
mi usk bm uhk k bks ohbocgbkrms tïchocks.
Mhtrm ig luitotub bm ohbocgbkrms

ohbocg bkrms qum sm pumbmh utoiozgr, sm rmcklomhbg mi usk bm bks mh ckljohg
ckljohgcoóh
coóh
ckh iks trobmhtms6 mi LGCB y mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock
mstkcçstock imhtk . Mi vkiulmh sm ckhsobmrg uh bgtk
nuhbglmhtgi, guhqum mh mi soeuomhtm erçnock sm lumstrg mh ig pgrtm ohnmrokr cklk iks ktrks
ohbocgbkrms. Pkbmlks vmr mstg ckljohgcoóh bm ohbocgbkrms mh ig olgemh 2=6
Olgemh 2= - Erçnock bm prmcoks ckh LGCB, kscoigbk mstkcçstock, ohbocgbkr bm vkiulmh y trobmhtm
Cklk pgrtm bm mstg boscusoóh vglks g bonmrmhcogr mhtrm ohbocgbkrms rmzgegbks m ohbocgbkrms
gbmightgbks. Mh kpohoóh bm lucdks ghgiostgs, tkbks iks ohbocgbkrms mstçh rmtrgsgbks ckh rmspmctk
gi prmcok pkrqum prmsmhtgh ohnkrlgcoóh
o hnkrlgcoóh skjrm ig jgsm bm giek qum sucmboó mh mi pgsgbk6 ig gpmrturg,
gpmr turg,
lçxolk, lìholk, comrrm y mi vkiulmh bm igs jgrrgs bm prmcoks ghtmrokrms. Cugiquomr sm÷gi
prkpkrcokhgbg pkr uh ohbocgbkr sm mhcumhtrg rmtrgsgbg ckh rmigcoóh g ig gccoóh bmi prmcok gctugi,
bmjobk g mstg bmpmhbmhcog nuhbglmhtgi bmi ohbocgbkr mh iks bgtks dostórocks.
Mh
igs kcgsokhms,
rmvmrsokhmssm bmdgcm rmnmrmhcog
tmhbmhcogs gi vkiulmh
cughbk cklkbm
mi vkiulmh uhhmekcogcoóh
ohbocgbkr ghtocopgbk pkrqum
cgm g lmbobg pumbm
qum prmbmcor
ig tmhbmhcog
gicostg k jgfostg iimeg g su noh. Hk kjstghtm, pkbrìglks rmcdgzgr mstg obmg pkr bks rgzkhms6
25

7. Mi vkiulmh ms ohnkrlgcoóh nuhbglmhtgi, pkr ik qum hk pumbm smr uh ’ohbocgbkr“, tgi cklk
mstglks utoiozghbk mi tïrlohk mh mstg boscusoóh.
:. Gieuhgs tmhbmhcogs tmrlohgh ckh uh gulmhtk bm vkiulmh mh iuegr bm uh bmscmhsk ergbugi
bmi vkiulmh bm hmekcogcoóh. So crmmlks qum mi vkiulmh ms uh ohbocgbkr qum hks pmrlotm
prmbmcor mi nohgi bm ig tmhbmhcog, »quï lmbobgs bmjmrìglks tklgr mh mstm cgsk;
So vglks g bmnohor quï ms uh ohbocgbkr, uhg bm humstrgs pgutgs pkbrìg smr qum igs rmeigs pgrg usgr
mi
bmiohbocgbkr
ohbocgbkrsmgh ckdmrmhtms.
somlprm Pkr mfmlpik,
sm ckhsobmrg ig bm
uhg sm÷gi iìhmg LGCB
vmhtg. Hk qum
dgy sm lumvm bmjgfk
ckhbocokhms bm ig iìhmg
bm lmrcgbk cmhtrgi
mh igs qum
sm supkhm qum bmjmlks ohtmrprmtgr mi crucm cklk uhg sm÷gi bm cklprg. Mi vkiulmh hk sm cgionocgrìg
cklk uh ohbocgbkr smeöh mstg bmnohocoóh pkrqum hk prkpkrcokhg sm÷gims bm cklprg/vmhtgs
bmnohotovgs y hk dgy rmeigs ckhsostmhtms pgrg ohtmrprmtgr mi vkiulmh, guhqum dgy sostmlgs bm trgbohe
qum usg cklpkrtglomhtks bmtmrlohgbks bmi vkiulmh cklk sm÷gims gicostgs k jgfostgs qum pumbmh
usgrsm ohciusk pgrg ig mhtrgbg k sgiobg bmi lmrcgbk. Hk kjstghtm, pkbmlks bmcor qum mi vkiulmh
hk prmsmhtg uhg cigrobgb ho uhonkrlobgb bmnohotovg mh sus sm÷gims tgi cklk ik dgcmh iks vmrbgbmrks
ohbocgbkrms, skjrm tkbks iks qum bmrovgh bormctglmhtm bmi prmcok.
Soh mljgrek, bgbk qum mi vkiulmh ms lkstrgbk cklk uh ohbocgbkr y skjrm tkbk pkr mi dmcdk bm
qum lucdks trgbmrs usgh mi vkiulmh mh sus mstrgtmeogs tgi cklk so numrg uh ohbocgbkr, vglks g
lkstrgr cólk usgr mstm bgtk cklk uhg dmrrglomhtg bm ghçiosos mh ckhfuhtk ckh iks trobmhtms.
Dmrrglomhtgs
Dmrrglomhtgs prmboctovgs
Mh ckhtrgstm ckh iks ohbocgbkrms qum hks gyubgh g ckhnorlgr ig gccoóh bmi prmcok y hks prkpkrcokhgh
prkpkrcokh gh
sm÷gims bm cklprg/vmhtg, tmhmlks gieuhgs dmrrglomhtgs bm prmboccoóh qum pkbmlks usgr pgrg
bmtmrlohgr bm ghtmlghk dgcog bóhbm sm boroem mi prmcok. Mstgs dmrrglomhtgs hks pmrlotmh
bmtmrlohgr ckh ghtocopgcoóh bóhbm mxostmh iks hovmims prkjgjims bm skpkrtm y rmsostmhcog.
Igs dmrrglomhtgs prmboctovgs g igs qum hks rmnmrolks skh mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws, pkr supumstk, y
igs dmrrglomhtgs bm rmtrkcmsks y mxtmhsokhms bm Nojkhgcco, pkr mfmlpik. Mh kcgsokhms, mi vkiulmh
tgljoïh pumbm usgrsm cklk uh ohbocgbkr ghtocopgbk, guhqum cklk volks ghtmrokrlmhtm, su imcturg
hk ms tgh smhcoiig.
Gdkrg lkstrgrmlk
lkstrgrmlkss cklk usgr uhg dmrrglomht
dmrrglomhtg
g prmboctov
prmboctovg
g cklk mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmw
Ghbrmwss mh
ckljohgcoóh ckh ktrg dmrrglomhtg prmboctovg cklk mi vkiulmh m ohbocgbkrms gitglmhtm pkpuigrms
cklk skh mi mi LGCB y mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock.
Ohbocgbkr ^kiulmh
^kiulmh ckljoh gbk ckh iks tro bmhtm
bmhtms
s
Mh ig olgemh 2> vmlks uh erçnock bm iks jkhks bmi Rmskrk bm Mstgbks ]hobks qum lumstrg uhg
tmhbmhcog gicostg bmi prmcok bmscrotg pkr uhg trobmhtm bm Sdonn lkbonocgbk . Lomhtrgs ig tmhbmhcog
gicostg sm lghtomhm ohtgctg, mi vkiulmh soeum mi prmcok. Bm mstg lghmrg cughbk mi prmcok sujm, mi
vkiulmh gulmhtg – cughbk mi prmcok jgfg, mi vkiulmh bmciohg.
Mh mi igbk bmrmcdk bmi erçnock pkbmlks vmr ik qum pumbm smr mi noh bm ig tmhbmhcog gicostg y mi
cklomhzk bm uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg. Mi cklpkrtglomhtk bmi vkiulmh bm dg ohvmrtobk y gdkrg mh iuegr
bm sujor ckhnkrlm gulmhtgh iks prmcoks, mi vkiulmh sm ohcrmlmhtg ckhnkrlm mi prmcok cgm.
24

Rgljoïh ms bm hktgr qum, fuhtk ckh mstm cgljok mh mi cklpkrtglomhtk, mi vkiulmh gicghzó humvks
lçxolks pgrg mstm erçnock mi cugi lumstrg > g÷ks bm gctovobgb. Iks pocks mh mi vkiulmh mh
kcgsokhms lgrcgh mi noh bm igs tmhbmhcogs y prkjgjimlmhtm ms ik qum mstglks vomhbk gcç.
Bgbk qum mi mstubok bmi vkiulmh ckhnorlg uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg, ms pksojim pighonocgr ig gpmrturg bm
pksocokhms bm vmhtg cughbk mi prmcok rmgiocm uh rmtrkcmsk gicostg. Igs rmeigs bmi usk bm trobmhtms
ohbocgh qum dgy uhg gitg prkjgjoiobgb bm qum mi prmcok rmermsm dgstg ig iìhmg lmboghg y ig prumjm
bmsbm gjgfk. Mstm lkvolomhtk ckrrmctovk
ckr rmctovk pumbm knrmcmr uhg jumhg kpkrtuhobgb bm gjror uhg pkso
pksocoóh
coóh
bm vmhtg bm gitgs pksojoiobgbms bm ïxotk, y mi cklpkrtglomhtk bmi vkiulmh tgljoïh
tglj oïh pumbm smrvor pgrg
emhmrgr lçs ckhnoghzg mh mstg kpmrgcoóh.
Olgemh 2> Ghçiosos bm uhg tmhbmhcog lmboghtm trobmhtms y mi ohbocgbkr vkiulmh
Mh ig olgemh 25, vmlks uh erçnock bmi ymh fgpkhïs mh uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg qum ms bmscrotg pkr
lmbok bm uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws. Lomhtrgs mi prmcok cgm dgstg ig iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr, mi vkiulmh
sm ohcrmlmhtg. Ig gccoóh bmi prmcok sm vumivm giek ckhnusg bmspuïs bm qum ig numrtm tmhbmhcog
jgfostg nohgiozg. Mh mi igbk bmrmcdk bmi erçnock, pkbmlks vmr ik qum pumbm smr mi cgljok g uh
cklpkrtglomhtk bm tmhbmhcog gicostg mh bkhbm mi vkiulmh cklomhzg g smeuor mi prmcok.
Ig gccoóh bmi vkiulmh mh mstm erçnock rmsuitg pkck cigrg, pkr ik qum hk ms rmcklmhbgjim jgsgr
hoheuhg bmcosoóh bm trgbohe mh mi vkiulmh. Pkr mi ckhtrgrok, ik lmfkr ms mspmrgr g qum sm prkbuzcgh
sm÷gims bm lgykr cigrobgb qum ohboqumh uhg kpmrgcoóh ckh mimvgbgs pksojoiobgbms bm ïxotk.
2?

Rmhbmhcog jgfostg ghgiozgbg lmboghtm trobmhtm m ohboc gbkr bm vki ulmh

Olgemh 25 - Rmhbmhcog
Dgy ktrks gspmctks bm vkiulmh qum pkbmlks mxglohgr mh nuturks mfmlpiks6
• Rmhbmhcog
• Ig bovmremhcog/ckhvmremhcog
• Pocks
• Rgsg bm cgljok
Mh gieöh lklmhtk pkbmlks qumrmr gdkhbgr mh mi vkiulmh y ig nkrlg mh qum pumbm

ckhnorlgr pgtrkhms erçnocks
erçnocks.. Pkr mfmlpik, gieuhks ghgiostgs erçnocks crmmh qum mi pgtróh bm
prmcoks Dkljrk-Cgjmzg-Dkljrk
prmcoks Dkljrk-Cgjmzg-Dkljrk bmjmrìg tmhmr uh cklpkrtglomhtk bmtmrlohgbk bm vkiulmh
lomhtrgs sm nkrlg mi pgtróh. Ktrks sueomrmh qum uhg rupturg bm uh rghek bm prmcoks tomhm lçs
olpkrtghcog so sm prkbucm ckh uh ergh vkiulmh.
Mh uh mstubok g prknuhbobgb bmi vkiulmh pkbmlks ohciuor mstks ohbocgbkrms6

• ^kiulm
Kh Jgighcm ^kiulm
• Iìhmg bm Gcculuigtokh/Bostrojutokh
Gcculuigtokh/Bostrojutokh
• Mgsm kn Lkvmlmht
Pkr mi lklmhtk, lghtmheglks igs cksgs solpims y lghtmheglks mh lmhtm igs soeuomhtms obmgs
jçsocgs6
•
]h mimvgbk vkiulmh
• Cughbk mi prmcok smckhnorlg uh lkvolomhtk
lumvm dgcog bmivkiulmh
gjgfk y mi prmcok. sm mimvg bmjmlks gsulor qum ig
tmhbmhcog ms jgfostg.
=0

• Cughbk mi vkiulmh gulmhtg g lmbobg qum mi prmcok sm ohcrmlmhtg, bmjmlks gsulor qum ig
tmhbmhcog ms gicostg.
Ktrg obmg olpkrtghtm qum bmjmlks tmhmr mh lmhtm ms qum mh kcgsokhms iks pocks mh mi vkiulmh
lgrcgh mi noh bm uhg tmhbmhcog ckhnkrlm gieuhks trgbmrs cgpotuigh y ktrks sm rmpksocokhgh pgrg ig
humvg tmhbmhcog.
Mi ohbocgbkr LGCB y iks trobmhtm

tr obmhtms
s
Bmsgrrkiigbk pkr Emrgib Gppmi g nohgims bm ig bïcgbg bm 7?50, mi mi LGCB
LGCB (Lkvohe Gvmrgem
Ckhvmremhcm Bovmremhcm)
Bovmremhc m) ms uhk bm iks ohbocgbkrms lçs nglksks y usgbks mh mi ghçioso s tïchock y
ghçioso
sm utoiozg cklk kscoigbkr bm olpuisk. Rgi cklk su hkljrm sueomrm, mstm ohbocgbkr sm jgsg mh bks
lmbogs lóvoims y mh ig ckhvmremhcog k bovmremhcog bm mstgs lmbogs lóvoims.
Mi LGCB prkpkrcokhg ohnkrlgcoóh gcmrcg bmi olpuisk y ig tmhbmhcog mh mi lmrcgbk. Mi gulmhtk mh

mi vgikr bmi LGCB ohbocg qum mi olpuisk bmi prmcok mstç ohcrmlmhtçhbksm gi gizg. Cughbk mi LGCB
mstç cgymhbk mstk soehonocg qum mi olpuisk bmi prmcok mstç ohcrmlmhtçhbksm g ig jgfg. Ig tmhbmhcog
sm bmtmrlohg lmboghtm ig iìhmg bmi LGCB y su pksocoóh mh rmigcoóh ckh ig iìhmg
iìhm g cmhtrgi bmi ohbocgbkr.
Cughbk ig iìhmg bmi LGCB mstç grrojg bm ig iìhmg cmhtrgi prkjgjimlmhtm mi prmcok sm mhcumhtrg mh
uhg tmhbmhcog gicostg, lomhtrgs qum mi cklpkrtglomhtk kpumstk ckh ig iìhmg bmi LGCB bmjgfk bm ig
iìhmg cmhtrgi ohbocg qum mi prmcok mstç mh uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg.

Mi dostkerglg bmi LGCB num bmsgrrkiigbk pkr Rdklgs Gsprgy mh ig bïcgbg bm 7?40 pgrg ghtocopgr
igs sm÷gims mh mi ohbocgbkr.
LGCB
Mi LGCB cklk uh ohbo cgbkr bm tmhbmhcog
Mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 24 sm bmlumstrg cklk mi LGCB hks pumbm gyubgr g bmtmrlohgr ig
tmhbmhcog.
Cughbk ig iìhmg rçpobg bmi LGCB cruzg ig iìhmg cmhtrgi mh su lkvolomhtk gi gizg mi prmcok mstç
mhtrghbk mh uhg ngsm gicostg. Mh mstm cgsk, ig lgykrìg bm iks trgbmrs vgh g juscgr kpkrtuhobgbms
pgrg gjror pksocokhms bm cklprg mh mi lmrcgbk. Bmspuïs bm qum mi prmcok gicghzg uh lçxolk y
cklomhzg g jgfgr, ig iìhmg rçpobg bmi LGCB cruzg ig iìhmg cmhtrgi bmi ohbocgbkr mh uh lkvolomhtk g
ig jgfg mi cugi ohbocg qum mi prmcok mstç mhtrghbk mh uhg ngsm jgfostg. Cughbk mi lmrcgbk mstç mh
uhg mtgpg jgfostg, igs kpmrgcokhms bm vmhtg skh mi kjfmtovk lçs usugi bm iks trgbmrs. Dgy pmrokbks
mh qum mi lmrcgbk sm lumvm bm lghmrg igtmrgi dgcog grrojg y dgcog gjgfk y soh tmhbmhcog bmnohobg –
mstks skh iks lklmhtks qum pkhmh g prumjg g ig lgykrìg bm iks kpmrgbkrms y sus mstrgtmeogs bm
trgbohe.
Guhqum mi LGCB
LGCB hk ms uh ohohbocgbkr
bocgbkr bm
bmiolotgbk
iolotgbk pk
pkrr bks hovm
hovmims
ims mspmcì
mspmcìnocks
nocks (uh iì
iìlotm
lotm supmrokr y uh
iìlotm ohnmrokr) cklk ktrks kscoigbkrms (pkr mfmlpik, mi ZSO), mi hovmi emhmrgi bm ig iìhmg bmi LGCB
hks pumbm gyubgr g bmtmrlohgr cughbk ig tmhbmhcog bmi prmcok dg mhtrgbk mh ckhbocoóh bm
skjrmcklprg k skjrmvmhtg.
=7

m÷gims bmi ohb ocgbkr LGCB

Sm÷gims
Olgemh 24 - S
Sm÷gims
Sm÷gims bm tr gbohe bmi LGCB
Mi ohbocgbkr LGCB prkpkrcokhg bovmrsgs sm÷gims6
7. Sm÷gims bm cklprg/vmhtg cughbk ig iìhmg rçpobg cruzg ig iìhmg bm sm÷gi.

:. Sm÷gims bm cklprg/vmhtg cughbk mi dostkerglg LGCB gicghzg uh pock gicostg/jgfostg y
rmvomrtm su bormccoóh.
3. Sm÷gims bm gimrtg cughbk mi prmcok y mi LGCB sm lumvmh mh bormccokhms kpumstgs (mi prmcok
sujm lomhtrgs mi LGCB jgfg k vocmvmrsg). Mstks nmhólmhks sm ckhkcmh cklk bovmremhcogs.
Iks crucms bm ig iìhmg bm sm÷gi ckhnkrlgh igs sm÷gims lçs ckluhms bmi LGCB.
Mh mi erçnock ghtmrokr sm lgrcgrkh vgrogs sm÷gims bm cklprg y vmhtg usghbk mi dostkerglg LGCB.
Igs sm÷gims sm prkbucmh cughbk mi dostkerglg gicghzg uh pock gicostg/jgfostg y iumek sm gimfg bm
msm pock. Cughbk mi prmcok mstç mh uhg ngsm gicostg, mi trgbmr juscgrç gjror pksocokhms bm cklprg
burghtm iks rmtrkcmsks jgfostgs y igs sm÷gims bmi dostkerglg bmi LGCB pumbmh smrvor bm gyubg pgrg
mstm noh. Ik ckhtrgrok ms comrtk mh uhg ngsm jgfostg.
jgfostg . Mh mstm mfmlpik pkbmlks vmr mh igs ngsms gi
gicostgs
costgs
y jgfostgs bmi lmrcgbk qum igs sm÷gims bmi dostkerglg knrmcmh ig kpkrtuhobgb bm rmgiozgr jumhgs
kpmrgcokhms, guhqum hks dgyglks pmrbobk bmi cklomhzk bm ig tmhbmhcog.
Mi soeuomhtm erçnock lumstrg sm÷gims gbocokhgims prkvostgs pkr mi LGCB.
Gbmlçs bm igs ssm÷gims

m÷gims bm mh
mhtrgbg
trgbg y sgiobg qum prkpkrco
prkpkrcokhg
khg mi d
dostkerglg
ostkerglg bmi LGCB, mstm ohbocgb
ohbocgbkr
kr
cumhtg ckh ktrk ckhfuhtk bm sm÷gims qum sm kjsmrvg cughbk igs bks iìhmgs bmi LGCB sm cruzgh. Mi
crucm gi gizg ms uhg sm÷gi bm cklprg
cklp rg lomhtrgs qum ig sm÷gi
sm÷g i bm vmhtg kcurrm mh mi sujsmcumhtm crucm
cruc m
pkstmrokr g ig jgfg. Mstgs sm÷gims skh lçs mnmctovgs cughbk mi LGCB mstç mh skjrmcklprg k mh
skjrmvmhtg tgi cklk lumstrg mi erçnock bm ig olgemh 2?.
=:

So vmlks ig kpmrgcoóh bm cklprg qum sm lumstrg mh mi soeuomhtm erçnock, pkbmlks kjsmrvgr qum ig
sm÷gi bm cklprg ckhsostoó mh uh crucm gicostg bm igs iìhmgs bmi LGCB bmspuïs bmi puhtk C. Soh
bubg dgy uh gitk pktmhcogi bm jmhmnocoks mh mstg kpmrgcoóh, pmrk sm pumbm hktgr uhg ckrrmccoóh
bmspuïs bmi puhtk bm mhtrgbg. Mi prmcok rmgiozg uh rmtrkcmsk dgstg ig iìhmg ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm y
prumjg mi skpkrtm ghtms bm lkvmrsm gi gizg. Smeurglmhtm lucdks trgbmrs numrkh sgcgbks bmi
lmrcgbk mh mstg ckrrmccoóh jgfostg y tmrlohgrkh pmrbomhbk mi prohcopgi lkvolomhtk bmi prmcok.
]h trgbmr qum utoiozg trobmhtms prkjgjimlmhtm dgjrìg rmckhkcobk igs kscoigcokhms bmi prmcok mh iks
puhtks G, J y C y dgjrìg trgzgbk mi trobmhtm bm Sdonn lkbonocgbk qum sm lumstrg mh mi erçnock. Mh
iuegr bm mhtrgr gi lmrcgbk mh mi lklmhtk bmi crucm mh mi LGCB, mstm trgbmr ckikcgrìg uhg krbmh
bm cklprg mh ig iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm y lkvmrìg mstg krbmh g ik igrek bm ig iìhmg bmi
trobmhtm ckhnkrlm prkermsg mi tomlpk. Cughbk mi prmcok cgm y prumjg ig iìhmg bmi trobmhtm, ig krbmh
ms mfmcutgbg y mi trgbmr nohgilmhtm tomhm uhg pksocoóh bm cklprg mh mstm lmrcgbk.
Mi ckhcmptk nohgi qum vglks g vmr mh rmigcoóh gi LGCB y iks trobmhtms, ms ig bovmremhcog mhtrm ig
tmhbmhcog bmi prmcok y ig tmhbmhcog bmi LGCB qum sm prmsmhtg mh kcgsokhms. Mh mi soeuomhtm erçnock
pkbmlks hktgr cklk mi prmcok nkrlg uhg smrom bm gitks lçs gitks g ik igrek bm ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi
trobmhtm lomhtrgs qum mi LGCB nkrlg gitks lçs jgfks gi loslk tomlpk. Mstg bovmremhcog jgfostg
sueomrm qum ig tmhbmhcog gicostg gctugi pumbm mstgr iimeghbk g su nohgi. IG bovmremhcog gicostg sm
prkbucm cughbk mi prmcok mstç mh uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg lomhtrgs qum mi LGCB mstç rmgiozghbk gitks
lçs gitks (tmhbmhcog gicostg).
Sm÷gims bmi ohbocgbk r LGCB cklj ohgbgs ckh trob mhtms

Olgemh 2? - Sm÷gims
=3

Mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock (mstkc

(mstkcçstock
çstock imhtk) y iks trobmhtm
tro bmhtms
s
Mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock ms uh ohbocgbkr bmsgrrkiigbk pkr Emkrem C. Ighm g nohgims bm ig bïcgbg
bm 7?=0 ckh mi kjfmtovk bm lmbor mi olpuisk bmi prmcok.
Ighm bmscrojoó mstm grtìcuik bm ig soeuomhtm lghmrg6 ’Mi mstkcçstock lobm mi olpuisk bmi prmcok. So
vosugiozglks uh ckdmtm qum sujm mh mi gorm, ghtms bm qum pumbg jgfgr, bmjm rmbucor ig vmikcobgb. Mi
olpuisk somlprm cgljog bm bormccoóh ghtms bm prmcok.“
Mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh =0 sm bmlumstrg mstm ckhcmptk. So sm kjsmrvgh igs jgrrgs bmstgcgbgs
mh vmrbm, sm pumbm hktgr cklk mi prmcok sm bospgrg imfks bm ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm bm
Ghbrmws y sm lumvm c ckh
kh numrz
numrzg
g gi gizg
gizg.. Mi kscoi
kscoigbkr
gbkr mstk
mstkcçstock
cçstock s
sm
m lumvm d
dgcog
gcog grr
grrojg
ojg fuhtk ckh m
mii
prmcok, pmrk tmrlohg gicghzghbk mi hovmi bm skjrmcklprg y gi pkck tomlpk cklomhzg g lkvmrsm g ig
jgfg, ik qum ohbocg qum mi olpuisk bmi prmcok sm mstç bmsgcmimrghbk. ]hgs cughtgs jgrrgs bmspuïs
bmi pock gicostg mh mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock, mi prmcok cklomhzg g lkvmrsm dgcog gjgfk tgljoïh.
Mi tïrlohk mstkcçstock sm rmnomrm g ig ujocgcoóh bm uh prmcok gctugi mh rmigcoóh ckh su rghek bm

prmcoks burghtm uh pmrìkbk bm tomlpk. Mstm lïtkbk ohtmhtg prmbmcor iks puhtks bm ohnimxoóh bmi prmcok
cklpgrghbk mi prmcok bm comrrm bm uh gctovk ckh rmspmctk g su rghek bm prmcoks.
Jomh, »quï soehonocg msk; ^glks g cmhtrgrhks mh ig nrgsm, ’… cklpgrghbk mi prmcok bm comrrm bm uh
prmcoks“ . Mi ’hovmi bm prmcoks“ gi qum sm rmnomrm pumbm s mr mi rghek
gctovk ckh rmspmctk g su rghek bm prmcoks“.
bmhtrk bm uhg skig jgrrg bm prmcoks k mi rghek burghtm uh comrtk pmrìkbk bm tomlpk (vgrogs jgrrgs).
Cughbk dgjiglks bm uhg jgrrg bm prmc oks ohbovobugi cklk uh ohbocgtovk bm qum ’ ig mhmreìg bmi
prmcok ms bïjoi “ k ’ig mhmreìg bmi prmcok ms numrtm “, mi rghek bmi prmcok gi qum hks rmnmrolks ms
ióeocglmhtm uhg skig jgrrg. Pmrk cughbk dgjiglks bmi ohbocgbkr kscoigbkr mstkcçstock, hks
rmnmrolks g ig mhmreìg bmi prmcok burghtm uhg smrom bm jgrrgs. Mh gljks cgsks ms mi loslk ckhcmptk
bm mhmreìg bmi prmcok gpiocgbk g bostohtks lgrcks bm tomlpk.
Ig mhmreìg bmi prmcok bmhtrk bm uhg jgrrg ohbovobugi sm ckhsobmrg ’ numrtm“ cughbk ig jgrrg comrrg
cmrcg bm su puhtk lçs gitk. Mh mi soeuomhtm erçnock dmlks bmstgcgbk
bmst gcgbk mh vmrbm gieuhgs bm igs jgrrgs
bm prmcoks qum pkbrìgh smr ckhsobmrgbgs cklk sm÷gims bm nkrtgimzg. Pumbm hktgrsm qum dgy uhg
prmbklohghcog bm jgrrgs bm prmcok numrtms gi loslk tomlpk qum mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock gulmhtg
brçstocglmhtm.
Bmspuïs bm qum mi ohbocgbkr gicghzg uh lçxolk, vmlks qum mi prmcok tgljoïh cklomhzg g
rmtrkcmbmr. Mh mstm cgsk tmhmlks bks jgrrgs bïjoims mh igs cuçims mi prmcok cgm bmjgfk bm ig iìhmg
lmboghg supmrokr y pkstmrokrlmhtm sm lumvm bm lghmrg igtmrgi pkr uh tomlpk, fustk bmjgfk bm msg
iìhmg. Nohgilmhtm sm prkbucm uhg smrom bm jgrrgs bïjoims ghtms bm qum mi prmcok sm bmspiklm
brglçtocglmhtm.
=2

Olgemh =0 - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ckh kscoigbkr mstkcçstock usgbks pgrg ghgiozgr uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg
]h ohbocgbkr bmiolotgbk mhtrm bks hovmims nofks

Gi smr uh ohbocgbkr bmiolotgbk, mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock sm lghtomhm mh uh rghek mhtrm 0 y 700, ik
qum ngcoiotg ig obmhtonocgcoóh bm ckhbocokhms bm skjrmcklprg y skjrmvmhtg.
Ms olpkrtghtm rmckrbgr qum iks ohbocgbkrms gcktgbks mh uh rghek cklk mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock
pumbmh pmrlghmcmr mh ckhbocokhms bm skjrmcklprg y skjrmvmhtg pkr pmrokbks mxtmhsks mh
lmrcgbks qum prmsmhtgh numrtms tmhbmhcogs.
»C
»Cólk
ólk kpmrgr ckh mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock mh ckhfuhtk c kh iks trobmhtms;
Mxostmh bks tïchocgs prohcopgims pgrg kpmrgr ckh mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock6
Juscgr bovmremhcogs
cuçims skh sm÷gims bmmhtrm
sm÷gims ig ms
pksoji tmhbmhcog
cgljoksbmi
mh mstkcçstock
ig bormccoóh ybmi
ig lmrcgbk.
tmhbmhcog Bm
bmimstg
prmcok, igs
lghmrg,
so mi prmcok sm lumvm gi gizg, pmrk mi mstkcçstock cklomhzg g jgfgr, mstg bovmremhcog smrìg ig
sm÷gi pgrg cmrrgr pksocokhms bm cklprg y gjror pksocokhms bm vmhtg. So mi prmcok tomhm uhg
tmhbmhcog jgfostg y mi mstkcçstock prmsmhtg uh lkvolomhtk gicostg, mstg ms uhg sm÷gi pgrg qum
mi trgbmr comrrg sus pksocokhms bm vmhtg y gjrg pksocokhms bm cklprg. So mstgs bovmremhcogs
sm prkbucmh cughbk mi prmcok mstç cmrcg k mh gieuhg bm igs iìhmgs bmi trobmhtm, mi trgbmr bmjm
prmstgr gtmhcoóh yg qum ms prkjgjim qum sm prkbuzcg uhg olpkrtghtm rmgccoóh mh mi prmcok.
Pkr mfmlpik, so mi prmcok sujm y iimeg dgstg ig iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr bmi trobmhtm y gdo sm
nkrlg uhg bovmremhcog jgfostg mhtrm mi prmcok y mi mstkcçstock, y gbmlçs mi lmrcgbk hk ikerg
gtrgvmsgr ckh numrzg ig iìhmg bmi trobmhtm, pkbmlks gsulor qum mi prmcok pumbm cklmhzgr g
cgmr mh cugiquomr lklmhtk bmjobk g ig pïrbobg bm mhmreìg bmi lmrcgbk. Pkr supumstk qum
igs bovmremhcogs gicostgs k jgfostgs hk olpiocgh qum mi prmcok vg sujor k cgmr ohlmbogtglmhtm
cklk crmmh lucdks kpmrgbkrms prohcopoghtms, solpimlmhtm skh sm÷gims qum ohbocgh qum mi
prmcok pumbm cklmhzgr g lkvmrsm mh smhtobk ohvmrsk mh cugiquomr lklmhtk. Ghtms bm gjror
uhg pksocoóh, mi trgbmr bmjm juscgr gieuhg nkrlg bm ckhnorlgcoóh, tgi cklk ig gccoóh bmi
==

prmcok ckrrmspkhbomhtm qum lumstrm

l umstrm qum mi lmrcgbk mstç g puhtk bm sujor (mh uhg bo
bovmremhcog
vmremhcog
gicostg) k jgfgr (mh uhg bovmremhcog jgfostg).
• Cughbk mi prmcok sm mhcumhtrg mh uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg mstgjimcobg, mi trgbmr bmjm
mspmrgrr g qum mi ksc oigbkr mstkcçstoc k gicghcm iks ho vmim
mspmrg vmims
s bm skjr mcklprg, ik qum ms
gjror pksoc okhms bm vmhtg. Mstk ms mxgctglmhtm ik qum vmlks mh mi erçnock
uhg sm÷gi pgrg gjror
ghtmrokr6 mi prmcok mh mstm erçnock mstç mh uhg cigrg tmhbmhcog jgfostg
jgfos tg y mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock
dg gicghzgbk mi hovmi bm skjrmcklprg. Gbmlçs, mstg sm÷gi bm skjrmcklprg sm prkbucm
bmspuïs bm qum mi prmcok gicghzg ig iìhmg supmrokr bmi trobmhtm soh iimegr g gtrgvmsgrik ckh
numrzg. Ms lçs, mh mstg iìhmg mi prmcok
prmc ok mlpomzg g nkrlgr gitks lçs jgfks y bg sm÷gims bm qum
mh cugiquomr lklmhtk pumbm cgmr. Jgfk mstgs ckhbocokhms mi trgbmr smimccokhg uh puhtk bm
mhtrgbg qum ckhcumrbm ckh su pigh bm hmekcogcoóh (tglg÷k bmi stkp ikss, rmigcoóh bm
romsek/rmcklpmhsg, mtc.) y gjrm uhg pksocoóh bm vmhtg g ik igrek bm ig iìhmg lmboghg
supmrokr. Ig iìhmg
iìhmg lmboghg
lmboghg bmi tr obmhtm sm utoiozg cklk mi kjfmto vk bm tklg bm jmhmnocoks
y mi comrrm bm ig pksocoóh sm rmgiozg grrojg bm msm hovmi k, so mstglks kpmrghbk ckh
vgroks c khtrgtks, pkb mlks tkl gr eghghcogs
eghghcogs pgrcogims mh ig iìhmg lmboghg y lghtmhmr
pgrg kjtmhmr jmhmnocoks gboco khgims.
gjomrtg ig pksocoó h rmlghmhtm pgrg
• Cughbk mi prmcok sm mhcumhtrg mh uhg tmhbmhcog gicostg mstgjimcobg, mi trgbmr bmjm mspmrgr
g qum mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock gicghcm iks hovmims bm skjrmvmhtg, ik qum ms uhg sm÷gi pgrg
gjror pksocokhms bm cklprg. Mstg mstrgtmeog ms mxgctglmhtm ik ckhtrgrok bmi mfmlpik qum
volks mh mi puhtk ghtmrokr.
=>

Rrobmhtms usgbks fuhtk ckh Zmtrkcmsks y

Mxtmhsokhms bm Nojkhgcco
Iks rmtrkcmsks bm Nojkhgcco sm jgsgh mh ig obmg bm qum iks lmrcgbks rmgiozgh rmtrkcmsks bmi
prmcok qum rmprmsmhtgh uhg pgrtm prmbmcojim bm uh lkvolomhtk lgykr, y bmspuïs bm qum kcurrmh
mstks rmtrkcmsks mi prmcok ckhtohög mh ig bormccoóh kroeohgi.
]hg bm igs lghmrgs mh qum pkbmlks utoiozgr mstg dmrrglomhtg bm ghçiosos ms gyubgrhks g
smimccokhgr uh puhtk bm mhtrgbg g uhg tmhbmhcog mh cursk. Supkheglks qum qumrmlks gjror uhg
pksocoóh bm cklprg mh mi lmrcgbk lkstrgbk mh mi erçnock bm ig Olgemh =7, y pkr ik tghtk
cklmhzglks g juscgr uhg mhtrgbg gbmcugbg. Bgbk qum iks lmrcgbks nohghcomrks prmsmhtgh
tmhbmhcogs gicostgs y jgfostgs y lkvolomhtks bm ckrrmccoóh burghtm mstgs tmhbmhcogs, mspmrglks g
qum sm prkbuzcg uh rmtrkcmsk jgfostg qum hks prkpkrcokhm uh puhtk bm mhtrgbg lçs jgrgtk. Iks
rmtrkcmsks bm Nojkhgcco hks prkpkrcokhgh uhg lghmrg bm prmbmcor mh bkhbm mxostm uhg lgykr
prkjgjoiobgb bm qum ig ckrrmccoóh jgfostg bmi prmcok mhcumhtrm skpkrtm y rmvomrtg su bormccoóh pgrg
ckhtohugr ckh ig tmhbmhcog gicostg.
Mh mi soeuomhtm erçnock tmhmlks uhg smrom bm rmtrkcmsks bm Nojkhgcco qum sm trgzgrkh mh mi

lkvolomhtk gicostg bmi prmcok bmsbm mi puhtk G dgstg mi puhtk J. Prolmrk qum tkbk, pkbmlks hktgr
qum mstm mstubok sm gpiocg bmspuïs bm qum mi prmcok rmgiozg uh lkvolomhtk soehonocgtovk. Mi prmcok mh
mstm erçnock dg sujobk girmbmbkr bm $:0 mh > lmsms. Cughbk mi prmcok rmgiozg uh olpkrtghtm egp
jgfostg, sm trgzgh iks rmtrkcmsks bm Nojkhgcco y sm lghtomhm uhg voeoighcog skjrm ig zkhg bm
ohvmrsoóh bmi lkvolomhtk mhtrm iks hovmims :3.>% y >7.4%, g ig mspmrg bm qum mi prmcok mhcumhtrm
skpkrtm.
Iks hovmims bm Nojkhgcco qum sm vmh cklöhlmhtm mh uh rmtrkcmsk skh :3.>%, 34.:% y >7.4%. ]h
rmtrkcmsk bmi :3.>% ms pkck mxtmhsk m ohbocg qum ckhtohög ig nkrtgimzg mh ig tmhbmhcog
prmbklohghtm. Pkr ik emhmrgi iks trgbmrs qum utoiozgh mstg dmrrglomhtg juscgh rmtrkcmsks mh qum mi
prmcok iimeum g ig zkhg ujocgbg mhtrm iks hovmims 34.:% y >7.4%. Bmhtrk bm mstg zkhg bm rmtrkcmsk
sm mhcumhtrg mi hovmi =0%, mi cugi, guhqum hk ms uh hovmi bm Nojkhgcco, sm ohciuym mh ig lgykrìg bm
igs dmrrglomhtgs
bm Bkw mh bkhbm
Bkw bmmsghçiosos
vostk jgsgbgs
cklk uhmhhovmi
rmtrkcmsks bm Nojkhgcco.
crìtock pgrg Mi hovmi
bmtmrlohgr so ig =0% prkvomhm
tmhbmhcog bm ig
ig tmkrìg
prolgrog vg g
ckhtohugr k hk mh ig loslg bormccoóh bmspuïs bm qum mi prmcok dg tmhobk ig kpkrtuhobgb bm rmgiozgr
uh rmtrkcmsk.
Mh mi erçnock pkbmlks kjsmrvgr qum mi prmcok mstç bmjgfk bmi hovmi :3.>% y pkr ik tghtk uhg
ckrrmccoóh olpkrtghtm cigrglmhtm sm mstç bmsgrrkiighbk. Ig gccoóh bmi prmcok mh mi hovmi 34.:%
rmsuitg ohtmrmsghtm, yg qum tmhmlks uhg skig jgrrg qum mhckhtró skpkrtm fustk mhcolg bmi hovmi
34.:% y mi prmcok mh mstg jgrrg cmrró cmrcg bm su lçxolk. Cughbk mi prmcok comrrg cmrcg bm su hovmi
lçxolk mh uhg jgrrg bmtmrlohgbg sm ckhsobmrg cklk uh soehk bm nkrtgimzg.
Ig numrtm jgrrg gicostg y mi rmtrkcmsk bm Nojkhgcco bmi 34.:% pkbrìg ckhvmhcmrhks bm qum mi
rmtrkcmsk jgfostg dg nohgiozgbk (k cgso dg tmrlohgbk), y pkr ik tghtk ms smeurk mhtrgr gi lmrcgbk ckh
pksocokhms bm cklprg. Ig ckbocog y mi lombk skh numrzgs pkbmrksgs y mh mstm puhtk pkbrìgh
iimvgrhks g rmgiozgr mstg kpmrgcoóh y mhtrgr gi lmrcgbk – pmhsglks qum hmcmsotglks gjror uhg
=5

pksocoóh bm cklprg mh mstm lmrcgbk pgrg kjtmhmr erghbms eghghcogs (ckbocog) y so hk ik dgcmlks
pkbrìglks pmrbmr uhg mxcmimhtm kpkrtuhobgb (lombk) pkr hk dgjmr gctugbk g tomlpk. ^mglks so
pkbmlks lghtmhmr mstgs mlkcokhms jgfk ckhtrki pkr gdkrg y ckhtohugr ckh mi ghçiosos rgcokhgi bm
ik qum lumstrg mi erçnock.
Olgemh =7 - Zmtrkcmsks bm Nojkhgcco gpiocgbks g uh lkvolomhtk gicostg
Iks trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws prkpkrcokhgh uhg lghmrg nçcoi bm bmtmrlohgr mi mstgbk gctugi bm gctovk k
ohstrulmhtk nohghcomrk6 ig bormccoóh bm ig tmhbmhcog, zkhgs bm skpkrtm/rmsostmhcog, hovmi bm mhmreìg
y prmcoks kjfmtovk – tkbk sm mhcumhtrg gdì. Ióeocglmhtm cugiquomr trgbmr qumrrìg ckhtgr ckh mstg
ohnkrlgcoóh ghtms bm gjror uhg pksocoóh, y pkr ik tghtk mh ig Olgemh =: dmlks gfustgbk mi erçnock
bm prmcoks pgrg qum lumstrm uhg lgykr glpiotub bm ig gccoóh bmi prmcok y im dmlks gpiocgbk uh
trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws tgi cklk sm lumstrg.
Ckh mi trobmhtm prkpkrcokhghbk uh lgrck, mi lkvolomhtk
lk volomhtk jgfostg gctugi bmi prmcok sm vm lçs klohksk
bm ik qum gpgrmhtg mh mi erçnock ghtmrokr. Mh mstm cgsk, mi prmcok dg mstgjimcobk ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi
trobmhtm cklk uh hovmi bm skpkrtm, pmrk mstm skpkrtm ngiió brglçtocglmhtm bgbk qum mi prmcok sm
lkvoó ckh numrzg g ig jgfg y ik gtrgvmsó pkr lmbok bm uh egp jgfostg. Ckh jgsm mh igs rmeigs bmi usk
bm trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws, pkbmlks ghtocopgr qum mi prmcok gdkrg tomhm cklk kjfmtovk ig iìhmg ohnmrokr
bm mstm trobmhtm.
=4

Olgemh =: - Erçnock ckh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws y Zmtrkcmsk bm Nojkhgcco
Mh mi erçnock bm ig Olgemh =3, pkbmlks hktgr iks lçxolks ghtmrokrms (lgrcgbks ckh cìrcuiks mh
rkfk) iks cuçims sm usgh pgrg trgzgr uhg iìhmg dkrozkhtgi hmerg
h merg ig cugi gctög cklk uh hovmi bm skpkrtm
pktmhcogi. Ig jgrrg bm prmcoks lçs rmcomhtm comrrg fustk grrojg bm mstm hovmi ik qum sueomrm qum bm
dmcdk pkbrìg dgjmr uh skpkrtm mh mstg zkhg.
Olgemh
Olg Ghbrmws c kh rmtrkcmsks bm Nojkhgcco y skpkrtm dkr ozkhtgi
emh =3 - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws
Mh mi erçnock bm ig Olgemh =2, sm g÷gbm mi ohboc gbkr LGCB

LGCB y sm pumbm hktgr qum dgy uhg
bovmremhcog mhtrm mi prmcok y mi ohbocgbkr. Pkbmlks vmr cklk mi prmcok nkrlg uh gitk lçs gitk
=?

lomhtrgs qum mi LGCB rmgiozg uh gitk lçs jgfk. Mstg bonmrmhcog mh cklpkrtglomhtk (bovmremhcog)
sueomrm qum ig rmcomhtm tmhbmhcog gicostg bmi prmcok mstç iimeghbk g su noh. So ig tmhbmhcog mstgjg
skik rmgiozghbk uhg pgusg ghtms bm ckhtohugr lkvoïhbksm lçs gitk, hk mspmrgrìglks vmr ig gccoóh
bmi prmcok y mi LGCB bovmreor bm nkrlg tgh brglçtocg. Guhqum uh hovmi bm rmtrkcmsk bm Nojkhgcco
bmi 34.:% pumbm vmrsm cklk uhg zkhg rgzkhgjim pgrg qum sm prkbuzcg uhg pgusg g lotgb bm ig
tmhbmhcog, bmjobk g igs sm÷gims lkstrgbgs pkr mi trobmhtm y mi LGCB pgrmcm rgzkhgjim mspmrgr uhg
lgykr cgìbg bmi prmcok gi nohgi
no hgi bm uhg tmhbmhcog gicostg qum ms prkjgjimlmhtm
prkjgjiml mhtm ik qum mstglks vomhbk
gcç.
Mi LGCB hks prkpkrcokhg sm÷gims jgfostgs gbocokhgims mh mi erçnock bm ig olgemh =2. Igs iìhmgs bmi
LGCB mstçh cruzghbk bmjgfk bm ig iìhmg cmhtrgi (iìhmg cmrk) bmi ohbocgbkr, pkr ik tghtk, mi prmcok
mstç bmfghbk su ngsm gicostg y mstç cklmhzghbk g mhtrgr mh uhg ngsm jgfostg (ckh jgsm mh mstm
ohbocgbkr). Rgljoïh pkbmlks hktgr iks rmcomhtms puhtks lìholks mh mi LGCB y kjsmrvgr qum
mstglks jgstghtm imfks pkr mhcolg bm mstm hovmi mh ig gctugiobgb. Mxostm lucdk mspgcok mh mstm
ohbocgbkr pgrg qum cgoeg y ckhtohöm jgfghbk ghtms bm iimegr gi hovmi mh mi qum sm dg prkbucobk
skpkrtm mh mi pgsgbk.
Olgemh =2 - Rrobmhtm LGCB

Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ck h rmtrkc msks bm Nojkhgcco y bovmre mhcog mhtrm mi prmcok y LGCB
Cigrk mstç, somljrm ms pksojim qum mstm lmrcgbk mhtrm mh uhg humvg ngsm gicostg qum vg g olpuisgr
mi prmcok göh lçs gitk bmspuïs bmi rmtrkcmsk dgstg mi hovmi 34.:%. Dgy gieuhgs sm÷gims gicostgs mh
iks erçnocks qum pkbrìglks usgr cklk fustonocgcoóh pgrg rmgiozgr uhg kpmrgcoóh bm cklprg. Hk
kjstghtm, igs sm÷gims jgfostgs skh lçs numrtms qum igs sm÷gims jgfostgs y pkr ik tghtk ik lçs
rmcklmhbgjim ms mspmrgr g qum mi prmcok jgfm gi lmhks dgstg mi hovmi bm rmtrkcmsk bm Nojkhgcco
>7.4% ghtms bm grromsegr humstrk bohmrk ckh uhg pksocoóh bm cklprg. Bm mstg lghmrg, vglks g
prmsmrvgr humstrk cgpotgi bm ohvmrsoóh pkr gdkrg y bmfgr qum mi lmrcgbk hks lumstrm mi cglohk qum
vg g smeuor.
>0

Mxtmhsokh
Mxtmhsokh ms bm Nojkhgcco
Nojkhgcco y tr obmhtm
obmhtms
s
Mh mi soeuomhtm erçnock (Olgemh ==) tmhmlks uh trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk qum bmscrojm uhg
tmhbmhcog jgfostg mh ig pigtg. Bmspuïs bm qum mi prmcok cgm y gtrgvomsg ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm
dgstg iimegr gi puhtk J, mspmrglks g qum sm prkbuzcg uh rmtrkcmsk dgstg igi g iìhmg lmboghg y gjrolk
gjrolkss
uhg pksocoóh bm vmhtg mh mi puhtk C.
Ckh jgsm mh igs rmeigs bmi usk bm trobmhtms, sgjmlks qum bmspuïs bm qum mi prmcok cgm pkr bmjgfk
bm ig iìhmg lmboghg, mi soeuomhtm kjfmtovk
kjfmt ovk bmi prmcok ms ig iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr.
ohnmrok r. Bmjobk g qum dmlks
dmlk s
hktgbk mi lkvolomhtk olpuisovk bmsbm G dgstg J, gpiocglks ig dmrrglomhtg bm mxtmhsokhms bm
Nojkhgcco pgrg kjtmhmr uhg smeuhbg ckhnorlgcoóh bmi kjfmtovk pktmhcogi bmi prmcok pgrg mstm
lkvolomhtk.
So mstuvoïrglks kpmrghbk ckh skik uh ckhtrgtk, pkbrìglks lkstrgrhks ckhsmrvgbkrms y gsulor qum
mi prmcok skik vg g gicghzgr ig mxtmhsoóh >7.4% bmi lkvolomhtk bm G dgstg J. Pkr ik tghtk,
ckikcgrìglks humstrg krbmh bm sgiobg pgrg cmrrgr ig pksocoóh y rmckemr iks jmhmnocoks mh msm hovmi y
mspmrgrìglks g qum mi prmcok jgfm dgstg msg zkhg. Mh mstm mfmlpik pumbm hktgr cklk mi kjfmtovk ms
gicghzgbk ckh rgpobmz – mi prmcok dg cgìbk $3.50 mh lmhks bm uh lms y msk hks pmrlotm cmrrgr ig
pksocoóh ckh uhg jumhg eghghcog.
Pmrk so dujoïrglks
pgrcogims mstgbk bmfghbk
mh mi hovmi >7.4%, kpmrghbkqum ckhmi löitopims ckhtrgtks,
rmstk bm ig pksocoóh pkbrìglks dgjmr tklgbk
ckhtohöm gculuighbk jmhmnocoks
eghghcogs ckh
mi lkvolomhtk jgfostg. Mi kjfmtovk nohgi bm ig kpmrgcoóh smrìg ig iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm y mi
hovmi 700% bm igs mxtmhsokhms bm Nojkhgcco.
Olgemh == - Rrobmhtm bm Scdonn y mxtmhsokhms bm Nojkhgcco cklk kjfmtovks bm jmhmnocoks
Mh mi erçnock qum sm lumstrg g ckhtohugcoóh ( Olgemh =>), sm pumbm kjsmrvgr ktrk lkvolomhtk
soehonocgtovk
soehonocgto vk bmi prmcok bmsbm mi puhtk G dgstg mi puhtk J. Humvglmhtm, mi prmcok rmg
rmgiozg
iozg uh rmtrkcmsk
>7

dgstg mi puhtk C y prumjg ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm. Mi prmcok kjfmtovk ckhsmrvgbkr mh mi hovmi
>7.4% ckohcobm ckh ig iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm mh mstg kpmrgcoóh. Pkr ik tghtk, lghtmhmr
gjomrtg ig pksocoóh uh 700% mh mstg kcgsoóh ms lçs grromsegbk bmjobk g qum mi prmcok tomhm qum
cgmr y gtrgvmsgr uh numrtm skpkrtm mh ig iìhmg ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm ghtms bm gicghzgr mi kjfmtovk.
Olgemh => - Rrobmhtm bm Scdonn y mxtmhsokhms bm Nojkhgcco prkvmymhbk kjfmtovks bm jmhmnocoks mh mi erçnock
Mh mi erçnock bm ig Olgemh =5 gsulglks qum pmrbolks mi lkvolomhtk olpuisovk jgfostg qum sm
prkbufk bmsbm G dgstg J y hk mhtrglks ckh uhg kpmrgcoóh bm vmhtg girmbmbkr bmi puhtk C. Soh
mljgrek, ghgiozglks mstm erçnock y ckhciuolks qum mi prmcok prkjgjimlmhtm vg g rmjktgr gi lmhks
uh pkck bmspuïs bm gicghzgr mi hovmi bm mxtmhsoóh 700%.
Pgrg smr lçs ckhsmrvgbkrms, sm pkbrìg ckikcgr uhg krbmh bm mhtrgbg mh ig iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr
bmi trobmhtm rkfk. Mstg iìhmg sm mhcumhtrg bmjgfk bmi hovmi bm mxtmhsoóh 700%, pmrk mh mstm cgsk sm
mspmrg qum mi prmcok gicghcm ig iìhmg lmboghg bmi trobmhtm tgi cklk prmbocm Ghbrmws. Gi loslk
tomlpk mstglks gi tghtk qum erghbms pgrtocopghtms
pgrtocopgh tms bmi lmrcgbk pkbrìgh mlpufgr mi prmcok lçs gjgfk
dgstg ig iìhmg ohnmrokr bmi trobmhtm y göh lçs giiç mh uh msnumrzk pkr gctovgr igs órbmhms stkp ikss
qum sm mhcumhtrgh fustk pkr bmjgfk bmi hovmi bm skpkrtm dkrozkhtgi.
Pumbm hktgrsm qum mi hovmi bm skpkrtm/rmsostmhcog ckohcobm ckh mi hovmi 700% bmi mstubok bm
mxtmhsokhms bm Nojkhgcco gpiocgbk mh mi erçnock. Mi hovmi bm skpkrtm pktmhcogi dkrozkhtgi prkpkrcokhg
ktrg rgzóh pgrg mspmrgr ktrk rmjktm bmi prmcok mh mi hovmi bm Nojkhgcco usgbk cklk kjfmtovk.
>:

Pksoj im kpmrgcoóh bm ck lprg ckh nkrlm mi prmcok rmjktg mh mi hovmi 700% bm igs mxtmhsok hms bm Nojkhgcco
Olgemh =5 - Pksoj
>3

Mstrgtmeogs
Mstrgtm eogs b
bmm R
Rrgbohe
rgbohe ckh mi Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws
Ghbrmws
Mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws , uh ohbocgbkr bm ghçiosos tïchock glpioglmhtm ckhkcobk qum cklöhlmhtm
tgljoïh sm bmhklohg cklk ’iìhmgs lmboghgs ’, ms uhg bm igs dmrrglomhtgs bm trgbohe
lçs vmrsçtoims bospkhojims.
Mh mstm grtìcuik, mxpikrgrmlks iks ckhcmptks jçsocks bm mstm ohbocgbkr y igs mstrgtmeogs qum pumbm
utoiozgr mi trgbmr pgrg obmhtonocgr olpkrtghtms hovmims bm skpkrtm y rmsostmhcog.
Ig ohsporgcoóh
ohspor gcoóh pgrg mi
mi trobmhtm
tr obmhtm bm Ghbrmws
Ghbrmws
Mi Br. Gigh Ghbrmws sm ohsporó mh Zkemr Jgjskh pgrg ig crmgcoóh bm ig dmrrglomhtg qum iimvg su
hkljrm.
Jgjskh bmsgrrkiió mi ckhcmptk bm iìhmgs bm gccoóh/rmgccoóh bmspuïs bm prmsmhcogr uhg olpkrtghtm

ckrrmccoóh bmi lmrcgbk g prohcopoks bmi soeik TT.
Bmspuïs bm vmr cólk loims bm loiikhms bm bóigrms sm mvgpkrgjgh mh mi gorm, Jgjskh crmìg qum sus
iìhmgs bm gccoóh/rmgccoóh mrgh uhg lmbobg prmvmhtovg pgrg iks nuturks ohvmrsokhostgs pktmhcogims gi
prkpkrcokhgr sm÷gims bm gccoóh bmi prmcok pgrg zkhgs mxtrmlgs bm skpkrtm y rmsostmhcog mh mi
lmrcgbk.
Gi oeugi qum

qum Ghbrm
Ghbrmw,
w, Jgjsk
Jgjskh
h tgljoïh sm ohspo
ohsporó
ró mh ktrg pmrskhg j
jroiightm6
roiightm6 Osggc Hmw
Hmwtkh.
tkh.
Igs iìhmgs bm Jgjskh sm ohsporgrkh mh igs kjrgs bm Osggc Hmwtkh y igs imyms bm ig ergvmbgb. Ig
lgykrìg bm iks ckhcmptks bmi trobmhtm s m cmhtrgh mh tkrhk g ig tmrcmrg imy bm Hmwtkh, qum bocm6 ’Pkr
cgbg gccoóh, dgy uhg rmgccoóh oeugi y kpumstg“.
Mh pkcgs pgigjrgs, Ghbrmw sm ohsporó mh Jgjskh, quomh tgljoïh sm ohsporó mh Hmwtkh.
»Pkr quï ms olpkrtghtm sgjmr mstk;

mst k; Mi dmcdk ms qum, so jomh mi trobmhtm
trobmht m bm Ghbrmws pgrmcm giek qum
pkbrìg
qum sm dgjmr crmgbk
im dg bgbk uh mstuboghtm
lucdg gtmhcoóh. ohtmioemhtm bm cugrtk ergbk, ms uhg dmrrglomhtg bm trgbohe g ig
Bmscropcoó
Bmscro pcoó h bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbr
Ghbrmmws
^kivomhbk gi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws, pkbmlks bmnohor mstm ohbocgbkr cklk uhg iìhmg lmboghg ckh uhg
iìhmg pgrgimig supmrokr m ohnmrokr, trgzgbgs mh mi erçnock bm prmcoks.
Mi erçnock bm ig olgemh =4 qum sm lumstrg g ckhtohugcoóh, oiustrg uh mfmlpik bm uhg iìhmg lmboghg
k Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws gpiocgbk gi erçnock bm prmcoks bm ig gccoóh bm Gppim.
>2

Gppim. Pigtgnkrlg Rrgbohevomw

Olgemh =4 - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws mh erçnoc k bm prmcok s bm Gppim.
Lgrck
Lg rck s bm tomlpk y lmrcgbks mh qum sm pumbm gpiocgr mi trobmhtm
tro bmhtm bm
Gh b r mw
mwss
Mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws nuhcokhg mh cugiquomr lgrck bm tomlpk. Mstk, pkr supumstk, pumbm gjgrcgr
bmsbm erçnocks bm tocs dgstg erçnocks bm 7 lms, ms bmcor bmsbm lgrcks bm tomlpk bm ckrtk pigzk
dgstg lgrcks bm tomlpk bm igrek pigzk. Mstk pmrlotm qum mi ohbocgbkr nuhcokhm jomh pgrg igs
kpmrgcokhms bm bgytrgbohe y igs ohvmrsokhms g igrek pigzk.
Mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws tgljoïh sm pumbm gpiocgr mh cugiquomr lmrcgbk, ohciuymhbk gccokhms, pgrms
bm bovosgs, nuturks, croptklkhmbgs, mtc.
»C
»Cklk
klk trgzg
trgzgrr mi trobmhtm
tro bmhtm bm Ghbr mws mh mi
mi er çnock;
Iks trgbmrs bmjmh obmhtonocgr iks puhtks ckrrmctks g ig dkrg bm ghgiozgr mi lmrcgbk y kpmrgr ckh mstm
ohbocgbkr, yg qum mi ïxotk k mi nrgcgsk gi ohtmrprmtgr igs sm÷gims qum emhmrg bmpmhbm mh ergh lmbobg
bm cólk sm trgzgh igs iìhmgs lmboghgs.
Mh ig lgykrìg bm iks cgsks, mi trgzgbk bm igs iìhmgs lmboghgs ms jgstghtm sujfmtovk, pmrk ckh ig
prçctocg, sm pumbm bmsgrrkiigr ig ckhnoghzg rmqumrobg. ]h lïtkbk jgstghtm solpim ms obmhtonocgr iks
puhtks bm povktm y bmspuïs gfustgr igs iìhmgs lmboghgs pgrg mhcgpsuigr ig gccoóh bmi prmcok ckh mi
lgykr hovmi bm prmcosoóh.
Pgrg trgzgr mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws sm bmjmh smeuor iks soeuomhtms pgsks6
• Ik prolmrk ms obmhtonocgr uh puhtk bm kscoigcoóh mh mi erçnock bm prmcoks, yg smg lçxolk k
• lìholk, qumpgsk
Mi soeuomhtm smg soehonocgtovk,
ms trgzgr uhgmiiìhmg
cugi bmsbm
bmsoehgrmlks
mi puhtk cklk Puhtk
G dgstg G.
mi soeuomhtm puhtk bm kscoigcoóh
olpkrtghtm qum bmhklohgrmlks cklk Puhtk J .
>=

• Mi tmrcmr pgsk ms trgzgr uhg iìhmg bmsbm uh puhtk bm kscoigcoóh qum smg olpkrtghtm y qum
dgyg lgrcgbk mi cklomhzk bm ig tmhbmhcog gctugi qum mstglks ghgiozgbk (mstm puhtk ik
bmhklohglks Puhtk C). Mstg iìhmg bmjm pgsgr pkr mi lmbok bm ig iìhmg qum uhm g iks puhtks
G y J. Mstg humvg iìhmg
iìhmg sm bmsoe
bmsoehg
hg cklk ig Iìhmg Lmboghg Cmhtrgi k mi lghek bmi trobmhtm
qum sm nkrlg gi kjsmrvgr mi erçnock.
• Pkr öitolk, sm trgzgh bks iìhmgs qum smgh pgrgimigs g ig Iìhmg Lmboghg Cmhtrgi y qum bmjmh
pgsgr pkr iks puhtks G y J. Ckh mstk yg tmhmlks mi trobmhtm iostk tgi cklk sm prmsmhtg mh iks
erçnocks lkstrgbks mh mstm grtìcuik.
Mstrgtmeogs bm tr
trgbohe
gbohe bmsgrrkii
bmsgrrk iigbg
gbgs
s pgrg mi trob mhtm bm Ghbrmws
Dgy lucdgs mstrgtmeogs bm trgbohe bonmrmhtms qum pumbmh ckhstruorsm usghbk ig dmrrglomhtg bmi
trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws.
Smeöh Gigh D. Ghbrmws, igs soeuomhtms sm÷gims jgsgbgs mh mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws usugilmhtm
tomhmh uhg gitg prkjgjoiobgb bm ïxotk y pumbmh usgrsm pgrg ckhstruor uhg mstrgtmeog bm trgbohe.
• Mi prmcok gicghzgrç ig öitolg iìhmg lmboghg

• Mi prmcok ohvmrtorç su bormccoóh gi gicghzgr ig iìhmg lmboghg k sm lkvmrç g trgvïs bm miig.
• Cughbk iks prmcoks pgsgh g trgvïs bm ig iìhmg lmbog, ig lgykrìg bm igs vmcms, iks prmcoks
•
rmtrkcmbmh
Cughbk y sm lumvmh
mi prmcok ohvomrtm humvglmhtm
su bormccoóh dgstg ig iìhmg
ghtms bm lmboghg
gicghzgr ig iìhmg lmboghg, ms prkjgjim qum mi
prmcok sm lumvg mh ig bormccoóh kpumstg
• Iks prmcoks rmvmrtorçh su bormccoóh mh cugiquomr iìhmg lmboghg.
]hk bm iks prohcopgims ngctkrms qum ngvkrmcmh igs iìhmgs lmboghgs y mi usk bm iks trobmhtms bm
Ghbrmws ms qum vgroks mstuboks dgh bm
bmlkstrgbk
lkstrgbk mi dmcdk bm qum mxostm uh 40% b
bm
m prkjgjoiobg
prkjgjoiobgb
b bm
qum sm culpig cugiquomrg bm igs rmeigs bm Ghbrmws ohbocgbgs ghtmrokrlmhtm.
»Giek bm mstk tomhm smhtobk; Prkjgjimlmhtm bm prolmrg mhtrgbg ig rmspumstg ms hk.
Pgrg mxpiocgr lçs cigrglmhtm mstks ckhcmptks, dgjigrmlks bm cugtrk lghmrgs solpims mh igs qum
pkbmlks kpmrgr ckh mstg dmrrglomhtg ckljohghbk igs rmeigs ghtmrokrms.
Ig rmeig bm
bmii ngiik bmi
b mi prmcok
]hg tïchocg bm Gigh Ghbrmws ms ig rmeig bmi ngiik bmi prmcok qum lucdks trgbmrs bmsckhkcmh y
qum, cklk vmrmlks lçs gbmightm, bmstgcg pkr su solpiocobgb.
Ig rmeig bmi ngiik bmi prmcok num jomh bkculmhtgbg y mxpiocgbg pkr Ekrbkh BmZkks, mh su iojrk,
’Rrgbohe Uotd Rdm Potcdnkra ’.
Ig rmeig bm ig ngiig bmi prmcok kjioeg gi trgbmr g kjsmrvgr ik qum iks prmcoks hk mstçh dgcomhbk, mh
iuegr bm smeuor g ig lghgbg.
Ms glpioglmhtm ckhkcobk pgrg iks smeuobkrms bm mstm mhnkqum bm hmekcogcoóh qum iks prmcoks
ergvotgh dgcog ig iìhmg lmboghg mi 40% bmi tomlpk. ]hg vmz mh ig iìhmg lmboghg, dgy bks
pksojoiobgbms6 mi prmcok gtrgvmsgrç ig iìhmg lmboghg k ohvmrtorç su bormccoóh.
>>

Ckh ig rmeig bmi ngiik bmi prmcok, iks kpmrgbkrms

kpmrgbkrms sm mhnkcgh mh mi ngctkr bm cughbk mi prmcok
hk gic ghzg ig iìhmg lmbog.
Mh mstm cgsk, mi trgbmr mspmrg g qum mi prmcok ohvomrtg su bormccoóh cmrcg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg y qum
sm prkbuzcg uh numrtm lkvolomhtk mh smhtobk ckhtrgrok.
Mfmlpik rmgi
Mi erçnock qum sm lumstrg g ckhtohugcoóh mh ig olgemh =? oiustrg ig rmeig bmi ngiik bmi prmcok ckh mi
MRN WWW bm PkwmrSdgrms. Gquì, pkbmlks vmr uh trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws bmscmhbmhtm qum mhcgpsuig
luy jomh ig tmhbmhcog jgfostg. Mh mstm mscmhgrok, ig sgjoburìg ckhvmhcokhgi bocm juscgr uhg pksocoóh
ckrtg.
Lmtkbki keìg bmi ngiik bmi prmcok p grg kpmrgr ckh tr obmhtms
Olgemh =? - Lmtkbki
Soh mljgrek, pumbm kjsmrvgrsm cólk mi prmcok rmjktg dgcog grrojg y dgcog gjgfk mhtrm ig iìhmg
lmboghg cmhtrgi y ig iìhmg lmboghg mxtmrhg supmrokr. Mi rmjktm nohgi bmsbm ig iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr
kroeohg uh lkvolomhtk jgfostg mh bkhbm mi prmcok hk ckhsoeum iimegr dgstg ig iìhmg lmboghg cmhtrgi
– uh ngiik bmi prmcok. Mstk mvmhtugilmhtm iimvg g uhg ohvmrsoóh gicostg bmi prmcok jgstghtm numrtm.
Pgrg lucdks kpmrgbkrms, mstk smeurglmhtm dgjrìg sobk uhg skrprmsg ghtm mi rmpmhtohk cgljok bm
bormccoóh mh iks lmrcgbks qum iimvó g uh ’sdkrt sqummzm
sqummzm“ uhg vmz qum mi prmcok supmró iks hovmims
lçxolks bogroks.
Mi lïtkbk bm ig iìhmg loh

loho-lmboghg
o-lmboghg
Mi lïtkbk bm ig iìhmg loho-lmboghg olpiocg bojufgr bks iìhmgs lmboghgs kpumstgs. Cklk sueomrm
su hkljrm, ig iìhmg loho-lmboghg ms lçs pmqum÷g mh gicghcm y sm÷gig uh lkvolomhtk ckhtrgrok g
ig dmrrglomhtg bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws prolgrok.
>5

Ktrk gspmctk öhock bm iks lïtkbks bm ig iìhmg loho-lmboghg ms qum iks prmcoks bm comrrm sm utoiozgh
mh iuegr bm iks prmcoks gitks k jgfks.
]hg vmz qum sm trgzg uhg iìhmg lmboghg ckhtrgrog u kpumstg skjrm = g 70 jgrrgs, ig iìhmg loho-
lmboghg sm pumbm usgr cklk uhg sm÷gi bm mhtrgbg pgrg ig gpmrturg bm uhg pksocoóh. Fuhtk ckh ig
dmrrglomhtg bm ig iìhmg loho-lmboghg, tgljoïh hmcmsotglks trgzgr uhg iìhmg pgrgimig bmsiozghtm.
Mfmlpik rmgi
Pkbmlks vmr uh mfmlpik rmgi bmi lïtkbk bm ig iìhmg loho-lmboghg mh ig olgemh >0. Ig pmhbomhtm
emhmrgi bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws prolgrok sueomrm qum iks prmcoks ckhtohugrçh sujomhbk.
Rrobmhtm bm Ghbr mws bkh bm sm dg gpiocgbk mi lïtkbk bm ig loho -lmboghg

Olgemh >0 - Rrobmhtm
Cklk sm pumbm vmr, dgy bks iìhmgs loho-lmboghgs mh mi erçnock. Ohocogilmhtm, uhg vmz qum mi prmcok
rklpm gi gizg ig prolmrg iìhmg loho-lmboghg, sujm ckh numrzg y nkrlg uh egp k jrmcdg gicostg mh mi
lmrcgbk bm ergh glpiotub, iimeghbk ohciusk dgstg ig iìhmg lmboghg cmhtrgi bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws
prolgrok.
Pkstmrokrlmhtm, mi prmcok rmtrkcmbm y nkrlg ktrg iìhmg loho-lmboghg. ]hg vmz qum sm rklpm mstg
iìhmg gi gizg, mi prmcok sujm ckh numrzg uh =% dgstg ig
i g iìhmg lmboghg cmhtrgi bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws
prolgrok.
Mstks skh skik bks mfmlpiks bm cólk pumbm usgr igs tmhbmhcogs bmhtrk bm uhg tmhbmhcog pgrg
obmhtonocgr kpkrtuhobgbms bm cklprg y vmhtg.
Mi lïtkbk bm ig gcco
gcco óh bmi prmcok pighg (soh
(soh t mhbmhcog)
Mh mi lïtkbk bm ig gccoóh bmi prmcok pighg , mi trgbmr bmjm mspmrgr g qum mi prmcok sm bmtmheg
cmrcg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg.
>4

Mstm lïtkbk sumim smr ohbocgtovk bm qum ms prkjgjim qum iks prmcoks cgljomh bm bormccoóh y ms uh
prolk bmi lïtkbk bmi ngiik bmi prmcok . Ig öhocg bonmrmhcog ms qum mi lïtkbk bmi ngiik bmi prmcok hk
rmquomrm ckhskiobgcoóh bm iks prmcoks ghtms bm ig gpmrturg bm uhg pksocoóh.
Mfmlpik rmgi bm kpmrgcoóh jgfostg

Pkbmlks vmr uh mfmlpik rmgi bm uhg kpmrgcoóh bm vmhtg ckh mi lïtkbk bm ig gccoóh bmi prmcok pighg mh ig
ol gemh >
>7
7.
Mfmlpik b m kpmrgcoóh bm vmhtg ckh Lïtkbk b m Gccoóh bmi Prmcok Pighg

Olgemh >7 - Mfmlpik
Gquì pkbmlks vmr mi numrtm lkvolomhtk gicostg qum sm prkbucm bmsb

bmsbm
m mi povktm ohnmrokr y cklk iks
prmcoks hk ckhsoeumh rklpmr ig iìhmg lmboghg cmhtrgi bm lghmrg ckhvohcmhtm. Pkck bmspuïs, mi
lmrcgbk cklomhzg g lkvmrsm mh uh rghek bm ckhskiobgcoóh mhtrm 35.4? y 3=.=0. Mi rklpolomhtk
jgfostg bmi hovmi
puhtk povktm ohnmrokr
ohnmrokr, mh bmi rghek mh 3=.=0, mhvìg iks prmcoks bm rmermsk gi tmrcmr puhtk povktm, mi
:?.>=.
>?

Mfmlpik rmgi bm kpmrgcoóh gicostg

G ckhtohugcoóh, pkbmlks vmr uh mfmlpik rmgi bm uhg kpmrgcoóh bm cklprg
cklprg ckh mi lïtkbk bm ig gccoóh bmi
prmcok pighg mh ig olgemh >:.
Mfmlpik b m kpmrgcoóh bm vmhtg ckh Lïtkbk b m Gccoóh bmi Prmcok Pighg

Olgemh >: - Mfmlpik
Mh mstm mfmlpik, iks prmcoks prmsmhtgh uh bmscmhsk ckhstghtm bmsbm mi tmrcmr puhtk povktm. Pkck
bmspuïs, mi lmrcgbk sm ckhskiobg burghtm uh pmrokbk mh bkhbm mi prmcok sm lumvm gi gizg y ig jgfg
kscoighbk mh uh rghek bmnohobk bm prmcoks mhtrm 5=.?? y 5:.:5.
Ig rupturg gi gizg bm mstm rghek kroeohg uh numrtm lkvolomhtk gicostg qum gicghzg mi tmrcmr puhtk
povktm, mi puhtk povktm supmrokr, mh 5?.25.
Kpmrgcokhms bm bgytrgbohe ckh mstm mhnkqum

Igs kpmrgcokhms bm bgytrgbohe ckh mstm mhnkqum pumbmh smr uh rmtk. Mstk sm bmjm g qum ig
ckhskiobgcoóh g lmhubk sm iimvg g cgjk g ig lotgb bmi bìg, bkhbm mi lmrcgbk sm rgimhtozg.
Pkr ik tghtk, so uh kpmrgbkr pomhsg usgr mstm pgtróh pgrg rmgiozgr kpmrgcokhms bm bgytrgbohe, bmjm
cklmhzgr g juscgr sm÷gims mh igs prolmrgs dkrgs bm ig tgrbm, girmbmbkr bm igs : pl, pgrg
gprkvmcdgr iks rklpolomhtks bm nohgi bmi bìg.
Bovm
Bovmremhcogs
remhcogs mhtrm mi
mi tr obmhtm bm Ghbrmws
Ghbrmws y mi prmcok u k trks ohbo cgbkrms
tïchocks
Ktrg nkrlg bm kpmrgr ckh ig dmrrglomhtg bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ms juscgr bovmremhcogs mhtrm mi
trobmhtm y ktrk ohbocgbkr k mi prmcok.
50

Bovmremhco gs mhtrm mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws

Bovmremhcogs Ghb rmws y mi ZSO
Mh mstm prolmr mfmlpik (olgemh >3), pkbmlks vmr cólk sm nkrló ig bovmremhcog jgfostg mh bkhbm
mi prmcok sujoó y nkrló uh gitk lçs gitk, lomhtrgs qum mi ohbocgbkr ZSO nkrló uh gitk lçs jgfk.
Bmspuïs bm qum mi prmcok gicghzó mstm lçxolk, sm mstghcó cmrcg bm 7>.>0, dgstg qum nohgilmhtm mi
lmrcgbk rklpoó g ig jgfg g trgvïs bm ig iìhmg lmboghg ohnmrokr iumek bm ig ngiig bmi prmcok.
ZSO
Olgemh >3 - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ckh bovmremhc og jgfostg mhtrm mi prmcok y mi ZSO
Mh mi soeuomhtm erçnock (olgemh >2), pkbmlks vmr qum lomhtrgs iks prmcoks jgfgrkh y nkrlgrkh uh
jgfk lçs jgfk, mi ZSO bm 72 pmrìkbks gicghzó uh gitk lçs gitk, ik qum ohbocó uhg bovmremhcog gicostg
mh mi prmcok. Mi dmcdk bm qum iks prmcoks sm bmtuvomrgh cmrcg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg ohbocó qum mi prmcok
sm rmvmrtorìg dgcog grrojg mh jrmvm.
57

Olgemh >2 - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ckh bovmre mhcog gicostg mhtrm mi prmcok y mi ZSO
Iumek bm ig rupturg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr mxtmrhg, pkbmlks vmr qum ig pksocoóh bm cklprg
cklmhzó g prkbucor eghghcogs g lmbobg qum mi prmcok ckhtohuó sujomhbk.
Gbmlçs bmi ZSO, ktrks kscoigbkrm

kscoigbkrms
s qum pumbmh usgrsm ohciuy
ohciuymh
mh mi LGCB y mi kscoig
kscoigbkr
bkr mstk
mstkcçstock.
cçstock.
]sk bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws mh ckhfuh tk ck h igs khbgs bm Miio

Miio kt
Mh lucdks cgsks, iks ckhcmptks bm igs
igs khbgs bm Miiokt
Miiokt pumbmh gpiocgrsm gi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws mh
sì. Hk lucdks kpmrgbkrms dgh cklprmhbobk cklpimtglmhtm mstm lïtkbk, pmrk cughbk sm
ckljohgh, igs iìhmgs lmboghgs y igs khbgs bm Miioktt pumbmh smr uhg mxcmimhtm lghmrg bm kpmrgr
ckh ckhnoghzg mh mi lmrcgbk. Ig olgemh >= lumstrg cólk pkbmlks ckljohgr igs khbgs bm Miiokt
ckh iks trobmhtms6
5:

Miiokt gpi ocgbgs fuh tk ckh Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws

Olgemh >= - Khbgs bm Miiokt
Mi erçnock ghtmrokr knrmcm uhg jrmvm oiustrgcoóh bm uh ckhtmk bm khbgs bm Miioktt qum ckohcobm ckh mi
trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws. Cklk sm pumbm vmr, mi ckhtmk bm khbgs bm Miioktt mhcgfg luy jomh bmhtrk bmi
trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws. Pkr mfmlpik, so tmhmlks uh ngiik bm ig khbg cohck mh bkhbm mi prmcok hk
ckhsoeum skjrmpgsgr mi lçxolk bm ig khbg trms cklk mh mstm cgsk, pkbmlks usgr mstk cklk uhg
vgiobgcoóh bmi pgtróh bm khbg.
Ckhciusokhms
Cklk cugiquomr ktrk ohbocgbkr, mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws hk ms pmrnmctk. Mi trgbmr bmjmrç tmhmr
olpimlmhtgbgs tïchocgs
tïchoc gs bm emstoóh lkhmtgrog sóiobgs ghtms bm rmgiozgr kpmrgcokhms mh vovk ckh mstg
dmrrglomhtg bm ghçiosos tïchock.
Ig
iks cigvm ms tmhmr uh ckhfuhtk bm rmeigs smhsgtgs qum bmjmh smr gpiocgbgs ckh boscopiohg y rmspmtgr
stkp ikss.
53

Prmboccokhms bmi lmrcgbk usghbk vmrsokhms

lkbonocgbgs bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws
Ig lgykrìg bm iks kpmrgbkrms mvotgh mi usk bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws , tgi vmz pkrqum pgrmcm ims
ohtolobghtm, gi oeugi qum ktrgs dmrrglomhtgs bm ghçiosos bmi lmrcgbk cklk iks erçnocks Ocdolkau
Aohak Dyk k mi gjghock bm Eghh . Iks trobmhtms pumbm smr uhg dmrrglomhtg prmcosg y göh lçs
pktmhtm cughbk sm pmrskhgiozgh y sm ckljohgh ckh gieuhks ohbocgbkrms.
Igs rmeigs pgrg

pgrg kpmrgr
kpmrgr ckh
ck h mi trobmhtm
trob mhtm bm Ghbrmws
G ig dkrg bm kpmrg
kpmrgrr ckh trob
trobmhtms
mhtms mi kp
kpmrgbkr
mrgbkr bm
bmjm
jm rmckrb
rmckrbgr
gr qum6
7. Ig prkjgjoiobgb bm qum mi prmcok gicghcm ig öitolg iìhmg lmboghg ms emhmrgilmhtm gitg.

:. Gi gicghzgr ig iìhmg lmboghg, mi prmcok ohvomrtm su bormccoóh, sm ckhskiobg g gljks igbks
igbks bm
ig lmboghg k gtrgvomsg ckh numrzg ig iìhmg lmboghg, lkvoïhbksm g trgvïs bm mstg mh uh
rklpolomhtk k ohciusk ckh uh egp k jrmcdg mh mi prmcok qum gtrgvomsg bormctglmhtm ig iìhmg
lmboghg.
3. Bmspuïs bm gtrgvmsgr ig iìhmg lmboghg, mi prmcok rmgiozg uh lkvolomhtk bm rmtrkcmsk y vumivm
g prkjgr ig iìhmg lmboghg y iumek ckhtohög mh ig bormccoóh bmi rklpolomhtk.
2. Mi prmcok emhmrgilmhtm sm ohvomrtm mh cugiquomr iìhmg lmboghg k iìhmg lmbog pgrgimig,
=. Ig rmeig dgekpoghg mstgjim qum, so mi prmcok ohvomrtm su bormccoóh ghtms bm iimegr g ig iìhmg
lmboghg, mi lkvolomhtk rmsuitghtm mh ig bormccoóh kpumstg sumim smr lçs numrtm y lgykr qum
mi lkvolomhtk mh ig bormccoóh kroeohgi ghtms bm qum sm prkbufmrg ig rmvmrsoóh bmi prmcok.
Ms olpkrtghtm bklohgr mstgs = rmeigs ghtms bm cklmhzgr g utoiozgr mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws mh sus
kpmrgcokhms mh mi lmrcgbk.
»Cólk
»Cólk b ojufgr uh t robmhtm bm Ghbrmws
Ghbrmws jçsock;
Sm pumbm trgzgr mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws lghugilmhtm mh mi erçnock gi obmhtonocgr iks puhtks Lìholk-
Lçxolk y iumek lmboghtm mi cçicuik bm ig iìhmg lmboghg bm msg iìhmg, guhqum mstk smrìg rmohvmhtgr
ig rumbg tgi cklk smrìg cgicuigr y bojufgr erçnocks bm cghbmigs g lghk. Ig lgykrìg bm igs pigtgnkrlgs
bm trgbohe y pgqumtms erçnocks tomhmh dmrrglomhtgs qum pmrlotmh trgzgr trobmhtms mh iks erçnocks ckh
ngcoiobgb ckh uhks cughtks ciocs.
Bmspuïs bm obmhtonocgr iks puhtks Lçxolk-Lìholk-Lçxolk (tmhbmhcog jgfostg) k Lìholk-Lçxolk-

Lìholk (tmhbmhcog gicostg), mi kpmrgbkr skik bmjm gpiocgr ig dmrrglomhtg bm trobmhtms ohckrpkrgbg
mh su pigtgnkrlg y mstg bojufgrç mi trobmhtm bm lghmrg gutklçtocg.
Pgrg mstk, mi kpmrgbkr bmjm

bm jm ckikcgr mi prolmr puhtk mh mi puhtk
puht k lçs gitk k lçs jgfk (mi lçs ghtoeuk)
bmi lkvolomhtk qum mstç ghgiozghbk, iumek
ium ek iks bks puhtks soeuomhtms sm ckikcgh mh mi puhtk lçxolk
y mi puhtk lìholk lçs rmcomhtms.
Cklk prohcopoghtm, ms pksojim qum bmsmm cklmhzgr ckh igs 3 iìhmgs lmboghgs jçsocgs bmi trobmhtm
ghtms bm ckhtohugr
pgrgimigs, ckh igs
qum sm trgzgh mxtmhsokhms.
bmjgfk Mstgs
y grrojg bm skh lmboghg
ig iìhmg ig iìhmg lmboghg
cmhtrgi. cmhtrgi y igs iìhmgs lmboghgs
52

Olgemh >> - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws usgbk pgrg ghgiozgr uhg tmhbmhcog gicostg mh mi erçnock bogrok bmi pmtróimk crubk Jrmht
Mi erçnock bogrok ghtmrokr (olgemh >>) bmi pmtróimk crubk Jrmht lumstrg ig rmeig dgekpoghg mh gccoóh.
ol gemh >>
Rgljoïh sm pumbm mvgiugr ig cgiobgb bmi trobmhtm pkr igs vmcms qum dg sobk prkjgbk pkr ig gccoóh
bmi prmcok. Ktrg nkrlg bm prkjgr ig ckhnogjoiobgb bm uh trobmhtm ms lmboghtm ig lkbonocgcoóh g uh
Rrobmhtm bm Scdonn Mstçhbgr y iumek g uh Rrobmhtm bm Scdonn Lkbonocgbk.
»Cklk bojuf
»Cklk bojufgr
gr uh tr obmhtm bm Scdonn
Scdonn mstç
mstçhbgr;
hbgr;
Mi usk bm uh trobmhtm bm Scdonn mstçhbgr y uh trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk pumbm gyubgr gi kpmrgbkr
g bmsdgcmrsm bm igs kscoigcokhms y rklpolomhtks ngisks bmi lmrcgbk, ghtms bm tklgr uhg bmcosoóh
bm hmekcogcoóh ohnkrlgbg. Pgrg trgzgr uh trobmhtm bm Scdonn mstçhbgr, solpimlmhtm lumvg mi kroemh
bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws gi cmhtrk (gi puhtk lmbok) bm ig bostghcog vmrtocgi mhtrm mi puhtk lçxolk y mi
puhtk lìholk, tgi cklk lumstrg mi soeuomhtm mfmlpik ( olgemh >5).
Olgemh >5 - Rrgzgbk bm uh trobmhtm bm Scdon n Mstçhbgr ck h jgsm mh mi tro bmhtm bm Ghbrmws
Rrgzgbk
Mh mi trobmhtm bm Scdonn mstçhbgr lkstrgbk mh ig olgemh ghtmrokr

ghtmr okr pkbmlks vmr qum mi prmcok gulmhtg
ckh numrzg, gtrgvomsg ig iìhmg lmboghg cmhtrgi lmboghtm uh egp gicostg mh mi lmrcgbk, pgsg pkr uh
5=

pmrokbk bm ckhskiobgcoóh y iumek mxpmrolmhtg uh rmtrkcmsk jgfostg ghtms bm vkivmr g prkjgr ig iìhmg
lmboghg cmhtrgi. Cughbk mi prmcok ohtmhtg prkjgr ig iìhmg lmboghg humvglmhtm, hk culpim ckh ig
rmeig dgekpoghg bmscrotg ghtmrokrlmhtm.
»Cklk bojufgr
»Cklk bo jufgr uh tro bmhtm bm Scdonn
Scdonn lkbon ocgbk;
Ghbrmws y Scdonn prkpusomrkh
prkpusomrkh uhg lkbonocgc
lkbonocgcoóh
oóh gbocokhg
gbocokhgii bmi trobmhtm bm Scdonn mstçhbg
mstçhbgr,
r, mh ig cugi
lumvmh mi kroemh y ik ckikcgh g ig lotgb bm ig bostghcog vmrtocgi y dkrozkhtgi mhtrm mi lçxolk y mi
lìholk, nkrlghbk uh troçheuik.
Gi dgcmr mstk ghtms bm tklgr uhg bmcosoóh bm hmekcogco

hmekcogcoóh,
óh, pgrg mi kpmrgbkr ms cklk mspmrgr ig
ckhnorlgcoóh bm vgroks ohbocgbkrms, guhqum mh mstm cgsk skik mstç utoiozghbk uhk.
Mfmlpik bm uh t robmhtm bm Scdonn lk bonoc gbk

Olgemh >4 - Mfmlpik
Pumbm hktgrsm mh ig olgemh >4 qum mi kroemh bmi trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk gdkrg sm lumvm y sm ckikcg
mh mi puhtk lmbok bm ig bostghcog lçxolk-lìholk, lìholk-lçxolk (jkrbm ohnmrokr bmi troçheuik). Ig iìhmg
lmboghg cmhtrgi sm lghtomhm soh smr gtrgvmsgbg ckh numrzg y ig rmeig
r meig dgekpoghg pmrlghmcm voemhtm. Ohciusk
soh ktrks
mstç ohbocgbkrms,
bmlkstrghbk smr uh kpmrgbkrnumrtm
bmlgsogbk mstgrìg juscghbk
pgrg gjror uhg kpmrgcoóh bm vmhtg yg qum ig iìhmg lmboghg
mi prmcok.
Prm
Prmboc
boccoó
coó h bmi bmspiklm
bmspi klm bmi pmtrói mk mh
mh :072
:072 ckh mi t rob mhtm bm
Scdonn lkbonocgbk
Bmspuïs bm trgzgr mi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws jçsock, dgcmlks ig lkbonocgcoóh
lkbono cgcoóh bm mstm trobmhtm gi trobmhtm
bm Scdonn mstçhbgr y iumek gi trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk pgrg mvgiugr ig cgiobgb bmi trobmhtm.
Gh
Ghçio
çio s o s y sm÷gi
s m÷gi ck h mi tr o bmh
bmhtm
tm b m Scdo
Scd o nn lk bo no cgb
cgbkk
Mh ig olgemh >? ghgiozglks mi cklpkrtglomhtk bmi prmcok bmi pmtróimk crubk lmboghtm uh trobmhtm
bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk. G pgrtor bm mstg dmrrglomhtg kjtmhmlks igs soeuomhtms ckhciusokhms6
•
Gi gpiocgr mi trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonocgbk, ms mvobmhtm qum ig iìhmg lmboghg cmhtrgi ms uhg
iìhmg bm rmsostmhcog numrtm y pkr ik tghtk bmjmrìglks juscgr vmhbmr mh msg zkhg.
5>

• Cughbk ig rmeig dgekpoghg mstç mh fumek, juscglks kpmrgr ckhtrg ig tmhbmhcog. So ig

tmhbmhcog prmvog bmi lmrcgbk ms gicostg, vmhbmlks y vocmvmrsg.
• Humstrg krbmh stkp ikss sm ckikcg g =0 pops bmi puhtk bm mhtrgbg, grrojg bmi öitolk puhtk
bkhbm mi prmcok vkivoó g prkjgr ig iìhmg lmboghg cmhtrgi.
• Ig kpmrgcoóh sm ckikcg soh uh kjfmtovk bm tklg bm eghghcogs prmmstgjimcobk y utoiozglks uh
trgoiohe stkp pgrg gsmeurgr =0 pops bm eghghcog cgbg vmz qum mi lmrcgbk sm lumvg g humstrk
ngvkr pkr msg cghtobgb bm pops y lkvglks mi stkp ikss.
Olgemh
Olgemh >? - Ghçiosos bmi prmcok bmi pmtróimk crubk lmboghtm trobmhtm bm Scdonn lkbonoc gbk
lmboghtm
Mstgs dgjrìgh sobk kpmrgcokhms luy mxotksgs, pkr

p kr hk lmhcokhgr mi dmcdk bm qum, gsì cklk ig tmrcmrg
imy bm lkvolomhtk sm usó pgrg prmbmcor mi bmspiklm bmi lmrcgbk bm 7?:?, mstm trobmhtm bm Scdonn
lkbon ocgbk
ocgbk hks dgjrìg gimrtgbk skjrm mi ’bmspiklm bmi pmtróimk bm :072“.
Prmcgucoó
Prmcgucoó h gi
gi usgr mi trobmhtm bm Ghbr
Ghbrmws
mws y sus vgroghtms
Ig mxcmsovg bmpmhbmhcog bm iks ohbocgbkrms tïchocks ms uhg rmcmtg pgrg mi bmsgstrm. Iks
ohbocgbkrms nuhbglmhtgims y tïchocks somlprm bmjmh usgrsm fuhtks, mspmcogilmhtm mh mi trgbohe g
igrek pigzk. Ohciusk cughbk sm usgh iks trobmhtms, mi kpmrgbkr bmjm juscgr ig ckhnorlgcoóh bm gi
lmhks ktrks bks ohbocgbkrms pgrg sgjmr cuçhbk lkvmr sus stkp ikss y tklgr eghghcogs.
55

Jrkamrs Zmcklmhbgbks
Mxostmh lucdks jrkamrs bm Nkrmx y CNB mh bkhbm pkbmlks prkjgr humstrgs mstrgtmeogs bm trgbohe
lmboghtm sus cumhtgs bmlk y mh bkhbm pkbmlks eghgr bohmrk kpmrghbk mh uhg ergh vgrombgb bm
lmrcgbks, gpiocghbk iks sostmlgs qum prmsmhtgh lmfkr rmhbolomhtk bm gcumrbk g iks ghçiosos. Mstks
jrkamrs bonomrmh mh gspmctks cklk su pgìs bm kroemh, rmeuigcoóh, ohstrulmhtks nohghcomrks,
pigtgnkrlgs bm trgbohe, ckhbocokhms bm hmekcogcoóh, smrvocoks pgrg mi trgbmr y ktrks soloigrms.
Ig smimccoóh bmi jrkamr gbmcugbk tgljoïh pumbm smr uh ngctkr rmimvghtm pgrg mi mxotk bm uh trgbmr
y sus sostmlgs bm trgbohe. Pkr mfmlpik, dgy jrkamrs qum hk gcmptgh comrtks topks bm mstrgtmeogs bm
trgbohe cklk mi scgipohe, pkr ik qum bmjmh smr mvotgbks pkr iks trgbmrs qum mlpimgh sostmlgs bm
scgipohe. Ktrks jrkamrs hk gcmptgh prçctocgs cklk mi dmbeohe k iolotgh mi vkiulmh y ig cghtobgb bm
kpmrgcokhms gjomrtgs. Gbmlçs, dgy jrkamrs qum mstçh rmeuigbks, lomhtrgs qum lucdks ktrks hk ik
mstçh. Mh mstm smhtobk, iks jrkamrs lçs smeurks skh iks rmeuigbks.
G ckhtohugcoóh
ckhtohugcoóh,, vg
vglks
lks g lkstrgr ohnkrlgc
ohnkrlgcoóh
oóh rmimvght
rmimvghtm
m skj
skjrm
rm ik
iks
s lm
lmfkrms
fkrms jrkamrs tghtk pgrg trgbmrs
prohcopoghtms cklk mxpmrolmhtgbks6
Pgrg iks kpmrgbkrms qum mlpimgh sostmlgs bm scgipohe, ig lmfkr kpcoóh skh iks jrkamrs MCH, qum
knrmcmh sprmgbs rmbucobks y uhg mfmcucoóh rçpobg. Pumbmh gccmbmr g uhg iostg cklpimtm bm jrkamrs
mh mi soeuomhtm bormctkrok6
dttps6//www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl/:070/03/iostg-jrkamrs-nkrmx.dtli
Iks jrkamrs bm Gustrgiog knrmcmh uhg jumhg ckljohgcoóh bm rmeuigcoóh y jumhgs ckhbocokhms bm
hmekcogcoóh. Ig lgykrìg knrmcmh cumhtgs bm trgbohe MCH. Pumbmh gccmbmr g uhg iostg bm jrkamrs
bm Gustrgiog mh mi soeuomhtm bormctkrok6
dttps6//www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl/:072/03/jrkamrs-nkrmx-gustrgiog.dtli
Kpco
Ktrgs Kpcokhms
khms rmcklmhbgbgs
DktNkrmx
DktNkrmx MTHmss
MTHmss
54

Jojiokergnìg
-Cghmssg, Zgöi. Rïchocg bm Rrgbohe Qmh iìhmg\. Gctugiozgbg6 7= bm mhmrk bmi :07?. QNmcdg bm
mh6 dttps6//www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl/
ckhsuitg6 7 bm nmjrmrk bmi :07?\. Bospkhojim mh6
-Ohvmstkpmbog Qmh iìhmg\. Gctugiozgbg6 7 bm bocomljrm bmi :074. QNmcdg bm ckhsuitg6 7= bm nmjrmrk
bmi :07?\. Bospkhojim mh6
mh6 dttps6//www.ohvmstkpmbog.ckl/
5?

Bgtks bm ckhtgctk
Cugiquomr bubg k cklmhtgrok pumbmh ckhtgctgrhks g trgvïs bm iks soeuomhtms lmboks6
❞ dttps6//www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl/nkrluigrok-bm-ckhtgctk
❞ dttps6//www.ngcmjkka.ckl/tmchocgsbmtrgbohe
❞ dttps6//twottmr.ckl/RmchocgsRrgbohe/
❞ dttps6//www.pohtmrmst.ms/tmchocgstrgbohe/t%C3%G?chocgs-bm-trgbohe/
❞ dttps6//www.iohamboh.ckl/cklpghy/tmchocgs-bm-trgbohe
40

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E]ÌG PGZG MI ]SK BM IKS

Bm Rïchocgs bm Rrgbohe Gbloh

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Rrghsocoóh bmi trobmhtm bm Ghbrmws gi trobmhtm bm Sdonn lkbonocgbk ........ .................

Mi kscoigbkr mstkcçstock (mstkcçstock imhtk) y iks trobmhtms ............

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws – Ckhstruccoó

Iks cgljoks bm tmhbmhcog kcurrmh

Zkemr Jgjskh bm Jgjskh Stgtostocgi Kreghosgtokh y Jgjskh Ckiimem (Lgssgcdusmtts) utoiozó ig

Ckhstrucco óh bmi Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws

Mh ig olgemh 7 sm lumstrg uh erçnock bm prmcoks mh jighck qum vglks g ghgiozgr6

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Olgemh 7 - EZÇNOCK BM PZMCOKS CKH RMHBMHCOG

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Olgemh 3 - Puhtk lmbok (k Lmboghg) bm ig iìhmg

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Olgemh = - Iìhmgs pgrgimigs lmboghgs (iìhmg

Lucdks pgqumtms bm ghçiosos erçnock y pigtgnkrlgs bm trgbohe, cklk Lmtgtrgbmr 2 yLmtgtrgbmr =,

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Olgemh > - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws c klpimtk

Mh ig olgemh 5 sm bmstgcgh msgs ohtmrgccokhms.

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Cklk pkbmlks vmr mh mstm mfmlpik, mi trobmhtm

»Cólk smimccokhgr iks trms puhtks bmi trobmhtm;

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Olgemh ? - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws ck h pmhbomhtm hmegtov g pgrg mi

G vmcms ig iìhmg lmboghg

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Gi oeugi qum ckh igs iìhmgs bm tmhbmhc

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Zmtrkcmbglks pkr uh lklmhtk mh mi tomlpk y prmtmhbglks qum mstglks vomhbk uh erçnock bm 2D

bm uh lmrcgbk mh qum tmhmlks

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

ig iìhmg lmboghg mstç girmbmbkr bm $2=.00, pkr ik tghtk,

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Olgemh 7= - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws bmscrojomhbk uhg tmhbmhcog jgfostg mh mi prmcok

Mxostmh cohck rmeigs jçsocgs pgrg utoiozgr iks trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws6

Zmeig 76 Mxostm uhg ergh prkj

Ig rmeig 7 sm bmlumstrg mh mi soeuomhtm erçnock (olgemh 7>)6

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Mi pr mcok c gm dgstg ig iìhmg lmboghg

Zmeig :6 Mi prmcok pumbm yg smg ohvmrt

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Olgemh 74 – Gcmrcglomhtk bm ig ruptu rg jgfostg bm ig iìhmg lmboghg

Mh mstm trobmhtm mh pgrtocuigr, ig gccoóh bmi prmcok gtrgvomsg ioemrglmhtm

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Zmeig Dgekpoghg mh gccoó h

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Rmrlohkikeìg rmigcokhgbg ckh trobmhtms

Cklk pumbmh vmr, utoiozglks mi tïrlohk iìhmg lmboghg supmrokr cughbk

Olgemh :: - Rrobmhtm bm Ghbrmws cklpimtk ckh tkbgs sus pgrtms

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Ig olgemh :2 lumstrg uh erçnock bm prmcoks ckh uh pgr bm ckrrmccokhms obmhtonocgbgs

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl

Olgemh :2 - Erçnock bm prmcoks ckh : ckrrmccokhms obmhtonocgbgs lmboghtm : trobmhtms bm Ghbrmws

Rrobmhtms mh mi Rrgbohe www.tmchocgsbmtrgbohe.ckl