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Reconocimiento .................................................................................................................... vii

Introducción ........................................................................................................................... ix

Prólogo ................................................................................................................................... xi

Estructura del artículo .......................................................................................................... xiii

Alfabeto tepehuano .............................................................................................................. xix

Abreviaturas ......................................................................................................................... xxi

Primera Parte: Diccionario tepehuán–español ................................................... 1

Segunda Parte: Diccionario español–tepehuán .............................................. 187

Tercera Parte: Gramática tepehuana .............................................................. 231

Apéndices ............................................................................................................................. 335

A. Términos de parentesco ............................................................................................ 337

B. El cuerpo humano ...................................................................................................... 341

C. Sistema numérico ...................................................................................................... 343

D. Sonidos ...................................................................................................................... 345

E. Topónimos ................................................................................................................. 347

F. Trabalenguas .............................................................................................................. 349

G. Mapa de la región tepehuana .................................................................................... 350

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EQPUQPCPVGPQINQVCN)TCO?8CTʳ
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ICPCUFGEQOGTOGWPCU
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LK³MCKZFJC¡XaDNGGT
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LKTEN¯V+PFKECEµRWNCFGNQUUWUVCPVKXQU[CNIWPQU
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GEJCTCIWCDCF©K¡FJC¡
GPEKOC
CNECP\CTXVCC[C¡
NCUCIWCUFWWFWMV©¡PIKCM
FGLWPKQC
CC[C¡
CEQIGT
UGRVKGODTGTGIKQPCNKUOQ
NNGPCTFGCIWCDCK¡³FJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC CNGITCTXVL©MIKC¡
NNGXCTCIWCDCK¡³FJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC CNIQRTQPVW¡RC¡
SWGJC[UWHKEKGPVGCIWCFJWC
CTTQ[Q CNIQFµPOVQM
UCECTCIWCDCK¡³FJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC EQDKLCFGCNIQFµPVQMUC¡WC
DCK¡IKC¡ RQPGTCNIQFµPFCCZFJC¡
EGTGOQPKCN
UCNKTCIWCUWUFC¡ CNIWCEKNOQTQUKKT
CIWCECVGO[QQM CNIWKGPRTQPLCTQK¡
CIWCPVCTXVXRTPNPCMIC¡ CNIWPQCNIWPCCFL
SWGUCDGCIWCPVCT³CMQQ¡ CNIWPQFGOCCF©V
RGTUQPCQCPKOCNRCTVGFG
CIWCTXVDCTIKFJC¡
N¯SWKFQ WPITWRQ
CIWCFQCIWCFCZWW¡PIK¡
N¯SWKFQ CNIWPQUCNIWPCULCK¡L©¡OC¡P
RCTCEQORCTCT
RQPGTUGCIWCFQRQPGTUGCIWCFCUWW¡PIKEJC¡ LCK¡FJ©VL©¡MEJK
CIWKLµPO CNIWPQUEWCPVQUCNIWPCUEWCPVCULCK¡R©Z
UWCIWKLµPWRUWIC¡P
KPUGEVQ CNI¼PF¯CRCK¡FJWWM
FGCNI¼POQFQLCZFJWWM
£IWKNCH
FGCNIWPCOCPGTCPCLCZFJWK
VKGORQRTGUGPVG
£IWKNCTGCNDJC¡CC¡
QHWVWTQ
CIWKNKNNCTCVQPGTCWKK¡O
CNKGPVQOKK¡OFC¡
CIWLCHUQQOMCT
FGEQUGT


 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 C³Q

CNKOGPVQOMQK¡ COCTTCTXVDWNJKC¡
CNKUVCTXVGEJMCFC¡ DWNJFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
GEJMCZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC MWC¡³FJC¡
JKNQUFGNVGNCT
ICCOFJC¡
EQUCU V©©O©NJFJC¡
CPKOCNCCNIQRGUCFQ
CNKXKCTXVFQFJKC¡FWC¡³FJC¡ COCTTCTEQPWPPWFQDJWUCCNJOCMKC¡
RCTC
M©©¡³FJC¡
FGWPCGPHGTOGFCF SWGPQUGTGEQTTCNCUQIC
U©NJ³C¡
FGGUVCTNCUVKOCFQ COCUCTXVFC¡DK³C¡
EQPCIWC
CNN£CFXOWOWOOWPCOO©
CDCLQNGLQUPQUG FC¡DK³FJC¡
EQPCIWCRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
XG COKIQCOKICOHDJCK¡MCK¡EJFJCOLCFWW³
OWPKOWOOWPKPCOO©PK
CDCLQNGLQUPQUG CORNKQCORNKCCFL
XGRTGEKUCOGPVG CORNKCOGPVGLWRCCDCP
NNGPQ
DJCOO©
CTTKDCNGLQU CORNKCECPVKFCFUCDCCT
EQUCUUGECU
DJCOO©PK
CTTKDCNGLQURTGEKUCOGPVG
CORQNNCH
JCEKCCNN£OCK¡
PQUGXGOWLC¡M
FKTGEEKµP
UCNKTCORQNNCUUWUFC¡UWWFW[C¡
IGPGTCNOWOWK¡
CPCTCPLCFQCPCTCPLCFCCFLOEJCKOC¡
NKV
RCTCCNN£O©L©
JCEKCWPCFKTGEEKµP
EQNQTFGHWGIQ
FGVGTOKPCFC
RQTCNN£OWRCK¡
CDCLQDJCOO©RCK¡
CTTKDC CPECH
KPFGHKPKFQDJCOO©PKFJ©TLC¡R
CTTKDC GPNCUCPECUCUCTCCPICU
FGWPCPKOCN
RTGEKUCOGPVG CPEJQCFLO
FGRQTCNN£PCOO©F©TLC¡M JCEGTUGO£UCPEJQLWCTMC¡
O£UCNN£DCCU
UGXGDCCUF©T
PQUGXG CPEJQCPEJCCFLOMQOCCTCM
FGHQTOCRNCPC
ICOO©L©
NGLQUPQUGXGICOCLC¡M UCDCCT
T¯Q
RCTCCNN£[RCTCCE£ICPCK¡ FGOCUKCFQCPEJQFGOCUKCFCCPEJCLWCTMCO
CNN¯CFXOKOK¡
CDCLQEGTEC SWGVKGPGWPCTC[CCPEJCDJKKUCROC¡
CPKOCN
OK¡³K
CDCLQEGTECRTGEKUCOGPVG CPFCTXKQKNJKC¡
O©L©
CDCLQCRGTVWTCTGUVTKPIKFC IWUVCTNGCPFCTLQKFJC¡
CPKOCN
DJCDJCK¡
CTTKDCEGTEC SWGCPFCH£EKNOGPVGDCCRCKFJC¡
FQPFGJC[
DJC¡³K
CTTKDCEGTECRTGEKUCOGPVG WPCEWGUVCGORKPCFC
DJ©L©
CTTKDCCRGTVWTCTGUVTKPIKFC
CPIQUVQCPIQUVCCFLEJWDWNJ
ECOKPQ
CNN¯OGTQOK¡RWK¡
CPKNNQO
FGCNN¯DJCK¡FJ©T
CTTKDCEGTECOK¡FJ©T
EQTVCTWPCPKNNQIKDWWNJMCFC¡
GPNCEQTVG\CFG

CDCLQEGTEC
WP£TDQN
RQTCNN¯DJCLC¡R
CNVQ
CPKOCNOUQK¡
FQO«UVKEQ
CNOCHKK¡OFC¡
CPKOCTXVIWIWWZFJC¡
CNOQJCFCHOQ¡ZMCT
FCMQQ¡³FJC¡
EQPGZKIGPEKC
CNTGFGFQTCFXD©©ZZKMQQNJ L©MI©VFC¡
CSWGPQNNQTG
CNVCTODQRVQ¡ CPQEJGCFXVWMCC¡
CNVQCNVCCFLCFXVÀD
FGGUVCVWTC CPQEJGEGTXKLWTPKC¡
VÀ¡MQD
FGCNVWTC CNCPQEJGEGTLWTP©M
CNWODTCTXVD©¡³FJC¡ CPVGC[GTCFXDCUVCMCCD
COCDNGCFLDJCK¡MCO CPVGRCUCFQCFLO
COCOCPVCTXVZK¡[C¡ C³QCPVGRCUCFQDCUOCCM©¡P
COCPGEGTXKZKC¡NJKC¡
VKGORQ CPVGUCFXD©©R©¡
ZKC¡³FJC¡
UWLCPKO CPVGUSWGPCDC¡
COCPUCTXVOCOQKUC¡
CPKOCNUCNXCLG CPVGUSWGPCFCD©©R©¡MCV
COCTXVCC¡
CWPCRGTUQPC CPVQLCTUGXRTPN³CC
FC³KC¡
C&KQU
CPWPEKCTXVCCIC¡
COCTIQCOCTICCFLEJCCRWM
C³QOQKFJC¡
COCTKNNQCOCTKNNCCFLWCO


CRCEGPVCT '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 

C³QRCUCFQOCCM©¡P CTCTXVLKOEJWFC¡
EQPCTCFQUKPCNGVCU
C³QCPVGRCUCFQDCUOCCM©¡P VWK¡EJFJC¡
EQPCTCFQEQPCNGVCU
C³QSWGXKGPGICOCK¡
GORKG\CEQPNC«RQECFG £TDQNOWWZ
NNWXKCU CTEQOICCV
JCEGVTGUC³QUDCUOWLWOCKOCCM©¡P CTFKNNCHDJQ¡OMQZ
CTDµTGCMCCUCK¡
CTDµTGC
CRCEGPVCTXVDK¡CC¡
CPKOCN V©©MQNJ
VGTTGUVTG
CRCEJWTTCTXVMK¡URC¡V©KOPC¡ CTGPCHQ¡[C
CRCICTXVVWUCC¡ CTGVGOPCPMCIKC¡
VWMKC¡
NWODTGQOQVQT CTOCHDCK³WO
FGHWGIQ
CRCTVCTXVL©¡F©NJMCFC¡ CTOCFKNNQOUQ[QQV
CRCTVGCFLCFX CTTCPECTXVDQQR³KC¡
RGNQ
NNGXCTCRCTVGDCCDW¡
RCTCJCDNCT VCMDWPC¡
FGTC¯\
CRGPCUCFXF©MQQ CTTGCTXVCTFKOKC¡
MKC¡R©Z
VKGORQ UCCFC¡
UKPNC\CT
CRNCPCTXVLKKDC¡ CTTGINCTXVM©©¡ORKIC¡
DQK¡MPC¡
\CECVGQOKNRC M©©¡ORKZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
CRNCPCFQCRNCPCFCDQK¡MC³
\CECVGQOKNRC GEJMCFC¡
CRNCUVCTXVDQK¡URC¡MK¡URC¡OCK¡URC¡ GEJMCZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
CRNCWFKTXVMCRKCPC¡ CC¡³FJC¡
CRNKECTXVFCCZZKFJC¡
TGOGFKQGPGNEWGTRQFG CTTKDCCFXVÀ¡MQD
FGCNVWTC
QVTCRGTUQPC CTTKDCFGFCCOFCCOF©T
CRTGEKCTXVM©©ICNJFJC¡
EQORNCPKO DQECCTTKDCVCK¡
CRTGPFGTXVOCEJKC¡ EWGUVCCTTKDCDCCU©¡PD©©ZEJCK¡VCK¡LC¡M
SWGCRTGPFGH£EKNOGPVGEJ©DJ©KFJC¡ JCEKCCTTKDCVCK¡LC¡M
CRTGVCTXVMCDMCFC¡ CTTQFKNNCTXVXRTPNQ¡NJKCEJKC¡
DJKURC¡
EQPWPCEKPEJC CTTQNNCTXVKCTC¡
JKNQURCTCVGLGTWPCVCNGIC
CRTGVCFQCRTGVCFCMCDMCO
TQRCQ\CRCVQU CTTQ[QOCM
MQDMQO
GNRCUQ CTTQ[KVQDCKMMCO
DKGPNNGPQ[CRTGVCFQDKGPNNGPC[CRTGVCFC CUCTXVIC¡[C¡
MCDMCOLKOFCO CUGIWTCTXVUKKURC¡
GUVCTCRTGVCFQGUVCTCRTGVCFCDJKKUCR FCNJZKFJC¡
CRNCUVCPFQ

EKPEJC CUGUKPQCFLVWOWC¡MCO
PQDKGPCRTGVCFQPQDKGPCRTGVCFCFJWUCCTCM
CUHKZKCTXVKK¡OEJW¡KK¡OEJWFC¡
CRWPVCTXVFCCUC¡
PQODTG DJCK¡OW¡DJCK¡OVWFC¡
EQPCIWC
CRWTCTXVXRTPNFCK¡EJFJC¡LQVOC¡³FJC¡ CU¯CFXEQPLRWK¡
CSWGNCSWGNNCCSWGNNQUCSWGNNCUCFLIW¡³K
PQ RWK¡LC¡M
RQTEQUVWODTG
XKUKDNGGURGE¯HKEQ LC¡Z³K
FGVCOC³QEQUCUITCPFGUFKEJQEQP
CSWGNNCXG\LCPQ¡ CFGOCPGU
FGCSWGNNCFQDCCUF©T
FGWPCEQTFKNNGTC L©¡Z³K
FGVCOC³QEQUCURGSWG³CUFKEJQEQP
D©©RICPF©T
PQUGXG CFGOCPGU
CSW«NCSW«NNCCSW«NNQUCSW«NNCURTQPIW¡³K
PQ CU¯EQOQRWK¡R
FGKIWCNOCPGTCRWK¡PCLCZ
XKUKDNGGURGE¯HKEQ CU¯PCFCO£ULC¡RR©Z
CSW¯CFX[C[C¡ PCFCO£UCU¯FCKRW¡RWK¡R©Z
[C¡PK
RTGEKUCOGPVG CUKGPVQOCVQQZMQT
[©L©
CFGPVTQ CUQNGCTXVXRTPNVQZMQIKC¡
UWLCPKO
RQTCSW¯DJCLC¡M[CLC¡R K¡OW¡
CPKOCN
CTCFQOLCTCCT CUQNGCTFGOCUKCFQK¡OWVFC¡
CPKOCN
EQNCFGNCTCFQLCTCCTDJCK £URGTQ£URGTCCFLEJ©TMCO
EQOKFC
CTC³CHLQ¡MQTCK¡ EJ©TQQM
PQEQOKFC


 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 DGPFKVQDGPFKVC

CUWUVCFK\QCUWUVCFK\CCFLO©NJOWM
CPKOCN C\WNCFLEJ©©FQ¡
CUWUVCTXV©¡PMKCVC¡ EJ©V©©FQ¡
£TGC
CVCLCTXVUQQ¡OFJC¡

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CVCTFGEGTXK
CVCTFGEKGPFQLWT³KFJCM
GORG\CPFQCCVCTFGEGTOKCLKFJW³KKFJCM
CVCUECTXVXRTPNFWR³KC¡ DCIC\QODK³MCT
FGEC³COCUVKECFC
CVKPCTXKCC[C¡
RQTVKTCT DCKNCFQTDCKNCFQTCOHP©¡FCO
CVK\CTXVO©©OFC¡
HWGIQ DCKNCTXKP©¡[C¡
CVQNGOCVWWNJ
DCLCFCHC¡PUCR
CVQNGFGEWKVNCEQEJGL©¡MQ¡P GPNCDCLCFCD©©ZC¡PUCR
CVQTCTXVXRTPNUC¡[C¡ DCLCTXVV©O³KC¡
UKKURC¡
V©DCC³FJC¡
©ZMWPC¡
FKH¯EKNFGUCECT V©DCC³ZKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
CVT£UCFXICVWWMF©T LWTPKC¡
EWGUVCCDCLQ
RCTCCVT£UMWW¡ DCNFGODCNFK
CWPSWGEQPLUKCRCPCCU GPDCNFGVW¡MWD
CWTCHPWK
VKRQFG\QRKNQVG DCPFGTCHDC³FJKKT
CWVQTKFCFHIÀ¡MCOLQKU DC³CTXVDCVDKC¡
CXCP\CTXKLKDWC¡
GPNQSWGGUV£JCEKGPFQ DCVDKEJFJC¡
EQORNCPKO
OQFKUOQ DCTCVQDCTCVCCFLDCTCCV
CXGPVCTXVDWC¡ DCTDCHEJK³DQ
DWKFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPCQCPKOCN SWGVKGPGDCTDCQDKIQVGEJK³DQMCO
CXGTIQP\CTXVXRTPNZK¡©TDQ¡ UCNKTDCTDCEJK³DQVC¡
CXGTKIWCTXVP©©TC¡ DCTDGEJCTXVOQKMFC¡
RCTCUGODTCT
CXKµPOCDKQP DCTEQOMCPWWD
CXKUCTXVCC¡³FJC¡ DCTTGTXVDQZMC¡
CXKUQO DCTTQODJK¡³
CXKUQGUETKVQW¡WCP QNNCFGDCTTQDJK¡³LC¡CC
CXKURCHDKKRKU
EQO¼P RNCVQFGDCTTQDJK¡³LQQZKC¡
F©DQQT
FGEJCSWGVCCOCTKNNC XCUKLCFGDCTTQDJKFJCC¡
ETWFC
RCPCCNJK¡Z
EJKSWKVCPGITCEQPRGSWG³CUTC[CU SWGJC[OWEJQDCTTQDJKFJCC¡
DNCPECU
DCUVCPVGCFLCFXUCDCCT
CZKNCHLKMVQD
DCUWTCHVCPCCTC¡
C[KPVGTLLCC
DCVKTXVDCCIC¡
OCUCEQPCIWC
C[GTCFXVCMCCD
DCWVK\CTXVDCMWCPC¡
EQORNCPKO
C[WFCH DCMWC³FJC¡
CNJKLQFGQVTCRGTUQPC
RGFKTC[WFCWOWC¡³FJC¡
DC[QDC[CCFLODCKOC¡
C[WFCTXVRCNJDWKFJC¡
DC[WUCHLWNJKKM
TGIKQPCNKUOQ
C[WFCTCECTICTOQQVQKFJC¡
UQDTGNCECDG\CQ
DGDGTXVK¡[C¡
GPNQUJQODTQUDJKK³QNJFJC¡
JCEGTDGDGTK¡EJFJC¡
C[WFCTCRCTCTM©MDWKEJFJC¡
C[WFCTCRCUCTLWTWW³FJC¡
NWICTHGQQT¯Q DGEGTTQODJGUGGT
ETGEKFQ DGNNQVCHVWCMCK
C[WFCTCUGODTCT©ZFJC¡ ECTRKPVGTQDGNNQVGTQMWTCV
C[WPCTXKUCCDW¡ DGPFGEKTXVDKK³MCFC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
ZKFJWWVFC¡
TKVWCNOGPVG ZKQZOCFC¡
JCEGTC[WPCTUCCDVWFC¡
EQOQECUVKIQ DGPFKVQDGPFKVCCFL
DGTTKPEJWFQDGTTKPEJWFC '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 

GUVCTÎDGPFKVQÏZKFJWW
EGTGOQPKCNOGPVG DTKNNCTXKVQVDKMKC¡
DGTTKPEJWFQDGTTKPEJWFCCFLC¡NJOC
RQTSWGPQ VQPPKC¡
UQN
SWKGTGGUVCTUQNQ OCUDCNJKC¡VQMDKFJC¡
NWPC
D¯EGRUOVQQ¡O SWGDTKNNCOCUDC¡
NWPC
DKGPCFXLQKFJCOCOCO DTKPECTXKVWW¡PPKC¡
DJCK¡UKIWWT DTQOCHLCCZOCFC¡
M©©¡
FGUCNWF DTQPEQDTQPECCFLLKIKCT
CPKOCNFQO«UVKEQ
DKGPCITCFCDNGLQKFJCO DTQVCTXKKKRW³KC¡
[GOCUWJQLCU
GUV£DKGPRWK¡LK
TGURWGUVCCNSWGCECDCFG DC¡RW³KC¡
N¯SWKFQ
NNGICTGC SWGDTQVCO©NJOWM
TGUKPC
PQDKGPRCTDCP
KPEQORNGVQQFGHKEKGPVG DTWEGUH
PQOW[DKGPRCTDCPR©Z FGDTWEGUM©R©NJ
PQGUV£DKGPEJCODJCK¡
RQTSWGGUVQTDC DWEGCTXKFWR³KC¡
PQGUV£DKGP!EJCODJCK¡ DWGPQRCTCDWEGCTFJWR³K¡
DKIQVGOEJK³DQ DWGPQDWGPCCFLCFXM©©¡
FGECNKFCFQFG
SWGVKGPGDCTDCQDKIQVGEJK³DQMCO ECT£EVGT
UCNKTDKIQVGEJK³DQVC¡ RWK¡LK
TGURWGUVCCNSWGCECDCFGNNGICT
DKUCDWGNCHDKKUCNJ DWGPCIGPVGDJCK¡MCO
DKUCDWGNQODQZKK DWGPQUF¯CUZ©©DCP
UCNWFQVTCFKEKQPCN
DNCPEQDNCPECCFLEJWC SW«DWGPQHWGTCKCOI©V
DNCPFQDNCPFCCFLOQKM DWG[ODJWW[CZVWWT
EJWOQKM
£TGC DWNGODCMWC
ZWW¡PIK¡
PQOCFWTQHTWVQ DWTDWLCHVQMUQ¡
DNWUCHMWVWWP DWTNCTXVXRTPNCC¡³ZKFJC¡C¡ZKC¡
UCCMW
CFQTPCFCEQPGURKIWKNNCQGPECLG LCCZOC¡³FJC¡
DQCHDKC¡UMQ¡ DWTTQODJWTW¡Z
DQECHEJK³ DWUECTXVICCIC¡
OCPVGPGTGPNCDQECMCCOVC¡ ICC¡³FJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPCQCWPEWTCPFGTQ
DQNCH V©V©IKC¡
CNIQGPGURGEKCN
HQTOCTWPCDQNCMCDWWNJMCFC¡

%
DQPKVQDQPKVCCFLCDJCCT
EJWCDJCCT
£TGC
DQTFCTXVDCCRUC¡
EQPGUVCODTGU
DQTFGO
ECDCNNQOMCDCK
GPGNDQTFGMQQMDC¡P
FGWPRG³CUEQ
ECDGNNQOMWWR
DQTTCEJQDQTTCEJCCFLOCKO
OHOCKOMCO ECDGTXKCC[C¡
DQTTGIQDQTTGICOHMCUPKT PQECDGDKGPFJWUCCTCM
MCEJ³KNJ
TGEK«PPCEKFQ ECDGUVTQOZKCMKO
NCPCFGDQTTGIQMCUPKTDCRQQ ECDG\CHOQ¡
DQUSWGOLWMICO
FGEQP¯HGTCU CEQUVCTNCECDG\COQ¡V©MC¡
GPGNDQUSWGW¡ZEJ©T ECDTQECDTCOHMCTDCZ
DQUVG\CTXKEJK³³CMKC¡ MCNJDC¡EJ
TGEK«PPCEKFQ
DQVGNNCHDJQVGG[C NGEJGFGECDTCMCTDCZDKK¡O
DTCXQDTCXCCFLDJCPCC¡DJCPICO ECEJQTTQECEJQTTCOHZKKIC¡P
DTC\QOPQD ECFCCFLPCDCR
F¯COGUQC³Q
ECFCWPQL©¡OC¡P
ECFGTCHVWDWWNJ
 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 ECTVC

ECGTXKLKI©ZKC¡ ECORQOICOR©Z
FQPFGPQJCDKVCPCFKG
I©ZKC¡
FGUFGWPCCNVWTC ECPCNO
©NJKC¡
GPWPRNCPQQGPWPCRGPFKGPVG JCEGTWPECPCNCMZKFJC¡
RCTCFGUXKCTGN
V©KOPC¡
GPEKOC CIWCCRCC³EJKEJFJC¡
RCTCRTQVGIGTNCECUC
PCMIC¡
EQORNKPCP
ECPCUVCHDCCNJ
CC[C¡
GPWPCHGEJC
ECPCUVCFGECTTK\QVQQVMQODCCNJ
FCD³KC¡
RKGN
ECPCUVCFGRCNOCUQQDQNJDCCNJ
FGLCTECGTFQ¡PMQPC¡
ECPCUVCFG\Q[CVGWOWW¡DCCNJ
JCEGTECGTKCTC¡
ECPFGNCTKCH
ECNHOCVCK
.C%CPFGNCTKC-QDC¡TCO
NWICT
CDUQTDGTECNDQRIKC¡
PKZVCOCN
SWGUCDGCECNDCCRCM ECPUCTXVOCIQQ³KC¡
ECPUCFQECPUCFCOCIQQP
ECNCDC\CHKOCK
UGOKNNCFGECNCDC\CMCKEJWM ECPVCTXKLKK³MKC¡
ICNNQ
MWWMW¡
KPUGEVQQR£LCTQ
ECNCTXVMCRCK³C¡
NCCNCIKC¡
RGTUQPCQR£LCTQ
ECNECTXVLWRPC¡
ECPVKFCFH
ECNFQODCCTIC¡P
FGECTPGQNGIWODTGU CORNKCECPVKFCFUCDCCT
EQUCUUGECU
EQEKFCU
EC³CHDCLCCM
OCEK\CFG\CECVG
MCCNFQ
FGECTPGEQPVQFQ[JWGUQ
DQ¡DJCT
FGOC¯\
SWGVKGPGECNFQDCTCC¡
CNIQEQEKFQ
LWPDQ¡
FGC\¼ECT
ECNGPVCTXVLWWMC¡³FJC¡LWWMIKC¡MWC¡³FJC¡
ECRCEKFCFH
SWGUGECNKGPVCDKGPEJQK³FJK¡
VGPGTECRCEKFCFRQFGGTQ¡
ECNGPVWTCH
ECRC\CFL
DCLCTECNGPVWTCL©RNJKC¡
UGTECRC\FCCUC¡
FGJCEGTCNIQFKH¯EKN
SWGVKGPGECNGPVWTCEJQK³
ECRWNNQO©ZMW¡
FGOCTKRQUC
E£NKFQE£NKFCCFLLWWM
ENKOC
ECTCHDWKDCU
VKGTTCE£NKFCVCCVUCD
GPNCQVTCECTCLC¡MF©T
ECNKGPVGCFLEJQK³
ECTCEQNOMCTQMUQMDQNJ
ECNKGPVKVQLWWM
ECTCEVGT¯UVKECH
ECNK\QECNK\CCFLDCCRCM
SW«ECTCEVGT¯UVKECUVKGPG!LCZEJW¡O
ECNQTO
ECTDµPOVWWRCNJ
JCEGTECNQTEJCVQK³VWVQK³FJKC¡
ECTICHDJKK³QT
NNGXCFCGPCPKOCNQGPXGJ¯EWNQ
ECOCHDQRVQ¡
FGVCDNCU
ECTICTXVDJKK³QTC¡
GPCPKOCNQGPXGJ¯EWNQ
ECOCTµPOUCOKK¡
OQQVQ[C¡
UQDTGNCECDG\CQGPNQUJQODTQU
ECODKCTXVRCVCCUC¡ VWMKC¡
GPNCGURCNFCEQORNCPKO
ECODKQODKK
OQPGFC C[WFCTCECTICTOQQVQKFJC¡
UQDTGNCECDG\CQ
GPECODKQMWIW¡ GPNQUJQODTQUDJKK³QNJFJC¡
ECOKPCTXKQKNJKC¡ ECTPGHDCMCCZ
FGCPKOCN
U©NJ³C¡
RCTCECNGPVCTUGQJCEGTGLGTEKEKQ SWGVKGPGOWEJCECTPGEJWWMW¡
ECOKPCTDKGPZKM©MMC¡ ECTQECTCCFLFJC¡TC¡
JCEGTECOKPCTQKNJKEJFJC¡ ECTRKPVGTQO
SWGECOKPCTGEKQLKOFJC¡ ECTRKPVGTQDGNNQVGTQMWTCV
ECOKPQODQK ECTRKPVGTQFGCNCUTQLCUMKQ¡
CDTKTECOKPQDQK¡³ZKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC ECTTK\QODCCRCM
FGVCNNQDNCPFQ
ECOKµPOVTQQMC VQQVMQO
FGVCNNQFWTQ
ECOKQPGVCHVTQQMC ECPCUVCFGECTTK\QVQQVMQODCCNJ
ECOQVGOMCOC¡D ECTVCHW¡WCP
ECOQVGUKNXGUVTGUCCTC¡R
ECUC '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 

ECUCHDC¡CCM EGUVCHDCCNJ
DJK¡³DCM
FGCFQDGNCFTKNNQQRKGFTC EJCOWUECTXVDCRQKMFJC¡DCRQKMKC¡DCRQKUC¡
MKKEJCO
JCDKVCFC EJCOWUECFQEJCOWUECFCDCRQKMDQKM
MK¡CCO
EQPGNVGTTGPQEQTTGURQPFKGPVG
EJCRCTTQEJCRCTTCCFLFWOCCNJ
RNCPVC
JCEGTWPCECUCDC¡MEJKFJC¡
RCTCQVTC
EJCRQVGCTXKDJ©©[C¡
VTCVCPFQFGPCFCT
RGTUQPCDC¡MEJC¡
EJCRWN¯POUQK
ECUCTXVV©©OQ¡
LQQ³EJC¡DJ©©[C¡
JQODTG EJCRWN¯PXGTFGUCK¡OCT
MWPVC¡QKFJC¡
OWLGT EJCTEQO
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 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 EQORTCT

EN£TGCTXKOCCZKNJKC¡
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EQDKLCFGNCPCMCUPKTUC¡WC
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EQNQECTXVWWOCTIKFJC¡
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EQNQTGCTXVOCOZKFJC¡ EQORCFTGOMQORCCNJ
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EQNWOPCH EQORCUKµPH
EQNWOPCXGTVGDTCNDJCKZM©NJ EQPEQORCUKµPLQK¡OFCM
EQNWORKCTXVXRTPNLQNJDKZFJC¡ EQORNGVCTXVCKEJWNJFJC¡
ECPVKFCF[CHKLCFC
EQOCFTGHMQOCCNJ EQORNGVQEQORNGVCCFL
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EKTEWPUVCPEKCPGICVKXC
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EQORTQOKUQ '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 

EQORTQOKUQO EQPXGTVKTXVLWRFW³KC¡
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EQO¼PCFLLC¡RR©Z EµP[WIGOHD©©PC¡
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EQPRTGRM©¡P EQTEQXGCTXKLQ³KC¡
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EQTFKNNGTCHUCMCCNJKM
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EQPGLQOVQQ¡O EQTTGTXKO©NJKC¡
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EQPQOLWMKKDJCKFJC¡ MCK¡³EJC¡
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FCTCEQPQEGTCCIC¡ EQTTGURQPFGCMCO
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SWGEQPQEGEJWOCCV
GNECOKPQ EQTTGURQPFKGPVGCFL
EQPQEKOKGPVQO N¯SWKFQEQTTGURQPFKGPVGDCTCC¡
SWGVKGPGEQPQEKOKGPVQOCVFC¡ EQTTGVGCTXVCTFKOKC¡
SWGVKGPGOWEJQEQPQEKOKGPVQEJWOCVFC¡ EQTTKGPVGCFLM©NJK¡³IC¡P
RQTPQGUVCTDKGPJGEJQ
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EQPUGIWKTSW«EQOGTV©DJCKOKC¡ EQTVCFQTFGOCIWG[GUOCKLKKMFCO
EQPUKFGTCTXVLQQLQKFJC¡ EQTVCTXV©MKC¡
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 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 EWORNKT

EQTVQEQTVCCFLVWRWWNJKM
FGNQPIKVWF EWCNSWKGTEWCNSWKGTCCFLLCZPCR©ZEJW¡O
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PQEJGEQTVCCNJK¡EJEJWMCC¡ EWCNSWKGTEQUCVW¡PCR©Z
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FGOWEJCUEQUCUCKZKO GPEWCNSWKGTRCTVGRCK¡PCR©Z
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GPNCEQUVCD©RVC¡P EWCPVQEWCPVCCFX
EQUVCNOVQQODJCK¡OMCT WPQUEWCPVQUIQQM
EQUVCTXKPCOMKC¡ EWCVTQCFLOCCMQD
EQUVKNNCHLCPQ¡O EWCVTQXGEGUOCCMQDKO
EQ[QVGODJCP EWDKGTVCHDCK³
FGRKGNQFGRN£UVKEQFWTQ
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FGLCTFGETGEGTDJCK¡DEJKC¡ EWEJKNNQOMWZKKT
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ETKVKECTXV³KQMDQ¡ EWGXCHEJKQD
³KQMDQKZFJC¡
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EQPNCURKGTPCUETW\CFCUPCRCCNJ EWNGDTCHMQ¡
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EW³C '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 

FWK³FJC¡
NQSWGQVTCRGTUQPCRKFKµ FGENCTCTXVCCIC¡
NQQEWNVQ
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VKGORQ FGENKXGOICK
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VKGORQUG³CNCFQ FGFQO
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OCPQQRKG
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OCPQQRKG
EWTCPFGTQEWTCPFGTCOHOCMI©O FGLCTXVFCCZFJC¡
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RGVCECFGEWTCPFGTQDQUCC
JGEJCFGUQ[CVG FGLCTFGEQOGTFQ¡³EJQ¡
RQTWPVKGORQ
RCTCIWCTFCTHNGEJCUEGTGOQPKCNGU FGVGTOKPCFQ
EWTCTXVFWC¡³FJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC dF«LGOGOK¡
EWCPFQCNIWKGPGUV£OQNGUVCPFQ
WCOZKFJC¡
FGGPHGTOGFCFQFGJGEJK\Q FGNCPVGTQFGNCPVGTCCFL
F©©PMKFJC¡
HWOCPFQEGTGOQPKCNOGPVG
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FGNICFQFGNICFCCFL©TFK¡EJ
FGHQTOC
EWTXCH EKN¯PFTKEC
SWGVKGPGEWTXCU³QNJ
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FGHQTOCRNCPC
SWGVKGPGFKUG³QFGEWTXCUZ©¡U©TCM FGNICFKVQFGNICFKVCDKK
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&
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GPGNRCVKQEGTGOQPKCN
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SWGJCEGFC³QEJWKC¡³FJCTC¡ FGTGEJQFGTGEJCCFLOU©NJ
FCTXVXRTPNOCMKC¡ Z©NJKK³
RNCPVC
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DJ©KFJC¡
NQSWGWPQRKFG FGTTCOCTXVPW¡CC¡
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GPNCDQECCQVTCRGTUQPC
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FGUCDTQEJCTXVUKUDJKQ¡MC¡
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KKRW³KC¡
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FGDCLQCFX
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FKPGTQCQVTCRGTUQPC FGUCVQTCTXVUCK¡DJKQ¡MC¡
FGDKFQCDCMIW¡ UCK¡DJKQ¡MFJC¡
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F«DKNCFLFJ©©DJCZ FGUC[WPCTXVIW¡ZFJC¡
FGEKFKTXVCCIC¡ FGUDCTCVCTXVMCLCCPC¡
FGEKTXVCCIC¡V©¡[C¡ FGUECPUCTXKL©©RFJC¡
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RGPUCTFGEKTDK¡EJWNJFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
FGUEQDKLCTXVK³DJKQ¡MC¡
UCDGSW«FGEKTCKZ
FGUEQNQTKFQFGUEQNQTKFCCFLMQQOC¡
 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 FKGPVG

FGUEQORQPGTXVXRTPNZKEJWK¡FJC¡
CRCTCVQQ FGURW«UCFXICVWWM
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MCLCCPC¡
WPCHKDTC FGUXCKPCTXVMCKRIC¡
FGUGPVGTTCTXVMQQMDKC¡ FGUXKCEKµPH
FGUICUVCTXVZKDWC¡ FQPFGJC[WPCFGUXKCEKµPUC¡TCM
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FGUJKNCTXVLWRPC¡ «RQECFGFGU[GTDGDQQ³DJCM
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SWGUGFGUJKNCH£EKNOGPVGLWR³K¡ M©MDQ¡
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FGUPWFCTXVMWCPC¡ FGXQNXGTXVLC¡MDWC¡
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FGUPWVTKTUGXRTPN FQ¡³EJQ¡
CUWNWICTEQORNKPCP
FGUPWVTKFQFGUPWVTKFCFJ©©DJCZ
F¯COVCPQQNJ
FGUQTFGPCTXV CNI¼PF¯CRCK¡FJWWM
GUVCTFGUQTFGPCFQGUVCTFGUQTFGPCFCFC¡DKZ EQTVQF¯CCNJK¡EJEJCPQQNJ
KPXKGTPQ
FGURCEKQCFXUCCNJ EWCNSWKGTF¯CRCK¡PCR©ZFJWWM
FGURGFKTXVXRTPN³KQ¡MFJC¡VCDWKOIKFJC¡ FGF¯CVCVCCD
FGURGICTXVDJK¡URKQMC¡ F¯CNCTIQIÀ¡VCPQQNJ
XGTCPQ
UKUDJKQ¡MC¡
TQRC FWTCPVGGNF¯CVCVCCD
MWCPC¡
EWDKGTVQ GNF¯CGPSWGLCPQ¡
FGURGLCTXVQ³KC¡
EKGNQ GPGUVQUF¯CULC¡MKC¡P
FGURGLCFQFGURGLCFCWC³
EKGNQ JCEGVTGUF¯CUDCUOWVCMCCD
FGURGTFKEKQO NNGICTCN¼NVKOQF¯CLWTWW³FJC¡
FGNOKVQVG
FGURGTFKEKQUMQK¡DJCT
FGEQOKFC RTKOGTF¯CFCKEJCO
FGNOKVQVG
FGURGTVCTXV³K³KC¡ UGT¼NVKOQF¯CLWTPKC¡
FGNOKVQVG
³K³KKEJFJC¡
EQORNCPKO FKCDNQOLC¡QQM
V©IKC¡
[CNKUVQRCTCNGXCPVCTUG
FKCTTGCHDCMDWKFJC¡
SWGFCTUGFGURKGTVQV©V©IKC¡
VGPGTFKCTTGCDCMDW¡
FGURKPVCTXV
FKDWLCTXVLWRPC¡
SWGUGFGURKPVCWC³K¡
H£EKNOGPVG LWR³KFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
FGURKQLCTXVP©©NJFJC¡ FKGPVGOVCCVCO
FKG\ '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 

FKG\CFLOCODJ©©Z FQUXGEGUIQQMKO
FKH¯EKNCFLZKLCK FQUGPFQUIQ¡IQM
JCEGTUGFKH¯EKNZKLCKEJFJC¡ FQUXGEGUO£UIQQMLC¡MDWK¡
FKHKEWNVCFH FGNQUFQUNCFQUD©ZZKMF©T
EQPFKHKEWNVCFF©MQQ FWG³QFWG³COHMKQMCO
FGNCECUC
FKNCVCTXVO©©MKFJC¡ FWG³QUFWG³CUQK¡³MCO
FGNCECUC
FKNWKTXVDCTIKFJC¡
N¯SWKFQ FWNEGCFLOCKMCM
FKPGTQOVWWOK³ FWTCDNGCFLMCDCCM
VCCK¡
RCTCUWDUKUVKT M©©¡
FGECNKFCFQFGECT£EVGT
FKTGEVQFKTGEVCCFLU©NJ &WTCPIQ-QTKCP
FKTGEVCOGPVGU©NJ FWTC\PQOVWTCCUPQ
FKUEWVKTXV³KQMDQ¡ FWTQFWTCCFLMCDCCM
³KQMDQKZFJC¡
RCTCRTQXQECT EJWMCDCCM
£TGC
FKUHTC\CTXVLWRCCDFC¡ MQDMQNJ
HTWVC
FKURCTGLQCFLEJWDCKMMCOK¡
NWICTEQPFGRTGUKQPGU JCEGTUGFWTQJCEGTUGFWTCIWDMC¡
EQUCFG
QJWPFKOKGPVQU HQTOCRNCPCMCDMC¡
FKURWVCHMQMFC
FKUVTCGTXVVWMCC¡³FJC¡
FGNQSWGFGDGFGJCEGT
FQDNCTXVPCCURC¡
FQDNCFQFQDNCFCFJWOCCTCM
JCEKCCDCLQUWL
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KPCP GDTKQGDTKCCFLOCKO
FQDNGCFLIQQMLC¡MDWK¡ GEJCTXVDWC¡
FQNGTXK DWKFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPCQCPKOCN
SWGFWGNGEJWMQ¡M
EWGTRQGPVGTQMQ¡M
WPC DWKFJC¡
EQUCUITCPWNCFCU
RCTVGFGNEWGTRQ KKEJC¡
ITCPQUGPWPTGEKRKGPVG
SWGGORKG\CCFQNGTMQ¡MNJKC¡ GEJCTCIWCDCF©K¡FJC¡
GPEKOC
FQNQTO GENKRUGO
SWGECWUCFQNQTMQ¡MQO JCDGTGENKRUGUQNCTVWOVWMICOVC¡
UGPVKTFQNQTO©KFJC¡
EQPCNIQECNKGPVG GLQVGO
FQOGUVKECTXVUQK¡PVC¡
CPKOCN GLQVGUOCOQKMDJCD
FQOGUVKECFQFQOGUVKECFCUQK¡³EJKZKO
CPKOCN GNGXCFQGNGXCFCCFLVÀD
FGGUVCVWTC
UCNXCLG GNQVGOLWPDCC¡
FQOKEKNKQOMK¡CCO
EQPGNVGTTGPQ «RQECFGGNQVGUVQQOQM
QEVWDTG
EQTTGURQPFKGPVG SWGJC[GNQVGUMCK¡O
OCFWTQU
FQOKPIQOVWOKK³MWVC¡O GNNQNCNQUNCUCTVIW
FQPFGCFXPCRCK¡ FJK¡
XKUKDNGIWK¡
PQXKUKDNG
GPFQPFGRCK¡ FJK¡³K
XKUKDNGGURGEKH¯EQIW¡³K
PQXKUKDNG
RQTFQPFGRCK¡ GURGE¯HKEQ
FµPFGCFXRCC EQPNQSWGPCM©¡P
CFµPFG!RCLC¡M NQSWGPCL©¡M
FQPFGSWKGTCCFXRCK¡PCR©Z NQSWGUGCVW¡PCR©Z
FQTOKTXKMQZKC¡ «NGNNQGNNCGNNQUGNNCURTQPIWK¡
PQXKUKDNG
MQOEJKC¡
LWPVQCNCNWODTG FJK¡
XKUKDNG
FGLCTFQTOKTMQQZEJWFC¡ GODCUVCTXVUKKURC¡
RQPGTCFQTOKTMQQZEJWFC¡ GODQTTCEJCTXVOCKOVWFC¡OCKOW¡VWMIKC¡
FQTUQO GODQVCTXV
CNFQTUQLC¡MF©T GODQVCFQGODQVCFCEJCRQ¡ZK¡
HKNQ
FQUCFLIQQM GODTKCICPVGCFL


 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 GPVTG

DGDKFCGODTKCICPVGLKZLWWMCNJICO GPFWN\CTXVMKRK¡EJFJC¡
RKPQNGRCTCQVTC
GORCECTXVICCOW¡
GPWPOQTTCN RGTUQPC
GORCEJCTXVVQZMQ³KC¡ GPHCFCTXVVQQ³FJC¡
GORCEJCFQGORCEJCFCEJQZMQ³KOKK¡OEJWO GPHCFQO
GORCRCTXVMCRCK³C¡ SWGECWUCGPHCFQEJWVQQ³FJCO
GORCRCFQGORCRCFCMCRCK³
EQORNGVCOGPVG
RQVGPEKCNOGPVG
GORCTGLCTXVUQDMQPC¡
OCFGTCQRKGFTC GPHCFQUQGPHCFQUCCFLEJWVQQ³FJCTC¡
GORCTGPVCTXKKKOKC¡ GPHGTOCTXKCC[C¡
GORG\CTXVV©DICVC¡ GPHGTOGFCFHMQ¡MFCK¡
V©DICZFJC¡
CNIQRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC GPHGTOGFCFNGXGQKT©FCO
GORQNNCTXVDQK¡URC¡
ICNNKPC GPHGTOQGPHGTOCCFLMC¡QQM
GORWLCTXVPWK¡³³C¡ GPHNCSWGEGTXKICMOW¡
GPRTGRCODJCCP GPHTKCTXVL©RNJKC¡
LC¡R
£TGC L©RNJKZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
LC¡M
EKGTVCRCTVGFGNF¯C SWGUGGPHT¯CT£RKFCOGPVGL©©RNJK¡
MC¡O
WPTGEKRKGPVG GPIC³CTXVOCK¡EJKC¡
ÊTCO
RCTVGFGNEWGTRQ GPOQJGEGTXVMQPDK¡³EJC¡
VC¡O
NCUWRGTHKEKGFG
GPQLCTXVDJCCOW¡
V©T
CFGPVTQ
GPQLCFQGPQLCFCM©¡©©¡P
VQFQGNVKGORQ
GPNCUWRGTHKEKGFCCOCP
UµNKFQ
DJCCO
GPECLCTXVM©©M©KFJC¡ SWGUGGPQLCH£EKNOGPVGDJCCOFCTC¡
GPECPKLCTXVXRTPN GPQLµPGPQLQPCCFLC¡NJOC
RQTSWGPQSWKGTG
GPECPKLCFQGPECPKLCFCFJC¡DK³
CPKOCN GUVCTUQNQ
GPECPVCTXVLQQLQK¡³ GPTGFCFGTCCFLHDCRRCPDCRRC³K¡
GPEGPFGTXVO©KEJFJC¡
EQPEGTKNNQQECTDµP NNGPQFGGPTGFCFGTCUEJWCUMK¡
£TGC
NKOCFGGPEGPFGTVCCK¡ GPTGFCFQTGPTGFCFQTCCFLODCRRC³K¡
GPEGTTCTXVMWWRC¡ GPTGFCTXV
MWWRFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC GPTGFCFQGPTGFCFCEJCMUC¡
GUVCTGPEGTTCFQGUVCTGPEGTTCFCPMWWR
UWL
GPTQNNCTXVDJKKDIC¡
JKNQUQICQCNCODTG
CPKO
GPTQNNCFQGPTQNNCFCZKFJQQNJ
GPEKOCCFXOCCZKM
GPUCPITGPVCFQGPUCPITGPVCFCCFL©¡TOC¡
GPEKOCFGCO
RCTVGFGNEWGTRQÊTCO
RCTVG
FGNEWGTRQFCCOFCCOF©T GPUCTVCTXV©ZMWPC¡
EQPRCNQQCIWLC
GPEKPQOVWC GPUG³CTXVCC¡³FJC¡OCOVWZFJC¡
DKKEJWC
FGJQLCUCPIQUVCU GPUKNNCTXVWNJ³C¡
WPCPKOCN
EQPOWEJQUGPEKPQUEJWVWC¡ GPUWEKCTXVMQQOIKNJKC¡
EQPRQNXQQEGPK\C
SWGJC[GPEKPQUEJWC¡ VWMNJKC¡
ÎRWNOµPFGGPEKPQÏLCDMCNJK¡³ GPVGPFGTXV
GPEQIGTXVUQ¡NJMC¡ H£EKNFGGPVGPFGTZKOMCKOC¡
GPEQIKFQGPEQIKFCZQ¡NJKM GPVGTCTXVXRTPNOCEJKC¡
CXKUQQPQVKEKC
SWGUGGPEQIGH£EKNOGPVGZQ¡NJMCNJK¡ GPVGTQGPVGTCCFL
GPEQPVTCTXVXRTPNV©IKC¡ GPVGTCOGPVGCVVKKTW
EKTEWPUVCPEKCPGICVKXC
PCOMKC¡
CWPCRGTUQPC GPVGTTCTXV[CCURC¡
C¡[C¡
UWLRNCPKO M©MDQ¡
EQUCRWPVKCIWFC
FCC
GPWPNWICTJCDKVWCN GPVTCFCH
GPFGTG\CTXVU©©UUC¡
RNCPVC GPNCGPVTCFCMK¡³IQD
U©NJ³C¡
CNIQNCTIQ GPVTCTXKDCMKC¡
UWLCPKO
U©©ZZKFJC¡
RNCPVCRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
GPVTGRTGRV©T
OWEJCUEQUCUUGOGLCPVGU
UCC¡³FJCP
FQPFGGUV£PRCTCFQU
GPVTGICT '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 

GPVTGICTXVFQ¡³EJKFJC¡
CNFWG³Q GUµHCIQODCM
GPXGPGPCTXVOCKOVWFC¡ GURCNFCHMQO
RC¡EJOCFC¡
VTCORC FGGURCNFCULC¡MF©T
GRC\QVGORCCUWK¡EJ GURCPVCTXVEJQQ¡PPKC¡©¡PMKCVC¡VQQ¡PPKC¡
«RQECH GURC³QNOMCUVKKN
«RQECFGFGU[GTDGDQQ³DJCM
LWNKQ[CIQUVQ GURGTCTXVP©©TC¡
EQORNCPKO
«RQECFGGNQVGUVQQOQM
QEVWDTG GURGUQGURGUCCFLLCTCCO
N¯SWKFQ
«RQECFGNNWXKCUFWWFWMV©¡PIKCM
FGLWPKQC GURKIWKNNCH
UGRVKGODTG
SWGVKGPGVGNCFGGURKIWKNNCZ©¡U©NJKM
«RQECFGRK\ECQ¡TCDJCM
PQXKGODTG
GURKPCHLQK¡
«RQECFGUGSW¯CVCCDJCM
FGFKEKGODTGCOC[Q
SWGVKGPGGURKPCULQ¡KK¡
«RQECFGUKGODTC©¡ZKCDJCM
LWPKQ
GUR¯TKVWOKK¡OFC¡
GTWEVCTXKLCTVWIKC¡
GUR¯TKVWOCNQVQQDQNJKM
GUECRCTXKOCK¡O©NJKC¡
GURQNXQTGCTXVDWKFJC¡
FGLCTGUECRCTPCMIC¡
EQORNCPKO
GURQPLCTXVLCDMC¡
OCUC
GUECTCDCLQO
MCLCCPC¡
WPCHKDTC
ÎGUECTCDCLQFG\QRKNQVGÏVQDCCICK³DW
VKRQFG MQDMQ¡
JQPIQ
GURQPLCFQGURQPLCFCMQVIKZ
RNWOCLGEWCPFQ
GUECTDCTXVLKKDC¡ GUV£GORQNNCPFQWPCXG
GUECTFCTXVLKOEJWFC¡
EQPCTCFQUKPCNGVCU GURQUCHLQQ³K¡
VWK¡EJFJC¡
EQPCTCFQEQPCNGVCU
GURQUQOMWP
GUEQDCHDQZMCT
GURWOCHVQMUQ¡
GUEQIGTXVFCCUC¡
CWPECPFKFCVQ SWGJCEGGURWOCEJQMUQNJK¡
GUEQPFGTXV©ZEJQ¡ SWGVKGPGGURWOCEJQMUQ¡
©ZEJQKFJC¡
FGQVTCRGTUQPC
GURWOCTXKVQMUQNJKC¡
Q¡³EJQ¡
UWLCPKO
JCEGTGURWOCTVQMUQNJFJC¡
Q¡³ZKFJC¡
EQORNCPKO
CGUEQPFKFCU©ZEJWKZKO GUVCDNGEGTXVCCIC¡
EQOQEQUVWODTG
GUETKDKTXVWC¡PC¡ GUVCECHUQPFJK³MCT
WC¡³ZKFJC¡
CQRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC GUVCNNCTXKZKR³KC¡
CXKUQGUETKVQW¡WCP GUVCPECTXKUWW¡P
CIWC
GUEWEJCTXVMCC[C¡ GUVCTXKVWK¡FJK¡
GUEWRKTXKZKZDW¡ XKLWTWW³FJC¡
GPWPNWICT
XKFCC
GPWPNWICTJCDKVWCN
GUEWTTKFK\QGUEWTTKFK\CCFLFJC¡PRKM
XKQKNJKC¡
CPFCPFQ
GUGGUCGUQUGUCUCFLFJK
GURGE¯HKEQ XM©©M
RCTCFQRWGUVQQENCXCFQXGTVKECNOGPVG
FJK¡³K
XKUKDNGGURGEKH¯EQ XKVWWV
RCTCFCUEQUCUO£UCNVCUSWGCPEJCU
«UGGUQ«UC«UQU«UCURTQPFJK¡
XKUKDNGIWK¡ GUVGGUVCGUVQUGUVCUCFLFJK
GURGE¯HKEQ

PQXKUKDNG FJK¡³K
XKUKDNGGURGEKH¯EQ
FJK¡³K
XKUKDNGGURGEKH¯EQFJK¡RWK¡
OKUOQ
«UVGGUVQ«UVC«UVQU«UVCURTQPFJK¡
XKUKDNG
EQP«UGEQPGUQEQP«UCEQP«UVQUEQP«UVCU
IWK¡
PQXKUKDNG
FJK¡M©¡P
NQSWGVTCG
FJK¡³K
XKUKDNGGURGEKH¯EQFJK¡RWK¡
OKUOQ
RQTGUQRWK¡MWDC¡PCDC¡
EQP«UVGEQPGUVQEQP«UVCEQP«UVQUEQP
GUH«TKEQGUH«TKECCFLMCDWWNJKM «UVCUFJK¡M©¡P
NQSWGVTCG
GUHQT\CTXVXRTPNFCMQQ¡³FJC¡ GUVK«TEQNODJKKEJ
UKPGUHQT\CTUGLC¡RR©Z GUVKTCTXVDCKUU©PC¡
GUOGTGLµPO DCKUU©³FJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
GUOGTGLµPEQNWFQVQDJCCD
ICXKN£PRCLCTGTQ U©©UUC¡
CNIQNCTIQ
GUOGTKNOOWC¡MCT GUVµOCIQODQQM
 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 HQTOC

GUVQTPWFCTXKDJKZEJ©MKC¡ CHCXQTFGC¡OMCO
GUVTGNNCHEJK¡©©¡ HGEJCH
GUVTGNNCFGNCVCTFGUWWUCMPCCM©O HKLCTHGEJCVWFCCUC¡
RCTCKPKEKCTGNOKVQVG
GUVWEJGOICCOMCT HGQHGCCFLDWKEJ©M
DCI©©U
RCTCIWCTFCTHNGEJCU DWCO
OCPGTC
GUVWFKCPVGO HGTQ\CFLDJCPCC¡
UGTGUVWFKCPVGKUMQGNVC¡ HKCTXVCDKCTW¡
GUVWFKCTXVOCOVWZFJC¡ HKGDTGH
GZCEVQGZCEVCCFL FCTHKGDTGL©DCCOW¡VQPKK¡³EJWFC¡
GZCEVCOGPVGCOR©Z
PKO£UPKOGPQUCOR©M VGPGTHKGDTGVQK³FJKC¡
GZECXCTXVMQQMDKC¡ HKGTTQODCK³WO
GZETGOGPVQODJKKEJ HKGUVCH
GZKIKTXVFCK¡EJFJC¡FCMQQ¡³FJC¡ JCEGTWPCHKGUVCRKCUVCVC¡
GZKUVGPEKCH HKLCTXVXRTPN
GUVCTGPGZKUVGPEKCLCK¡EJ H¯LGUGV©©¡
«ZKVQO HKNCH
UKP«ZKVQV©KRWR GPHKNCUCMCCNJ
GZRGTKGPEKCH HKNQUQHKNQUCCFLOW¡WWM
SWGVKGPGGZRGTKGPEKCOCVFC¡ HKPO
GZRNKECTXVCC¡³FJC¡ CHKPGUFGLWOV©©OQKFJCM
GZRTGUCTXVXRTPNPQMKC¡
EQPRCNCDTCU HKPQHKPCCFLDKK
GZVGPFGTXVXRTPNFCIKC¡
NCOCPQRCTC HKTOCOGPVQOLKZFJCCO
UCNWFCT HKTOGCFL
IKQRPC¡
UKPEWKFCFQFGUQTFGPCFCOGPVG GUVCTHKTOGZKM©MMC¡
GPUWQRKPKµP
R©ZEJ©TPKC¡
HWGIQNKVUGQ[GCTFGT HNCEQHNCECCFLICM
U©NJ³C¡
CNIQNCTIQ
HNCOGCTXKP©PDJKMKC¡
NWODTG
ZKDQQTMC¡
TCOCU
ZKMQQTMC¡
FGNECRWNNQRNCPVC HNCWVCH
GZVKPIWKTXVLCIKC¡
NG³CQJKGNQ HNCWVCFWNEGVKTKOKCZ
JGEJCFGECTTK\QDNCPFQ
VWMKC¡
NWODTGQOQVQT HNGEJCHW¡WW
GZVTCGTXVLWRPC¡ HNGZKDNGCFL
LWR³KFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC SWGGUHNGZKDNGEJCOQOKKM
NKVPQUGSWKGDTC
DCZDJC¡
N¯SWKFQFGCDCLQJCEKCCTTKDC HNQLGTCH
SWGVKGPGHNQLGTCQQ¡P

(
HNQLQHNQLCCFLFJWUCCTCMFJWUCCTCO
FGOCUKCFQHNQLQFGOCUKCFCHNQLCLWCTCM
GUVCTHNQLQGUVCTHNQLCFJWUCCTCOM©©M
HNQTH[QQZK¡
H£EKNCFL
HNQTFGNÎHTKLQNFGTCVµPÏDCU©M[QQZK¡
GLQVG
H£EKNFGGPVGPFGTZKOMCKOC¡
UKNXGUVTG
HCLCTXVDJKURC¡
EQPWPCEKPEJC HNQTFGOCIWG[LWNJKKM
GUVCTHCLCFQGUVCTHCLCFCDJKKUCR
HNQTGCTXVMQDMQ¡
HCNFCHKRWWT
HNQVCTXKDJ©©[C¡
VTCVCPFQFGPCFCT
HCNVCTXKCCIC¡
VKGORQ
HNWKTXKDWWUPKC¡
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SWGNGHCNVCEJWC¡IKO
UCNQC\¼ECT
HQPFQOVWWMCDK¡
SWGNGHCNVCUCNDCUFCM
CNHQPFQVWWMCD
HCOKNKCTCFLOLCFWW³
HQTOCH
HCXQTO
FGKIWCNHQTOCOK¡RWK¡


HQTOCT '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 

FGSW«HQTOCPCLCZLC¡M
HQTOCTXVLWRFW³KC¡
EQUC
LWRFWK³FJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
HQTOCFQUHQTOCFCUR©ZEJ©D©©R
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HTCEVWTCTXVQOPC¡QO³KC¡ JCEGTICEJCULKKDC¡
FGRKPQNG
HT£IKNCFL ICNNKPCHVCMCCTWK¡WDKKVCMCCTWK¡
EQUCHT£IKNLCKMICO ICNNQOM©NJKKVCMCCTWK¡VCMCCTWK¡
HTG¯TXVOCPVGGMOCFC¡
GPOCPVGEC ICPCTXVOCK¡EJKC¡
HTGPKNNQORKTKK³
FGECDCNNQ DJCK¡DEJKC¡
CNVWTCQFKUVCPEKC
DJ©©[C¡
KTCEKGTVQNWICTTGIKQPCNKUOQ
HTGPVGHMQD
ICTICPVCHMWKMWZDQ
HTGUEQHTGUECCFL
SWGGUV£HTGUEQL©DQQ¡
VKGORQ ICTTCHLWWV
CPKOCN
HTKLQNODJCD ICT\CH
ÎHTKLQNFGTCVµPÏDCU©MDJCDKK¡
GLQVGUKNXGUVTG ICT\CITKUDCMQQP
HT¯QHT¯CCFLOL©©RK¡³ ICUVCTXVDWC¡
RQPGTUGHT¯QL©©RFJC¡
CODKGPVG ICUVCFQICUVCFCDKQPC¡
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RQTOWEJQWUQ
SWGJCEGHT¯QL©©RK¡³
ICVQICVCOHOKUVWK³
SWGVKGPGHT¯QL©©¡O
ICVQOQPV«UOKUVWTCDJQQP
VGPGTOWEJQHT¯QI©DMC¡
UWLCPKO
IGPVGHLC¡VMCO
HTWVCHDJCKFJC¡
EQOGUVKDNG
NNGPCFGHTWVCKKDJCKFJC¡
RNCPVC IGTOKPCTXKDWWUPKC¡
RNCPVC
SWGFCOWEJCHTWVCKKDJCK¡³EJCNJK¡ IQDGTPCFQTOLKZMCK¡
VTCFKEKQPCN
HTWVQOKKDJCKFJC¡ IQNRGO
FCTHTWVQLQKFJC¡
RNCPVC FCTIQNRGUUQQUPKC¡
EQPCNIQFWTQRCTC
PQFCTOWEJQHTWVQZKOFCC¡
RNCPVC JCEGTNQ£URGTQ
SWGFCHTWVQZWWNJIK¡ IQNRGCTXVI©DKEJRCIC¡
VGPGTHTWVQFCC
RNCPVC UQK³EJKC¡
EQPJCEJC
LWWMC¡³FJC¡
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HWGIQO
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FJWCMCO
RQTOWEJQVKGORQ
HWGTCCFXF©©TCRF©T
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VGPGTHWGT\CUWHKEKGPVGPCMIC¡ ITCPFGCFLIÀ¡
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HWOCTXVF©©¡PPKC¡
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SWGHWOCOWEJQFJ©©³OWM ITCUCCPKOCNQDCC¡
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FGRKGN ITKNNQOMCCNJKUQK
ITKRCHUQOCKIK¡
ITKUCFLMQQOC¡
MQQOUCNJ
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RQPGTUGITKUMQQOIKNJKC¡
EKGNQ
 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 JKLQJKLC

ITKVCTXKLKK³MKC¡ FWK³FJC¡
NQSWGQVTCRGTUQPCRKFKµ
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CQVTCRGTUQPC LCZFJW³KC¡
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FQNQTQUCOGPVG LWRFW³KC¡
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FGHQTOCRNCPC LWRFWK³FJC¡
HQTOCTRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
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FGHQTOCEKN¯PFTKEC FQQFC¡
NQSWGUWIKGTGP
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FGNCOKUOCOCPGTC
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EKGTVQFGUVKPQ
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EKGTVQFGUVKPQ
JCEKCCDCLQC¡PUCRLC¡M
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FGHWOCT RQPGTXVCCFC¡
RCPVCNµPHCNFCQ\CRCVQU
RKUCTXVM©KURC¡ CC¡³FJC¡
RCPVCNµPHCNFCQ\CRCVQUCQVTC
RKUQOF©©TCR RGTUQPC
RKUVCHP©K¡MCTVCO
FGNOKVQVGVTCFKEKQPCN FCCUC¡
EQUCUPQNCTICU
RKVCJC[CHIKUWNJ FCCZZKFJC¡
TGOGFKQGPGNEWGTRQFGQVTC
RGTUQPC
RKVCTXVMWKEJFJC¡
ENCZQP ICCOFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
RK\ECH ICCOW¡
GPWPUCEQQWPCDQNUC
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EQORNKPCP
RK\ECTXVQTCC¡ M©©UC¡
UQODTGTQ
RNCPGVCOQK¡³IC¡P M©©ZFJC¡
GPRQUKEKµPXGTVKECNRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
V©K¡FJC¡
ECOKUCQDNWUCCQVTCRGTUQPC
RNCPQRNCPCCFLIKQQ¡
V©MKC¡
GPRQUKEKµPJQTK\QPVCNEQORNKPCP
RNCPVCTXVFCCUC¡ V©¡[C¡
TQRC
RN£UVKEQO RQPGTUGWPUQODTGTQDQPOCVFC¡
EWDKGTVCFGRN£UVKEQPCKNQ
RCTCEWDTKTGN RQPGTCFGPVTQDCCZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
EWGTRQ DCCUC¡
RNCVCHQTOCHDQRVQ¡
FGVCDNCU RQPGTCNIQFµPFCCZFJC¡
EGTGOQPKCN
RN£VCPQOMCTWWO RQPGTCKPEWDCTDQQFC¡
CXG
RN£VKECHC¡IKEJCO RQPGTFKGPVGUVCCVOWVFC¡


 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 RWTKHKECT

RQPGTXGNCEGTGOQPKCND©¡³FJC¡ UWRTKOQJGTOCPQUWRTKOCJGTOCPC
RQPKGPVGOLWTPKR U©RFJK¡³
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQQFGNC
FGNRQPKGPVGC¡PUCRF©TLC¡M JGTOCPCOGPQTFGNRCR£QFGNCOCO£
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JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQQFGNC
RQTRTGRCOÊTCO
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NQNCTIQ
RTKUCH
RQTSWGEQPLPCIW¡
VGPGTRTKUCLQVOC¡³FJC¡
RQTSWGUKPQMWVVW
RTQDCDNGCFL
RQTVCTXVXRTPNDWCODWCFC¡
OCNEQPQVTC
RGTUQPC RTQDCDNGOGPVGIW¡EJK
RQUKDNGCFL RTQDCTXVVCCVC¡
F©©MC¡
CNKOGPVQ
RQUKDNGOGPVGMCVVK
RTQDNGOCOMQMFC
RQUVGO
RQUVGFGNTKPEµPV©VPQTC¡ RTQFWEKTXVLQKFJC¡
RNCPVC
RTQFWEKTO£UI©¡NJFJC¡
RTGEKUQRTGEKUCCFL
RTGEKUCOGPVGCOR©M RTQHWPFQRTQHWPFCCFLEJWWMCO
VKGTTCQ
CTGPC
RTGIWPVCTXVV©MMC¡
VWWMCD
JQ[Q
C¡IKFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
PQRTQHWPFQMQOCCNJKO
VKGTTCQCTGPC
RTGPFCHLCPPWNJ
RQEQRTQHWPFQOCCZKM
RTGPFGTXVD©¡³FJC¡
RCTCSWGCNWODTG
RTQIGPKVWTCHVCLCC³K¡
O©KEJFJC¡
CRCTCVQGN«EVTKEQ
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HWGIQ RTQJKDKTXV
GUVCTRTQJKDKFQGUVCTRTQJKDKFCZKFJWW
RTGQEWRCTXVCCIC¡

EGTGOQPKCNOGPVG
RTGRCTCTXVDKQOC¡
CPKOCNOWGTVQRCTC
RTQPVQCFXEJCOZKKOLQQVQO
EQEGTNQ
ICCOFJC¡
EQOKFCRCTCNNGXCTRCTCQVTC RTQRµUKVQO
RGTUQPC EQPGUGRTQRµUKVQFJK¡M©¡P
KCTC¡
JKNQURCTCVGLGTWPCVCNGIC EQPSW«RTQRµUKVQVW¡MWDC¡
DKGPRTGRCTCFQCDKCTZKO
EQPDWGPCTQRC[ RTQVGIGTXV©RIKFJC¡RCNJDWKFJC¡
CTOCU RWFTKTXVF©DCC¡
RTGUGPVCTXVLW¡³EJWFC¡
CNPK³QGPGNOKVQVG RQFTKFQFJ©DCCNJ
JCEK«PFQNGEQOGTEQOKFCTKVWCN RWGTEQOVQQZMQNJ
RTGUVCTXVVCK³DWKFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC RWGTVCH
UKKURC¡
FKPGTQ GPNCRWGTVCMK¡³IQD
RGFKTRTGUVCFQVCK³DWKFJC¡
FGQVTCRGTUQPC
RWGUEQPLDCMIW¡FJQ
RTKGVQRTKGVCCFLEJWM
RWGUVQCFLO
RTKOGTQCFXD©©R©¡MCV
TGEKDKTWPRWGUVQIÀ¡MCOVC¡
RQN¯VKEQ
D©©R©¡
VKGORQ
D©©R©¡F©T
CPVGUFGQVTQGXGPVQ RWNICHVCR©©Z
RTKOGTQRTKOGTCCFLD©©R©¡
GPNCHKNC RWNICTCFLO
GNRTKOGTNCRTKOGTCD©©R©¡MCO FGFQRWNICTIÀ¡FC¡
OCPQQRKG
RTKOGTF¯CFCKEJCO
FGNOKVQVG RWNOµPOLCDMCNJ
RTKOQRTKOCOH ÎRWNOµPFGGPEKPQÏLCDMCNJK¡³
RTKOQJGTOCPQRTKOCJGTOCPCZKKZ
JKLQQ RWPVCH
JKLCFGNJGTOCPQQFGNCJGTOCPCOC[QTFGN EQTVCTNCRWPVCMWW¡ORKIC¡
FGWPCRNCPVC
RCR£QFGNCOCO£ZKMW¡
JKLQQJKLCFGN RWPVKCIWFQRWPVKCIWFCCFLOW¡WWM
JGTOCPQQFGNCJGTOCPCOGPQTFGNRCR£Q RW³GVC\QO
FGNCOCO£ FCTRW³GVC\QUI©DKEJRCIC¡
RTKOQNGLCPQRTKOCNGLCPCZKKZO©MF©TMCO RW³QOUCCMW
FGITCPQUUGEQU
ZKMW¡O©MF©TMCO
RWTKHKECTXV
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RWTKHKECFQRWTKHKECFCWC³
CNOCQGUR¯TKVW SWGTGTOWEJQFC¡VC¡
EQORNCPKO
SWGNQSWKGTGOWEJQFJCCP
EQORNCPKO

3
FJCC¡
EQORNKPCP
SWGSWKGTGEQOGTKK³CO
ECTPG
SWGUQOMKKU
JCEGTSWGUQFCIKCPC¡
SWGRTQPEQPLPCUCR SWKGPRTQPPC
RTQPQODTGTGNCVKXQ
SWGVCPVQPCLCZ SWKGPUGCLCTQK¡PCR©Z
SW«RTQPLCZVW¡PCLCZPCVW¡ SWK«PRTQPLCTQQPCLCTQK¡
FGSW«OQFQPCLCZFJWWM
VKGORQRCUCFQ SWK«PUCDG!LWODJC
SW«VCPVQSW«VCPPCL©¡Z SWKQVGOUCCD
CSW«RCTVG!RCLC¡M
SWKVCTXVXRTPNDCCDWKFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
FGSW«OCPGTC!LCZR©M
EWCPFQJC[FWFCFG DJKC¡
FGNHWGIQ
EµOQJCEGTCNIQLCZLC¡M FCDPC¡
RNWOCUQRGNQ
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RKGN
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RCTCENCTKHKECT MK¡UOC¡
EQPNQUFKGPVGU
RCTCSW«!VW¡MWDC¡ M©©¡ORKIC¡
NQUWEKQ
RQTSW«PQ!EJCODJCK¡ M©©¡ORKZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
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RTGIWPVCTGVµTKEC MWCPC¡
EWDKGTVQECOKUCQUQODTGTQEQUC
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TQRCFGQVTCRGTUQPC
SW«ECTCEVGT¯UVKECUVKGPG!LCZEJW¡O V©K¡DJKQMC¡
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SW«EQUCUGT£!VW¡PCFC¡

4
SW«VCPVQ!L©¡Z
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dSW«OQQIW¡
SWGDTCFK\QSWGDTCFK\CCFLQO³K¡
EQUCNCTIC
TC¯\HVCM
SWGDTCTXVLCK³C¡LCKMKC¡
TCLCTXVLCK³C¡LCKMKC¡
QOPC¡
GPRGFC\QUQO³KC¡
VCCRPC¡
EQPJCEJCQEWEJKNNQ
DKKOUC¡
GPRGFCEKVQU
VCCR³KC¡
RQTRGICTQRQTUGECTUG
VWWOUC¡
GPRGFC\QUITCPFGU
LCK³FJC¡
RCTCFCTFGEQOGT TCOCH
SWGDTCFQSWGDTCFCLCKM TCOCUOCOTC
£TDQN
SWGUGSWKGDTCH£EKNOGPVGLCKMK¡
DCTTQQ TCOCUFGRKPQLWMOCCOTC
XKFTKQ TCPCHUWDJCC¡P
SWGFCTXRTPNDK¡[C¡ T£RKFQT£RKFCCFLLQVOQFC¡QD
LWTWW³FJC¡
GPWPNWICT SWGETGEGT£RKFQKKRW³K¡
RNCPVCEJ©¡VDKNJK¡
CC[C¡
FGVCNNC SWGOCFWTCT£RKFQDJCKFJC¡
HTWVC
I©ZKC¡
FGVCOC³Q SWGUGEWGEGT£RKFQDJCKFJC¡
EQOKFC
FCTRGTOKUQFGSWGFCTUGV©DKCRVWFC¡
RCTC TCUECTXVICK³DW¡
EQPNCUW³CU
RCUCTNCPQEJG IQQVC¡
EQPNCUW³CUQNCRG\W³C
SWGFCTUCVKUHGEJQSWGFCTUCVKUHGEJCMQQDFC¡ TCUICTXVUCTPC¡
VGNCQXCSWGVC

FGEQOKFC UCTPKC¡
VGNCQXCSWGVC
SWGNKVGOUCCTC¡RVWMIKC¡ VCKM³KC¡
TQRC
SWGOCTXVXRTPNO©KFJC¡ VCKMPC¡
TQRC
O©©[C¡
EQUCSWGUGECNKGPVC TCUICFCEJCKMC³
TQRC
SWGTGTXVCC¡
CWPCRGTUQPCCCIC¡ TCUIW³CTXVLQMKCPC¡
LQKFJC¡
EQORNCPKO TCURCTXVLKKDC¡
CC¡
JCEGTCNIQ LWOCC¡
RCTCGZVTCGTNQUJKNQU
SWGTGTEQOGT³CC TCVGTQTCVGTCCFLO
 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 TKGUIQUQ

SWGGUTCVGTQSWGGUTCVGTC©ZDK¡ TGOCTXKDJ©©[C¡
DCTEQ
TCVQO TGOGPFCTXVLKKUOC¡
CNTCVQLC¡Z³K TGOQLCTXVDCMEJKC¡
JCEGTCVKVQD©©R©¡ DCMEJKFJC¡
EWGTQRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
OWEJQTCVQO©M TGOQNKPQOZKDQQNJKM
RQTWPTCVQCNJKQUGTTCV TGPCEWCLQOOCMCTQKEJ
TCVµPODCU©©M TGPFKTXVI©¡NJFJC¡
ÎHTKLQNFGTCVµPÏDCU©MDJCDKK¡
GLQVGUKNXGUVTG SWGTKPFGOWK¡FJCNJK¡
RTQPVQ
TC[CH SWGTKPFGOWEJQMQDMQNJK¡
EQOKFCCN
SWGVKGPGWPCTC[CCPEJCDJKKUCROC¡
CPKOCN EQEGTUG
TC\µPH TGPSWGCTXKQDKC¡MKC¡
UKPTC\µPCNIWPCICO©TFCV TGRCTCTXVLQ³KC¡
TGDCLCTXVUQDMQPC¡
OCFGTCQRKGFTC TGRGVKTXV
TGDCUCTXVDJCK¡DEJKC¡
CNVWTCQFKUVCPEKC SWGNGIWUVCTGRGVKTEJWCC¡³ZKFJCTC¡
NQSWG
TGDQ\QOTKDJWWU WPQFKEGEQOQDWTNC
TGDW\PCTXKMWWMW¡
DWTTQ TGSWGTKTXVCCIC¡
TGECTICTXVUKKURC¡ TGUDCNCFK\QTGUDCNCFK\CCFLFJCR³K¡FJC¡PRKM
TGEGRV£EWNQOVWVWWT
FGNCUGOKNNCFGOCIWG[ EJWFC¡PRKM
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TGEJKPCTXKM©TPKFJC¡
NQUFKGPVGU TGUDCNCTXKFCRKK³FJC¡
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CEEKFGPVCNOGPVG
TGEKDKTXV
TGUKFGPEKCH
TGEKDKTDKGPM©©ICNJFJC¡
EQORNCPKO
GUVCDNGEGTTGUKFGPEKCMKKEJC¡
TGEKDKTWPRWGUVQIÀ¡MCOVC¡
RQN¯VKEQ
TGUKPCHDCCTIC¡P
TGEKGPVGCFL
RKPQTGUKPQUQLWMLKZDJCKMCO
TGEKGPVGOGPVGMKC¡R©Z
TGUKPCFGRKPQQUCC¡O
TGEKQCFXMWWFCO
TGUKUVGPVGCFLMCDCCM
SWGECOKPCTGEKQLKOFJC¡
TGUQPCTXKV©TPKC¡
UQPKFQHWGTVG
TGENCOCTXVC¡IKFJC¡
CCIC¡
NQRGFKFQ TGURGVCTXV
TGEQIGTXVVWDW¡[C¡
ITCPQU UGTTGURGVWQUQP©K¡³FJC¡
TGEQTFCTXVV©¡³EJQ¡ TGURKTCTXKKKDJKC¡
TGEQUGTXVLKKUOC¡ TGVQ³CTXKDCRRC³KC¡
RNCPVCGPTGFCFGTC
KKRW³KC¡
[GOCUWJQLCU
TGFQPFQTGFQPFCCFLZKMQQNJKM
TGVQ\CTXKQK¡FJC¡
WPQEQPQVTQ
TGFWEKTXVXRTPN
TGVTCVQOFKVTCCVQ
TGFWEKFQTGFWEKFCEJWDWNJ
ECOKPQ
TGWPKTXVLWORCFC¡
UWLCPKO
TGGORNC\CTXVRCVCCUC¡
TGXGPVCTXK©MKC¡
UQICQJKNQ
TGHNGLCTXVVQVDKMKC¡
NW\
MQDMQ¡
TGICNCTXVQPDCK¡³FJC¡ SWGUGTGXKGPVCH£EKNOGPVG©©MK¡
JKNQQUQIC
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WPCPKOCNCQVTCRGTUQPC
TGX«UO
TGIC³CTXV³KQMFJC¡
CNTGX«ULC¡MF©T
TGICTXVDCCIC¡
RNCPVC
TGXQNECTXVXRTPNKCRV©MC¡
TGITGUCTXKF©DKC¡LC¡MI©ZKC¡
TGXQNXGTXVFC¡OW³FJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
NNGICT[TGITGUCTPQTIKC¡ VCLCCPC¡
PWDGU
TG¯TXKC¡ZKC¡L©©OKC¡ TG\CTXVOCOVWFC¡
TGNCORCIWGCTXKD©RIKC¡ DKK³MCFC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
TGNKIKQUQTGNKIKQUCCFL TG\QOOCOVW¡P
JCEGTTKVQTGNKIKQUQDCPQQUC¡ TKEQTKECCFLEJWO³KICO
TGNKPEJCTXKMWWMW¡
OCEJQQECDCNNQ TKGUIQUQCFLIKFJWWNJ
ECOKPQ
TKHNG '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 

TKHNGOMCTCDK³
CTOCFGHWGIQ UCDGTXVOCCV
T¯IKFQT¯IKFCCFLIWDWWM NNGICTCUCDGTOCEJKC¡
CXKUQQPQVKEKC
TKPEµPOUQQUPC¡P
CNRKGFGWPEGTTQQEQTFµPQ SWGUCDGEJWOCCV
JCEGTEQUCUOCPWCNGU
GPHTGPVGFGWP£TDQN OCCV©V
JCEGTWPCEQUC
RQUVGFGNTKPEµPV©VPQTC¡ SWGUCDGCECNDCCRCM
T¯QOCM SWGUCDGJCEGTRGVCVGUOCK³EJCNJK¡
T¯QITCPFGIÀ¡CM UCDGSW«FGEKTCKZ
TKUWG³QTKUWG³CCFLL©©ORC¡
NKVTKGPFQWPRQEQ SWK«PUCDG!LWODJC
TKVQO UCDKQUCDKCCFLOEJWOCVFC¡
JCEGTTKVQTGNKIKQUQDCPQQUC¡ UCDQTO
TQDCTXV©©ZFJC¡
FGQVTCRGTUQPC VGPGTUCDQTMCCM
TQDQO©©ZK¡³ UCDQTGCTXVF©©MC¡
CNKOGPVQ
TQECHLQFCK
ITCPFG UCDTQUQUCDTQUCCFLIK¡MCM
HTWVCQXGTFWTC
K¡QQD
SWGGUTQECCK¡
UCECTXVDCCDW¡LWRPC¡
TQFCTXVVWWNJRC¡
DCCDWKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPCLWR³KFJC¡
RCTC
VWWNJKQRFJC¡
JCEKCQVTCRGTUQPCQCPKOCN
QVTCRGTUQPC
TQFKNNCHQNJKC DWWUCKEJWNJFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPCEQORN
TQGTXVMK¡UOC¡ CPKO
TQLQTQLCCFLD©¡ DCZDJC¡
N¯SWKFQFGCDCLQJCEKCCTTKDC
EJ©D©RIK¡
£TGC DJKC¡
FGNCIWC
TQORGTXV©MKC¡
UQICQJKNQ DJKKFJC¡
FGNCIWCRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
UCTPKC¡
VGNCQXCSWGVC MWCPC¡
FGFQPFGGUV£OGVKFQ
TQVQTQVC©©M VCMDWPC¡
FGTC¯\
DWWUCKFJC¡
OG\ECN
TQPECTXKUCTQMMKC¡
LCCNQMKC¡
NKIGTCOGPVGDGD« SWGUCDGUCECTEJWDJKCOWM
FGFQPFGGUV£
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TQPTQPGCTXKLCCNQMKC¡
ICVQ
UCECTCIWCDCK¡³FJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
TQRCHLCPPWNJMCM³K¡ DCK¡IKC¡
VWWMCDK¡
KPVGTKQT
UCEGTFQVGORCCNJ
SWGVKGPGOWEJCTQRCLCLCPPWNJMCM³K¡
UCEWFKTXVDQZMC¡
RCTCSWKVCTNCUGURKPCU
TQUCCFLHD©IKQO
UCNHQP
TQ\CTXVI©DMW¡
NKIGTCOGPVGRQTGNEWGTRQ
SWGNGHCNVCUCNDCUFCM
TWGFCHTQK¡P
SWGVKGPGUWHKEKGPVGUCNQPMCM
TWIKTXKL©©TMKC¡
UCNCFQUCNCFCCFLQPMCM
TWKFQO
UCNKTXKDWWUPKC¡
JCEGTTWKFQDTQPEQUCTQMMKC¡ F©©DQ³KC¡
N¯SWKFQ
RTQFWEKTTWKFQMCR³KC¡
EQOQGNFGCRNCWFKT PW¡CC¡
N¯SWKFQITCPQQRQNXQ
SWGUQPTWKFQUNGJCEGPGPUQTFGEGTMCC[W¡ I©ZKC¡
HTWVQFGWPCRNCPVCEWEWTDKV£EGC
TWODQO JCEGTUCNKTDWWUCKEJWNJFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
TWODQCOWLC¡M
EKGTVQFGUVKPQOWLC¡R EQORNCPKO

EKGTVC£TGC JCEGTUCNKTFGNECUECTµPVCCVMKEJFJC¡
CXGU
UKPTWODQICOO©L© SWGUCNGO©NJOWM
TGUKPC
TWOKCTXVDKKNJFJC¡ UCNKTDCTDCQDKIQVGEJK³DQVC¡
UCNKXCHEJK³DCTCC¡

5
UCNVCOQPVGUOUQK
UCNWFCTXV³KQ¡MFJC¡
PCOMKC¡
EQPTGURGVQDGUCPFQNCOCPQ
UCNXCLGCFLLKIKCTWO
CPKOCNFGNOQPVG
U£DCFQOUCCRCV
 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 UQDTKPQUQDTKPC

UCPCTXVFWC¡³FJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC UGPVKTXVXRTPN©NJFJC¡VCCVC¡VCVFCEJKC¡
UCPF¯CHUCPFKK[CU UGPVKTFQNQTO©KFJC¡
EQPCNIQECNKGPVG
UCPITCTXK©¡TRWMKC¡ UGPVKTVGTTQTLCDMC¡
UCPITGH©¡©©T UG³CNH
UCNKTUCPITG©¡TRWMKC¡ SWGGUOCNCUG³CNQ¡ZDK¡
UCPVQCFLO UG³CNCTXVU©ZKC¡
EQPNCOCPQ
5CPVC/CT¯C1EQV£P,WMV©T UG³QTKVCHV©[CC
FGSWKPEGC³QUQO£UFGGFCF
UCRQOUWDJCC¡P UGRCTCTXVXRTPNL©¡F©NJMCFC¡
UCVKUHGEJQUCVKUHGEJCCFL UGSW¯CH
SWGFCTUCVKUHGEJQSWGFCTUCVKUHGEJCMQQDFC¡ «RQECFGUGSW¯CVCCDJCM
FGFKEKGODTGCOC[Q

FGEQOKFC NNGICTNC«RQECFGUGSW¯CVCCDJC¡
UCXKCHDCCTIC¡P UGTXKCC[C¡
WPCECPVKFCF
QUDJC¡
GURGUCFGEKGTVQU£TDQNGU C¡O
NCGUGPEKCFGNCRGTUQPC
SWGVKGPGUCXKCGURGUCQUDJC¡
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EQUCPQEQPQEKFC
UGRTQPLWOÊO VWVW¡KK¡
£TGC
UGECTXVDJCCVC[C¡
RNCPVC SW«EQUCUGT£!VW¡PCFC¡
ICMKC¡ UGTKQUGTKCCFL
ICMKK¡³FJC¡ EQPUGTKGFCFI©¡O
UGEQUGECCFLICM UGTXKTXVDJKKFJC¡
EQOKFCCQVTCRGTUQPC
EJWICM
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UWLKPCP
DJCCVC¡
RNCPVC QPDCK¡³FJC¡
EQOKFC
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VKGTTC UKEQPLPQ¡
NCUUGECUVCCDJCM
TGIKQPCNKUOQ RQTSWGUKPQMWVVW
PQUGEQPQUGECDCC¡
RNCPVC U¯RTQP
UGFH RQTU¯OKUOQF©©NJR©Z
FCTUGFVGPGTUGFVQPOQ¡ U¯CFXL©©¡LÀÀ¡
SWGNGFCUGFEJWVQPOQFC¡ DCCDWK¡
UKPEQORTQOGVGTUG
SWGVKGPGUGFEJCPQQO UKGODTCH
UGFKGPVQUGFKGPVCCFLEJCPQQO «RQECFGUKGODTC©¡ZKCDJCM
LWPKQ
UGIWKFQCFLLKTOCC¡PR©ZLKEJ©M UKGORTGCFXICOO©L©
UGIWKTXVF©©MEJKC¡
RQTNCUJWGNNCU UKGTTCHLWMICO
FGEQP¯HGTCU
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RQTCVT£U UKGVGCFLZKLWOIQQM
VWK¡FJK¡
FGEKGTVCOCPGTC
UKIPKHKECFQOLWOFWWMCO
FGCNI¼PGXGPVQ
SWGUKIWGOCC¡P
UKNNCHCVQQZMQT
SWGUKIWGJCEKGPFQNQOKUOQEJWPCO©©M
UKNNCFGOQPVCTZKKT
UGIWTQUGIWTCCFLUKIWWT
UKNXGUVTGCFLLKIKCTWO
RNCPVC
UGIWTCOGPVGIW¡EJK
UKPQEQPL
UGKUCFLZKLWOOCC¡P
UKPQSWGIW¡OCVICO
CNEQPVTCTKQ
UGODTCTXV©ZKC¡
UKSWKGTCCFXEQPL
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PKUKSWKGTCEJCOL©¡Z
UGOKNNCHMCK
UQDTCTXKDK¡[C¡
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FGUVKPCFCRCTCUGODTCT
UGOKNNCFGECNCDC\CMCKEJWM UQDTGRTGRDJCCP
NCUWRGTHKEKGFG
VC¡O
NCUWRGTHKEKGFG
UGPFCHVCDJKKM
GPVTGNCUNCFGTCU
UQDTKPQUQDTKPCOHCDWKN
FGWPCOWLGT
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CQVTCRGTUQPC
MWWNUK
FGWPJQODTG
FCKDW¡
RGTUQPCQCPKOCN
OCT
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQFGNGURQUQFGWPC
GUVCTUGPVCFQGUVCTUGPVCFCFCC OWLGT
KTUGPVCFQKTUGPVCFCFCKEJI©FC¡ QQICZ
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQQFGNCJGTOCPC
UQIC '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 

FGNCGURQUC SWGUWGPCPNQUFKGPVGUM©TPKO
CNEQOGTEQUCU
FJKZKKM
JKLQQJKLCFGNCJGTOCPCOC[QTFGWPC UGECU
OWLGT UQ³CTXVV©©VMKC¡
DCDQQNJ
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQOC[QTFGWPC UQRNCTXKL©NJDKFJC¡
CKTG
OWLGT
UQRQTVCTXVUKKURC¡
Q¡MKZ
JKLQQJKLCFGNCJGTOCPCOGPQTFGWPC
UKKURKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
OWLGT
PCMIC¡
CIWCPVCT
RCCUWNJ
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UKNXGUVTGNKVOC¯\FGR£LCTQ
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JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQOC[QTFGWP UWCFLÊ¡P
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JKLQQJKLCFGNCJGTOCPCOGPQTFGWP LC
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JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQOGPQTFGWP
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UQICHV©TDK³
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EQPUQICNCTICV©D©©R
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5QNOVCPQQNJ
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GUVCTGN5QNFWW
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CNEWGTRQ
UQNOLKEJEJCCV SWGUWDGH£EKNOGPVGEJ©UFK¡
NWICTGUECTRCFQ
GPGNUQNVCPQQNJKQR UWEGFGTXKLCZFJW³KC¡
JCDGTUQNVQPPKC¡ FW³KC¡
CEVQPCVWTCN
VQOCTUQNVQZMQIKC¡
UWLCPKO DWKFJC¡
NQRNCPGCFQ
UQNCOGPVGCFXFCK UWEKQUWEKCCFLKMQQTC¡
UQNCTCFL UWFCFGTQOKCRVCTC¡
RCTCECDCNNQ
JCDGTGENKRUGUQNCTVWOVWMICOVC¡ UWFCTXKDQQTVC¡
UQNFCFQOUCPFCCTWK¡Z UWFQTODQQTFC¡
UQNKVCTKQUQNKVCTKCCFLOF©NJFJ©O
CPKOCN UWFQTQUQUWFQTQUCCFLDQQT
UQNQUQNCCFLF©©NJ UWGITCHFCC¡P
CUQNCUF©NJMQD UWGITQOQQ¡
UGPVKTUGUQNKVQUGPVKTUGUQNKVCVWMNJKC¡ UWGNQOF©D©©TF©©TCR

OQFKUOQ
UWG³QOV©©VMK¡
UQNVCTXVFQ¡PMQPC¡
DWGPQRCTCRGTEKDKTEQUCUCVTCX«UFGNQU
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RCTCUCNKT
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RCTCSWGXC[CEQORNCPKO SWGNGFCUWG³QEJWMQQZOQFC¡
SWGVKGPGUWG³QMQQZKO
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UQNVGTQUQNVGTCCFLOF©NJFJ©O
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UQODTCH
UWHKEKGPVGCFLCKZKO
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UGTUWHKEKGPVGCC[C¡
JCDGTUQODTC©©MC[C¡
UWHKEKGPVGOGPVGLWRCCDCP
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UWHTKOKGPVQOVWNJKK³CTC¡
UQODTGTQODQPCCO
UWHTKTXVVWNJKK³C¡
RQPGTUGWPUQODTGTQDQPOCVFC¡
JCEGTUWHTKTVWNJKK³EJWFC¡
UQODTGTQFGRCNOCUQQDQNJDQPCCO
UQODTGTQFG\Q[CVGWOWW¡DQPCCO UWLGVCTXVOCK¡URC¡
EQORNKPCP
UQPCLCHZKKZMKNJ
X¯DQTCFGECUECDGN UWOCTXVLC¡M©NJFJC¡
UQPCTXKMWWMW¡
KPUVTWOGPVQOWUKECN UWRGTHKEKCNCFLMQOCCNJKO
VKGTTCQCTGPC
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ECORCPC UWRGTHKEKGH
 '52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0 VGTOKPCT

EGTECFGNCUWRGTHKEKGFCCOCP
N¯SWKFQ VCRGVGODCMZKFJCTC¡
RCTCFQTOKT
GPNCUWRGTHKEKGFCCOCP
UµNKFQ VCRµPOMWWRCTC¡
GPNCUWRGTHKEKGFGFCCO VCTFCTXKO©©MKFJC¡
U¼RNKECHWC³FJCTC¡
TGURGVWQUCCNEWTCPFGTQ VCTFGCFX
UWRNKECTXVWC³FJC¡
EQPTGURGVQCNEWTCPFGTQ GUVTGNNCFGNCVCTFGUWWUCMPCCM©O
UWRWGUVQUWRWGUVCCFL JCEGTUGVCTFGLWTPKC¡
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VCVGOCTXVOCOCC[C¡

6
VC\CHVCCU
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VCDNCHVCC¡ONC
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VGLGTXVCUMKEJC¡
VCNGICFGKZVNG
VCNGICHCTRWWU
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VCNGICFGKZVNGRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
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FGVGLKFQOCNNCFQFGKZVNG
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VCNNQOVQQP VGNCHMCM³K¡
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VCOCNOV©OCKEJ H£EKNOGPVGNGFCOKGFQ
PCCMV©OCKEJ
FGECTPGFGNCECDG\CFGNRWGTEQ VGORNQOEJKQR
VCOCNEGTGOQPKCNDJCOOCZ VGORTCPGTQVGORTCPGTCCFLLQQVQM
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VCOCTKPFQO VGORTCPKVQDCL©M
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VCRGVGRGVCVGQEQDKLC
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VGTTGPQOF©D©©T GUVCTVKTCFQGUVCTVKTCFCMCCV
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CKTGEQORNCPKO
RCCUWNJ
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KPUVTWOGPVQOWUKECNFGCNKGPVQ
DCDQQNJ
JGTOCPCOGPQTFGNRCR£ UCCUDKC¡
O¼UKEC
V¯CCDWGNCCDWKN UCCUDKFJC¡
O¼UKECRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
VKDKCHLQUGG
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CNCRWGTVC
VKDKQVKDKCCFLOLWWM VQEµPOUQP
VKGORQO VQFCX¯CCFXMCMCRWRMKC¡RWK
FGUFGJCEGOWEJQVKGORQDCL©MF©T VQFCX¯CPQEJCMWK
JCEGOWEJQVKGORQDCL©M VQFQVQFCCFLRTQPD©©Z
VGPGTVKGORQRQFGGTQ¡ FGVQFCENCUGD©©ZCKZKOVW¡O
VKGTPQVKGTPCCFLOOQKM
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VKGTTCHF©D©©T VQFQUD©©ZPCDCR
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VKPCLCHDCK¡³FJCMCT
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VKTCFQTVKTCFQTCOH JCEGTVQTVKNNCUDWKFJC¡
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VKTCTXVXRTPNOCK¡DWC¡ VQTVWICHOWWNJ
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VTCDCLCTXKVWLWCPC¡ VWRKFQVWRKFCCFLZKDQQTCM
VWLWC³FJC¡
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7
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VTCGTXVDJ©KMC¡CKEJFJC¡
DJ©KFJC¡CKEJWNJFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
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JQODTQQGPNCECDG\C WDKECTXRTPNDK¡[C¡
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UµNKFQ CN¼NVKOQICVWWM
VTCORCHV©©¡PMCT
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8
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V¼PKECHMWVWWP
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XGLKICHLK¡DUQP
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 Tercera parte:
Gramática tepehuana
233 ÍNDICE

Índice
INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................................................237

ABREVIATURAS ................................................................................................................................................................238

CAPÍTULO 1. LAS CONSONANTES....................................................................................................................................239

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CAPÍTULO 2. LAS VOCALES ............................................................................................................................................247

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CAPÍTULO 3. LAS SÍLABAS ..............................................................................................................................................253

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/$6&2175$&&,21(6 
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

/DFRQWUDFFLyQGHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWR 
&XDGUR)RUPDVGHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWR  
&XDGUR)RUPDVGHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWR   
/DFRQWUDFFLyQGHSUHILMRV 
&XDGUR&RQWUDFFLRQHVFRPXQHVGHORVSUHILMRV   

CAPÍTULO 4. LA REDUPLICACIÓN...................................................................................................................................258
/$5('83/,&$&,Ï1&257$ 
/DUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDGHXQDYRFDOLQLFLDOFRUWD 
/DUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDGHXQDYRFDOLQFLDOODUJD 
/DUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDGHXQGLSWRQJRLQLFLDO
/$5('83/,&$&,Ï1/$5*$
/DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQDYRFDOLQLFLDOFRUWD
/DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQDYRFDOLQLFLDOODUJD
/DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQGLSWRQJRLQLFLDO

CAPÍTULO 5. LAS ORACIONES .........................................................................................................................................262

/$63$/$%5$6
/$6&/È868/$635,1&,3$/(6
/DVSDODEUDVGHHQODFH
(OHQIRTXH 
(OVXMHWR 
&XDGUR)RUPDVGHOFOtWLFRGHOSUHWpULWR  
&XDGUR)RUPDVGHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWRWLHPSRVSUHWpULWR\QRSUHWpULWR  
/RVREMHWRV 
&XDGUR)RUPDVGHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWR   
&XDGUR)RUPDVGHOSUHILMRUHIOH[LYR\UHFtSURFR   
/DIUDVHYHUEDO 
/DIUDVHQRPLQDO 
/DIUDVHDGYHUELDO 
/$6&/È868/$668%25',1$'$6 
/DVFOiXVXODVGHFDXVD\SURSyVLWR
/DVFOiXVXODVFRPSOHWLYDV\UHODWLYDV 
/DVFOiXVXODVTXHVHWUDGXFHQDOHVSDxROFRPRJHUXQGLRVRLQILQLWLYRV
/DVFOiXVXODVGHPi[LPRHQIRTXH
/2602'26'(/+$%/$ 
(OPRGRLQGLFDWLYR 
(OPRGRLQWHUURJDWLYR 
(OPRGRLPSHUDWLYR 
(OPRGRFRQGLFLRQDO 
&XDGUR/RVWUHVJUDGRVGHSRVLELOLGDG   

CAPÍTULO 6. LOS VERBOS...............................................................................................................................................277

/267,326'(5$',&$/(69(5%$/(6
/RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVVHQFLOORV
235 ÍNDICE

/RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRV
/RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVUHGXFLGRV
/RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVGHULYDGRV
/DVYRFDOHVGHOUDGLFDOYHUEDO 
/$6&/$6(6'(9(5%26 
/RVYHUERVGHHYHQWR 
/RVYHUERVGHHVWDGR
&XDGUR/RVYHUERVFRPXQHVGHSRVLFLyQ  
/26$),-26<3$57Ë&8/$69(5%$/(6 
/RVVXILMRVGHWLHPSR
&XDGUR/RVDILMRVYHUEDOHV\ODVFODVHVGHYHUERV  
/RVDILMRVGHDVSHFWR
/RVDILMRVGHWUDQVLWLYLGDG\GHPRGDOLGDG 
/RVSUHILMRVGHGLUHFFLyQ\OXJDU 
&XDGUR/RVSUHILMRVGHOXJDU  
/DVSDUWtFXODVPRGDOHV 
&XDGUR/RVJUDGRVGHHYDOXDFLyQ   
&XDGUR/RVWLSRVGHHYLGHQFLDV  

CAPÍTULO 7. LOS SUSTANTIVOS .....................................................................................................................................296

/265$',&$/(6120,1$/(6 
/RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVVHQFLOORV
/RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVFRPSXHVWRV 
/RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRV
/RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVGHULYDGRV
/RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVWRPDGRVGHOHVSDxRO
/$326(6,Ï1'(6867$17,926 
/DSRVHVLyQRSFLRQDOGHORVVXVWDQWLYRV 
&XDGUR/RVDILMRVGHSRVHVLyQ   
/DSRVHVLyQREOLJDWRULDGHORVVXVWDQWLYRV 

CAPÍTULO 8. LOS PRONOMBRES .....................................................................................................................................300

/26352120%5(63(5621$/(6
&XDGUR/RVSURQRPEUHVSHUVRQDOHV   
/26352120%5(6'(02675$7,926 
&XDGUR/RVSURQRPEUHVGHPRVWUDWLYRV  
/26352120%5(6,17(552*$7,9265(/$7,926(,1'(),1,'26 
/26352120%5(6326(6,926 

CAPÍTULO 9. LOS ADJETIVOS .........................................................................................................................................303

/26$'-(7,926'(02675$7,926 
&XDGUR/RVDGMHWLYRVGHPRVWUDWLYRV   
/26$'-(7,926180(5$/(6 
/26$'-(7,926&$/,),&$7,926 
/RVSURFOtWLFRVFRSXODWLYRV 
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

/RVUDGLFDOHVGHORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRV 
/RVDILMRVIOH[LYRVGHORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRV

CAPÍTULO 10. LOS ADVERBIOS .......................................................................................................................................308

/26$'9(5%,26'(/8*$5<',5(&&,Ï1 
&XDGUR/RVDGYHUELRVGHOXJDU   
&XDGUR/RVDGYHUELRVGHOXJDUGHGLItFLODFFHVR  
/26$'9(5%,26'(7,(032 
/26$'9(5%,26'(02'2 
/26$'9(5%,26,17(552*$7,9265(/$7,926(,1'(),1,'26 

CAPÍTULO 11. LAS ADPOSICIONES ..................................................................................................................................313

/$6326326,&,21(6 
/$635(326,&,21(6 

CAPÍTULO 12. LAS CONJUNCIONES ................................................................................................................................315

/$6&21-81&,21(6&225',1$17(6 
/DVFRQMXQFLRQHVDGLWLYDV 
/DVFRQMXQFLRQHVDXPHQWDWLYDV
/$6&21-81&,21(668%25',1$17(6 
/DVFRQMXQFLRQHVVXERUGLQDQWHVWHPSRUDOHV\ORFDWLYDV
/DVFRQMXQFLRQHVVXERUGLQDQWHVOyJLFDV
/DVFRQMXQFLRQHVUHODWLYDV 
/DVFRQMXQFLRQHVGHFRPSOHPHQWR 
/$6,17(5-(&&,21(6 

BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..................................................................................................................................................................323

GLOSARIO ........................................................................................................................................................................324
237 INTRODUCCIÓN

Introducción
(VWDJUDPiWLFDGHODOHQJXDWHSHKXDQDHPSLH]DFRQXQDH[SOLFDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDIRQROyJLFRTXHVHSUHVHQWDHQORV
FDStWXORVGHODO3ULPHURH[SOLFDPRVFXiOHVVRQORVUDVJRVIRQpWLFRVGHORVGLVWLQWRVVRQLGRVGHOWHSHKXiQWDQWR
FRQVRQDQWHVFRPRYRFDOHV\FyPRVHHVFULEHQFRQHODOIDEHWRSUiFWLFRDFWXDO/XHJRH[SOLFDPRVFyPRFDPELDQHVWRV
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H[SOLFDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDPRUIROyJLFRTXHVHSUHVHQWDHQORVFDStWXORVDO3ULPHURH[SOLFDPRVFRPRVHIRUPDQORV
HQXQFLDGRVOXHJRH[SOLFDPRVODVIRUPDV\ORVVLJQLILFDGRVGHORVQXPHURVRVPRUIHPDVJUDPDWLFDOHVTXHVHXVDQWDQWR
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PD\~VFXODVODSULPHUDYH]TXHVHXVDQHQXQDSDUWDGR7DPELpQVHSUHVHQWDQHQOLVWDGRVDOIDEpWLFDPHQWHHQHOJORVDULR
TXHVHHQFXHQWUDDOILQDOGHODJUDPiWLFDMXQWRFRQVXVGHILQLFLRQHVHQSDODEUDVPHQRVWpFQLFDVSDUDTXHODVSHUVRQDV
TXHQRORVFRQRFHQSXHGDQEXVFDUDOOtVXVVLJQLILFDGRV
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

Abreviaturas
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 ILQDOGH6Ë/$%$$/)$%(72)21e7,&2
¾ YRFDOODUJD$/)$%(72)21e7,&2
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 /$6&21621$17(6

Capítulo 1. Las consonantes

(QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVORVVRQLGRVFRQVRQiQWLFRVGHOWHSHKXiQ3ULPHURGHVFULELPRVFDGDXQDGHODV
&21621$17(6LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH>@\OXHJRGHVFULELPRVORV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26PD\RUHVORVFXDOHVFDXVDQTXH
FDPELHODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHPXFKDVGHODVFRQVRQDQWHV>@
7RGDVODVFRQVRQDQWHVGHVFULWDVHQHVWHFDStWXORVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR/DVFROXPQDVUHJLVWUDQORVGLVWLQWRV
381726'($57,&8/$&,Ï1GHODVFRQVRQDQWHV\ORVUHQJORQHVUHJLVWUDQVXVGLIHUHQWHV0$1(5$6'($57,&8/$&,Ï1

(QODSDUWHVXSHULRUGHFDGDFHOGDHVFULWDVHQQHJULOODDSDUHFHQOHWUDVWRPDGDVGHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2WHSHKXDQR
TXHIXHDSUREDGRSRUORVPDHVWURVELOLQJHVWHSHKXDQRVHQ(QODSDUWHLQIHULRUHQWUHFRUFKHWHVFXDGUDGRV
DSDUHFHQVtPERORVWRPDGRVGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2TXHIXHDSUREDGRSRUOD$VRFLDFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD)RQpWLFDHQ


Punto de articulación

Manera de $OYHR
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articulación SDODWDO
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Cuadro 1. Las consonantes del tepehuán

1.1. Descripción de las consonantes

(QVHJXLGDGHVFULELPRVORV5$6*26)21e7,&26GHFDGD&21621$17(GHOWHSHKXiQLQGLFDQGRGHVSXpVGHHOOROD
PDQHUDHQTXHVRQFDPELDGDVSRUORV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26SULQFLSDOHV/RVDSDUWDGRVHVWiQRUJDQL]DGRVVHJ~QORV
PLVPRVJUXSRVGHFRQVRQDQWHVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQORVUHQJORQHVGHOFXDGURDVDEHU2&/86,9$662125$62&/86,9$6
625'$6)5,&$7,9$6$)5,&$'$61$6$/(6/Ë48,'$6\6(0,92&$/'HHVWDPDQHUDHOOHFWRUSXHGHDSUHFLDUFXiOHV
FRQVRQDQWHVWLHQHQUDVJRVLJXDOHVRVHPHMDQWHVDRWUDV
3DUDFDGDFRQVRQDQWHSURSRUFLRQDPRVHOPLVPRWLSRGHLQIRUPDFLyQ3ULPHURGDPRVODOHWUDGHO$/)$%(72
35È&7,&2WDQWRHQPLQ~VFXODFRPRHQPD\~VFXODVHJXLGDSRUHOVtPERORFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2
/XHJRGDPRVOD'(6&5,3&,Ï17e&1,&$FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHMXQWRFRQVXV9$5,$&,21(6)212/Ï*,&$6\VXV5(675,&&,21(6
',675,%87,9$6RVHDODVPRGLILFDFLRQHVGHSURQXQFLDFLyQTXHVRQFDXVDGDVSRUVXSRVLFLyQHQODSDODEUDRSRURWURV
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

VRQLGRV$OILQDOGDPRVHMHPSORVGHSDODEUDV\IUDVHVHQWHSHKXiQHQODVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQODVFRQVRQDQWHVHQWRGRVORV
&217(;726TXHFDXVDQXQFDPELRGHSURQXQFLDFLyQ

1.1.1. Las oclusivas sordas

/DV2&/86,9$6625'$6HQWHSHKXiQVHSURQXQFLDQHQFXDWUR381726'($57,&8/$&,Ï1DVDEHU%,/$%,$/
$/9(2/$59(/$5\*/27$/$GHPiVWUHV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQFDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODV
RFOXVLYDVVRUGDVDVDEHUOD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1HO(1625'(&,0,(172R$63,5$&,Ï1),1$/\OD5($57,&8/$&,Ï1
92&È/,&$

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     RCNJ©©R =RCŠ.»¾R*? XQSRFR

t, T =V? 2&/86,9$$/9(2/$5625'$
     6HSURQXQFLDFRQ3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDMXQWRDXQDiRDXQD
      FRQVRQDQWH$/9(23$/$7$/>@
     6HSURQXQFLDFRQDVSLUDFLyQDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD>@
     LWOVCCV =JWOV#¾V*? WXSDSi
   LK³EJCCV =JK½V5#¾V*? PLSDSi

k, K =M? 2&/86,9$9(/$5625'$
     6HSURQXQFLDFRQDVSLUDFLyQDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD>@
     LKZMCDCCM =M#$#¾M*? HVGXUR

¡ =!? 2&/86,9$*/27$/625'$
     6XSURQXQFLDFLyQFDXVD5($57,&8/$&,Ï192&È/,&$RVHDODYRFDOHVUHSHWLGD
      GHVSXpVGHOVDOWLOORRDOILQDOGHXQD6Ë/$%$>@RDQWHVGHRWUDFRQVRQDQWH
      H[FHSWRDQWHVGHXQD1$6$/35(*/27$/,=$'$>@
   C¡PC¡ =!#!#P#!#m? SOXPD

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HVFULEHQDO,1,&,2GHODVSDODEUDV6LQHPEDUJRFRQHODOIDEHWR)21e7,&2TXHXWLOL]DPRVHQHVWDJUDPiWLFDVtVH
HVFULEHQ

1.1.2. Las oclusivas sonoras

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SURQXQFLDQODVRFOXVLYDV625'$6DVDEHU%,/$%,$/$/9(2/$5\9(/$5$GHPiVGRV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQ
FDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODVRFOXVLYDVVRQRUDVDVDEHUOD35(*/27$/,=$&,Ï11$6$/\OD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1

DJ$J =D? 2&/86,9$%,/$%,$/62125$

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     DJCP  =D#PPm?   FR\RWH
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d, D =F? 2&/86,9$$/9(2/$562125$
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 LK³FJCC¡P =JK½F<#¾!PPm? PLVXHJUD
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      >@
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g, G =I? 2&/86,9$9(/$562125$
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      >@ODFXDOVHDGDSWDDOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQGHODVLJXLHQWHFRQVRQDQWH
FC¡PIKC¡  =F#¾!0IK#!#m? OHVDJDUUDUi
     IKQ¡PV©T =IKQ!PV»4m?  OODQRV
     6HSURQXQFLDFRPRRFOXVLYDJORWDOVRUGDDOILQDOGHOD3$/$%5$>@
     FCIKC¡  =F#IK#!#m?  ORDJDUUDUi
FCC¡   =F#¾!#m?   ORHVWiDJDUUDQGR

1.1.3. Las fricativas

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$/9(2/$5$/9(23$/$7$/\*/27$//DIULFDWLYDELODELDOHV62125$\ODVGHPiVVRQ625'$6$GHPiVGRV352&(626
)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQFDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODVIULFDWLYDVDVDEHUOD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1\HO(1625'(&,0,(172
),1$/

D$ =$? )5,&$7,9$%,/$%,$/62125$

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      >@
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      FRQVRQDQWH625'$SHURVHPDQWLHQHVRQRUDFXDQGRSUHFHGHDXQDFRQVRQDQWH
      62125$
     ZKDOQQ  =5K$OQQm? DKRULWD
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s, S =U? )5,&$7,9$$/9(2/$5625'$
     6HSURQXQFLDFRQSDODWDOL]DFLyQFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDMXQWRDXQDKRDXQD
      FRQVRQDQWHDOYHRSDODWDO>@
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 LK³ZWWUCM =JK½5W¾UCM*? PLKXDUDFKH
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

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     DWKDCU  =$WK$#U*? FDUD

x, X =5? )5,&$7,9$$/9(23$/$7$/625'$
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     ZKQIK¡³ =5KQIK!½½m? VXKHUPDQRRKHUPDQDPD\RU
     VQQZMQNJ =VQ¾5MQŠ.? SXHUFR
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L,  >K@ )5,&$7,9$*/27$/625'$

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     LQQLQK¡³ =JQ¾JQK!½½m? HVWiPLUDQGR

1.1.4. Las africadas

+D\GRVFRQVRQDQWHV$)5,&$'$6TXHVHSURQXQFLDQHQWHSHKXiQHQHOPLVPR38172'($57,&8/$&,Ï1HVGHFLU
$/9(23$/$7$/8QDDIULFDGDHV62125$\ODRWUDHV625'$$GHPiVGRV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQFDPELRVHQ
ODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODVDIULFDGDVDVDEHUHO(1625'(&,0,(172),1$/\OD35(*/27$/,=$&,Ï11$6$/

EJ%J =V5?$)5,&$'$$/9(23$/$7$/625'$
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FJ&J =F<? $)5,&$'$$/9(23$/$7$/62125$

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     FJK¡³K =F<K!½KKm? pVWH
     DCKFJC¡ =$#KF<#!#m? ORLQYLWDUi
DCK¡³ =$#K!½½m?   ORLQYLWy

1.1.5. Las nasales

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$/9(2/$5\$/9(23$/$7$/7RGDVVRQVRQRUDV$GHPiVGRV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQFDPELRVHQODVQDVDOHV
DVDEHUHO(1625'(&,0,(172),1$/\OD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1

O/ =O? 1$6$/%,/$%,$/62125$

     6HSURQXQFLDFRQXQ'(6/,=),1$/625'2DOILQDOGHOD)5$6()212/Ï*,&$>@
     OCCMCO=O#¾M#OOm? GHRWURPRGR
 /$6&21621$17(6

P0 =P? 1$6$/$/9(2/$562125$

     6HSURQXQFLDFRQ3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDMXQWRDXQDiRXQD
      FRQVRQDQWH$/9(23$/$7$/>@
     6HSURQXQFLDFRQXQGHVOL]ILQDOVRUGR>@DOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD
     LWOPCCP =JWOP#¾PPm? WXPDPi
 LK³³CCP =JK½½#¾PPm? PLPDPi

³“ =½? 1$6$/$/9(23$/$7$/62125$

     $OILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFDVHSURQXQFLDXQGHVOL]ILQDOVRUGR>@
     ³K³KC =½K½K##m?  VHGHVSHUWy
     LCFWW³ =J#FW¾½½m? SDULHQWH

1.1.6. Las líquidas

/DVFRQVRQDQWHV/Ë48,'$6HQWHSHKXiQVHSURQXQFLDQHQGRV381726'($57,&8/$&,Ï1/DOtTXLGD$/9(2/$5HV
XQD9,%5$17(6,03/(\ODOtTXLGD$/9(23$/$7$/HVXQD/$7(5$//DVGRVVRQ62125$6'RV352&(626
)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQFDPELRVHQVXSURQXQFLDFLyQDVDEHUHO(1625'(&,0,(172),1$/\OD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1

T4  =4? 9,%5$17(6,03/($/9(2/$562125$

     6HSURQXQFLDFRQ3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDMXQWRDXQDiRDXQD
      FRQVRQDQWH$/9(23$/$7$/>@
     TWTW¡Z =4W4W!W5*? KDPDFD
     DQQNJKC¡ =$Q¾Š.K#!#m? VXGDUi
     6HSURQXQFLD625'$DO),1$/GHOD)5$6()212/Ï*,&$>@
  DQQTFC¡ =$Q¾4F#!#m? VXGRU
   LKZDQQT  =JK5$Q¾4m?  HVWiVXGRURVR

NJ.J =Š.?/$7(5$/$/9(23$/$7$/62125$
     (VODFRPELQDFLyQGHXQD)5,&$7,9$9(/$5\XQDODWHUDO3$/$7$/,=$'$
     6HSURQXQFLD625'$DOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD>@
     5DUDYH]VHSUHVHQWDDO,1,&,2GHOD6Ë/$%$
     CNJKK  =#Š.K¾Km? QLxRRQLxD
C¡CCNJ =#!#¾Zˆ?  QLxRV

1.1.7. La semi-vocal
+D\XQD6(0,92&$/HQWHSHKXiQODFXDOHV62125$\$/9(23$/$7$/

[; =L? 6(0,92&$/$/9(23$/$7$/62125$

     1XQFDVHSUHVHQWDDO),1$/GHXQD6Ë/$%$
     [QQZK¡ =LQ¾5K!Km? IORU
     V©¡[C¡ =V»!»L#!#m? GLUi
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

1.2. Los procesos fonológicos que cambian a las consonantes

+D\WUHV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26TXHFDXVDQFDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODV&21621$17(6HQWHSHKXiQORV
FXDOHVGHVFULELPRVHQORVDSDUWDGRVVLJXLHQWHVDVDEHUOD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1HO(1625'(&,0,(172),1$/\OD35(
*/27$/,=$&,Ï11$6$/

1.2.1. La palatalización
/DVFLQFR&21621$17(6$/9(2/$5(6V,F,U,P\TFDVLVLHPSUHHVWiQHQ',675,%8&,Ï1&203/(0(17$5,$FRQODV
FLQFRFRQVRQDQWHV$/9(23$/$7$/(6FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVEJ, FJ, Z, ³ \ NJ(VGHFLUODVFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRODUHVVH
SURQXQFLDQFRPRFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRSDODWDOHVFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDQMXQWRDXQD92&$/$/7$$17(5,25KRDXQD
FRQVRQDQWHDOYHRSDODWDO

V=V?     EJ=V5?
VQQPC¡P    LK³EJQQP
VXSLHUQD    PLSLHUQD

F=F?    FJ=F<?
FCCMC¡P    LK³FJCCM
VXQDUL]     PLQDUL]

U=U?     Z=5?
LWOUQK¡    LK³ZQK¡
WXDQLPDOGRPpVWLFR PLDQLPDOGRPpVWLFR

P=P?    ³=½?
PQDKK¡³    LK³³QD
VXPDQRVXEUD]R  PLPDQRPLEUD]R

T=4?     NJ=Š.?
IC¡TC     LWOIC¡NJK
ORYHQGLy    WHORYHQGLy

(QSRFRVFDVRVODVFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRODUHVVtVHSURQXQFLDQFRPRFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRSDODWDOHVDSHVDUGHQR
SUHVHQWDUVHMXQWRDXQDKRDXQDFRQVRQDQWHDOYHRSDODWDO(VWRRFXUUHPD\RUPHQWHHQDOJXQDVSDODEUDVPX\FRPXQHV

EJCO  QR
FJQ  UHVSXHVWDDILUPDWLYD
Z©©DCP  VDOXGR

(QDOJXQRVFDVRVODVFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRODUHVQRVHSURQXQFLDQFRPRFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRSDODWDOHVDSHVDUGHSUHVHQWDUVH
MXQWRDXQDKRDXQDFRQVRQDQWHDOYHRSDODWDO(VWRRFXUUHWDPELpQHQDOJXQDVSDODEUDVPX\FRPXQHV

UKC   DXQTXH
[C¡PK  DTXtPHUR

<DTXHHOSURFHVRGHSDODWDOL]DFLyQVHSUHVHQWDPX\DPHQXGRSHURQRHVFLHQSRUFLHQWRUHJXODU\SUHGHFLEOHWRGDV
ODVFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRSDODWDOHVVHHVFULEHQWDOFRPRVHSURQXQFLDQHQHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2HOFXDOVHXVDHQHVWH
GLFFLRQDULR
 /$6&21621$17(6

1.2.2. El ensordecimiento final

$O),1$/GHXQD6Ë/$%$RXQD)5$6()212/Ï*,&$WRGDVODV&21621$17(6VHYXHOYHQ625'$6SDUFLDOPHQWHR
WRWDOPHQWH
7DQWRODV2&/86,9$6625'$6FRPRODV)5,&$7,9$6VRUGDV\OD$)5,&$'$VRUGDVHSURQXQFLDQFRQ$63,5$&,Ï1DO
ILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD

=R?      =V?       =M?

DCVCCR     LKZOCCV      UWCM
=$#V#¾R*?   =JK5O#¾V*?   =UW#M*?
VDOLyGHOKXHYR    VDEH       HVWiOORUDQGR

=U?     =5?         =V5?

FCCU     LK³ZKKZ        V©OCKEJ
=F#¾U*?    =JK½5K¾5*?     =V»O#KV5*?
ORVHQWy     PLKHUPDQRRKHUPDQDPD\RU  WDPDO

/DV1$6$/(6WHUPLQDQFRQXQ'(6/,=VRUGRDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD

=O?     =P?    =½?

LK³MCCO    DJCP    VWWOK³
=JK½M#¾OOm?  =D#PPm?   =VW¾OK½½m?
PLPHMLOOD    FR\RWH   GLQHUR

7DQWRODIULFDWLYDVRQRUDFRPRODODWHUDOVHHQVRUGHFHQWRWDOPHQWHDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD

=$?     =H?
DCMCCZ    DJCD
=$#M#¾5*?  =DCH?
FDUQH     IULMROHV

=T?     =4m?
DJWTW¡Z    DJCK¡OMCT
=DW4W!W5*?  =D#K!OMC4m?
EXUUR     PRUUDOERUGDGR

=Š.?     =Zˆ?
M©NJKK     OWWNJ
=M»Š.K¾Km?  =OW¾Zˆ?
JDOOR     WRUWXJD

3XHVWRTXHHVWRVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHHQVRUGHFLPLHQWRILQDOVRQFLHQSRUFLHQWRUHJXODUHV\SUHGHFLEOHVODPD\RUtDGH
HOORVQRVHHVFULEHQHQHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2

1.2.3. La nasalización pre-glotalizada

7DQWRODV2&/86,9$662125$6FRPROD$)5,&$'$VRQRUDFDPELDQD1$6$/(635(*/27$/,=$'$6HQHOPLVPR
38172'($57,&8/$&,Ï1VLHPSUH\FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWHQDO),1$/GHXQD6Ë/$%$(VWHSURFHVRVHSXHGHFRQVLGHUDU
FRPRRWURWLSRGHHQVRUGLFLPHQWRILQDO>@6LQHPEDUJRODVIRUPDVSUHJORWDOL]DGDVVHHVFULEHQHQHODOIDEHWR
SUiFWLFR\DTXHVXSURQXQFLDFLyQHVPX\GLIHUHQWHDODGHODVRFOXVLYDVVRQRUDV
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

=D?     =!O?
MCKDJC¡    MCK¡O
=M#KD#!#m?  =M#K!OOm?
PDGXUDUiPDt]  PDGXUyPDt]

=F?     =!P?
FWWFW¡    FWW¡P
=FW¾FW!Wm?  =FW¾!PPm?
OORYHUi     OORYLy

=I?     =!0?
ICCIC¡     IC¡PIC¡
=I#¾I#!#m?  =I#!0I#!#m?
OREXVFDUi    OREXVFDUiHQWRGDVSDUWHV

=F<?     =!½?
DJCKFJC¡    DJCK¡³
=D#KF<#!#m?  =D#K!½½m?
ORFRFHUi    ORFRFLy

$GHPiVFXDQGRODRFOXVLYD9(/$5VRQRUDIVHSUHVHQWDDOILQDOGHXQDSDODEUDVLHPSUHFDPELDDXQDRFOXVLYD
*/27$/VRUGD¡(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVGDPRVHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVODVIRUPDVVREUHHQWHQGLGDVGHORVPRUIHPDVTXHVH
FRPELQDQSDUDIRUPDUODVSDODEUDVFLWDGDV

UQKIC¡P
UQKIC ¡P   LWOUQK¡
LWO UQKIC
=UQKI#!PPm?    =JWOUQK!Km?
VXDQLPDOGRPpVWLFR    WXDQLPDOGRPpVWLFR
 /$692&$/(6


Capítulo 2. Las vocales

(QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVORVVRQLGRVYRFiOLFRVGHOWHSHKXiQ3ULPHURGHVFULELPRVORV5$6*26)21e7,&26GH
FDGD92&$/LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH>@GHVSXpVGHVFULELPRVORV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26TXHFDXVDQFDPELRVHQWRGDVODV
YRFDOHV>@
7RGDVODVYRFDOHVGHVFULWDVHQHVWHFDStWXORVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR/DVUHQJORQHVUHJLVWUDQOD$/785$'(/$
/(1*8$DOSURQXQFLDUODV\ORVFROXPQDVUHJLVWUDQWDQWROD326,&,Ï1'(/$/(1*8$FRPROD)250$'(/26/$%,26

(QODSDUWHVXSHULRUGHFDGDFHOGDHVFULWDVHQQHJULOODVDSDUHFHQOHWUDVWRPDGDVGHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2WHSHKXDQR
TXHIXHDSUREDGRSRUORVPDHVWURVELOLQJHVWHSHKXDQRVHQ(QODSDUWHLQIHULRUHQWUHFRUFKHWHVDSDUHFHQVtPERORV
WRPDGRVGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2TXHIXHDSUREDGRSRUOD$VRFLDFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD)RQpWLFDHQ

Posición de la lengua y forma de los labios

Altura de la $QWHULRUQR 3RVWHULRUQR 3RVWHULRU

lengua UHGRQGHDGRV UHGRQGHDGRV UHGRQGHDGRV
K © W
$OWD
=K? =»? =W?
G À Q
0HGLD
=G? =“? =Q?
 C 
%DMD
=#?

Cuadro 2. Las vocales del tepehuán

2.1. Descripción de las vocales

(QVHJXLGDGHVFULELPRVORV5$6*26)21e7,&26GHFDGD92&$/GHOWHSHKXiQLQGLFDQGRGHVSXpVGHHOORODPDQHUDHQ
TXHVRQFDPELDGDVSRUORV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26SULQFLSDOHV/RVDSDUWDGRVHVWiQRUJDQL]DGRVVHJ~QORVWUHVJUXSRV
SULQFLSDOHVGHYRFDOHVDVDEHU92&$/(6&257$692&$/(6/$5*$6\',3721*26'HHVWDPDQHUDHOOHFWRUSXHGH
DSUHFLDUFXiOHVYRFDOHVWLHQHQUDVJRVLJXDOHVRVHPHMDQWHVDRWUDV
3DUDFDGDYRFDOSURSRUFLRQDPRVHOPLVPRWLSRGHLQIRUPDFLyQ3ULPHURGDPRVODOHWUDGHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2
WDQWRHQPLQ~VFXODFRPRHQPD\~VFXODVHJXLGDSRUHOVtPERORFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2/XHJRGDPRV
OD'(6&5,3&,Ï17e&1,&$FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHMXQWRFRQVXV9$5,$&,21(6)212/Ï*,&$6\VXV5(675,&&,21(6
',675,%87,9$6$OILQDOGDPRVHMHPSORVGHSDODEUDV\IUDVHVHQWHSHKXiQHQODVTXHVHSUHVHQWDODYRFDOHQWRGRVORV
&217(;726TXHFDXVDQXQFDPELRGHSURQXQFLDFLyQ

2.1.1. Las vocales cortas

7RGDVODV92&$/(6SXHGHQVHUFRUWDVRODUJDV/DV92&$/(6&257$6VHSURQXQFLDQGHODPLVPDPDQHUDTXHODV
YRFDOHVQRDFHQWXDGDVHQHVSDxRO

K+  =K? 92&$/&257$$/7$$17(5,25125('21'($'$

     ,JXDODODKGHOHVSDxRO
     OK¡³K =OK!K½KKm?  DOOtPLVPR
     K¡[C¡  =!K!KL#!##m? EHEHUi
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

G'  =G? 92&$/&257$0(',$$17(5,25125('21'($'$

     ,JXDODODGGHOHVSDxRO
     6RODPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDHQLQWHUMHFFLRQHV\HQSDODEUDVWRPDGDVGHOHVSDxRO
     /DGQRDFHQWXDGDDPHQXGRFDPELDDK
     GCMWIK  =!G#MWIKKm? GHDFXHUGR
     TKRTGUMQ =4KR4GUMQQm? UHIUHVFR

©‰  =»? 92&$/&257$$/7$3267(5,25125('21'($'$

     1RH[LVWHHQHOHVSDxRO
     /DVHJXQGDYRFDOPiVIUHFXHQWHGHVSXpVGHODC
     D©©R©¡ =$»¾R»!»m?  DQWHV
     ©¡DJKC¡ =!»!»DK#!#m? ROHUi

À   =“? 92&$/&257$0(',$3267(5,25125('21'($'$

     1RH[LVWHHQHOHVSDxRO
     /DYRFDOPHQRVIUHFXHQWHSHURVHSUHVHQWDHQDOJXQDVSDODEUDVFRPXQHV
     IÀ¡  =I“!“m?   JUDQGH
     VÀ¡MQD =V“!“mMQH? DOWR

C#=#? 92&$/&257$%$-$3267(5,25125('21'($'$
     ,JXDODODCGHOHVSDxRO
     DC¡CCM  =$#!#¾M*? FDVD
     VWC¡IC  =VW!#I##m? HVWiKDEODQGR

W7=W? 92&$/&257$$/7$3267(5,255('21'($'$
     ,JXDODODWGHOHVSDxRO
     &XDQGRVHSUHVHQWDHQHOSUHILMRtu–H[WHQVLyQVHSURQXQFLDLJXDOTXHODSULPHUD
      YRFDOGHOYHUERFXDQGRpVWDVHD©RÀSHURQRFDPELDDQWHC
     WOWW¡  =!WOW¾!Wm? ]R\DWH
     LWT   =JW4m?   FRUD]yQ

     LKZEJWDCC¡ =JK5V5W$#¾!#m? PRMDGDiUHDH[WHQVD

     LKZEJ©D©©V  =JKUV5»$»¾V*? SHVDGRHQJHQHUDO
     VÀMÀÀ   =V“M“¾“m?   SXHGHRtU

o, O =Q? 92&$/&257$0(',$3267(5,255('21'($'$
     ,JXDODODQGHOHVSDxRO
   MQO =MQOOm? HVSDOGD
  Q¡NJKC =!Q!QŠ.K##m? URGLOOD
 /$692&$/(6


2.1.2. Las vocales largas

/DV92&$/(6/$5*$6VHSURQXQFLDQFRQODPLVPDGXUDFLyQTXHORV',3721*26ORVFXDOHVVHGHVFULEHQHQHO
DSDUWDGRVLJXLHQWH(VGHFLUODVYRFDOHVWLHQHQXQDGXUDFLyQDOSURQXQFLDUVHFRPRVLIXHUDQXQDFRPELQDFLyQGHGRV
92&$/(6&257$6

MQU  =MQU*?  QLGR      DCCU  =$#!#U*? \DVHEXUOy

MQQU =MQ¾U*? HVWiGXUPLHQGR   DC¡CCM =$#!#¾M*? FDVD
MQK  =MQKKm?  GXUPLy   DCCKEJ =$#!#KV5*?\DORWUDMR

CC =#¾?92&$//$5*$%$-$3267(5,25125('21'($'$

     CCIK¡³ =!#¾IK!½½m? ORHVWiH[SOLFDQGR

GG =G¾?92&$//$5*$0(',$$17(5,25125('21'($'$

     DCMGGV =$#MG¾V*? FXHUR

ÀÀ =“¾?92&$//$5*$0(',$3267(5,25125('21'($'$

     ÀÀM  =!“¾M*? YLQR\VHIXH

KK =K¾?92&$//$5*$$/7$$17(5,25125('21'($'$

     LKLKK¡³=JKJK¾!½½m?  LQWHVWLQRV

©© =»¾?92&$//$5*$$/7$3267(5,25125('21'($'$

     V©©V©¡ =V»¾V»!»m?  VHOODPDFRVD

QQ =Q¾?92&$//$5*$0(',$3267(5,255('21'($'$

     C¡QQ =!#!Q¾Qm? KXHVRKXHVRV

uu =W¾?92&$//$5*$$/7$3267(5,255('21'($'$

     W¡WW =!W!W¾Wm? IOHFKD

1RHVSRVLEOHSUHGHFLUFXiQGRXQDYRFDOGHEHVHUODUJDVLQRTXHSDUDFDGDSDODEUDHQWHSHKXiQVHWLHQHTXH
HVSHFLILFDUVLVXVYRFDOHVVRQFRUWDVRODUJDV3RUORWDQWRVHGLFHTXHHO$/$5*$0,(172'(/$692&$/(6HQWHSHKXiQ
HV³)21e0,&2´SRUTXHVH'(7(50,1$(1(//e;,&2QRHQOD)212/2*Ë$
(QFDPELROD$&(178$&,Ï1GHODVYRFDOHVWHSHKXDQDVVtHVSUHGHFLEOHSXHVWRGDYRFDOODUJDVLHPSUHVHDFHQW~D
SRUORTXHVHGLFHTXHODDFHQWXDFLyQHVXQ352&(62)212/Ï*,&2>@

2.1.3. Los diptongos

7RGRVORV',3721*26HQWHSHKXiQFRQVWDQGHXQD92&$/0(',$R%$-$PiVRWUDYRFDO$/7$TXHVHSURQXQFLDFRPR
'(6/,=$17(5,25R'(6/,=3267(5,25(VGHFLUODYRFDOPHGLDREDMDIRUPDODSDUWHFHQWUDOGHOGLSWRQJR\ODYRFDODOWD
VHSURQXQFLDUiSLGDPHQWHDQWHVRGHVSXpVGHHOOD
$GHPiVDOLJXDOTXHODV92&$/(6/$5*$6WRGRGLSWRQJRVLHPSUHVH$&(17Ò$(VGHFLU\DVHDODSULPHUDYRFDO
DOWDRQRpVDVLHPSUHVHSURQXQFLDPiVIXHUWHTXHODVHJXQGDYRFDO
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVPDUFDPRVODVYRFDOHVDFHQWXDGDVFRQDFHQWRRUWRJUiILFR

',3721*26&21'(6/,=$17(5,25
MWC¡   EJKC    KQ¡
=MW"C!#m?  =V5K"##m?  =!K"Q!Qm?
FRPH   JUDQL]R   WRVD

',3721*26&21'(6/,=3267(5,25
VCK    O©K   DQK   FWK 
=V#"KKm?  =O»"KKm?  =$Q"KKm?  =FW"KKm?
IXHJR   VHTXHPy  VHQGD   FLUXHOD

2.2. Los procesos fonológicos que cambian a las vocales

+D\WUHV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26TXHFDXVDQFDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODV92&$/(6HQWHSHKXiQORVFXDOHV
GHVFULELPRVHQORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVDVDEHUOD5($57,&8/$&,Ï1'(92&$/(6OD6835(6,Ï1'(92&$/(6DO),1$/GH
OD3$/$%5$\OD6835(6,Ï1GHYRFDOHVGHVSXpVGHXQD6Ë/$%$$&(178$'$

2.2.1. La rearticulación de vocales

&XDQGRXQD92&$/\DVHD&257$R/$5*$VHSUHVHQWDLQPHGLDWDPHQWHDQWHVGHXQD2&/86,9$*/27$/DO),1$/GH
XQD6Ë/$%$HVDYRFDOVLHPSUHVHUHDUWLFXODHVGHFLUVHSURQXQFLDRWUDYRFDOLJXDOGHVSXpVGHODRFOXVLYDJORWDO6LDOD
92&$/5($57,&8/$'$OHVLJXHXQD&21621$17(62125$GHQWURGHODPLVPD)5$6()212/Ï*,&$>@ODYRFDO
UHDUWLFXODGDWDPELpQVHSURQXQFLDVRQRUDSHURVLOHVLJXHXQDFRQVRQDQWH625'$RVHSUHVHQWDDOILQDOGHXQDIUDVH
IRQROyJLFDODYRFDOUHDUWLFXODGDVHSURQXQFLDVRUGD
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVODVYRFDOHVUHDUWLFXODGDVHVWiQVXEUD\DGDV

Q¡FCO  =!Q!QF#OOm? JHQWHLQGtJHQD

V©V©©¡  =V»V»¾!»m?  VHOODPDOXJDU

W¡FC¡  =!W!WF#!#m? ORVHVWiOOHYDQGR

W¡KK¡  =!W!K¾!Km?  SiMDUR

&XDQGRXQGLSWRQJRVHSUHVHQWDDQWHVGHXQDRFOXVLYDJORWDODOILQDOGHODVtODEDVRODPHQWHODVHJXQGDYRFDOVH
UHDUWLFXOD'HODPLVPDPDQHUDFXDQGRXQGLSWRQJRVHSUHVHQWDDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFDVRODPHQWHODVHJXQGD
YRFDOVHUHDUWLFXOD

WK¡MC¡  =WK!KmM#!#m? ORVOOHYDUi

DKC¡  =$K#!#m?   WHQHU

2.2.2. La supresión de vocales al final de la palabra

$OILQDOGHXQDSDODEUDFXDQGRXQDYRFDOFRUWDVHSUHVHQWDLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHVSXpVGHXQDVHFXHQFLDGHYRFDOPiV
FRQVRQDQWHFDVLVLHPSUHVH6835,0(OD~OWLPDYRFDOFRUWD(O~QLFRFDVRHQTXHQRVHVXSULPHHVFXDQGRODFRQVRQDQWH
TXHOHDQWHFHGHHVXQDL=J?RIXHLDQWHULRUPHQWH
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVLQGLFDPRVHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVFyPRVHIRUPDQODVSDODEUDVFLWDGDV8QVLJQRGH³PiV´ 
LQGLFDGRQGHWHUPLQDXQ025)(0$\HPSLH]DRWUR\HOVLJQR³QXOR´šUHSUHVHQWDDO025)(0$18/2RVHDXQ
PRUIHPDTXHQRVHSURQXQFLD
 /$692&$/(6


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VWJWCPC V      VWLWCP
VWJWCPC š
=VWJW#P#V*?          =VWJW#PPm?
HVWDEDWUDEDMDQGRWUDEDMDUFRSUHWpULWR   HVWiWUDEDMDQGRWUDEDMDUSUHVHQWH
M©MDQ             ÀÀLK
=M»M$QQm?          =!“¾JKKm?
SDUDUVHVXMHWRVLQJXODU        OOHJDQGR

'HVSXpVGHVXSULPLUOD~OWLPDYRFDOGHODSDODEUDVLOD&21621$17(TXHTXHGDDOILQDOHVXQD2&/86,9$62125$
VLHPSUHVHFDPELDDXQD1$6$/35(*/27$/,=$'$>@

RCNJDWKFJC¡
RCNJDWKFJC C¡    RCNJDWK¡³
RCNJDWKFJC š
=R#Š.$WKF<#!#m?       =R#Š.$WK!½½m?
YDDD\XGDUD\XGDUIXWXUR      HVWiD\XGDQGRD\XGDUSUHVHQWH

2.2.3. La supresión de vocales después de una sílaba acentuada

+D\GRVFDVRVHQORVFXDOHVVH6835,0(XQD92&$/GHOD6Ë/$%$SRVWHULRUDODVtODED$&(178$'$>@
(QSULPHUOXJDUVHVXSULPHQODVYRFDOHVHQODSULPHUDVtODEDGHVSXpVGHODVtODEDDFHQWXDGD\HQFDGDWHUFHUDVtODED
GHVSXpVGHpVDVLHPSUH\FXDQGRHVDVVtODEDVVHDQ6Ë/$%$60(',$1$6RVHDTXHQRVHSUHVHQWHQDOILQDOGHODSDODEUD
\WDPELpQTXHVHDQ6Ë/$%$6$%,(57$6HVGHFLUTXHQRWHUPLQHQFRQXQD&21621$17(7RGDVODVYRFDOHVVHVXSULPHQ
HQHVWH&217(;72\DVHDQYRFDOHV/$5*$6YRFDOHV&257$6R',3721*26DGLIHUHQFLDGHODVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHVDO
ILQDOGHODSDODEUD>@HQODTXHVRODPHQWHVHVXSULPHQODVYRFDOHVFRUWDV/DVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHVHQHOFRQWH[WR
DTXtGHVFULWRVHSUHVHQWDDPHQXGRHQODVSDODEUDV5('83/,&$'$6>@
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVLQGLFDPRVHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVFyPRVHIRUPDQODVSDODEUDVFLWDGDV$VLPLVPRPDUFDPRVODV
YRFDOHVDFHQWXDGDVFRQDFHQWRRUWRJUiILFR

PCMU©T
PCMCU©Tt P£MU©T   PCCPMCU©T
PCCPCMCU©Tt P£CPMCU©T
=P#MU»4m?        =P#¾PM#U»4m?
DODFUiQ           DODFUDQHV

PWWEJKZ
P¼WEJKZ    PWW³EJKZ
PWWPWWEJKZt P¼W³EJKZ
=PW¾V5K5*?      =PW¾½V5K5*?
FXxDGRFXxDGD      FXxDGRVFXxDGDV

'HVSXpVGHVXSULPLUXQDYRFDOHQXQDVtODEDQRDFHQWXDGDVLXQD2&/86,9$62125$OOHJDUDDSUHVHQWDUVHDOILQDOGH
XQDVtODEDHVDRFOXVLYDVLHPSUHVHFDPELDDXQD1$6$/35(*/27$/,=$'$>@

IKQV©T
IKµV©T    IKQ¡PV©T
IKQIKQV©Tt IKQIV©Tt IKµ¡PV©T
=IKQV»4m?    =IKQ!PV»4m?
OODQR       OODQRV

(VWHSURFHVRVHOODPD5(6,/$%,),&$&,Ï1SRUTXHGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQDUHRUJDQL]DFLyQGHODVVtODEDVGHODSDODEUD
(QVHJXQGROXJDUHQODVVtODEDVQRDFHQWXDGDVWRGDVODVYRFDOHVODUJDVVHKDFHQFRUWDV6LQHPEDUJRORVGLSWRQJRV
QRUPDOPHQWHQRFDPELDQHQHVWHFRQWH[WR

VQRCC
VQR£C    VQVRC
VQVQRCCt VµVRC
=VQR#¾#m?     =VQVR##m?
PROFDMHWH      PROFDMHWHV
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

LQFCK
LQF£K    LQQFCK
LµQFCK
=JQF#KKm?     =JQ¾F#KKm?
SLHGUD       SLHGUDV
 /$66Ë/$%$6


Capítulo 3. Las sílabas

/DIRUPDGHODV6Ë/$%$6HQWHSHKXiQLQIOX\HWDQWRHQHOSURFHVRGH$&(178$&,Ï1GHSDODEUDVFRPRHQHOSURFHVR
GH&2175$&&,Ï1GHPRUIHPDV(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVSULPHURGHVFULELPRVODIRUPDGHODVVtODEDV>@OXHJR
GHVFULELPRVHOSURFHVRGHDFHQWXDFLyQGHODVVtODEDV>@\ILQDOPHQWHGHVFULELPRVHOSURFHVRGHFRQWUDFFLyQGH
PRUIHPDVHQHOKDEODGHORVDGXOWRV>@

3.1. La forma de las sílabas

&DVLVLHPSUHODV6Ë/$%$6HQODV3$/$%5$6HQWHSHKXiQHPSLH]DQFRQXQD&21621$17(/DV~QLFDVVtODEDVTXHQR
HPSLH]DQFRQXQDFRQVRQDQWHVRQDOJXQRV68),-26$GHPiVHQWRGDVODVVtODEDVXQD92&$/VLJXHDODSULPHUD
FRQVRQDQWHFRPR1Ò&/(2GHODVtODED(VWDYRFDOSXHGHVHUFRUWDODUJDRXQGLSWRQJR
+D\GRVIRUPDVGHVtODEDVHQWHSHKXiQDVDEHU6Ë/$%$$%,(57$RVHDTXHWHUPLQDFRQXQDYRFDO\6Ë/$%$
&(55$'$HVGHFLUTXHWHUPLQDFRQXQDFRQVRQDQWH$OJXQDVGHODVVtODEDVFHUUDGDVWHUPLQDQFRQXQDFRPELQDFLyQGH
FRQVRQDQWHVTXHVLHPSUHFRQVWDGHXQDRFOXVLYDJORWDOVHJXLGDSRURWUDRFOXVLYDVRUGDXQDIULFDWLYDRXQDQDVDO
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVFRPRHQWRGRVORVHMHPSORVGHHVWDJUDPiWLFDGRQGHLQGLFDPRVODSURQXQFLDFLyQSRU
PHGLRGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2XQVLJQRFRPRDSyVWURIRUHFWRLQGLFDTXHODVtODEDTXHVLJXHHVWi$&(178$'$\XQ
SXQWRLQGLFDTXHODVtODEDTXHVLJXHQRHVWiDFHQWXDGD
/DVGRVIRUPDVGHVtODEDVRVHDVtODEDVDELHUWDV\VtODEDVFHUUDGDVVHSUHVHQWDQWDQWRDOSULQFLSLRFRPRHQPHGLRR
DOILQDOGHODSDODEUD(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVVRODPHQWHGDPRVHMHPSORVGHODVGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGHODVSDODEUDVGH
GRVVtODEDV
(QWRGRVORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVXVDPRVHOVtPERORSDUDLQGLFDUHOOtPLWHGHXQDSDODEUD\DVHDDOSULQFLSLRRDO
ILQDO7DPELpQXVDPRVODOHWUDPD\~VFXOD%SDUDLQGLFDUXQDFRQVRQDQWHODOHWUDPD\~VFXOD8SDUDLQGLFDUXQDYRFDO
WUHVSXQWRVÔSDUDLQGLFDUHOUHVWRGHODSDODEUD$VLPLVPRVXEUD\DPRVODVtODEDTXHWLHQHODIRUPDLQGLFDGD

3.1.1. Las sílabas abiertas con vocales cortas

%8       %8Ô       Ô%8

DC        DCMCCZ       EJK³DQ
=$#?        =$#M#¾5*?     =V5K½$QQm?
\DSUHILMRYHUEDO    FDUQH        EDUEDELJRWH

3.1.2. Las sílabas abiertas con vocales largas o diptongos

%88      %88Ô      Ô%88

RCC      VCCVC¡P       W¡WW
=R#¾#m?      =V#¾V#!PPm?    =!W!W¾Wm?
GyQGH       VXSDSi       IOHFKD
OCK      DJCKFJC¡    WDKK
=O#KKm?      =D#KF<#!#m?    =!W$K¾Km?
PDJXH\       IUXWD        PXMHU
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

3.1.3. Las sílabas cerradas con vocales cortas

%8%      %8%Ô       Ô%8%

UCR        DCZDJC¡       V©UFKO
=U#R*?      =$#5D#!#m?    =V»\FKOOm?
VHJ~QGLFHQ     VDFDU        HVWiVXELHQGR

3.1.4. Las sílabas cerradas con vocales largas o diptongos

%88%      %88%Ô      %88%Ô

OCC¡P       LKK³MCK¡³      ICVWWM
=O#¾!PPm?     =JK¾½M#K!½Pm?   =I#VW¾M*?
XQRXQD      HVWiJULWDQGR      GHVSXpV
OCK³       DCK³FJCU      DCDJ©KEJ
=O#K½½m?      =$#K½F<#U*?    =$#D»KV5*?
SHWDWH       KDFKD        \DVHORHQWUHJy

3.1.5. Las sílabas cerradas que terminan con una secuencia de consonantes

%8¡%   %8¡%Ô    %88¡%Ô    Ô%8¡%

LC¡M    LC¡VMCO     OCC¡PMCO    TWTW¡Z
=J#!#mM*?  =J#!#mVM#OOm?  =O#¾!PM#OOm?  =4W4W!Wm5*?
KDFLD    SHUVRQDVJHQWH   SHUVRQD     KDPDFD

3.2. La acentuación
8QD6Ë/$%$$&(178$'$HQWHSHKXiQHVXQDTXHVHSURQXQFLDXQSRFRPiVIXHUWH\FRQXQWRQRXQSRFRPiVDOWR
TXHRWUDVVtODEDV
1RVHHVFULEHODWLOGHFRQHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2WHSHKXDQRSRUTXHVLHPSUHVHSXHGHVDEHUFXiOVtODEDVHDFHQW~D
(VGHFLUVLHPSUHVHDFHQW~DODSULPHUDVtODEDGHO5$',&$/VLHVXQDVtODED³SHVDGD´6LODSULPHUDVtODEDHVXQDVtODED
³OLJHUD´\ODVHJXQGDVtODEDHV³SHVDGD´HQWRQFHVVHDFHQW~DODVHJXQGD
8QD6Ë/$%$/,*(5$HVXQDVtODED$%,(57$FX\R1Ò&/(2HVXQD92&$/&257$8QDVtODED3(6$'$HVXQDVtODED
&(55$'$RXQDVtODEDDELHUWDFX\RQ~FOHRHVXQD92&$//$5*$RXQ',3721*2

(QORVGRVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGDPRVHMHPSORVGHVtODEDVDFHQWXDGDV\DVHDQODSULPHUDHQXQDSDODEUDROD
VHJXQGD6LHPSUHTXHQRVHDFHQW~DODSULPHUDVtODEDODSULPHUDVtODEDHVOLJHUD\ODVHJXQGDHVSHVDGD

3.2.1. La primera sílaba acentuada

%8%Ô      %88%Ô      %88Ô

MQ¡MQNJ      VCCVUCD       DCCRCZ
=MQ!QmMQZˆ?   =V#¾VU#H?    =$#¾R#5*?
FKLOH       WLHUUDFiOLGD      PHWLGRV
 /$66Ë/$%$6


%8%Ô      %88%Ô      %88Ô

ZKDMCO      FWK³MCT       DJ©KMC¡
=5KHM#OOm?    =FWK½M#4m?    =D»KM#!#m?
QXHYR       SLSD        OOHYDUORV

3.2.2. La segunda sílaba acentuada

Ô%8%      Ô%88%      Ô%88

D©R©©¡       VCR©©Z       VQDCC
=$»R»¾!»m?    =V#R»¾5*?     =VQ$#¾#m?
URMRV       SXOJD        JXDMRORWH
VWVWM       V©OCKEJ       [CMWC
=VWVWM*?     =V»O#KV5*?    =L#MW##m?
QHJURV       WDPDOWDPDOHV     KRQJRKRQJRV

3.3. Las contracciones

(QHOKDEODGHORVDGXOWRVWHSHKXDQRVDOJXQDV3$/$%5$6GHXQDVROD6Ë/$%$VHSUHVHQWDQUHGXFLGDVHQFLHUWRV
&217(;726(VWDVIRUPDVUHGXFLGDVVHSURQXQFLDQFRPRVLIXHUDQ68),-26GHODVSDODEUDVDQWHULRUHV(OSURFHVRGH
UHGXFLUXQDSDODEUDDXQVXILMRVHOODPDFRQWUDFFLyQ
(QORVGRVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGHVFULELPRVODVFRQWUDFFLRQHVPiVFRPXQHVDVDEHUOD&2175$&&,Ï1GHO&/Ë7,&2
GHO68-(72\ODFRQWUDFFLyQGHO35(),-2

3.3.1. La contracción del clítico del sujeto

8Q&/Ë7,&2HVXQ025)(0$TXHIXQFLRQDFRPR35(),-2R68),-2GHDOJXQRVWLSRVGH3$/$%5$6(O&/Ë7,&2'(/
68-(72>@VLHPSUHHVHOVXILMRGHOSULPHU&20321(17(35,1&,3$/GHOD&/È868/$>@\DVHDXQD&21-81&,Ï1
>FDS@XQ6867$17,92>FDS@XQ$'9(5%,2>FDS@RXQ9(5%2>FDS@
/DIRUPDGHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWRFDPELDVHJ~QODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURGHOVXMHWRGHODFOiXVXOD7RGDVODVIRUPDVGHO
FOtWLFRGHOVXMHWRVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR

 6LQJXODU 3OXUDO

DSHUVRQD ³ EJ

DSHUVRQD R RKO

DSHUVRQD t O

Cuadro 3. Formas del clítico del sujeto

$GHPiVVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUXQRVVRQLGRVDGLFLRQDOHVDQWHVGHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWRSDUDIDFLOLWDUVXSURQXQFLDFLyQ
(VWRVVRQLGRVDGLFLRQDOHVVHOODPDQ$8;,/,$5(6(ODX[LOLDUQRHVXQPRUIHPDSRUTXHQRWLHQHVLJQLILFDGRHQVt\QXQFD
VHSUHVHQWDVLQHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWR/DIRUPDGHODX[LOLDUGHSHQGHGHWUHVIDFWRUHVGLIHUHQWHVODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHUR
GHOVXMHWRVLHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWRVHSUHVHQWDDQWHVRGHVSXpVGHOYHUER\ODOHWUDTXHOHSUHFHGHFRPROR
GHPXHVWUDQORVHMHPSORVFLWDGRVDEDMR
/DFRPELQDFLyQGHODX[LOLDUPiVHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWRVHOODPDHO025)(0$'(/68-(727RGDVODVIRUPDVGHO
PRUIHPDGHOVXMHWRVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR(QODSDUWHVXSHULRUGHFDGDFHOGDDSDUHFHODIRUPDWDOFRPROR
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

HVFULELPRVXVDQGRHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2\HQODSDUWHLQIHULRUGHFDGDFHOGDDSDUHFHODSURQXQFLDFLyQHVFULWDFRQ
VtPERORVGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2
&RPSDUDQGRORVFXDGURV\VHQRWDTXHHO~QLFR&217(;72HQHOTXHHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWRVHSUHVHQWDVLQDX[LOLDU
HQWRGDVODVSHUVRQDVHVDQWHVGHOYHUER\GHVSXpVGHXQDYRFDORXQDRFOXVLYDJORWDO(QORVGHPiVFRQWH[WRVHOFOtWLFR
GHOVXMHWRVHSUHVHQWDSUHFHGLGRSRUXQDIRUPDGHODX[LOLDUH[FHSWRODVHJXQGDSHUVRQDGHOSOXUDOGHVSXpVGHOYHUER\
GHVSXpVGHXQDYRFDORXQDRFOXVLYDJORWDO

 Persona y número del sujeto

Posición del clítico DSHUV DSHUV DSHUV DSHUV DSHUV DSHUV

del sujeto GHOVLQJ GHOVLQJ GHOVLQJ GHOSO GHOSO GHOSO

K³ CR KEJ RKO CO

'HV 'HVSXpVGHXQDYRFDO t
SXpV RXQDRFOXVLYDJORWDO =!K½? =!#R? =!KV5? =J#RKO? =!#O?
GHO 'HVSXpVGHXQD K³ CR KEJ LCRKO CO
YHUER t
FRQVRQDQWH =!K½? =!#R? =!KV5? =J#RKO? =!#O?
'HVSXpVGHXQDYRFDO ³ R EJ RKO O
$QWHV t
RXQDRFOXVLYDJORWDO =½? =R? =V5? =RKO? =O?
GHO
YHUER 'HVSXpVGHXQD LC³ LCR LCEJ LCRKO LCO
t
FRQVRQDQWH =J#½? =J#R? =J#V5? =J#RKO? =J#O?

Cuadro 4. Formas del morfema del sujeto

(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWRSDUDOD35,0(5$3(5621$GHO6,1*8/$5VHSUHVHQWDHQDOJXQRVGH
ORVWUHVFRQWH[WRVFLWDGRVHQHOFXDGUR

/W LKO K³  LC¡Z³K

OW LKO© ¡K³ LC¡Z³K
DOOi LU  \R  PiVWDUGH
,UpPiVWDUGH
,C¡Z³K³   OW LKO
LC¡Z³K  ³ OW LKO©
PiVWDUGH \R  DOOi LU
$OUDWRYR\
:KD LC³  OW LKO
ZKD LC³  OW LKO©
DKRUD \R  DOOi LU
$KRULWDYR\

3.3.2. La contracción de prefijos

+D\GRVJUXSRVGH35(),-26TXHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHHQIRUPDGH&2175$&&,Ï1(OSULPHUJUXSRFRQVWDGHODVGRV
IRUPDVGHO&/Ë7,&2&238/$7,92LKZÊ\LKTÊ>@HOVHJXQGRJUXSRFRQVWDGHWUHVIRUPDVGHO35(),-2'(/2%-(72R
VHDLK³ÊLKEJÊ\LWOÊ>@
(OSULPHUVRQLGRGHHVWRVGRVJUXSRVHVOD&21621$17(L=J?VHJXLGDSRUOD92&$/KRSRUODYRFDOW/D
FRPELQDFLyQLK=JK?RLW=JW?FRQODFXDOHPSLH]DQHVWRVSUHILMRVQRVHSURQXQFLDFXDQGROD3$/$%5$TXHOD
DQWHFHGHWHUPLQDHQXQDYRFDO(QHVWHFRQWH[WRVRODPHQWHVHSURQXQFLDOD~OWLPDFRQVRQDQWHGHOSUHILMRODFXDOVH
FRQYLHUWHHQODSDUWH),1$/GHOD~OWLPD6Ë/$%$GHODSDODEUDDQWHULRUFRPRORGHPXHVWUDQORVHMHPSORVFLWDGRVDEDMR
(QHOFXDGURVHSUHVHQWDQODVIRUPDVGHODVFRQWUDFFLRQHVGHHVWRVGRVJUXSRVGHSUHILMRVFRQPXFKRVRWURV
SUHILMRVR3$57Ë&8/$6FRPXQHV
 /$66Ë/$%$6


(QODHVFULWXUDFRQHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2WDQWRORVSUHILMRVVRORVFRPRODVFRQWUDFFLRQHVVHHVFULEHQFRPR
SDODEUDVVHSDUDGDVFRPRORGHPXHVWUDQORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORV

LKZDCC¡   (VWiPRMDGDFRVD

LKZEJWDCC¡  (VWiPRMDGDiUHD
DCZEJQK³  <DKDFHFDORU
IWZEJWM   ODFRVDQHJUD

 Prefijo que se contrae
Proclítico copulativo Prefijo del objeto
Prefijo o partícula
$WULEXWLYR (TXLYDOHQWH DSHUVGHOVLQJ DSHUVGHOVLQJ DSHUVGHOSO
anterior
LKZ LKT LK³ LWO LKEJ
DC5HDOL]DGR DCZ DCT DC³ DCO DCEJ
MC7HPSRUDO MCZ MCT MC³ MCO MCEJ
RW6HQFLOOR RWZ RWT RW³ RWO RWEJ
VW([WHQVLyQ t t VW³ VWO VWEJ
ZK,PSHUDWLYR t t ZK³ ZKO ZKEJ
DJC+DFLDDFi DJCZ t DJC³ DJCO DJCEJ
OW+DFLDDOOi OWZ t OW³ OWO OWEJ
IW$UWtFXOR IWZ t IW³ IWO IWEJ
PC6XERUGLQDGRU  PCZ PCT PC³ PCO PCEJ
IW¡$GYHUVDWLYR IW¡Z IW¡T IW¡³ IW¡O IW¡EJ
PQ¡&RQGLFLRQDO PQ¡Z PQ¡T PQ¡³ PQ¡O PQ¡EJ
DC¡6HFXHQFLD DC¡Z DC¡T DC¡³ DC¡O DC¡EJ
V©K,QWHQWR V©KZ V©KT V©K³ V©KO V©KEJ

Cuadro 5. Contracciones comunes de los prefijos

<DTXHDOJXQDVGHODVIRUPDVGHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWRSDUDSULPHUDSHUVRQDWDQWRVLQJXODUFRPRSOXUDOVRQLJXDOHVD
DOJXQDVIRUPDVGHFRQWUDFFLyQGHORVSUHILMRVGHOREMHWRVHSXHGHQFRQIXQGLUIiFLOPHQWH6RODPHQWHHOFRQWH[WRD\XGDD
GLVWLQJXLUODV
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVHOVLJQRGHLJXDOGDG LQGLFDXQFOtWLFR\XQJXLyQ±LQGLFDXQSUHILMRRXQVXILMR

6©K³   EJKCP CO PC³   LKOKC¡

V©K  LK³Ê EJKCP  CO PC ³ LKO© ÊC¡
LQWHQWR PH SHGLU  HOORV TXH \R  LU  )XW
0HSLGHQTXHYD\D
6©K  ³KEJ   WOWC¡  PC³   VCK³DWKFJC¡
V©K  ³ KEJ WOWCIKFJC PC LK³Ê VCK³DWKFJC ÊC¡
LQWHQWR \R  3UHW URJDU3UHW TXH PH SUHVWDU  )XW
/HURJDEDTXHPHORSUHVWDUD
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

Capítulo 4. La reduplicación
(QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVHO352&(62)212/Ï*,&2GHOD5('83/,&$&,Ï1HOFXDOHVPX\FRP~QHQWHSHKXiQ
7DQWRODVIRUPDV3/85$/(6GHORV6867$17,926\$'-(7,926>@FRPRODIRUPDGHO$63(&72',675,%87,92GHORV
9(5%26>@VHIRUPDQDOUHSHWLUODSULPHUDVHFXHQFLDGHXQD&21621$17(VHJXLGDSRUXQD92&$/TXHVHSUHVHQWDHQ
OD5$Ë=
/DYRFDOGHODUDt]TXHVHUHSLWHHQODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDSXHGHVHU92&$/&257$92&$//$5*$R',3721*2
$GHPiVODYRFDOGHODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDSXHGHVHUFRUWDRODUJD(VGHFLUFXDOTXLHUDTXHVHDODIRUPDGHODSULPHUD
YRFDOGHODUDt]ODYRFDOGHODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDSXHGHUHSHWLUVHGHGRVPDQHUDVDVDEHU5('83/,&$&,Ï1&257$
GRQGHODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDFRQWLHQHXQDYRFDOFRUWD\5('83/,&$&,Ï1/$5*$GRQGHODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDFRQWLHQH
XQDYRFDOODUJD
1RHVSRVLEOHSUHGHFLUFXiOGHODVGRVIRUPDVGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQVHGHEHDSOLFDUDXQVXVWDQWLYRDGMHWLYRRYHUERVLQR
TXHVHWLHQHTXHHVSHFLILFDUHQHO/e;,&2DOLJXDOTXHHO$/$5*$0,(172GHODVYRFDOHV>@3RUORWDQWRHQHVWH
GLFFLRQDULRVHFLWDQWRGDVODVIRUPDVUHGXSOLFDGDVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOKDEODQRUPDO
(VSHFtILFDPHQWHHOSURFHVRGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQFDXVDORVVLJXLHQWHVFDPELRVIRQROyJLFRV
, /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDWLHQHFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQDVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDTXHFRQWLHQHXQDYRFDOFRUWDLJXDODODSULPHUD
YRFDOGHODUDt]GHODSDODEUD
,, /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQDSDODEUDFX\DSULPHUDYRFDOHVFRUWDRODUJDSHURQRXQGLSWRQJRGDFRPRUHVXOWDGR
XQDVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDTXHFRQWLHQHXQDYRFDOODUJDLJXDODODSULPHUDYRFDOGHODUDt]
,,, /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQDSDODEUDFX\DSULPHUDYRFDOHVXQGLSWRQJRGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQDVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGD
TXHFRQWLHQHHOPLVPRGLSWRQJR
$VLPLVPRKD\RWURVGRVFDPELRVIRQROyJLFRVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQODVSDODEUDVUHGXSOLFDGDV
$ (QODUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDVHDFHQW~DODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDHQYH]GHXQDGHODVGRVVtODEDVGHODUDt]&RPRUHVXOWDGR
GHHVWHFDPELRVHDSOLFDOD5(6,/$%,),&$&,Ï1>@DOUHVWRGHODSDODEUDUHGXSOLFDGD
% 7DQWRHQODUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDFRPRHQODUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDXQDIULFDWLYDELODELDOVRQRUDGHODUDt]YXHOYHDVHU
XQDRFOXVLYDELODELDOVRUGDHVGHFLUD²¾R$GHPiVVLODSULPHUDYRFDOHVXQDYRFDOPHGLDSRVWHULRUUHGRQGHDGD
pVWDYXHOYHDVHUXQDYRFDOEDMDSRVWHULRUQRUHGRQGHDGDHVGHFLUQ²¾C
(QHOUHVWRGHHVWHFDStWXORGDPRVHMHPSORVGHFyPRODUHGXSOLFDFLyQFDXVDHVWRVFDPELRVIRQROyJLFRV\RWURV
FRPRODVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHV>@HQWRGRVORVWLSRVGHSDODEUDVGHXQD\GHGRVVtODEDV(QFDGDHMHPSOR
VXEUD\DPRVODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGD

4.1. La reduplicación corta

7RGDVODV92&$/(6WDQWR&257$6FRPR/$5*$6\',3721*26SXHGHQ5('83/,&$56(GHODPLVPDPDQHUDHV
GHFLUWRGDVSXHGHQUHSHWLUVHHQXQD6Ë/$%$UHGXSOLFDGDFRQXQDYRFDOFRUWD(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGDPRV
HMHPSORVGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDSDUDODVWUHVIRUPDVGHODSULPHUDYRFDOGHODUDt]GHODSDODEUDDVDEHUDGHXQDYRFDO
FRUWDEGHXQDYRFDOODUJD\FGHXQGLSWRQJR

4.1.1. La reduplicación corta de una vocal inicial corta

$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
  6tODEDDELHUWD
   (VWHWLSRGHUDt]QRVHSUHVHQWD


 /$5('83/,&$&,Ï1


  6tODEDFHUUDGD
   LQ¡   LCLQ¡
LQLQ¡t LCLQ¡
   =JQ!Qm?  =J#JQ!Qm?
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%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
  3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
   7RGDVODVUDtFHVGHHVWHWLSRVHUHGXSOLFDQGHIRUPDODUJD>@
  3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
   MCTDCZ     MCMCTDCZ
   =M#4$#5*?  =M#M#4$#5*?
   FKLYR      FKLYRV

4.1.2. La reduplicación corta de una vocal incial larga

$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
  6tODEDDELHUWD
   ICC     ICICC
   =I#¾#m?    =I#I#¾#m?
   PLOSD     PLOSDV
  6tODEDFHUUDGD
   ICCV     ICICCV
   =I#¾V*?   =I#I#¾V*?
   DUFRGHWLUDU  DUFRV
%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
  3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
   DQQLK     DCRQQLK
DQDQQLKt DCRQQLK
   =$Q¾JKKm?  =$#RQ¾JKKm?
   RVR     RVRV
  3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
   VQQVMQO    VCVQQVMQO
   =VQ¾VMQOOm?  =V#VQ¾VMQOOm?
   FDUUL]R     FDUUL]RV

4.1.3. La reduplicación corta de un diptongo inicial

$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
  3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
   DQK     DCRQK
DQDQKt DCRQK
   =$QKKm?    =$#RQKKm?
   VHQGD     VHQGDV
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

  3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
   OCK³     OCOCK³
   =O#K½½mm?   =O#O#K½½m?
   SHWDWH     SHWDWHV
%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
  3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
   DCK³WO    DCRCK³WO
   =$#K½WOOm? =$#R#K½WOOm?
   PHWDOFRVD   PHWDOHV

  3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
   P©K ZMCNJ    P©P©K ZMCNJ
   =P»K!»m5M#Zˆ? =P»P»K!»m5M#Zˆ?
   WURPSR     WURPSRV

4.2. La reduplicación larga

7DQWRODV92&$/(6&257$6FRPRODV92&$/(6/$5*$6SHURQRORV',3721*26SXHGHQ5('83/,&$56(GHOD
PLVPDPDQHUDHVGHFLUSXHGHQUHSHWLUVHHQXQDVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDFRQXQDYRFDOODUJD(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRV
GDPRVHMHPSORVGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDSDUDODVWUHVIRUPDVGHODSULPHUDYRFDOGHODUDt]GHODSDODEUDDVDEHUDGH
XQDYRFDOFRUWDEGHXQDYRFDOODUJD\FGHXQGLSWRQJR

4.2.1. La reduplicación larga de una vocal inicial corta

$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
  3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
   (VWHWLSRGHUDt]QRVHSUHVHQWD
  3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
   PQR    PQQPQR
   =PQR*?   =PQ¾PQR*?
   WHFRORWH   WHFRORWHV
%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
  3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
   V©TQM
V©TQM  V©©VTQM
V©©V©TQMt V©©VTQM
   =V»4QM*?  =V»¾V4QM*?
   ODJDUWLMD    ODJDUWLMDV
  3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
   V©TDK³
V©TQDK³t V©TDK³  V©©VTQRK³
V©©V©TQDK³t V©©VTQRK³
   =V»4$K½½m?      =V»¾V4QRK½½m?
   VRJD          VRJDV
 /$5('83/,&$&,Ï1


4.2.2. La reduplicación larga de una vocal inicial larga

$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
  3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
   7RGDVODVUDtFHVGHHVWHWLSRVHUHGXSOLFDQGHIRUPDFRUWD>@
  3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
   MCCO   MCCMCO
   =M#¾OOm?  =M#¾M#OOm?
   PHMLOOD   PHMLOODV
%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
  3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
   RKKRKNJ     RKKRRKNJ
RKKRKKRKNJt RKKRRKNJ
   =RK¾RKZˆ?  =RK¾RRKZˆ?
   SROOXHOR     SROOXHORV
  3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
   7RGDVODVUDtFHVGHHVWHWLSRVHUHGXSOLFDQGHIRUPDFRUWD>@

4.2.3. La reduplicación larga de un diptongo inicial

$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
  +LVWyULFDPHQWHHVWHWLSRGHSDODEUDWHQtDXQDL=J?HQWUHODVGRVYRFDOHVTXHKR\IRUPDQXQGLSWRQJR3RU
ORWDQWRDXQTXHHVWDVSDODEUDVVHSXHGHQUHGXSOLFDUGHIRUPDODUJDVHVLJXHKDFLHQGRFRPRVLODSULPHUDYRFDO
IXHUDFRUWD
   DWK
DWJKt DWK   DWWRWK
DWWRWJKt DWWRWK
   =DWKKm?       =$W¾RWKKm?
   RMR        RMRV
%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
  3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
   UWKOCNJ      UWKUOCNJ
UWKUWKOCNJt UWKUOCNJ
   =UWKO#Zˆ?   =UWKUO#Zˆ?
   YHQDGR      YHQDGRV
  3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
   7RGDVODVUDtFHVGHHVWHWLSRVHUHGXSOLFDQGHIRUPDFRUWD>@
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

Capítulo 5. Las oraciones

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*5$0$7,&$/(6GHODV)5$6(63$/$%5$63$57Ë&8/$6\RWURV025)(0$6TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQHVWHGLFFLRQDULR

3ULPHURGHVFULELPRVFyPRVHIRUPDQODVSDODEUDV>@([SOLFDPRVSRUTXpDOJXQDVSDODEUDVHQWHSHKXiQFRPRORV
9(5%26WLHQHQPXFKRVPRUIHPDV\RWUDVFRPRODV&21-81&,21(6WLHQHQSRFRVPRUIHPDV7DPELpQH[SOLFDPRVFyPR
VHUHSUHVHQWDQORVGLIHUHQWHVPRUIHPDV\SDODEUDVHQORVHMHPSORVTXHXVDPRVSDUDLOXVWUDUODJUDPiWLFDWHSHKXDQD
/XHJRGHVFULELPRVFyPRVHIRUPDQODV&/È868/$6%È6,&$6>@ORVFXDOHVSXHGHQHPSH]DUFRQSDODEUDVGH
(1/$&(\RSDODEUDV(1)2&$'$6VLHPSUHVHJXLGDVGHXQD)5$6(9(5%$/MXQWRFRQVXVLQGLFDGRUHVGHOVXMHWR\2%-(72
\SXHGHQWHUPLQDUFRQ)5$6(6120,1$/(6\R)5$6(6$'9(5%,$/(6
(QVHJXLGDGHVFULELPRVFyPRVHIRUPDQODVFOiXVXODV68%25',1$'$6>@WDOHVFRPRORVGH&$86$\3523Ï6,72
5(/$7,9$6&203/(7,9$6ORVTXHFRQWLHQHQIUDVHV*(581',$/(6,1),1,7,9$6\FOiXVXODVGH(1)248(

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&21',&,21$/

5.1. Las palabras

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HQHVSDxRO3RUHMHPSORHOYHUERDCLKEJWLCCCIK¡³FJC¡KEJHVXQDVROD5$Ë=YHUEDOCCICKDEODUDODTXHVHOH
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SURQXQFLDRVHDHQXQDIRUPDUHGXFLGD

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PRUIHPDVJUDPDWLFDOHVDGHPiVGHRWURVWpUPLQRVOLQJtVWLFRVVHSUHVHQWDQUHVXPLGRVHQHOJORVDULRTXHDSDUHFHDOILQDO
GHHVWDJUDPiWLFD
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LQFOXLPRVHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVLQIRUPDFLyQDGLFLRQDORLPSOtFLWDTXHD\XGDDHQWHQGHUPHMRUHOVLJQLILFDGRGHOHMHPSOR

5.2. Las cláusulas principales

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5.2.1. Las palabras de enlace

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5.2.2. El enfoque
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FOiXVXODHVGHFLUSURQXQFLDUORDQWHVGHO9(5%2

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IW DJQ¡OMQZ LKZ K¡QQD  IWLWWP ÊOCZKO
HO ³WHFKDORWH´ HV  VDEURVR HO PDt] PROH
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$YHFHVVRODPHQWHXQDSDUWHGHODIUDVHQRPLQDOVHDGHODQWD\ODRWUDSDUWHQRVHSURQXQFLDKDVWDGHVSXpVGHOYHUER

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IQQM LK³Ê OCC IW VCÊVCMCCTWK¡ IWLK³Ê ZKKZ
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LKZ CDJCCT MWUDKQ FJK OCC¡PMCO IW DJCK¡OMCT
HV  ERQLWR OOHYDU  HVD SHUVRQD  HO  PRUUDOERUGDGR
(VDSHUVRQDWUDHXQPRUUDOPX\ERQLWR

$VLPLVPRKD\FDVRVHQTXHHOKDEODQWHTXLHUHHQIRFDUDOYHUERFRPRHODFWRFHQWUDOGHXQUHODWR(QHVWHFDVRVH
SUHVHQWDHOSUHILMRGHO$&72&(175$/GG%ÊGRQGH%UHSUHVHQWDODUHSHWLFLyQGHODSULPHUD&21621$17(GHOYHUER$
PHQXGRVHSUHVHQWDHO$'9(5%,2DJCK¡ELHQMXQWRFRQHOSUHILMRGHODFWRFHQWUDO

)W ICIQQZ DJCK¡ GGM   M©K  DJCK¡TCO    IWDCCM

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5.2.3. El sujeto
7DQWROD3(5621$FRPRHO1Ò0(52GHO68-(72GHODFOiXVXODVHLQGLFDSRUPHGLRGHXQ&/Ë7,&2(VWHFOtWLFRPiVXQ
$8;,/,$5IRUPDQHO025)(0$'(/68-(72WDOFRPRVHH[SOLFDHQHODSDUWDGR

(OPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWRVLHPSUHVHSURQXQFLDFRPR68),-2GHOSULPHU&20321(17(35,1&,3$/GHODFOiXVXODRVHDOD
35,0(5$3$/$%5$R)5$6((VWHFRPSRQHQWHSXHGHVHUXQDFRQMXQFLyQXQDGYHUELRRVXVWDQWLYRDGHODQWDGRSDUDGDUOH
pQIDVLVRELHQHOYHUERPLVPR(VWHSURFHVRPRUIROyJLFRQRYDUtDQLHQODVFOiXVXODV35,1&,3$/(6QLHQODVFOiXVXODV
68%25',1$'$6$GHPiVPXFKDVYHFHVHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWRHVHO~QLFRLQGLFDGRUGHODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURGHOVXMHWR
SRUTXHORV352120%5(63(5621$/(6>@VHXVDQVRODPHQWHSDUDGDUOHe1)$6,6DOVXMHWR\VLXQFOtFLWRGHOVXMHWRVH
SUHVHQWDDQWHVGHOYHUERHOYHUERQRWLHQHXQVXILMRTXHLQGLTXHFXiOHVHOVXMHWR

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LCTQQ O FC¡ PC O DJCÊ LC¡M DCÊ LKO©
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,WO OCMKC¡  K³  OCC¡P IW CUCCM
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$VLPLVPRHOFOtWLFRGHO7,(03235(7e5,72SXHGHSUHVHQWDUVHFRPRVXILMRGHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWR(OFOtWLFRGHO
SUHWpULWRWLHQHWUHVIRUPDVTXHYDUtDQVHJ~QODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURGHOVXMHWR>@(VWDVIRUPDVVHSUHVHQWDQHQHO
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Cuadro 6. Formas del clítico del pretérito

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FXDGURHOFXDOHVXQDYDULDQWHPiVFRPSOHWDGHOFXDGUR>@FRQODVIRUPDVHVFULWDVHQVXIRUPDEiVLFDWDOFRPR
DSDUHFHQHQHOVHJXQGRUHQJOyQGHORVHMHPSORVHQHVWDJUDPiWLFD

 Persona y número del sujeto

DSHUV DSHUV DSHUV DSHUV DSHUV DSHUV

Contexto
GHOVLQJ GHOVLQJ GHOVLQJ GHOSO GHOSO GHOSO
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Cuadro 7. Formas del morfema del sujeto, tiempos pretérito y no pretérito

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IRUPDGHO7,(032)87852HVLWIKC¡\ODIRUPDGHO7,(03235(7e5,72HVLWWSHURODIRUPDGHO7,(03235(6(17(HV
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VWÊ LWI© ¡CR     VWÊ LWI© RKO
([W FRPHU W~      ([W FRPHU XVWHGHV
(VWiVFRPLHQGR     (VWiQFRPLHQGRXVWHGHV
6W MWC¡       6W MWC¡ CO
VWÊ LWI©       VWÊ LWI© ¡CO
([W FRPHU       ([W FRPHU HOORV
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+KDJCK³ EJW MWC¡      $CMCCZ LC³ EJW MWC¡
KKDCK³ VWÊ LWI©      DJCD  LC³ VWÊ LWI©
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$C VW  LWW ³KEJ      $JCD M©¡P LC³KEJ  EJW LWW
DCÊ VWÊ LWI© ³ KEJ    DJCD M©¡P LC³ KEJ VWÊ LWI©
\D ([W FRPHU \R  3UHW    IULMRO FRQ \R  3UHW ([W FRPHU
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5.2.4. Los objetos

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35(),-2PiVFHUFDQRDOD5$Ë=GHO9(5%2/DVIRUPDVGHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWRVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR


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DSHUVRQD LK³Ê LKEJÊ

DSHUVRQD LWOÊ LCOÊ

DSHUVRQD t LCÊ

Cuadro 8. Formas del prefijo del objeto

/DVOHWUDVLQLFLDOHVLK=JK?\LW=JW?GHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWRQRUPDOPHQWHVHVXSULPHQHQHOKDEODQRUPDOGHORV
DGXOWRVFXDQGRHVWHSUHILMRVHSUHVHQWDGHVSXpVGHRWURSUHILMRRGHXQDSDUWtFXODTXHWHUPLQDFRQXQDYRFDO0XFKDVGH
ODVFRQWUDFFLRQHVTXHUHVXOWDQVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR>@&RQHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2WDQWRORVSUHILMRVVRORV
FRPRODVFRQWUDFFLRQHVVHHVFULEHQFRPRSDODEUDVVHSDUDGDV

,WO PCOMKFJC¡   K³  MCDWKOWM PC³  L©¡M MCO   WC¡VW¡P

LWOÊ PCOMK ÊKFJC ÊC¡¡K³ MCDWKOWM PC³ L©¡M MCÊ LWOÊ WC¡VW¡P
WH  SDJDU  D  )XW \R PDxDQD  TXH\R WDQWR D~Q WH  GHEHU
7HSDJRPDxDQDORTXHWRGDYtDWHGHER
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(OSUHILMRGHOREMHWRVRODPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDFXDQGRHOREMHWRGLUHFWRHV$1,0$'26LHV,1$1,0$'2QRUPDOPHQWHQR
VHSUHVHQWD

-CDWKOWM LCO  LC  IC¡TC¡  IQQMIW VQVDC

MCDWKOWM  LCO LCÊ IC¡TC ÊC¡ IQQM IW VQÊVQDCC
PDxDQD   HOORV  ORV YHQGHU)XW GRV ORV SO JXDMRORWH
0DxDQDYDQDYHQGHUGRVJXDMRORWHV
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MCDWKOWM  LCO IC¡TC ÊC¡ IQQM IW ¡CÊ¡CVQQZMCT
PDxDQD   HOORV  YHQGHU)XW GRV ORV SO VLOOD  
0DxDQDYDQDYHQGHUGRVVLOODV

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SUHVHQWDHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWRSDUDLQGLFDUODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURGHOREMHWRLQGLUHFWR

-CDWKOWM LCO  LKEJ IC¡NJKFJC¡   IQQM IW C¡VQZMCT

MCDWKOWM  LCO LKEJÊ IC¡TC ÊKFJC ÊC¡ IQQM IW ¡CÊ¡CVQQZMCT
PDxDQD   HOORV  QRV YHQGHUD  )XW GRV ORV SO VLOOD
0DxDQDQRVYDQDYHQGHUGRVVLOODV

$VLPLVPRVLWDQWRHOREMHWRGLUHFWRFRPRHOREMHWRLQGLUHFWRVRQDQLPDGRVODIRUPDGHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWRVLHPSUHLQGLFD
ODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURGHOREMHWRLQGLUHFWR

-CDWKOWM LCO  LKEJ IC¡NJKFJC¡   IQQM IW VQVDC

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PDxDQD   HOORV  QRV YHQGHUD  )XW GRV ORV SO JXDMRORWH
0DxDQDQRVYDQDYHQGHUGRVJXDMRORWHV

6LHOVXMHWRGHXQDFOiXVXODWUDQVLWLYDHVHOPLVPRTXHHOREMHWRGLUHFWRHQYH]GHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWRVHSUHVHQWDHO
SUHILMR5()/(;,92\5(&Ë352&2VHJ~QODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH/DVIRUPDVGHOSUHILMRUHIOH[LYR\
UHFtSURFRVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR

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Cuadro 9. Formas del prefijo reflexivo y recíproco

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LKEJÊP©KFJC¡KEJ
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,WO Q¡KK¡³ CO IW C¡CCNJ
LWOÊ QK¡FJC ¡COIW ¡CÊ¡CNJKK
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5.2.5. La frase verbal

$VtFRPROD)5$6(9(5%$/HVHO1Ò&/(2R&20321(17(FHQWUDOGHODFOiXVXOD>@HO5$',&$/YHUEDOHVHOQ~FOHR
GHODIUDVHYHUEDO/DVSDUWHVGHODIUDVHYHUEDOVHSUHVHQWDQHQHORUGHQTXHDTXtVHxDODPRV

Prefijos– RADICAL –Sufijos Partículas

(OUDGLFDOYHUEDOSXHGHVHUXQD5$Ë=VHQFLOOD>@RXQDUDt]TXHVHKDPRGLILFDGRSRUXQRGHORV352&(626
025)2/Ï*,&26GH)250$&,Ï1'(5$',&$/DVDEHU5('83/,&$&,Ï1SRUHO$63(&72',675,%87,92>@5('8&&,Ï1
SRUHO7,(03235(7e5,72>@6867,78&,Ï1GHRWUDUDt]>@RHOXVRGH$),-26'(5,9$7,926SDUDIRUPDURWUD
SDODEUDQXHYD>@
/DIUDVHYHUEDOVHXVDSDUDH[SUHVDUWDQWR(9(1726FRPR(67$'26>@/RVHYHQWRVVRQDFFLRQHVGHORVFXDOHVHO
VXMHWRHVHO$*(17(RSURFHVRVGHORVFXDOHVHOVXMHWRHVHO3$&,(17(/RVHVWDGRVVRQORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODVDFFLRQHVR
SURFHVRVGHORVFXDOHVHOVXMHWRWDPELpQHVHOSDFLHQWH
/RV35(),-2668),-26\3$57Ë&8/$6VLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDQHQODPLVPDSRVLFLyQUHODWLYDFRQUHVSHFWRDOUDGLFDO
YHUEDOHVGHFLUORVSUHILMRVVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDQDQWHVGHOYHUER\ORVVXILMRV\SDUWtFXODVVHSUHVHQWDQGHVSXpVGHO
YHUER(VWRV025)(0$6*5$0$7,&$/(602',),&$1HOVLJQLILFDGRGHOYHUERHQFXDQWRD7,(032$63(&72\
02'$/,'$'>@

5.2.6. La frase nominal

/DV)5$6(6120,1$/(6QRVRQREOLJDWRULDVFRPRODIUDVHYHUEDOVLQRTXHVHSUHVHQWDQFXDQGRHOKDEODQWHTXLHUH
KDFHUUHIHUHQFLDGLUHFWDDXQDSHUVRQDDQLPDORFRVD/DVSDUWHVGHODIUDVHQRPLQDOVHSUHVHQWDQHQHORUGHQTXHDTXt
VHxDODPRV

Determinante Posesión– RADICAL –Posposición Adjetivo

(O5$',&$/QRPLQDOTXHHVHO1Ò&/(2GHODIUDVHQRPLQDOSXHGHVHUXQD5$Ë=VHQFLOODR&2038(67$>@
7DPELpQSXHGHVHUXQDUDt]TXHVHKDPRGLILFDGRSRUXQRGHORV352&(626025)2/Ï*,&26GH)250$&,Ï1'(5$',&$/
DVDEHU5('83/,&$&,Ï1SRUHO3/85$/>@RHOXVRGH$),-26'(5,9$7,926SDUDIRUPDURWUDSDODEUDQXHYD>@
$OJXQDVUDtFHVVRQWRPDGDVGHOHVSDxRO>@
/RV'(7(50,1$17(6VRQ$57Ë&8/26XRWURV$'-(7,926'(02675$7,926>@RELHQSXHGHQVHU$'-(7,926
180(5$/(6>@

/D326(6,Ï1GHVXVWDQWLYRVVHLQGLFDSRUPHGLRGHXQ$),-2TXHVHSUHVHQWDFRPR35(),-2SDUDWRGDVODVSHUVRQDV
H[FHSWRODGHODWHUFHUDSHUVRQDGHOVLQJXODUHOFXDOVHSUHVHQWDFRPR68),-2>@
7DQWR35(326,&,21(6FRPR326326,&,21(6>FDS@LQGLFDQODSRVLFLyQUHODWLYDGHOVXVWDQWLYRFRQUHVSHFWRDRWURV
GHQWURGHO&217(;72
/DPD\RUtDGHORV$'-(7,926&$/,),&$7,926>@VHSUHVHQWDQFRPRORV9(5%26'((67$'2>@6LQHPEDUJR
DYHFHVORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRVVHSUHVHQWDQFRPRSDUWHGHODIUDVHQRPLQDOGRQGH02',),&$1GLUHFWDPHQWHDO
VXVWDQWLYRDXQTXHWRGDYtDVHSUHVHQWDFRQVX352&/Ë7,&2&238/$7,92FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH>@(ORUGHQUHODWLYRGHO
VXVWDQWLYR\GHODGMHWLYRGHSHQGHGHO(1)248(TXHHOKDEODQWHTXLHUHUHIOHMDUSXHVQRUPDOPHQWHHOHOHPHQWRFRQPD\RU
pQIDVLVVHSUHVHQWDSULPHUR

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5.2.7. La frase adverbial

/DV)5$6(6$'9(5%,$/(6WDPSRFRVRQREOLJDWRULDVFRPRODIUDVHYHUEDOVLQRTXHVHSUHVHQWDQFXDQGRHOKDEODQWH
TXLHUHUHIHULUVHDOWLHPSRPDQHUDOXJDURGLUHFFLyQ/DVSDUWHVGHODIUDVHDGYHUELDOVHSUHVHQWDQHQHORUGHQTXHDTXt
VHxDODPRV

ADVERBIO Partículas

(O$'9(5%,2HVHO1Ò&/(2GHODIUDVHDGYHUELDO/DVIUDVHVDGYHUELDOHVGHWLHPSR>@\PRGR>@VRQ
VHQFLOODVHVGHFLUFRQVWDQGHXQDGYHUELRVLQ3$57Ë&8/$6TXHOR02',),48(1

DCUVCMCCD       RW¡³K
DQWHD\HU        H[DFWDPHQWH

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FRPSOHMRVSXHVDGHPiVGHODGYHUELRSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHXQDRPiVSDUWtFXODVTXHPRGLILFDQHOVLJQLILFDGRGHO
DGYHUELR

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5.3. Las cláusulas subordinadas

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HPSLH]DQFRQODPLVPD3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PC+D\FXDWURWLSRVGHFOiXVXODVVXERUGLQDGDVORVFXDOHV
GHVFULELPRVHQORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVDVDEHUODVFOiXVXODVGH&$86$\3523Ï6,72>@ODV&/È868/$6
&203/(7,9$6\5(/$7,9$6\>@ODVFOiXVXODVTXHVHWUDGXFHQDOHVSDxROFRPR*(581',26H,1),1,7,926>@\
ODVFOiXVXODVTXHVHXVDQSDUDLQGLFDUHOPi[LPRJUDGRGH(1)248(>@

5.3.1. Las cláusulas de causa y propósito

/D&/È868/$68%25',1$'$TXHLQGLFDODFDXVDGHXQ(9(172R(67$'2VLHPSUHHPSLH]DFRQODFRQMXQFLyQPC
IW¡SRUTXHODFXDOFRQVWDGHODSDUWtFXODVXERUGLQDQWHPCPiVODSDUWtFXOD$'9(56$7,9$IW¡TXHFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWD
VRODLQGLFDXQDVLWXDFLyQQRHVSHUDGD>@
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DTXt \R  HV  PL  WLHUUD  SRUTXH\R KDFHPXFKR GHVGH DTXt ([W VHPEUDU
(VWHHVPLWHUUHQRSRUTXH\RKHVHPEUDGRDTXtGHVGHKDFHPXFKRWLHPSR

$VLPLVPRODFOiXVXODVXERUGLQDGDTXHLQGLFDHOSURSyVLWRGHXQHYHQWRRHVWDGRVLHPSUHHPSLH]DFRQODFRQMXQFLyQ
PCDC¡SDUDTXHODFXDOFRQVWDGHODSDUWtFXODVXERUGLQDQWHPCPiVODSDUWtFXODGH6(&8(1&,$(675(&+$DC¡TXH
FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDVRODLQGLFDTXHODVLWXDFLyQVLJXHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHVSXpVGHRWUD>@

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5.3.2. Las cláusulas completivas y relativas

$XQDFOiXVXODTXHHVHOFRPSOHPHQWRGHRWUDFOiXVXODVHOHGHQRPLQD&/È868/$&203/(7,9$8QDFOiXVXOD
FRPSOHWLYDVLHPSUHHPSLH]DFRQOD3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PC
,WR  MCK¡EJ PC EJCOLCK¡EJ
LWR MCK¡EJ PC EJCO LCK¡EJ
5HS GHFLU  TXH QR  KD\
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QL FXDQWR  HOORV QR  PH FUHHU  TXH\R FyPR OHV GHFLU
1RFUHHQQDGDGHORTXHOHVGLJR

$VLPLVPRFXDQGRXQD&/È868/$5(/$7,9$LQWURGXFHLQIRUPDFLyQDGLFLRQDODFHUFDGHXQVXVWDQWLYRWDPELpQ
HPSLH]DFRQPC(VGHFLUWRGRVORV352120%5(65(/$7,926>@\$'9(5%,265(/$7,926>@FRQVWDQGHPCPiV
RWUDVSDUWtFXODV

$C LKK  EJKEJ  OW PCRCK¡ VW  CC¡

DCÊ LKK  EJKEJ OWÊ PCRCK¡ VWÊ CCIC
\D LU3UHW QRVRWURV3UHW DOOi GRQGH  ([W KDEODU
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D©©Z  LCRKO IWIWWM© ÊC¡ PCRCK¡FJWWM [C¡ CCL© ÊC¡ IWRCCNJ
WRGRV XVWHGHV SDUDUVH )XW FXDQGR   DTXt OOHJDU)XW HO VDFHUGRWH
7RGRVGHEHQSDUDUVHFXDQGROOHJXHHOVDFHUGRWH

/DVFOiXVXODVUHODWLYDVSXHGHQVHU5(675,&7,9$6RQRUHVWULFWLYDV/RVFOiXVXODVUHODWLYDVUHVWULFWLYDVSURSRUFLRQDQ
LQIRUPDFLyQDILQGHTXHHOR\HQWHSXHGDLGHQWLILFDUDTXpRDTXLpQVHUHILHUHHOKDEODQWHSRUORTXHHQODVFOiXVXODV
UHODWLYDVUHVWULFWLYDVVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDXQ352120%5('(02675$7,92DQWHVGHOSURQRPEUHUHODWLYR

)WWRWMC VCM IW V©OMCNJ IWK¡ PC ³KEJ  VCMCCD VW  FWW
IWWRWMC VCM IW V©OMCNJ IWK¡ PC ³KEJ VCMCCD VWÊ FWW
HQGXUHFHU   ODV WRUWLOODV ODV TXH \R3UHW D\HU  ([W KDFHU3UHW
6HHQGXUHFLHURQODVWRUWLOODVTXHKLFHD\HU
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

(QFDPELRODVFOiXVXODVUHODWLYDVQRUHVWULFWLYDVVRODPHQWHDJUHJDQGHWDOOHVDFHUFDGHODSHUVRQDRFRVD\D
LGHQWLILFDGDHOFXDOVHVHxDODSRUODDXVHQFLDGHXQSURQRPEUHGHPRVWUDWLYR

$JCK¡R   ZK³   DJ©KFJCK IW³  ZC¡WCPC DJCOO©  RWR FCC

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  PCR RCK¡ MKQ
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3RUIDYRUWUiHPHODFRELMDTXHGHMpHQWXFDVD

5.3.3. Las cláusulas que se traducen al español como gerundios o infinitivos

/D3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PCWDPELpQVHSUHVHQWDDOSULQFLSLRGHODVFOiXVXODVTXHVHWUDGXFHQDOHVSDxROFRPR
*(581',26H,1),1,7,926

8QDFOiXVXODHQODTXHXQ(9(172R(67$'2VHHQFXHQWUDHQHO$63(&72352*5(6,9235(6(17(VHSXHGHWUDGXFLUDO
HVSDxROFRPRJHUXQGLR

/K¡EJ   R©Z   DQQDQM     CNJKQ PCZ   EJ© ©©MC¡

OK¡ EJ  R©Z   DQQÊ DQ¡  ÊM  CNJKQ PC LKZ VWÊ ©©MC¡
DOOt QRVRWURV QDGDPiV  SO  DFRVWDUVH 3XQW UDWR TXH HVWi ([W VRPEUD
+DELHQGRVRPEUDDOOtOLWTXHHVWiKDFLHQGRVRPEUDGHVFDQVDPRVXQUDWR
$JC³  DJ©K¡³ /CTVKKPCIW³  KMZKEJ PC³   L©¡Z ZK
DJCÊLK³Ê DJ©KFJC /CTVKPC IWLK³Ê KMZKEJ PC ³ L©¡Z ZKÊ
DFi PH WUDHU  0DUWLQD HO PL  WHMLGR  TXH \R  FXDQWRLQWHQFLyQ
  EJW KMZKEJC¡ PC MCRWR FWWM
  VWÊ KMZK ÊVC¡ PC MCRWR FWWM
  ([W WHMHU KDFHU TXH WRGDYtD OORYHU
7UiHPHPLWHMLGR0DUWLQDSDUDTXHSXHGDDYDQ]DUXQSRFRPLHQWUDVVLJXHOORYLHQGROLWTXHWRGDYtDHVWi
OORYLHQGR

6HKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDXQHYHQWRRHVWDGRHQJHQHUDOVLQHVSHFLILFDUQLHOWLHPSRQLHODVSHFWRXWLOL]DQGRXQDFOiXVXOD
TXHVHWUDGXFHDOHVSDxROFRPRLQILQLWLYR(QWHSHKXiQHOYHUERGHHVWDVFOiXVXODVVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDHQ7,(032
)87852HOFXDOHVHOPiVQHXWURGHORVWLHPSRVJUDPDWLFDOHV$VLPLVPRVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDHQODSULPHUDSHUVRQDOD
FXDOHVODPiVQHXWUDGHODVSHUVRQDVJUDPDWLFDOHV

,KZ  M©©¡ FJK UWWFCK¡ PC³   EJW K¡[C¡

LKZ M©©¡ FJK UWWFCK¡ PC ³ VWÊ K¡[C ÊC¡
HV  EXHQD HVWD DJXD  TXH \R  ([W EHEHU )XW
(VWDDJXDHVEXHQDSDUDWRPDUOLWTXH\RWRPDUp
,KZ  OW¡WWM DCK³FJCU M©¡P LWO CC¡ PC³  KCTC¡   FJK LWM
LKZ OW¡WWM DCK³FJCU M©¡P LWOÊ CCIC PC³ KCTC ÊC¡ FJK LWM
HVWi  ILORVD  KDFKD   FRQ VH  TXHUHUTXH\R WXPEDU)XW HVWH SLQR
  PCIW¡T  UCTDJCM
  PCIW¡ LKT UCTDJCM
  SRUTXH HV  JUXHVR
(VQHFHVDULRXVDUXQDKDFKDELHQILORVDSDUDWXPEDUOLWTXH\RWXPEDUpHVWHSLQRSRUTXHHVWiJUXHVR
 /$625$&,21(6

5.3.4. Las cláusulas de máximo enfoque

/D3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PCWDPELpQVHSXHGHSUHVHQWDUHQWUHXQ6867$17,92R$'9(5%,2(1)2&$'2\HO
UHVWRGHODFOiXVXOD(VWDIRUPDGHUHRUGHQDUODFOiXVXODLQGLFDHOPi[LPRJUDGRGHpQIDVLVSRVLEOHHQHOWHPDGHXQD
KLVWRULDRGHVFULSFLyQ

&CK LK  IWICIQQZ D©©OC¡P PC DC¡  OK¡ LK  DKK

FCK LK  IWICIQQZ D©©OC¡P PC DC¡  OK¡ LKÊ DKK
VyOR eQI OD SHUUD  FRQpO  TXH HQWRQFHV DOOt LQLFLR VHTXHGy
  PCIW¡T  UQKIC¡P        LKC
  PCIW¡ LKT UQK     IC  Ê¡P LKC
  SRUTXH HV  DQLPDOGRPpVWLFR SURSLRVX  eQI
6RODPHQWHODSHUUDVHTXHGyFRQpOSXHVHUDVXPDVFRWD
&JQ IW¡ FJK LQQD  PCZ   NQQMQ¡ PC EJCODJCPCC¡
FJQ  IW¡ FJK LQQD  PC LKZ NQQMQ¡ PC EJCODJCPCC¡
SXHV SHUR HVWH WODFXDFKH TXH HVWi ORFR  TXH QR  EUDYR
  IKQ PCZ   ³CC  IWOCK
  IKQ PC LKZ PCC  IWOCK
  \  TXH OHJXVWDFRPHU HO PDJXH\
%XHQRHOWODFXDFKHHVXQDQLPDOORFRSHURQREUDYR\OHJXVWDFRPHUHOPDJXH\

5.4. Los modos del habla

(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGHVFULELPRVORVFXDWUR02'26'(/+$%/$HQWHSHKXiQDVDEHUHO02'2,1',&$7,92
>@HO02'2,17(552*$7,92>@HO02'2,03(5$7,92>@\HO02'2&21',&,21$/>@

5.4.1. El modo indicativo

/RVKDEODQWHVGHOWHSHKXiQXVDQHO02'2,1',&$7,92SDUDGHFODUDURH[FODPDU/DVFOiXVXODVVHFRPSRQHQFRPR
\DORGHVFULELPRV\ODYR]GHOKDEODQWHEDMDDOILQDODVtFRPRHQODVRUDFLRQHVGHFODUDWLYDVHQHVSDxRO

%JCO R©M  FWW¡P  VWMCC¡

EJCO R©M  FWW¡P  VWMCC¡
QR  PXFKR OORYHU3UHW QRFKH
1ROORYLyPXFKRDQRFKH
d,QKFJCO LKZ EJW CDJCCT [C LC¡R
LQKFJCO LKZ VWÊ CDJCCT [CÊ LC¡R
PXFKR  HV  ([W ERQLWR DTXt iUHD
£4XpERQLWRHVSRUDTXt

5.4.2. El modo interrogativo

6HXVDHO02'2,17(552*$7,92SDUDSUHJXQWDU+D\GRVWLSRVGHSUHJXQWDVODV&21),50$7,9$6\ODV
,1)250$7,9$6

/DV35(*817$6&21),50$7,9$6SLGHQXQDFRQILUPDFLyQRVHDXQDUHVSXHVWDDILUPDWLYDRQHJDWLYD/DIRUPDGH
XQDFOiXVXODFRQILUPDWLYDHVODPLVPDTXHXQDFOiXVXODLQGLFDWLYDH[FHSWRTXHHQODFOiXVXODFRQILUPDWLYDVHSUHVHQWDOD
3$57Ë&8/$FRQILUPDWLYDCCTXHVHSURQXQFLDFRQXQWRQRPiVDOWR
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

6WLWCP  CR CC!

VW LWCPC  ¡CR CC
'ZVWUDEDMDU W~  &RQI
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6WLWCP  K³  FJQ
VW LWCPC  ¡K³ FJQ
'ZVWUDEDMDU \R  (3
6tHVWR\WUDEDMDQGR

3RUPHGLRGHODV35(*817$6,1)250$7,9$6HOKDEODQWHSLGHFLHUWDLQIRUPDFLyQSRUORTXHVLHPSUHHPSLH]DQFRQOD
IRUPDLQWHUURJDWLYDGHXQ352120%5(5(/$7,92RGHXQ$'9(5%,25(/$7,92

2CC RKEJ  DC LKK!

RCC  RKEJ DCÊ LKK
GyQGH W~3UHW \D  LU3UHW
¢$GyQGHYDV"
,CTQQFC¡ FJK¡ PC OK¡³K DC LKO!
LCTQQ FC¡ FJK¡ PC OK¡³K  DCÊ LKO©
TXLpQ VHU pVH TXH DOOt  \D  LU
¢4XLpQHVHVDSHUVRQDTXHYDDOOt"

$GHPiVSXHGHSUHVHQWDUVHHQODVSUHJXQWDVLQIRUPDWLYDVODSDUWtFXODGH,1&5('8/,'$'IK

)K   LCZ DC¡T    LWO FWWMCO!

IK   LCZ DC¡  LKTÊ LWOÊ FWW MCO
LQFUpGXOR FyPR HQWRQFHV HV  VH  KDFHU GH
(QWRQFHV¢TXpVLJQLILFD"

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TXHDOFRQWHVWDUODSUHJXQWDKD\TXHHVFRJHUHQWUHGRVRPiVDOWHUQDWLYDV

/CKM  LCEJ  RCZKCTRQ¡   -C¡R  [C¡ MC DK¡[C¡!

OCKM  LCEJ  RCZKCTÊRQ ÊC¡ MC¡ R [C¡ MC  DK¡ ÊC¡
YiPRQRV QRVRWURV SDVHDULUD )XW R  W~  DTXt D~Q TXHGDU)XW
9DPRVDSDVHDU¢2SUHILHUHVTXHGDUWHDTXt"

&XDQGRODSDUWtFXODGHDOWHUQDWLYDHQHOPRGRLQWHUURJDWLYRVHSUHVHQWDMXQWRFRQODSDUWtFXODGHFRQILUPDFLyQHVR
LQGLFDTXHKD\TXHGHFLGLUHQWUHGRVDOWHUQDWLYDVLJXDOHV

6W¡R   DC K¡[C¡   DKK¡OCC MC¡ UWWFCK¡ CC!

VW¡ R DC K¡  ÊC¡ DKK¡O CC  MC¡ UWWFCK¡ CC
TXp W~  \D  EHEHU )XW OHFKH &RQI R  DJXD  &RQI
¢4XpTXLHUHWRPDUOHFKHRDJXD"

5.4.3. El modo imperativo

6HXVDHO02'2,03(5$7,92SDUDPDQGDURKDFHUXQDVXJHUHQFLD&XDQGRHO68-(72GHXQD&/È868/$,03(5$7,9$
QRVHPHQFLRQDVHHQWLHQGHTXHHVOD6(*81'$3(5621$

$JCK¡ ZK  LKO

DJCK¡ ZKÊ LKO©
DFi  ,PS LU
£9HQ
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/CKM  LCEJ  DC VW  MQK¡RQ¡

OCKM  LCEJ DCÊ VWÊ LWI© ÊRQ ÊC¡
YiPRQRV QRVRWURV \D  ([W FRPHU LUD )XW
9DPRVDFRPHU

6HSXHGHQH[SUHVDUWUHVJUDGRVGHLPSHUDWLYRSRUPHGLRGHORV$),-26LPSHUDWLYRV(O35(),-2DKÊLQGLFDXQ
LPSHUDWLYRFRUWpVHOFXDOVHXVDDPHQXGRHQWUHDGXOWRV

$K   ³K³KC   LK³ ZKKZ

DKÊ   ³K³KC   LK³Ê ZKKZ
,PSFRUWpV GHVSHUWDUVH PL  KHUPDQRPD\RU
'HVSLHUWDPLKHUPDQR

(OSUHILMRZKÊLQGLFDXQLPSHUDWLYRQRUPDOHOFXDOVHXVDDPHQXGRFRQORVQLxRV

/WZK  V©VDKO©T
OW ZKÊ V©VDKC ÊO©TC
DOOi ,PS MXJDU LUD
9HWHDMXJDUDOOi

(O68),-2ÊK³LQGLFDXQLPSHUDWLYRIXHUWHHOFXDOVHXVDFXDQGRKD\XUJHQFLD

$JKCK³     FJK LC¡CC

DJKC ÊK³   FJK LC¡CC
TXLWDU ,PSIXHUWH HVD ROOD
£4XLWDODROODGHOIXHJR

5.4.4. El modo condicional

(O02'2&21',&,21$/VHXVDSDUDLQGLFDUHOJUDGRGHSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHRFXUUDXQ(9(172R(67$'27RGDVODV
25$&,21(6FRQGLFLRQDOHVHPSLH]DQFRQOD&21-81&,Ï1FRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡VL

+D\WUHVJUDGRVGHSRVLELOLGDGTXHVHSXHGHQH[SUHVDUHQHOPRGRFRQGLFLRQDOORVFXDOHVVHVHxDODQSRUPHGLRGHO
68),-2GH7,(032TXHVHSUHVHQWDHQODFOiXVXODTXHHPSLH]DFRQPQ¡


Contrario a la realidad Hipotético Conforme a la realidad

7LHPSRIXWXUR 7LHPSRSUHVHQWH 7LHPSRSUHWpULWR

VLLPSRVLEOHLPSUREDEOH VLSRVLEOHPHQWH VLSUREDEOHFXDQGR

Cuadro 10. Los tres grados de posibilidad

&XDQGRHOYHUERVHSUHVHQWDHQHO7,(032)87852FRQODFRQMXQFLyQFRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡HVRLQGLFDTXHHVLPSRVLEOHR
LPSUREDEOHTXHHOHYHQWRRHVWDGRRFXUUD3DUDHQIDWL]DUHVWDIDOWDGHSUREDELOLGDGQRUPDOPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDWDPELpQOD
3$57Ë&8/$GH,55($/,'$'

0Q¡³  DKC¡ MC¡   I©V IW TCCFKQ

PQ¡ ³ DKC¡ ÊMC ÊC¡ I©V IW TCCFKQ
UK [Q WHQHU HVWDGR)XW ,UU 8Q UDGLR  
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

 D©Z EJCPQQNJ LC³  MCC[C¡   I©V LK

 D©©Z VCPQQNJ  LC³ MCC[C ÊC¡ I©V LK
 WRGR GtD   \R  HVFXFKDU )XW ,UU eQI
6L\RWXYLHUDXQUDGLRORHVFXFKDUtDWRGRHOGtD

&XDQGRHOYHUERVHSUHVHQWDHQHO7,(03235(6(17(FRQODFRQMXQFLyQFRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡HVRLQGLFDTXHHVSRVLEOH
SHURQRSUREDEOHTXHHOHYHQWRRHVWDGRRFXUUD(VGHFLUODSUREDELOLGDGGHTXHRFXUUDRQRHVLJXDO

'CR  ZK  CC¡P FJK KRWWT PQ¡ EJCO ZKO   PCO©©M

'C R ZKÊ CCFC FJK KRWWT  PQ¡ EJCO  LKZ LWOÊ PCO©©M
ELHQ W~  ,PS SRQHU HVWD IDOGD  VL  QR   VH  WH  FRPELQD
3RQWHHVWDIDOGDSDUDYHUVLWHYHVELHQRQR

&XDQGRHOYHUERVHSUHVHQWDHQHO7,(03235(7e5,72FRQODFRQMXQFLyQFRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡HVRLQGLFDTXHHVSUREDEOH
TXHRFXUUDHOHYHQWRRHVWDGRGHWDOPRGRTXHVHSXHGHWUDGXFLUPQ¡FRPRVLRFRPRFXDQGR

2CCR   C¡L© PQ¡RKEJ  LKZFJCCO FWWM  [C¡ F©T OWK¡ LK  LKK!
RCC  R CC[C PQ¡RKEJ LKZFJCCO FWWM  [C¡ F©T OWK¡ LK  LKO©
GyQGH W~  OOHJDU VL W~3UHW  HV VREUH  HVWiVRO DTXt GH  DOOi LQLFLRLU
¢$GyQGHYDVDLUFXDQGRVDOJDVGHDTXtDOPHGLRGtD"
 /269(5%26


Capítulo 6. Los verbos

(QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVORV9(5%26GHOWHSHKXiQ(VSHFtILFDPHQWHGHVFULELPRVORV352&(626025)2/Ï*,&26
GH)250$&,Ï1'(5$',&$/(6YHUEDOHV>@FXiOHVVRQODVFODVHVGHUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHV>@\FXiOHVVRQORV$),-26\
3$57Ë&8/$6TXHDPHQXGRVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORVUDGLFDOHVHQOD)5$6(9(5%$/

6.1. Los tipos de radicales verbales

(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGHVFULELPRVORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGH5$',&$/(69(5%$/(6HQWHSHKXiQ/DPD\RUtDGH
ORVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVFRQVWDQGHXQD5$Ë=VHQFLOOD>@RXQDUDt]5('8&,'$>@$OJXQRVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHV
WDPELpQVRQ5('83/,&$'26>@\RWURVVHIRUPDQSRUPHGLRGH68),-26'(5,9$7,926ORVFXDOHVKDFHQFDPELDUOD
FODVHGHUDGLFDO>@7DPELpQGHVFULELPRVFyPRVRQODV92&$/(6TXHDYHFHVVHSUHVHQWDQDOILQDOGHOUDGLFDOYHUEDO
>@

6.1.1. Los radicales verbales sencillos

/DIRUPDPiVVHQFLOODGHXQ5$',&$/9(5%$/HVOD5$Ë=YHUEDOODFXDOPRVWUDPRVHQHOVHJXQGRUHQJOyQGHORV
HMHPSORVDSHVDUGHTXHFDVLQXQFDVHSUHVHQWDDVtHQHOKDEODQRUPDOGHELGRDODVXSUHVLyQGHODYRFDOILQDO>@R
XQDGHODVYRFDOHVPHGLDQDV>@6LQHPEDUJRODUDt]VHQFLOODVHXVDIUHFXHQWHPHQWHSDUDLQGLFDUHO$63(&72
352*5(6,9235(6(17(HVGHFLUTXHXQ(9(172HVWiHQSURFHVRRTXHXQ(67$'2HVWiYLJHQWHDOPRPHQWRGHO
(181&,$'2

;C¡³  R©Z   LC¡R QKT©

[C¡ ³ R©Z   LC¡R QKT©
DTXt \R  QDGDPiV  iUHD DQGDU
$TXtDQGRSDVHDQGRQDGDPiV
$CZ  DJCK  CC IWDJCD PCEJ DC¡   M©¡P VW  LWIKC¡!
DCÊLKZ DJCK  CC  IWDJCD PCEJDC¡   M©¡P VWÊ LWI© ÊC¡
\D HVWiQ FRFLGRV &RQI ORVIULMROHV SDUDTXHQRVRWURV FRQ ([W FRPHU )XW
¢<DHVWiQOLVWRVORVIULMROHVSDUDTXHORVFRPDPRV"

$VLPLVPRODUDt]VHQFLOODGHXQYHUERDYHFHVVHSUHVHQWDSDUDLQGLFDUHODVSHFWR+$%,78$/35(6(17(HVGHFLUTXH
XQHYHQWRVHOOHYDDFDERUHJXODUPHQWH(ODVSHFWRKDELWXDOGHHVWDGRVVHLQGLFDSRUPHGLRGHODVSHFWRFRQWLQXDWLYR
>@

)À¡  MWC¡ K³  IWQP

IÀ¡  LWI© ¡K³ IWQP
JUDQGH FRPHU \R  OD VDO
<RFRPRPXFKDVDO

/DUDt]YHUEDOVHQFLOODWDPELpQVHSUHVHQWDFRQORV$),-26,03(5$7,926>@

$JC LKO MW³   LWO  CCIK¡³FJC¡

DJCÊ LKO© MW ³ LWOÊ  CCIC ÊKFJC ÊFC ÊC¡
DFi  LU  SDUD \R  DXVWHG KDEODU D  &RQW )XW
9HQJDSDUDTXHVHORSXHGDH[SOLFDU

$SHVDUGHTXHODUDt]VHQFLOODGHXQYHUERVLHPSUHLQGLFDHODVSHFWRSURJUHVLYRSUHVHQWHRKDELWXDOSUHVHQWHHQHO
VHJXQGRUHQJOyQGHORVHMHPSORVODVWUDGXFLPRVFRPRLQILQLWLYRVSDUDLQGLFDUFXiOHVODIRUPDEiVLFDGHOYHUER
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

6.1.2. Los radicales verbales reduplicados

$OJXQDVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVFDPELDQGHIRUPDSRUPHGLRGHOSURFHVRIRQROyJLFRGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQ>FDS@&XDQGRVH
SUHVHQWDXQUDGLFDOUHGXSOLFDGRHVRSXHGHLQGLFDUXQRGHORVVLJXLHQWHVVLJQLILFDGRVDHO68-(72GHXQD&/È868/$
,175$16,7,9$HV3/85$/EHO2%-(72GHXQDFOiXVXOD75$16,7,9$R%,75$16,7,9$HVSOXUDORFXQDDFFLyQVHUHSLWH
YDULDVYHFHVHQXQVROROXJDURXQDYH]HQYDULRVOXJDUHVDORTXHVHOHOODPD$63(&72',675,%87,92

6XMHWRSOXUDOGHFOiXVXODLQWUDQVLWLYD
MQZKC¡     MQMZKC¡
MQU© ÊC¡   MQÊMQU© ÊC¡
GRUPLU )XW   SO GRUPLU )XW
GRUPLU6XMVLQJ  GRUPLU6XMSO
2EMHWRSOXUDOGHFOiXVXODWUDQVLWLYD
DCK³OK¡EJFJC¡       DCRCK³OK¡EJFJC¡
DCK³OK¡ÊVW  ÊKFJCÊC¡   DCÊ DCK³OK¡ ÊVW  ÊKFJCÊC¡
KHUUDU FDXVDWLYR D  )XW   SO  KHUUDU  FDXVDWLYR D  )XW
KHUUDU2EMVLQJ       KHUUDU2EMSO
$VSHFWRGLVWULEXWLYR
V©MMC¡      V©V©MMC¡
V©MMC  ÊC¡   V©Ê V©MMC  ÊC¡
SUHJXQWDU )XW   'LVWU SUHJXQWDU )XW
SUHJXQWDUXQDYH]  SUHJXQWDUPiVGHXQDYH]

&RPRVHSXHGHDSUHFLDUHQHVWRVHMHPSORVHOUDGLFDOUHGXSOLFDGRPXFKDVYHFHVFDPELDGHIRUPDSRUHO352&(62
)212/Ï*,&2GH5(6,/$%,),&$&,Ï1>FK@GHOUDGLFDOYHUEDO

3XHVWRTXHORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRVVRODPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQHQDOJXQRVYHUERV\ODIRUPDUHGXSOLFDGDQRVHSXHGH
SUHGHFLUFRQH[DFWLWXGLQFOXLPRVHQHVWHGLFFLRQDULRWRGRVORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRVGHORVYHUERVFRQORVFXDOHVVH
SUHVHQWDQ

6.1.3. Los radicales verbales reducidos

/DPD\RUtDGHODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVH5('8&(1GHIRUPDSDUDLQGLFDUHO7,(03235(7e5,72(OSURFHVRGHIRUPDUXQ
UDGLFDOUHGXFLGRQRUPDOPHQWHVLJXHXQRGHORVGRVSDVRVVLJXLHQWHV

6XSULPLUOD~OWLPDFRQVRQDQWH\OD~OWLPDYRFDOGHODUDt]
6LODFRQVRQDQWHVXSULPLGDQRIXHDOYHRODUDODUJDUOD6LIXHDOYHRODUDJUHJDUOHXQDK
LWIKC¡      LWW
LWI©  ÊC¡    LWI©²¾LW²¾LWW
FRPHU )XW    FRPHU    
FRPHUi      FRPLy
MQZKC¡      MQK
MQU© ÊC¡    MQU©t MQt MQK
GRUPLU ±)XW    GRUPLU   
GRUPLUi     GXUPLy

6LQHPEDUJRHOSURFHVRGHUHGXFFLyQGHOWLHPSRSUHWpULWRQRVHDSOLFDDWRGDVODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVLQRTXHDOJXQRV
QRFDPELDQXRWURVFDPELDQGHRWUDPDQHUD

DCVDKC
VHEDxDVHEDxy
 /269(5%26


UCDC¡FC  UCDC¡NJ
FRPSUD   FRPSUy

3XHVWRTXHORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXFLGRVVRODPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQHQDOJXQRVYHUERV\ODIRUPDUHGXFLGDQRVHSXHGH
SUHGHFLUFRQIDFLOLGDGLQFOXLPRVHQHVWHGLFFLRQDULRWRGRVORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXFLGRVGHORVYHUERVFRQORVFXDOHVVH
SUHVHQWDQ

6.1.4. Los radicales verbales derivados

$OJXQRV5$',&$/(69(5%$/(6VRQGHULYDGRVGHRWURYHUERRGHXQ6867$17,92SRUPHGLRGHXQ68),-2
'(5,9$7,92ORVFXDOHVGHVFULELPRVHQHVWHDSDUWDGR(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVHOVLJQR8LQGLFDXQDUDt]YHUEDO\HO
VLJQR0LQGLFDXQDUDt]QRPLQDO
3RUHMHPSORFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDHOVXILMR$3/,&$7,92ÊKFJCMXQWRDXQDUDt]YHUEDOORTXHUHVXOWDHVXQUDGLFDOTXH
WLHQHXQJUDGRPD\RUGH75$16,7,9,'$'>@(VGHFLUXQYHUER,175$16,7,92PiVÊKFJCGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQ
YHUER75$16,7,92\XQYHUERWUDQVLWLYRPiVÊKFJCGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQYHUER%,75$16,7,92ORTXHTXLHUHGHFLUTXHOD
DFFLyQVHOOHYDDFDERSDUDHOEHQHILFLRGHRWUDSHUVRQD

8ÊKFJCVSRUXQDSHUVRQDRSDUDRWUDSHUVRQD
DJCC[C¡      DJCKFJC¡
DJCC C¡     DJCC ÊKFJC ÊC¡
FRFHU )XW     FRFHU SRU )XW
VHFRFHUiVROR    ORFRFHUiXQDSHUVRQD
DQRMQPC¡      DQRMQ³FJC¡
DQRMQPC ÊC¡    DQRMQPC ÊKFJC ÊC¡
ODYDUSO )XW    ODYDUSO SDUD )XW
ORVODYDUiXQDSHUVRQD  VHORVODYDUiXQDSHUVRQDDRWUD

$GHPiVDOJXQRVYHUERVVHIRUPDQGHUDtFHVQRPLQDOHVSRUPHGLRGHSUHILMRV3RUHMHPSORHOSUHILMRQRPLQDOVWÊ
HOFXDOTXLHUHGHFLUH[WHQVLyQWHPSRUDORORFDWLYRFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDHQORVYHUERV>@LQGLFD326(6,Ï1GHO
VXVWDQWLYR

VWÊ0  SRVHHUN
/CC¡P R©Z   VW  UC¡WCK³
OCC¡P R©Z   VWÊ UC¡WC ¡K³
XQR  QDGDPiV  ([W FRELMD \R
1DGDPiVWHQJRXQDVRODFRELMD
%JCO VW  VCCV FJK CNJKK
EJCO VWÊ VCCV FJK CNJKK
QR  ([W SDSi HVWH QLxR
(VWHQLxRQRWLHQHSDSi

$VLPLVPRFXDQGRHOVXILMRÊVCVHSUHVHQWDGHVSXpVGHXQVXVWDQWLYRLQGLFDKDFHUORRDGTXLULUOR

0ÊVC¡  KDFHUNDGTXLULUN
/K¡ VW  DC¡MEJC¡    UCR
OK¡ VWÊ DC¡CCM ÊVC ÊC¡ UCR
DOOt ([W FDVD  KDFHU )XW VHJ~Q
'LFHTXHDOOtYDDKDFHUVXFDVD
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

$C VW  LQQ³EJCM     IW2GGITQ

DCÊ VWÊ LQQ³K  ÊVC  ÊM  IW2GGITQ
\D ([W HVSRVD DGTXLULU 3XQW HO 3HGUR
3HGUR\DVHFDVyOLWDGTXLULyXQDHVSRVD

6.1.5. Las vocales del radical verbal

&XDQGROD92&$/),1$/GHXQD5$Ë=9(5%$/VHSUHVHQWDMXQWRFRQODIRUPDUHGXSOLFDGDGHOYHUERLQGLFDHO
$63(&72+$%,78$/

%JCO QD   IC¡M©

EJCO QD   ICÊ ICM©
QR  UiSLGDPHQWH 'LVWU VHFDUVH
1RVHVHFDUiSLGDPHQWH

$VLPLVPRODVYRFDOHVILQDOHVGHODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQMXQWRFRQHOVXILMRGHO&235(7e5,72±V>@

/K¡ VWLWCPCV   L©¡MEJK OCUCC¡P

OK¡ VWLWCPC ÊV   L©¡MEJK OCUCC¡P
DOOt WUDEDMDU &RSUHW XQRV  PHVHV
$OOtHVWXYRWUDEDMDQGRSRUDOJXQRVPHVHV

$GHPiVODV92&$/(60(',$1$6GHODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQSDUDLQGLFDUHO$63(&72352*5(6,9235(6(17(
>@DSHVDUGHTXHODVYRFDOHV),1$/(6VHVXSULPHQ

DKKNJFJC¡     DKKNJK¡³
DKKNJKFJC ÊC¡   DKKNJKFJC ʚ 
PROHU  )XW   PROHU   SUHVHQWH
ORPROHUi     ORHVWiPROLHQGR

$VLPLVPRODVYRFDOHVPHGLDQDVGHODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORV35(),-26,03(5$7,926>@

V©O³KC¡     ZK EJ©OKK³

V©OK³K ÊC¡    ZKÊ V©OK³K
EDMDUVH )XW    ,PS EDMDUVH
VHEDMDUi     £%iMDWH

6.2. Las clases de verbos

/RVYHUERVGHOWHSHKXiQVHSXHGHQGLYLGLUHQGRVFODVHVSULQFLSDOHVDVDEHUORVTXHGHVFULEHQXQ(9(172\ORVTXH
GHVFULEHQXQ(67$'2RVHDHOUHVXOWDGRGHXQHYHQWR
/DFODVHGHYHUERVTXHGHVFULEHQXQHYHQWRVHSXHGHQGLYLGLUHQORVTXHGHVFULEHQDFFLRQHV\HQORVTXHGHVFULEHQ
SURFHVRV>@

$C DC¡P  IWMW¡CC¡     $C LWWIKO  IWMW¡CC¡

DCÊ DC¡PP© IWMW¡CC¡     DCÊ LWI© ÊKO IWMW¡CC¡
\D PRMDU  OD OHxD      \D  DFDEDU3URJ OD OHxD
/DOHxDVHPRMy        /DOHxD\DVHHVWiDFDEDQGR

/DFODVHGHYHUERVTXHGHVFULEHQXQHVWDGRVHSXHGHQGLYLGLUHQORVTXHGHVFULEHQH[LVWHQFLD\HQORVTXHGHVFULEHQ
H[SHULHQFLD>@
 /269(5%26


%JCO LCK¡EJ IWMW¡CC¡    ,KZ DCC¡  IWMW¡CC¡

EJCO LCK¡EJ  IWMW¡CC¡    LKZ DCC¡  IWMW¡CC¡ 
QR  KD\  OD OHxD     HV PRMDGD OD OHxD
1RKD\OHxD         /DOHxDHVWiPRMDGD

6.2.1. Los verbos de evento

/RV9(5%26GH(9(172GHVFULEHQXQHYHQWRRVHDXQDDFFLyQTXHVHOOHYDDFDERXQDVRODYH]RXQSURFHVRTXH
WDUGDSDUDWHUPLQDU\FX\RUHVXOWDGRHVREVHUYDEOH
/RVYHUERVGHHYHQWRVRQODFODVHPiVJUDQGHGHYHUERVHQWHSHKXiQ7RGRVHVWRVYHUERVSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHHQWUHV
GLIHUHQWHVWLHPSRVDVDEHUHO7,(032)87852FXDQGRVHOOHYDUiDFDERODDFFLyQHO7,(03235(6(17(FXDQGRVHOOHYDD
FDERODDFFLyQ\HO7,(03235(7e5,72FXDQGRODDFFLyQ\DVHOOHYyDFDER

6W³DQRMQ³FJC¡     CR  IW³  MWVWWP

kuktun.
VWÊ LK³Ê DQRMQP ÊKFJC ÊC¡ ¡CR  ku- kutuun
IWLK³ MWVWWP
([W PH ODYDU  SDUD )XW W~   ODVPL V3OFDPLVD
/iYDPHPLVFDPLVDVSRUIDYRU
6W³  DQRMQ³K¡³  CR CC IW³  MWVWWP! kuktun.
ku- kutuun
VWÊ LK³Ê DQRMQP ÊKFJC ¡CR CC  IWLK³Ê MWVWWP
([W PH ODYDU  SDUD W~  &RQI ODV PLV3OFDPLVD
¢(VWiVODYDQGRPLVFDPLVDV"
6W³  DQRMQ³    LCRKEJ  CC IW³  MWVWWP! kuktun.
ku- kutuun
VWÊ LK³Ê DQRMQP
ÊKFJC LCRKEJ CC  IWLK³Ê MWVWWP
([W PH ODYDU  SDUD  W~  3UHW &RQI ODV PLV3OFDPLVD
¢<DODYDVWHPLVFDPLVDV"

$VLPLVPRORVYHUERVGHDFFLyQVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUHQFXDWURJUDGRVGHWUDQVLWLYLGDGDVDEHUORVYHUERV
LQWUDQVLWLYRVORVYHUERVWUDQVLWLYRVORVYHUERVELWUDQVLWLYRV\ORVYHUERVUHIOH[LYRV
8QYHUER,175$16,7,92VRODPHQWHWLHQHXQ68-(72SHURQRWLHQH2%-(72

-CDWKOWM LC³  LKOKC¡  6QDCCVCO

MCDWKOWM  LC³  LKO© ÊC¡ VQDCC  ÊVCO
PDxDQD   \R   LU  )XW JXDMRORWHOXJDU
0DxDQDYR\D/D*XDMRORWDVXMHWR\R
2CC FWWM  ³K³KC   FJK OCKOMCO!
RCC FWWM© ³K³KC   FJK OCKOW  MCO 
GRQGH HVWDUVRO GHVSHUWDUVH HVWH HPERUUDFKDU GH
¢&XiQGRVHGHVSHUWyHVHERUUDFKR" VXMHWRHVHERUUDFKR

8QYHUER75$16,7,92WLHQHWDQWRXQVXMHWRFRPRXQ2%-(72',5(&72

&CK PC³  VW  VWKURC¡  FJK LCCM

FCK PC³ VWÊ VWKURCÊC¡ FJK LCCM
VyOR TXH\R ([W PROHU )XW HVWH PDt]WRVWDGR
1DGDPiVYR\DPROHUHVWHPDt]WRVWDGRVXMHWR\RREMHWRGLUHFWRHVWHPDt]WRVWDGR
6W¡R  OK¡ WC¡VW¡    FJK IÀ¡O   CUCCM!
VW¡ R OK¡ WC¡ ÊVW¡   FJK IÀ¡ LWOÊ CUCCM
TXp W~  DOOt OOHYDU PRYLPLHQWR HVWH JUDQGHWX  WDOHJDGHL[WOH
¢4XpWUDHVHQWXWDOHJD"VXMHWRW~REMHWRGLUHFWRTXp
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

8QYHUER%,75$16,7,92WLHQHWDQWRXQVXMHWR\XQREMHWRGLUHFWRFRPRXQ2%-(72,1',5(&72

#NJK¡EJ LCR LK³ OCMKC¡  IWO  UWW¡PIK¡

CNJK¡EJ  LCR LK³ OCM© ÊC¡ IWLWOÊ UWWFCK¡ ÊIC
XQSRFR  W~  PH GDU )XW HO WX  DJXD  SRVHVLyQ
'DPHWDQWLWDDJXDVXMHWRW~REMHWRGLUHFWRDJXDREMHWRLQGLUHFWRPH
$C M©¡ORKZ      LCRKEJ   CC IW ,QUGG IW UWWUMC¡P!
DCÊ M©¡ORK ÊZK
ÊKFJC LCR KEJ  CC  IW ,QUGG  IW UWWUMC Ê¡P
\D DUUHJODU SDUD DSOLFDWLYR  W~  3UHW &RQI HO  -RVp  ORV KXDUDFKHVVX
¢<DDUUHJODVWHORVKXDUDFKHVGH-RVp"VXMHWRW~REMHWRGLUHFWRKXDUDFKHVREMHWRLQGLUHFWR-RVp

8QYHUER5()/(;,92WLHQHXQVXMHWRTXHHVWDPELpQHOREMHWRGLUHFWRHVGHFLUHVWDQWRHO$*(17(FRPRHO
3$&,(17(

/WOOWEJ  DCEJ  PCOMKC¡    IKQV©T

OWOOWEJ  DCLKEJÊ PCOMK  ÊC¡ IKQV©T
DOOi  QRVRWURV \D QRV HQFRQWUDUVH )XW OODQR
1RVYDPRVDHQFRQWUDUHQHOOODQRVXMHWR\REMHWRGLUHFWRQRVRWURV
5KCOTKO  IWIWWZ  CC IW,QUGG PC D©©Z  LKOKC¡!
UKCOTK LWOÊ IWIWWZFJC CC  IW,QUGG  PC D©©Z  LKO© ÊC¡
VLHPSUH VH  DQLPDUVH  &RQI HO -RVp  TXH WDPELpQ LU  )XW
¢)LQDOPHQWHVHDQLPy-RVpDLUWDPELpQ"VXMHWR\REMHWRGLUHFWR-RVp

7DPELpQORVYHUERVGHHYHQWRSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHHQGRVGLIHUHQWHVYRFHVRVHDOD92=$&7,9$\OD92=3$6,9$
8QYHUERHQYR]DFWLYDWLHQHXQVXMHWRH[SOtFLWRHOFXDOHVHODJHQWHGHOHYHQWR

&CC O©V   IW ,WCP  IW Q¡TQUKKTKU

FCC  O ©V IW ,WCP  IW Q¡TQUKKTKU
DJDUUDU HOORV 3UHW HO  -XDQ  ORV DOJXDFLOHV
/RVDOJXDFLOHVDJDUUDURQD-XDQVXMHWRORVDOJXDFLOHV
/K¡ V©  P©¡ IW³  ZKKZ
OK¡ VWÊ P©¡[C IWLK³Ê ZKKZ
DOOt ([W EDLODU HO PL  KHUPDQRPD\RU
0LKHUPDQRHVWiEDLODQGRDOOtVXMHWRPLKHUPDQR

(QFDPELRXQYHUERHQYR]SDVLYDQRWLHQHVXMHWRH[SOtFLWRSXHVHOKDEODQWHQRTXLHUHHQIRFDUVHHQHODJHQWHVLQR
HQHOSDFLHQWHVHPiQWLFR(VWRVHSXHGHH[SUHVDUSRUPHGLRGHXQVXMHWRLPSHUVRQDOGH7(5&(5$3(5621$'(/3/85$/
RELHQSRUPHGLRGHXQSUHILMRUHIOH[LYR

-WW O©V   IW,WCP

MWW  O ©V IW,WCP
HQFHUUDUHOORV 3UHW HO -XDQ
-XDQIXHHQFDUFHODGROLW(OORVHQFHUUDURQD-XDQ
/K¡ V©O   P©¡
OK¡ VWÊ LWOÊ P©¡
DOOt ([W VH  EDLODU
$OOtKD\XQEDLOHOLW$OOtVHHVWiEDLODQGR
 /269(5%26


6.2.2. Los verbos de estado

/RV9(5%26GH(67$'2GHVFULEHQHOUHVXOWDGRGHXQ(9(172(VODFODVHPHQRVH[WHQVDGHYHUERVHQWHSHKXiQ3RU
ORWDQWRVRODPHQWHVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUFRQDOJXQRVGHORVDILMRVGH7,(032\$63(&72QRFRQWRGRVFRPRORVYHUERVGH
HYHQWR
6LQHPEDUJRVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUHQGRVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVDVDEHUYHUERVGH(;,67(1&,$\YHUERVGH(;3(5,(1&,$
/RVYHUERVGHH[LVWHQFLDLQGLFDQODH[LVWHQFLDROD326,&,Ï1GHO$*(17('RVYHUERVGHH[LVWHQFLDFRPXQHVVRQ
DKC¡WHQHU\VW¡KK¡HVWDUHQFLHUWROXJDURHVWDGR

,©¡M LCR QKFJC¡ DKC¡!

L©¡M  LCR QKFJC¡ DKC¡
FXiQWRV W~  DxRV  WHQHU
¢&XiQWRVDxRVWLHQHV"
/W LKK  PCRCK¡R   VW¡KK¡ IWZ  MCK¡
OW LKK  PCRCK¡LWR VW¡KK¡ IWLKZ MCK¡
DOOi LU3UHW GRQGH5HS HVWDU HO JREHUQDGRUWUDGLFLRQDO
6HIXHDGRQGHHVWiHOJREHUQDGRUWUDGLFLRQDO

0XFKRVGHORVYHUERVGHSRVLFLyQVHSXHGHQWUDGXFLUFRPRHVWDUPiVODSRVLFLyQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH/RVYHUERVGH
SRVLFLyQPiVFRPXQHVVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR

 6LQJXODU 3OXUDO
$QLPDGR ,QDQLPDGR $QLPDGR ,QDQLPDGR
HVWDUVHQWDGR FCC FCTCC
HVWDUSDUDGR M©©M IWIWWM VW¡V
HVWDUDFRVWDGR DQ¡ MCCV DQQDQM D©©V
HVWDUDQGDQGR QKT© t QKRQ t
YLYLUHQFLHUWROXJDU MKQ t QK¡FJC¡ t

Cuadro 11. Los verbos comunes de posición

$JC³  DJ©K¡³  IW³ DQPCCO OK¡ FJ©T PCRCK¡ MCCV

DJCÊLK³Ê DJ©KFJC IWLK³Ê DQPCCO OK¡ F©T PCRCK¡ MCCV
DFi PH WUDHU  HO PL  VRPEUHUR DOOt GH  GRQGH  HVWiDFRVWDGR
7UiHPHPLVRPEUHURGHDOOtGRQGHHVWiSRUIDYRU
$JCOO©PK LC¡M  MQQMDC¡P LCO  QKRQ   IWMCMDCK
DJCOO©PK  LC¡M  MQQMDC¡P LCO QKRQ   IWMCÊ MCDCK
DOOiDUULED  GLUHFFLyQ SUHFLSLFLR HOORV  HVWDUDQGDQGRORVSO FDEDOOR
/RVFDEDOORVDQGDQDOOiDUULEDHQHOERUGHGHOSHxDVFR

/RVYHUERVGHH[SHULHQFLDLQGLFDQTXHHOVXMHWRHVHOSDFLHQWHVHPiQWLFRRVHDHOTXHH[SHULPHQWDHOHVWDGR7RGRV
HVWRVYHUERVVHSUHVHQWDQMXQWRFRQXQRGHORVGRV352&/Ë7,&26&238/$7,926TXHVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORV$'-(7,926
&$/,),&$7,926>@TXHVHSXHGHQWUDGXFLUFRPRVHURHVWDU

/WLC¡R LKZ LQK¡³  CMM©¡P IWDCMQQP

OW LC¡R LKZ LQK¡³  CMM©¡P IWDCMQQP
DOOi iUHD HV  JXVWDUOH UtRHQ  OD JDU]D
$ODJDU]DOHJXVWDDQGDUHQHOUtR
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

)KKNJKO LKZ DJKQ¡   K³  PC³  O©M VWLWCPKO©M

IKKNJKO  LKZ DJKQ¡   ¡K³ PC³ O©M VWLWCPC ÊKO©M
PXFKR  HVWi WHQHUKDPEUH \R  TXH\R OHMRV WUDEDMDU HVWDED
7HQJRPXFKDKDPEUHSRUTXHHVWXYHWUDEDMDQGRPXFKR
;C¡ R©Z   LKZ OCCZ PCRCK¡ FCC   MCV    IWMCCU
[C¡ R©Z   LKZ OCCZ  PCRCK¡ FCC   MC  ÊV   IWMCCU
DTXt QDGDPiV  HV  YHUVH  GRQGH  HVWDUVHQWDGR HVWDGR&RSUHW OD FD]XHOD
$TXtVHYHGRQGHHVWDEDSXHVWDODFD]XHOD

6.3. Los afijos y partículas verbales

/RV$),-26\3$57Ë&8/$69(5%$/(6VHSUHVHQWDQSDUDH[SUHVDUYDULRV6,*1,),&$'26*5$0$7,&$/(6ORVFXDOHV
GHVFULELPRVHQORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVDVDEHUORVVXILMRVGHWLHPSR>@ORVDILMRVGH$63(&72>@ORVDILMRVGH
WUDQVLWLYLGDG\PRGDOLGDG>@ORVDILMRVGHGLUHFFLyQ\OXJDU>@\ODVSDUWtFXODV02'$/(6>@
(OFXDGURHQODVLJXLHQWHSiJLQDGHPXHVWUDODUHODFLyQHQWUHORVDILMRVYHUEDOHV\ODVFODVHVGHYHUERVFRQODV
FXDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQ

6.3.1. Los sufijos de tiempo

3RUPHGLRGHORV68),-26GH7,(032HOKDEODQWHSXHGHUHIHULUVHDOWLHPSRUHODWLYRDOPRPHQWRGHO(181&,$'2(VWRV
VXILMRVVHSUHVHQWDQREOLJDWRULDPHQWHFRQWRGRVORVYHUERV(VGHFLUORVVXILMRVGHWLHPSRJHQHUDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQWDQWR
FRQORVYHUERVGH(67$'2FRPRFRQORVYHUERVGH(9(172SHURORVVXILMRVGHWLHPSRHVSHFtILFRVVHSUHVHQWDQVRODPHQWH
FRQORVYHUERVGHHYHQWR
$GHPiVFXDQGRORVVXILMRVGHWLHPSRJHQHUDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORVYHUERVGHHVWDGRHQORVWLHPSRVIXWXUR\
FRSUHWpULWRWDPELpQVHSUHVHQWDQGHVSXpVGHOVXILMRGHHVWDGRQRSUHVHQWHÊMC&XDQGRVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORVYHUERVGH
HYHQWRVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDQFRPRHO~OWLPRVXILMRGHOYHUERH[FHSWRHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWRTXHVHSUHVHQWDFRPRVXILMRQR
VRODPHQWHFRQYHUERVVLQRWDPELpQFRQVXVWDQWLYRV\DGYHUELRV>@SRUORTXHVHHVFULEHFRPRXQDSDODEUDVHSDUDGD
/RVVXILMRVGHWLHPSR*(1(5$/(6
/RVWUHVVXILMRVGHWLHPSRJHQHUDOHVVRQÊC¡IXWXURʚSUHVHQWH\ÊVFRSUHWpULWR

    ÊC¡ )XWXUR –š3UHVHQWH     ÊV &RSUHWpULWR

(VWDGR  FCC  MC¡    FCC       FCC  MCV
    FCC  MC ÊC¡  FCC  ʚ    FCC  MC  ÊV
    VHQWDGR HVWDGR)XW  VHQWDGR SUHVHQWH   VHQWDGR HVWDGR&RSUHW
HVWDUiVHQWDGR    HVWiVHQWDGR     HVWDEDVHQWDGR

(YHQWR  RCNJDWKFJC¡    RCNJDWK¡³     RCNJDWKFJCV

    RCNJDWKFJC ÊC¡   RCNJDWKFJC ʚ   RCNJDWKFJC ÊV
    D\XGDU  )XW   D\XGDU  SUHVHQWH  D\XGDU  &RSUHW
    D\XGDUi      HVWiD\XGDQGR    D\XGDED

(OVXILMRGHO7,(032)87852ÊC¡LQGLFDTXHHOHYHQWRRHVWDGRRFXUULUiGHVSXpVGHOPRPHQWRGHOHQXQFLDGR
&XDQGRVHSUHVHQWDFRQXQYHUERGHHYHQWRODYRFDOCGHOVXILMRVHVXSULPHH[FHSWRFXDQGROD~OWLPDYRFDOGHODUDt]HV
Ky©

IC¡TC¡      FWWFW¡     V©IKC¡      LKOKC¡

IC¡TC ÊC¡    FWWFW ÊC¡   V©©IK  ÊC¡   LKO© ÊC¡
YHQGHU )XW    OORYHU )XW   EXVFDU )XW   LU  )XW
YHQGHUi      OORYHUi     EXVFDUi     LUiYHQGUi

 /269(5%26


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(67$'2 (9(172
(;3(5,(1&,$ (;,67(1&,$ 3URFHVR $FFLyQ
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WUDQVLWLYRV(VWHVXILMRLQGLFDTXHHOHQIRTXHGHODFOiXVXODHVWiHQXQRGHORVREMHWRVHVGHFLUHOREMHWRGLUHFWRHVWi
HQIRFDGRHQXQYHUERWUDQVLWLYR\HOREMHWRLQGLUHFWRHVWiHQIRFDGRHQXQYHUERELWUDQVLWLYR>@

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TXHHOHYHQWREHQHILFLDDOREMHWRLQGLUHFWR\HOVXILMRFDXVDWLYRLQGLFDTXHHOVXMHWRFDXVDDOREMHWRLQGLUHFWRDKDFHU
DOJR

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(O6,*1,),&$'2*5$0$7,&$/GH02'$/,'$'WUDWDGHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHOKDEODQWHDFHUFDGHO(9(172>@
/RV$),-26'(6,'(5$7,926VRQGRVDILMRVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQMXQWRVSDUDLQGLFDUHOGHVHRGHOVXMHWRGHKDFHUDOJR8QR
GHHOORVHVHO352&/Ë7,&2&238/$7,92LKZTXHVHSUHVHQWDVRORFRQORV9(5%26GH(67$'2>@\FRQORVDGMHWLYRV
FDOLILFDWLYRV>@(ORWURHVODIRUPDGHO35(7e5,72GHO68),-2GH3523Ï6,72ÊOTXHVHSUHVHQWDVRODPHQWHFRQ
YHUERVGHHYHQWR>@&XDQGRHVWRVGRVDILMRVVHSUHVHQWDQMXQWRFRQXQYHUERGH(9(172ORKDFHQFDPELDUDXQ
YHUERGHHVWDGRHVSHFtILFDPHQWHXQYHUERGH(;3(5,(1&,$>@

,KZ  ZCDC¡FCO  IWMCM³K¡ IWWDKK

LKZ UCDC¡FC ÊO IWMCM³K¡ IWWDKK
HV  FRPSUDU TXLHUH OD WHOD  OD PXMHU
/DPXMHUTXLHUHFRPSUDUWHOD

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\D VRQ GRUPLU TXLHUHQ HOORV  ORVSOQLxR
/RVQLxRV\DWLHQHQVXHxROLWTXLHUHQGRUPLU

6.3.4. Los prefijos de dirección y lugar

(QPXFKRVGHORVYHUERVGHHYHQWRVHSUHVHQWDQWDPELpQSUHILMRVGHGLUHFFLyQ\OXJDU
/RVGRVSUHILMRVGH',5(&&,Ï1LQGLFDQVLHOHYHQWRVHOOHYDDFDERHQXQDGLUHFFLyQRULHQWDGDKDFLDHOKDEODQWHRHQ
ODGLUHFFLyQRSXHVWDDVDEHUDJCÊKDFLDDFi\OWÊKDFLDDOOi

:KD  UCR DJC LKO

ZKD  UCR DJCÊ LKO©
DKRUD (5 DFi LU
'LMRTXHYLQLHUDDKRULWD
/W  LC¡R V©  P©K¡³
OWÊ LC¡R VWÊ P©KFJC
DOOi  iUHD ([W YHU
(VWiYLHQGRKDFLDDOOi

$VLPLVPRORVFXDWURSUHILMRVGH/8*$5LQGLFDQODGLVWDQFLD\ODDOWXUDUHODWLYDGHOHYHQWRHQFXDQWRDOOXJDUGHO
KDEODQWHHQHOPRPHQWRGHO(181&,$'2(VGHFLUSRUPHGLRGHORVSUHILMRVGHOXJDUHOKDEODQWHSXHGHGLVWLQJXLUWUHV
GLIHUHQWHVGLVWDQFLDVGHSUR[LPLGDGUHODWLYDLQPHGLDWDFHUFDQD\GLVWDQWH\GRVGLIHUHQWHVDOWXUDVUHODWLYDVPiVDOWD\
PiVEDMD(VWRVSUHILMRVVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGURHQODVLJXLHQWHSiJLQD\VRQODIRUPDFRUWDGHORVDGYHUELRVGH
OXJDUFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV>@

/K  DKK  DQK EJC¡O

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DOOt  TXHGDUVH VHQGD HQ
$OOtVHTXHGyHQHOFDPLQR
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/OHJyDUULEDDVXFDVD

 /269(5%26


Altura

Proximidad $OWD %DMD

,QPHGLDWD [CÊ

&HUFDQD DJCÊ OKÊ

'LVWDQWH 
OWÊ

Cuadro 13. Los prefijos de lugar

'RVGHHVWRVSUHILMRVGHOXJDUVRQ+20Ï)2126FRQORVSUHILMRVGHGLUHFFLyQORTXHSXHGHFDXVDUFRQIXVLyQVLHO
R\HQWHQRSLHQVDELHQHQHOVLJQLILFDGRGHFDGDSUHILMRHQVXFRQWH[WR

/W    F©T DJC LKO

OWÊ   F©T DJCÊ LKO©
GLVWDQWHEDMR GH  DFi LU
'HDOOiYLHQHKDFLDDFi
/W  DC LKO
OWÊ DCÊ LKO©
DOOi  \D  LU
9DSDUDDOOi$KtYDOHMRV

2WURVXILMRUHODFLRQDGRFRQORVGHGLUHFFLyQ\OXJDUHVHOGH75È16,72ÊKMCFX\DSUHVHQFLDLQGLFDTXHHOHIHFWRGHO
HYHQWRHVWUDQVIHULUDOJRGHXQOXJDUDRWUR

$JCO   DJ©KFJKMC¡
DJCÊ LWOÊ DJ©© ÊKFJC  ÊKMC  ÊC¡
DFi  WH  OOHYDU DSOLFDWLYR WUiQVLWR )XW
7HORWUDHUi

6.3.5. Las partículas modales

+D\YDULDV3$57Ë&8/$6TXHVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORV9(5%26ORVFXDOHVWLHQHQXQVLJQLILFDGR02'$/RVHDHOSXQWRGH
YLVWDGHOKDEODQWHDFHUFDGHO(9(172R(67$'28QJUXSRGHHVWDVSDUWtFXODVPRGDOHVLQGLFDODHYDOXDFLyQGHOKDEODQWH
DFHUFDGHODYHUDFLGDGGHOHYHQWRRHVWDGR\RWURJUXSRLQGLFDVXHYLGHQFLDSDUDOOHJDUDGLFKDHYDOXDFLyQ
3RUPHGLRGHODVSDUWtFXODVPRGDOHVVHSXHGHLQGLFDUFXDWURJUDGRVGHHYDOXDFLyQGHODYHUDFLGDGGHOHYHQWRR
HVWDGRWDOFRPRVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGURHQODVLJXLHQWHSiJLQD
(OPi[LPRJUDGRGH(9$/8$&,Ï1HVHOGHpQIDVLVHOFXDOVHLQGLFDFRQODVSDUWtFXODVLKLKCLKIW¡\LKIWK¡\XQ
JUDGRPHQRVDOWRHVHOGH$),50$&,Ï1HOFXDOVHLQGLFDFRQODVSDUWtFXODVMWIK

#CRK¡    LK
CCR  ÊK¡  LK
XVWHG SUHFLVR eQI
*UDFLDVDXVWHG
/K¡ RWR  IK¡DQM RW   VW  MCCO    LKIWK¡
OK¡ RWR  IK¡DQM RWÊ   VWÊ MCCO     LKIWK¡
DOOt QDGDPiV WHPEODU VHQFLOODPHQWH([W YROYHULQFRQVFLHQWH eQI
$OOtVHTXHGyLQFRQVFLHQWH\WHPEODQGR
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

 eQIDVLV LKIWK¡
  LKIW¡
0iVFHUWH]D  LKC
 LK
$ILUPDFLyQ MWIK
'HVFRQRFLPLHQWR OQQ
0HQRVFHUWH]D
'XGD EJK

Cuadro 14. Los grados de evaluación

2WK¡ MWIK
DVt  DILUPDFLyQ
£%LHQ
#CEJ DJCK¡  DC V©©V©U  MWIK  DC LKK  EJKEJ
CCEJ DJCK¡  DCÊ V©UF©  MWIK   DCÊ LKO© EJ  KEJ
QRVRWURVDUULED  \D  VXELUVH DILUPDFLyQ \D  LU  QRVRWURV 3UHW
$VtTXHQRVRWURVVXELPRVDOWUHQ\QRVIXLPRV

(VWRVGRVJUXSRVGHSDUWtFXODVLQGLFDQDOJ~QJUDGRGHFHUWH]DPLHQWUDVTXHODVRWUDVSDUWtFXODVLQGLFDQDOJ~QJUDGR
GHLQFHUWH]DDVDEHUOQQ'(6&212&,0,(172\EJK'8'$

&JK¡ OQQO      Q¡³ZKFJC¡

FJK¡  OQQ    LWOÊ  Q¡³ZKFJC  ÊC¡
pVH  GHVFRQRFLPLHQWR WH   HVFRQGHUVH )XW
$ORPHMRUVHWHYDDHVFDSDUHVHFDEDOOR
/K¡EJK RCK¡ QKT©
DOOt GXGD GRQGH DQGD
3XHGHTXHDQGHSRUDKtSHURORGXGR

3RUPHGLRGHODVSDUWtFXODVGHHYLGHQFLDVHSXHGHQLQGLFDUWUHVWLSRVGHHYLGHQFLDVHQODVTXHHOKDEODQWHVHEDVD
SDUDKDFHUVXHYDOXDFLyQWDOFRPRVHSUHVHQWDHQHOFXDGUR

3HUFLELGD  FJQ
1RFRQRFLGDSRUHOR\HQWH UCR
5HSRUWDGD
<DFRQRFLGDSRUHOR\HQWH UCCM
'HGXFLEOH  DCM

Cuadro 15. Los tipos de evidencias

(OSULPHUWLSRGHHYLGHQFLDHOFXDOVHLQGLFDFRQODSDUWtFXODFJQDEDUFDWRGDODHYLGHQFLDSHUFLELGDGLUHFWDPHQWH
SRUHOKDEODQWH\DVHDSRUVXVRMRVRSRUFXDOTXLHURWURVHQWLGR

,K³ MCRKCUC FJQ IWMCDCK VCMCCD PC³  MC  WNJKKU

LK³Ê MCRKCUC FJQ IWMCDCK  VCMCCD PC³ MCÊ  WNJ³C
PH GDUSDWDGD(3 HO FDEDOOR D\HU  TXH\R PLHQWUDV GHVHQVLOODU
(OFDEDOORPHGLRXQDSDWDGDD\HUFXDQGRORGHVHQVLOODED
 /269(5%26


-CDWKOWM LC³ FJQ OK CC[C¡

MCDWKOWM  LC³ FJQ OKÊ CC[C ÊC¡
PDxDQD   \R  (3 DOOt OOHJDU )XW
0DxDQDOOHJDUpDOOt

/DSDUWtFXODFJQWDPELpQVHSUHVHQWDDOSULQFLSLRGHODFOiXVXODFRPRODLQWHUMHFFLyQSXHV>@

&JQL©©¡
SXHVVt
3XHVVt

(OVHJXQGRWLSRGHHYLGHQFLDHOFXDOVHLQGLFDFRQODVSDUWtFXODVUCR\UCCMDEDUFDODHYLGHQFLDUHSRUWDGD
RUDOPHQWHDOKDEODQWH6LHOKDEODQWHSLHQVDTXHHOR\HQWHWRGDYtDQRVHKDHQWHUDGRGHHVWDHYLGHQFLDVHSUHVHQWDOD
SDUWtFXODUCRSHURVLSLHQVDTXHHOR\HQWH\DODVDEHVHSUHVHQWDODSDUWtFXODUCCM

$JCK¡ UCR ZK  LKO

DJCK¡ UCR ZK LKO©
DFi  (5 ,PS LU
3LGHTXHWHYHQJDV
#C³DJC LKK  PC³   UCCM LWO RCNJDWKFJC¡
CC³ DJCÊ LKO© PC ³ UCCM LWOÊ RCNJDWKFJC ÊC¡
\R DFi LU  TXH \R  (5 WH  D\XGDU  )XW
9HQJRDD\XGDUWHFRPR\DKDEtDPRVDFRUGDGR

/DSDUWtFXODUCRVHSUHVHQWDPX\IUHFXHQWHPHQWHHQORVFXHQWRVWUDGLFLRQDOHVSDUDLQGLFDUTXHHOKDEODQWHQRHVHODXWRU
GHOFXHQWR

/W RCK¡ UCR MKQMC¡    OCC¡PIW OCC¡PMCO

OW RCK¡ UCR MKQ ÊMC ÊC¡ OCC¡PIW OCC¡PMCO
DOOi GRQGH (5 YLYLU HVWDGR)XW XQD OD SHUVRQD
6HGLFHTXHYLYtDXQDSHUVRQDSRUDOOi

(OWHUFHUWLSRGHHYLGHQFLDHOFXDOVHLQGLFDFRQODSDUWtFXODDCMDEDUFDODHYLGHQFLDHQEDVHGHODFXDOHOKDEODQWH
SXHGHGHGXFLUHOHYHQWRRHVWDGR\DVHDSRUPHGLRGHODVVHxDVItVLFDVRSRUPHGLRGHUD]RQDPLHQWR

,QVOQFC¡  DC VWM   ZKD ,KT IÀ¡ VWMCC¡ DCM

LQVOQFC¡  DCÊ VWMIK   ZKD LKT IÀ¡ VWMCC¡ DCM
UiSLGDPHQWH \D  RVFXUHFHUVH KR\ HV  JUDQGHQRFKH  HQWRQFHV
5iSLGDPHQWHVHRVFXUHFLyKR\(QWRQFHVODVQRFKHV\DVRQPiVODUJDV

'RVSDUWtFXODVPRGDOHVSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHHQODPLVPD&/È868/$$YHFHVHOVLJQLILFDGRGHODVGRVMXQWDVVHSXHGH
GHGXFLUGHVXVVLJQLILFDGRVUHVSHFWLYRVHQHO&217(;72SHURRWUDVYHFHVQRVHSXHGHGHGXFLU

/QQ    EJK L©©¡

GHVFRQRFLPLHQWR GXGD Vt
&UHRTXHVt
,KT O©M FJQ DCM
HV OHMRV (3 HQWRQFHV
(QWRQFHVVtHVWiOHMRV
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

Capítulo 7. Los sustantivos

(QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVORV6867$17,926HQWHSHKXiQ3ULPHURGHVFULELPRVORVWLSRVGH5$',&$/(6QRPLQDOHV
>@\GHVSXpVGHVFULELPRVORV$),-26TXHVHXVDQSDUDLQGLFDUOD326(6,Ï1>@

7.1. Los radicales nominales

/RV5$',&$/(6120,1$/(6VHIRUPDQGHYDULDVPDQHUDV0XFKRVVRQ5$Ë&(6VHQFLOODV>@RFRPELQDFLRQHVGH
UDtFHVVHQFLOODV>@RWURVVRQ5('83/,&$'26>@R'(5,9$'26GHRWUDVSDODEUDV>@\DOJXQRVVRQ720$'26
GHOHVSDxRO>@

7.1.1. Los radicales nominales sencillos

/RV5$',&$/(6QRPLQDOHVVHQFLOORVVRQ5$Ë&(6VHQFLOODVODVFXDOHVVRQODVIRUPDVEiVLFDVGHORV6867$17,926
(VWDVUDtFHVVHQFLOODVSXHGHQVHUODIRUPD6,1*8/$5GHXQVXVWDQWLYR&217$%/(RVHDXQVXVWDQWLYRTXHVHSXHGH
FRQWDUSRUORTXHWLHQHWDQWRXQDIRUPDVLQJXODUFRPRXQDIRUPD3/85$/7DPELpQXQDUDt]VHQFLOODSXHGHVHUODIRUPD
LQYDULDEOHGHXQVXVWDQWLYR12&217$%/(RVHDTXHVHUHILHUHDPXFKRRSRFRFRQODPLVPDIRUPD

6XVWDQWLYRFRQWDEOH  DC¡CCM FDVD

6XVWDQWLYRQRFRQWDEOH DJCD  IULMROIULMROHV

7.1.2. Los radicales nominales compuestos

$OJXQRV5$',&$/(6120,1$/(6VHFRPSRQHQGHGRV5$Ë&(6VHQFLOODV&XDQGRVHSUHVHQWDXQUDGLFDOFRPSXHVWROD
SULPHUDUDt]VLHPSUH02',),&$DODVHJXQGD

WOW¡DQPCCO      MCUPKTDCRQQ
]R\DWHVRPEUHUR      ERUUHJRODQD
VRPEUHURGH]R\DWH     ODQDGHERUUHJR

7.1.3. Los radicales nominales reduplicados

/RV6867$17,926&217$%/(6WLHQHQGRVIRUPDVXQDIRUPD6,1*8/$5\RWUDIRUPD3/85$//DIRUPDVLQJXODUHVOD
5$Ë=VHQFLOOD>@SHURODIRUPDSOXUDOHVODIRUPD5('83/,&$'$GHODUDt](VGHFLUSDUDIRUPDUHOUDGLFDOQRPLQDO
GHOSOXUDOVHUHSLWHODSULPHUD&21621$17(\ODSULPHUD92&$/GHODUDt]FRQXQDYRFDO&257$>@RFRQXQDYRFDO
/$5*$>@GHVSXpVGHTXHVH5(6,/$%,),&$RVHDVHDMXVWDQODVVtODEDVGHOUDGLFDOVHJ~QVL6835,0(1ODVYRFDOHV
),1$/(6>@RODVYRFDOHV0(',$1$6>@$GHPiVDt×R\Qt×CHQIRUPDVUHGXSOLFDGDV>@

3XHVWRTXHHOSURFHVRGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQHVELHQFRPSOLFDGR\TXHQRVHSXHGHSUHGHFLUVLODYRFDOUHGXSOLFDGDGHO
UDGLFDOQRPLQDOGHOSOXUDOVHUiFRUWDRODUJDHQHVWHGLFFLRQDULRVHFLWDQWRGRVORVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVSOXUDOHVTXHVH
SUHVHQWDQHQHOKDEODFRWLGLDQDFRPRHQORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORV

3OXUDOHVFRQ92&$/&257$
LWMSLQR>SOLWLWM@
LCCTCZFDQJUHMR >SOLCLCCTCZ@
DQQLKRVR>SODCRQQLK@
LQ¡SLHO>SOLCLQ¡?
 /266867$17,926


3OXUDOHVFRQ92&$//$5*$2',3721*2
DJCPFR\RWH>SODJCCDJCP@
MCOPHMLOOD>SOMCCMCO@
UWKOCNJYHQDGR>SOUWKUOCNJ@
IKQV©TOODQR>SOIKQ¡PV©T@

7.1.4. Los radicales nominales derivados

$OJXQRV5$',&$/(6120,1$/(6VHGHULYDQGH9(5%26R$'-(7,926SRUPHGLRGHXQ68),-2326326,&,Ï1R
$'-(7,92'(5,9$7,92

&XDQGRHOVXILMRÊFCOVHSUHVHQWDFRQXQYHUERHOUDGLFDOTXHVHIRUPDHVXQVXVWDQWLYRTXHTXLHUHGHFLUHOTXHR
ORTXHKDFHODDFFLyQ

IC¡TC¡  YHQGHU     DKRKC¡FC¡ DSDFHQWDU

IC¡TCFCO YHQGHGRU     DKRKC¡FCO SDVWRU

$VLPLVPRFXDQGRHOVXILMRÊMCTVHSUHVHQWDFRQXQYHUERHOUDGLFDOTXHVHIRUPDHVXQVXVWDQWLYRTXHTXLHUHGHFLU
FRQTXpVHKDFHODDFFLyQ

DCMWCPC¡  ODYDU     V©VDKC¡ MXJDU

DCMWCPMCT MDEyQ     V©VDKMCT MXJXHWH

7DPELpQFXDQGRODSRVSRVLFLyQMCOVHSUHVHQWDFRQXQDGMHWLYRHOUDGLFDOTXHVHIRUPDHVXQVXVWDQWLYRTXH
TXLHUHGHFLUHOTXHWLHQHHVDQDWXUDOH]D

D©©R©¡   SULPHUR    UWWFCK¡EJ©T  HQHODJXD

D©©R©¡MCO HOSULPHUR   UWWFCK¡EJ©TMCO HOGHODJXD

'HPDQHUDVHPHMDQWHDXQTXHORV$'-(7,926'(02675$7,926QRUPDOPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORVVXVWDQWLYRVFRPR
$57Ë&8/26>@FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDDQWHVGHXQDGMHWLYRFDOLILFDWLYR>@HOUDGLFDOTXHVHIRUPDHVXQVXVWDQWLYRTXH
TXLHUHGHFLUHOTXHWLHQHHVDFDOLGDG

IWZ  IWWRWM IWV©OMCNJ    FJK IÀ¡ FJK LQFCK

IW LKZ IWWRWM IWV©OMCNJ    FJK IÀ¡ FJK LQFCK
ODV VRQ GXUDV  ODVWRUWLOODV    HVWD JUDQGHHVWD SLHGUD
ODVWRUWLOODVGXUDV         HVWDSLHGUDJUDQGH

7.1.5. Los radicales nominales tomados del español

&XDQGRVHSUHVHQWDXQ5$',&$/120,1$/WRPDGRGHOHVSDxRODPHQXGRVH6835,0(OD~OWLPD92&$/$GHPiVHQ
GLFKRVUDGLFDOHVODQGHOHVSDxROVXHOHSURQXQFLDUVHFRPRW\ODGGHOHVSDxROVXHOHSURQXQFLDUVHFRPRK$VLPLVPRODV
YRFDOHV&257$6$&(178$'$6GHOHVSDxROVXHOHQSURQXQFLDUVHFRPRYRFDOHV/$5*$6HQWHSHKXiQ

MCDCKFDEDOOR>SOMCMDCK@
MWUKKPFRFLQD>SOMWMUKP@
RGGUSHVR>SORGGRGU@
RKNQQVSHORWD>SORKRNQV@
TKDJWWUUHER]R>SOTKUDJWU@
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

7DOFRPRVHFLWDQHQHVWRVHMHPSORVODPD\RUtDGHORVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVWRPDGRVGHOHVSDxROWDPELpQSXHGHQ
SUHVHQWDUVHHQIRUPD5('83/,&$'$SDUDLQGLFDUHO3/85$/DXQTXHDOJXQRVWLHQHQIRUPDVLUUHJXODUHV

7.2. La posesión de sustantivos

/DPD\RUtDGHORV6867$17,926SXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHWDQWRHQIRUPDVHQFLOODFRPRHQIRUPDGH326(6,Ï1>@OR
TXHVLJQLILFDTXHODSRVHVLyQGHWDOHVVXVWDQWLYRVHVRSFLRQDO3HURRWURVVXVWDQWLYRVVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDQHQIRUPDGH
SRVHVLyQ>@ORTXHVLJQLILFDTXHODSRVHVLyQGHWDOHVVXVWDQWLYRVHVREOLJDWRULR

7.2.1. La posesión opcional de los sustantivos

/D326(6,Ï1GHORV6867$17,926VHLQGLFDSRUPHGLRGHXQFRQMXQWRGH$),-26&DVLWRGRVHVWRVDILMRVVRQ
35(),-26ORVFXDOHVVRQLGpQWLFRVDORVSUHILMRVGHOREMHWR>@6RODPHQWHODSRVHVLyQGH7(5&(5$3(5621$'(/
6,1*8/$5VHLQGLFDSRUPHGLRGHXQ68),-2WDOFRPRVHSUHVHQWDHQHOFXDGUR

 6LQJXODU 3OXUDO

3ULPHUDSHUVRQD LK³Ê LKEJÊ

6HJXQGDSHUVRQD LWOÊ LCOÊ

7HUFHUDSHUVRQD Ê¡P LCÊ

Cuadro 16. Los afijos de posesión

LK³DQPCCO  PLVRPEUHUR
LWODQPCCO WXVRPEUHUR
  DQPOC¡P VXVRPEUHURGHpOGHHOOD
LKEJDQRPCO  QXHVWURVVRPEUHURV
LCODQRPCO VXVVRPEUHURVGHXVWHGHV
LCDQRPCO  VXVVRPEUHURVGHHOORV

3XHVWRTXHFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDHOVXILMRGHSRVHVLyQSDUDODWHUFHUDSHUVRQDGHOVLQJXODUHOUDGLFDOQRPLQDOVXIUH
UHVLODELILFDFLyQ>@HQHVWHGLFFLRQDULRVHFLWDQWRGDVODVIRUPDVGHSRVHVLyQSDUDHVWDSHUVRQDTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQHO
KDEODFRWLGLDQD6LVHSUHVHQWDQGRVIRUPDVGHSRVHVLyQXQDVLQJXODU\RWUDSOXUDOVHFLWDQHQWDORUGHQ

DCCNJ FDQDVWD >DSHUVSRVDCCNJK¡³DCRCCNJK¡³@

7.2.2. La posesión obligatoria de los sustantivos

/DPD\RUtDGHORV6867$17,926TXHVHUHILHUHQDODVSDUWHVGHOFXHUSR\ORVSDULHQWHVVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDQHQ
IRUPDGH326(6,Ï17RGRVHOORVVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORVPLVPRVDILMRVTXHVHXVDQSDUDLQGLFDUODSRVHVLyQQRREOLJDWRULD
DXQTXHDOJXQRVGHORVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVVRQLUUHJXODUHV

LK³OQ¡  PLFDEH]D
LKEJOQQO QXHVWUDVFDEH]DV
  OC¡QQ¡P VXFDEH]DGHpOGHHOOD
LWOPCCP WXPDPi
LKEJ³CPCCP QXHVWUDVPDPiV
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6LODSRVHVLyQVHFRQVLGHUDQRUPDOUXWLQDULDRFRP~QSHURQRQHFHVDULDPHQWHREOLJDWRULDVHSUHVHQWDODSDUWtFXODGH
(67$786ICMXQWRFRQHODILMRGHSRVHVLyQ6LHODILMRGHSRVHVLyQHVXQSUHILMRVHVXSULPHOD~OWLPDYRFDOGHOVXILMRC
>@\ODRFOXVLYDYHODUVRQRUDIVHFRQYLHUWHHQRFOXVLYDJORWDOVRUGD>@DOILQDOGHOUDGLFDOQRPLQDO

LQQ³ IC¡P      LK³ LQQ³K¡

LQQ³ ÊIC  Ê¡P   LK³Ê LQQ³ ÊIC
HVSRVD (67$786 VX   PL  HVSRVD(67$786
VXHVSRVDGHpO     PLHVSRVD
UQK  IC¡P      LK³ ZQK¡
UQK  ÊIC  Ê¡P   LK³Ê UQK ÊIC
DQLPDO (67$786 VX   PL  DQLPDO(67$786
VXDQLPDOGRPpVWLFR    PLDQLPDOGRPpVWLFR
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Capítulo 8. Los pronombres

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>@OXHJRGHVFULELPRVORVSURQRPEUHV'(02675$7,926>@GHVSXpVGHVFULELPRVORVSURQRPEUHV,17(552*$7,926
5(/$7,926H,1'(),1,'26>@\ILQDOPHQWHGHVFULELPRVORVSURQRPEUHV326(6,926>@

8.1. Los pronombres personales

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GHO2%-(72GHODFOiXVXOD6RODPHQWHH[LVWHQSURQRPEUHVSHUVRQDOHVHQWHSHKXiQSDUDOD35,0(5$3(5621$\OD
6(*81'$3(5621$WDQWRHQ6,1*8/$5FRPRHQ3/85$/&XDQGRHOKDEODQWHTXLHUHHQIDWL]DUTXHHOVXMHWRRHOREMHWRHV
GH7(5&(5$3(5621$GHOVLQJXODURGHOSOXUDOVHSUHVHQWDXQRGHORVSURQRPEUHV'(02675$7,926>@
7UHVGHORVSURQRPEUHVSHUVRQDOHVWLHQHQGRVIRUPDVXQDODUJD\ODRWUDFRUWD/DIRUPDODUJDGHHVWRVSURQRPEUHV
VHFRPSRQHGHODIRUPDFRUWDPiVHO68),-2GH35(&,6,Ï1ÊK¡WDOFRPRORGHPXHVWUDHOFXDGUR

 6LQJXODU 3OXUDO

3ULPHUDSHUVRQD CC³CC³K¡ CCEJCCEJK¡

6HJXQGDSHUVRQD CCRCCRK¡ CCRK¡O

Cuadro 17. Los pronombres personales

(QODPD\RUtDGHODVFOiXVXODVGHWHSHKXiQQRVHSUHVHQWDQORVSURQRPEUHVSHUVRQDOHV\DTXHODSHUVRQD\HO
Q~PHURGHOVXMHWRVHLQGLFDQREOLJDWRULDPHQWHSRUPHGLRGHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWR>@\ODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURGHO
REMHWRGHFOiXVXODVWUDQVLWLYDVVHLQGLFDQSRUPHGLRGHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWR>@3RUORWDQWRFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDQORV
SURQRPEUHVSHUVRQDOHVHVRLQGLFDDOJ~QFRQWUDVWHRpQIDVLV
+D\GRVJUDGRVGHFRQWUDVWHRpQIDVLVTXHVHSXHGHQLQGLFDUSRUPHGLRGHORVSURQRPEUHVSHUVRQDOHV(OJUDGR
PHQRVIXHUWHVHLQGLFDSRUPHGLRGHXQSURQRPEUHSHUVRQDOHQYH]GHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWRRHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWR

,CTQQ ©¡MKC¡     FJK MW¡CC¡ CC³K¡   CC MC¡ CCRK¡   CC!

LCTQQ ©¡Ê ©MK ÊC¡ FJK MW¡CC¡ CC³ÊK¡  CC  MC¡ CCRÊK¡  CC
TXLpQ 'LVWU FRUWDU )XW HVWD OHxD  \R SUHFLVR &RQI R  W~ SUHFLVR &RQI
¢4XLpQYDDFRUWDUHVWDOHxDW~R\R"
#CR©MKC¡   FJK MW¡CC¡ CC³ DC¡ WNJ³C¡
CCR ©MK ÊC¡ FJK MW¡CC¡ CC³ DC¡ WNJ³C ÊC¡
W~ FRUWDU )XW HVWD OHxD  \R  OXHJR DOPDFHQDU)XW
7~FRUWDVHVWDOHxD\\RODDOPDFHQR

(OJUDGRPiVIXHUWHHQFRQWUDVWHRpQIDVLVVHLQGLFDSRUPHGLRGHXQSURQRPEUHSHUVRQDODGHPiVGHOPRUIHPDGHO
VXMHWRRHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWR

$C CCLKO  KEJ  PCEJ   RCK¡ QK¡FJC¡ CCEJ

DCÊ CC[C ÊKO ¡KEJ PCEJ  RCK¡ QK¡FJC¡ CCEJ
\D OOHJDU 3URJ QRVRWURV TXHQRVRWURV GRQGH YLYLUSO QRVRWURV
<DHVWDPRVOOHJDQGRDGRQGHYLYLPRVQRVRWURVQRXVWHGHV
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#CEJ  LCO  UCR D©©R©¡ LKEJ OCMKC¡  IW VWWOK³

CCEJ  LCO UCR D©©R©¡  LKEJÊ OCM© ÊC¡ IW VWWOK³
DQRVRWURV HOORV  (5 SULPHUR QRV GDU )XW HO  GLQHUR
'LFHQTXHQRVYDQDGDUHOGLQHURDQRVRWURVSULPHUR

8.2. Los pronombres demostrativos

/RV352120%5(6'(02675$7,926VHSUHVHQWDQSDUDLQGLFDUHO/8*$5GHXQ3$57,&,3$17(GH7(5&(5$3(5621$
/RVPLVPRVSURQRPEUHVGHPRVWUDWLYRVLQGLFDQWDQWRHOVLQJXODUFRPRHOSOXUDO$GHPiVSRUPHGLRGHODIRUPDODUJDGHO
VXILMRGH35(&,6,Ï1ʳK>@VHSXHGHFRPSRQHUXQDIRUPDODUJDGHFDGDSURQRPEUHGHPRVWUDWLYRSDUDSRGHULQGLFDU
FXDWURGLVWLQFLRQHVGH/8*$5\35(&,6,Ï1UHODWLYDVWDOFRPRORGHPXHVWUDHOFXDGUR

 0HQRV 0iV
SUHVLFR SUHFLVR

&HUFDQR FJK¡ FJK¡³K

'LVWDQWH IWK¡ IW¡³K

Cuadro 18. Los pronombres demostrativos

,KT LWO UQK¡    FJK¡ PC OK¡³K   M©©M!

LKT LWOÊ UQK IC   FJK¡ PC OK¡ ʳK  M©©M
HV  WX  DQLPDOHVSHFLDO pVH TXH DOOt SUHFLVR HVWiSDUDGR  
¢(VWXPDVFRWDODTXHHVWiDOOt"
%JCO )W¡³KLK
QR  DTXHO eQI
1R$TXpOHVPtR

8.3. Los pronombres interrogativos, relativos e indefinidos

/RVSURQRPEUHVLQWHUURJDWLYRVUHODWLYRVHLQGHILQLGRVWLHQHQIRUPDVVHPHMDQWHVSXHVORVSURQRPEUHVLQWHUURJDWLYRV
VRQODEDVHSDUDWRGRV
/RVSURQRPEUHV,17(552*$7,926VHSUHVHQWDQVRORVSDUDSUHJXQWDUODLGHQWLGDGGHXQDSHUVRQDRFRVD

LCTQQ  ¢TXLpQ"
VW¡   ¢TXp"
LCZEJW¡O¢FXiO"

,CTQQO  FC¡ FJK¡ PCO  OK¡³K  FJ©T LC¡M DJC LKKO!

LCTQQ O FC¡ FJK¡ PCO OK¡ʳK  F©T LC¡M DJCÊ LKO©
TXLpQ HOORV VRQ HVRV TXHHOORV DOOtSUHFLVR GH  UXPERDFi LU
¢4XLpQHVVRQHOORVORVTXHYLHQHQSDUDDFi"

/RVSURQRPEUHV5(/$7,926VHIRUPDQMXQWDQGROD3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PCFRQXQSURQRPEUHLQWHUURJDWLYR
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

PCLCTQK¡  TXLHQ
PCVW¡  TXH
PCLCZEJW¡O FXDO

%JCO OCCV K³ PC LCZEJW¡O LKTFJK¡

QR  VDEHU \R TXH FXiO   HV pVH
1RVpFXiOHV

/RVSURQRPEUHV,1'(),1,'26WDPELpQVHIRUPDQFRQORVSURQRPEUHVLQWHUURJDWLYRVVRORVRFRQHOVXILMRGH
35(&,6,Ï1ÊK¡RELHQFRQODVSDUWtFXODVLQGHILQLGDVPCR©Z

LCTQK¡    DOJXLHQ
LCTQK¡PCR©Z  TXLHQVHD
VW¡     DOJR
VW¡PCR©Z   ORTXHVHD
LCZEJW¡O   DOJ~Q
LCZPCR©ZEJW¡O FXDOTXLHUD

6W¡ M©¡P LKZ DJCCK¡ PC³  LWIKC¡!

VW¡ M©¡P LKZ DJCCK¡ PC³ LWI© ÊC¡
TXp FRQ HV  VHSXHGH TXH\R FRPHU )XW
¢4XpSXHGRFRPHUFRQODVWRUWLOODV"OLW¢&RQTXpSXHGRFRPHU"
6W¡  PC R©Z  FJQ
DOJR  TXH QDGDPiV (3
/RTXHVHD

8.4. Los pronombres posesivos

/RV352120%5(6326(6,926VHIRUPDQMXQWDQGRODSDUWtFXODGH(67$786ICFRQHO68),-2GHSRVHVLyQ±¡PSDUD
IRUPDUOD3$57Ë&8/$GHSRVHVLyQIC¡PODTXHVHSUHVHQWDGHVSXpVGHXQVXVWDQWLYRRSURQRPEUHSHUVRQDOSDUDLQGLFDU
TXHHOVXVWDQWLYRSRVHtGRSHUWHQHFHDWDOSHUVRQD

CC³IC¡P  PtR     FJK¡ IC¡P GHpOHOODHOORVRHOODVFHUFDQR

CCRIC¡P  WX\R     IWK¡ IC¡P GHpOHOODHOORVRHOODVGLVWDQWH
CCEJIC¡P  QXHVWUR
CCRK¡OIC¡P GHXVWHGHV

,CTQQ IC¡P FJK¡!

TXLpQ GH  pVWH
¢'HTXLpQHVpVWH"
,KT CC³ IC¡PFJQ
HV PL  GH  (3
(VPtR
,KT ,WCPIC¡P FJQ
HV -XDQ GH  (3
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Capítulo 9. Los adjetivos

(QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVORVWUHVWLSRVGH$'-(7,926HQWHSHKXiQ3ULPHURGHVFULELPRVORVDGMHWLYRV
'(02675$7,926>@OXHJRORVDGMHWLYRV180(5$/(6>@\DO~OWLPRORVDGMHWLYRV&$/,),&$7,926>@

9.1. Los adjetivos demostrativos

/RV$'-(7,926'(02675$7,926ORVFXDOHVWDPELpQVHOODPDQ$57Ë&8/26VRQPX\VHPHMDQWHVHQVXIRUPDDORV
SURQRPEUHVGHPRVWUDWLYRV
(ODUWtFXORPiVJHQHUDOIWHVWDPELpQHOTXHPiVFRP~QPHQWHVHSUHVHQWD&XDQGRVHSUHVHQWDDQWHVGHXQ
6867$17,92TXH\DKDVLGRLGHQWLILFDGRHQHO&217(;72IXQFLRQDFRPRDUWtFXOR'(),1,'2SHURFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWD
DQWHVGHXQVXVWDQWLYRTXHWRGDYtDQRKDVLGRLGHQWLILFDGRIXQFLRQDFRPRDUWtFXOR,1'(),1,'2

/K¡³K  M©©M   IWDJWTW¡ZPCR  IC¡PIC

DOOtSUHFLVR HVWiSDUDGR HO EXUUR  TXHW~  EXVFDU
$OOtHVWiHOEXUURTXHEXVFDV
/CC¡P OK¡³K  M©©M   IW DJWTW¡Z
XQR  DOOtSUHFLVR HVWiSDUDGR XQ  EXUUR
$OOtHVWiXQEXUUR

/RVRWURVWUHVDUWtFXORVVLHPSUHVRQGHILQLGRV\MXQWRFRQHODUWtFXORJHQHUDOIWVHSXHGHQHVSHFLILFDUFXDWURJUDGRV
GH/8*$5\35(&,6,Ï1DVtFRPRORVSURQRPEUHVGHPRVWUDWLYRV>@FRPRORGHPXHVWUDHOFXDGUR

 0HQRV 0iV
SUHVLFR SUHFLVR

&HUFDQR FJK FJK¡³K

'LVWDQWH IW IW¡³K

Cuadro 19. Los adjetivos demostrativos

6W¡ LCZ DWC IW¡³K EJKQ¡³!

TXp  FyPR KDFHU HVH KRPEUH   
¢4XpHVWiKDFLHQGRHVHKRPEUH"
,CZEJW¡O FJKZ   EJ©©FQ¡ CC MC¡ FJKZ   WCO  CC!
LCZEJW¡O FJK LKZ EJ©©FQ¡ CC  MC¡ FJK LKZ WCO  CC
FXiO   HVWH HV  D]XO  &RQI R  HVWH HV  DPDULOOR &RQI
¢&XiOHVWDD]XORHVWDDPDULOOD"

9.2. Los adjetivos numerales

/RV$'-(7,926180(5$/(6VHSUHVHQWDQSDUDHVSHFLILFDUHOQ~PHURODFDQWLGDGRHORUGHQUHODWLYRGHXQVXVWDQWLYR
UHODWLYRDRWURV
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

6RODPHQWHXQRVFXDQWRVQ~PHURVFDUGLQDOHVWRGDYtDVHXVDQHQHOKDEODFRWLGLDQDGHOWHSHKXiQ

OCC¡P XQRXQD    OCODJ©©Z  GLH]

IQQM GRV     OCC¡PQQ¡O YHLQWH
DCKM WUHV
OCCMQD FXDWUR
LKZEJCOCCOFLQFR

+DFHPXFKRWLHPSRHVWRVQ~PHURVVHFRPELQDEDQHQYDULDVIRUPDVSDUDFRQWDUSHURDKRUDVHSUHVHQWDQDVtPX\UDUD
YH]

ZKLWOOCC¡P     VHLV
OCODJ©©ZFCOCPIQQM GRFH
IQQMQQ¡O     FXDUHQWD

7UHVDGMHWLYRVQXPHUDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQFRPRQ~PHURVRUGLQDOHVVHQFLOORV

D©©R©¡   V©¡©TCD   ICVWWM

SULPHUR   PHGLDQR   ~OWLPR
#C³LKTV©¡©TCD MCO PC³  OKC¡P QK¡³ IWEJ  ZKKZ
\R VR\PHGLDQR HOGH TXH\R FHUFD  VHJXLU QXHVWUR KHUPDQRPD\RU
<RVR\HOVHJXQGRKLMRGHODIDPLOLD

2WURVDGMHWLYRVQXPHUDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQSDUDHVSHFLILFDUHOQ~PHURRODFDQWLGDGUHODWLYD

D©©Z   WRGRV     LWOCK RWUR

L©¡OC¡P  SRFRV     LCK¡  RWURV
D©©ZL©¡OC¡P FDGDXQR    OWK¡  PXFKRV

/WK¡ [C¡ CC[C¡  CO IWLC¡VMCO PCT  RKCUVC MC¡

OWK¡ [C¡ CC[C ÊC¡ ¡COIWLC¡VMCO PCLKT RKCUVC ÊMC ÊC¡
PXFKRV DTXt OOHJDU )XW HOORV ODJHQWH  TXHHV ILHVWD  HVWDGR)XW
0XFKDJHQWHOOHJDUiFXDQGRKD\DILHVWD

9.3. Los adjetivos calificativos

(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGHVFULELPRVWUHVDVSHFWRVGHORV$'-(7,926&$/,),&$7,9263ULPHURGHVFULELPRVORV
352&/Ë7,&26&238/$7,926>@OXHJRORV5$',&$/(6DGMHWLYDOHV>@\ILQDOPHQWHORV$),-26)/(;,926TXHVH
SUHVHQWDQFRQORVDGMHWLYRV>@

9.3.1. Los proclíticos copulativos

7RGR$'-(7,92&$/,),&$7,92VHSUHVHQWDFRQXQ352&/Ë7,&2&238/$7,92H[FHSWRFXDQGRVHHVWiQHJDQGRHO
VLJQLILFDGRGHODGMHWLYR+D\GRVSURFOtWLFRVFRSXODWLYRVORVFXDOHVVRQHTXLYDOHQWHVDORVYHUERVVHU\HVWDUHQHVSDxRO
&DGDDGMHWLYRVXHOHSUHVHQWDUVHVLHPSUHFRQHOPLVPRSURFOtWLFRFRSXODWLYRSRUORTXHHQHVWHGLFFLRQDULRVHFLWD
FXiOGHORVGRVVHXVDFRQFDGDDGMHWLYR\DVHDLKZ
#64+$76+81TXHVHSUHVHQWDFRQODPD\RUtDGHORVDGMHWLYRV
GHVFULSWLYRVRLKT
'37+8#.'06'TXHVHSUHVHQWDFRQVXVWDQWLYRVDGYHUELRV\DOJXQRVDGMHWLYRVGHVFULSWLYRVWDOFRPR
ORVTXHGHVFULEHQODIRUPDItVLFDGHXQDSHUVRQDRFRVD
 /26$'-(7,926


,KZ EJWM IWMWWRC¡P

LKZEJWM IWMWWR Ê¡P
HV QHJUR HO SHOR VX
6XSHORHVQHJUR
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LKZEJQK³  FJK UWWFCK¡
HVWi FDOLHQWH HVWD DJXD
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,KT UCTDJCM FJK WWZ
LKTUCTDJCM FJK WWZ
HV JUXHVR HVWH SDOR
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,KT EJKQ¡³ K³
LKTEJKQ¡³ ¡K³
VR\ KRPEUH \R
6R\KRPEUH

1RUPDOPHQWHORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRVVHSUHVHQWDQHQYH]GHOYHUERGHODFOiXVXODSRUORTXHHOSURFOtWLFR
FRSXODWLYRIXQFLRQDFRPRXQYHUERGH(67$'2>@DVtFRPRHQORVHMHPSORVTXHDFDEDPRVGHFLWDU3HURFXDQGRHO
DGYHUELRQHJDWLYREJCOQRVHSUHVHQWDSDUDQHJDUHOHVWDGRVHVXSULPHHOSURFOtWLFRFRSXODWLYR

%JCO R©M D©©V  FJK LQFCK

QR  WDQWR SHVDGR HVWD SLHGUD 
(VWDSLHGUDQRHVWDQSHVDGD

6LQHPEDUJRDYHFHVORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRVVHSUHVHQWDQFRPRSDUWHGHOD)5$6(120,1$/>@GRQGH
02',),&$1GLUHFWDPHQWHDOVXVWDQWLYR$XQDVtVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDFRQVXSURFOtWLFRFRSXODWLYRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH

,K³ EJCK³DWK¡³ IWO  MWVWWP IWZ  D©¡

LK³ VCK³DWKFJC IWLWOÊ MWVWWP IWLKZ D©¡
PH SUHVWDU  OD WX  EOXVD  OD HV  URMD
3RUIDYRUSUpVWDPHWXEOXVDURMD

&XDQGRXQVXVWDQWLYRVHGHULYDGHXQDGMHWLYRGHVFULSWLYRVHSUHVHQWDQORVGRVSURFOtWLFRVFRSXODWLYRVMXQWRVHQOD
PLVPDFOiXVXOD

,KT LKZ DJCK¡MCO FJK OCC¡PMCO

HV HV  EXHQRGH  HVD SHUVRQD
(VDSHUVRQDHVEXHQDJHQWH

9.3.2. Los radicales de los adjetivos calificativos

/RV5$',&$/(6GHORV$'-(7,926&$/,),&$7,926SXHGHQVHUUDtFHVVHQFLOODVGHDGMHWLYRVGHVFULSWLYRVVXVWDQWLYRVR
DGYHUELRVRELHQSXHGHQVHU5('83/,&$'26SDUDLQGLFDUHO3/85$/

$GMHWLYRGHVFULSWLYR  ,KZ CDJCCT FJK WDKK

        HV  ERQLWD  HVWD PXMHU
        (VWDPXMHUHVERQLWD
        :K¡T     IÀ¡  FJK DC¡CCM
        ZK¡   LKT IÀ¡  FJK DC¡CCM
        GHPDVLDGR HV  JUDQGH HVWD FDVD
        (VWDFDVDHVGHPDVLDGRJUDQGH
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6XVWDQWLYR  ,KT W¡KK¡ FJQ FJK¡

     HV  SiMDUR (3 HVH
     eVHHVXQSiMDUR
     ,KT LWO MWC¡FCO IW KKDJCK¡³IC¡P FJK ©¡©©Z
     LKT LWOÊ LWI© ÊFCO IW KKDJCK¡³ IC¡P FJK ©¡©©Z
     HV  VH  FRPHU HOTXH OD  IUXWD  VX  HVWD SODQWD
     /DIUXWDGHHVWDSODQWDHVFRPHVWLEOHOLWHVDOJRTXHVHFRPH

$GYHUELR  ,KT CO   FJQ

     HV  H[DFWDPHQWH (3
     6tHVWiELHQ
     ,KT O©M [C¡ F©T
     HV  OHMRV DTXt GH
     (VOHMRVGHDTXt

/RVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRVVHSUHVHQWDQUHGXSOLFDGRVSDUDLQGLFDUSOXUDOGHODPLVPDPDQHUDTXHORVVXVWDQWLYRV
>FDS@(VGHFLUVLHOVXVWDQWLYRHVSOXUDOWDPELpQHVSOXUDOHODGMHWLYRTXHORPRGLILFD

,KZ D©©R©V  CO  IWOCOCK

LKZD©©Ê D©©V ¡CO IWOCÊ OCK
VRQ SO± SHVDGRHOORV  ORVSO± PDJXH\
/DVSHQFDVGHORVPDJXH\HVVRQSHVDGDV
,KT IÀ¡IÀT FJK LQQFCK
VRQ JUDQGHV HVWDV SLHGUDV
(VWDVSLHGUDVVRQJUDQGHV

9.3.3. Los afijos flexivos de los adjetivos calificativos

&XDQGRORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRVVHSUHVHQWDQFRPRYHUERVGHHVWDGRSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHWDPELpQORVPLVPRDILMRV
TXHVHSUHVHQWDQFRQRWURVYHUERVGHHVWDGR>@(VGHFLUSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHORVDILMRVJHQHUDOHVGHWLHPSRDVSHFWR
SHUVRQD\Q~PHUR
/DSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURGHOVXMHWRVHLQGLFDQFRQHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWR>@

,KZ EJWVWM CO

VRQ QHJURV HOORV
(OORVVRQQHJURV
,KT QTQUKKT K³
VR\ DOJXDFLO \R
6R\DOJXDFLO

(OVXILMRGHHVWDGRÊMCVHSUHVHQWDHQWUHHOUDGLFDOGHODGMHWLYR\ORVVXILMRVJHQHUDOHVGHWLHPSR>@

/QQ EJKZ   EJCVQK³  MC¡   MCDWKOWM

OQQ EJK LKZVCÊ VQK³ MC ÊC¡ MCDWKOWM
  GXGD HV  'LVWU FDORU HVWDGR)XW PDxDQD
&UHRTXHYDDKDFHUFDORUPDxDQD
)KKNJKO LKZ EJCVQK³  MCV    VCMCCD
IKKNJKO  LKZ VCÊ VQK³ MC ÊV   VCMCCD
PXFKR  HV  'LVWU FDORUHVWDGR&RSUHW D\HU
+L]RPXFKRFDORUD\HU  
 /26$'-(7,926


7RGRVORVDILMRVGHDVSHFWRJHQHUDOHV>@WDPELpQVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUFRQORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRV

,KZ EJW DCC¡  IWF©D©©T

HV ([W PRMDGD OD WLHUUD
/DWLHUUDHVWiPRMDGD
$CZ   DJCK¡
DC LKZ
\D HV  EXHQR
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-CT   CNJK¡EJ CNJ  FJK CNJKK
MC LKT CNJK¡EJ CNJ  FJK CNJKK
D~Q HV  SHTXHxR SRTXLWR HVWH QLxR
(VWHQLxRWRGDYtDHVPX\FKLTXLWR
2WT      OCC¡PMCO
RW   LKT OCC¡PMCO
VHQFLOODPHQWH HV  SHUVRQD
(VXQDSHUVRQDQDGDPiV
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

Capítulo 10. Los adverbios

(QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVORV$'9(5%,26GHOWHSHKXiQ3ULPHURGHVFULELPRVORVDGYHUELRVGH/8*$5\
',5(&&,Ï1>@OXHJRGHVFULELPRVORVDGYHUELRVGH7,(032>@\ORVDGYHUELRVGH02'2>@\ILQDOPHQWH
GHVFULELPRVORVDGYHUELRV,17(552*$7,9265(/$7,926H,1'(),1,'26>@
+D\GRV3$57Ë&8/$6',0,187,9$6TXHVHSUHVHQWDQIUHFXHQWHPHQWHFRQWRGRWLSRGHDGYHUELRDVDEHUCNJSRTXLWR
FDULxRRVDWLVIDFFLyQ\R©ZQDGDPiV

RCNJ©©R CNJ     /K¡ R©Z   DQ¡

XQSRFR  SRTXLWR    DOOt QDGDPiV  HVWiDFRVWDGR
PX\SRFR       $OOtQDGDPiVHVWiDFRVWDGR

10.1. Los adverbios de lugar y dirección

+D\FLQFR$'9(5%,26GHOWHSHKXiQTXHLQGLFDQHO/8*$5UHODWLYRGHO(9(172R(67$'2(VGHFLULQGLFDQOD
GLVWDQFLD\ODDOWXUDUHODWLYDGHOHYHQWRHQFXDQWRDOOXJDUGHOKDEODQWHHQHOPRPHQWRGHO(181&,$'23RUPHGLRGHORV
DGYHUELRVGHOXJDUHOKDEODQWHSXHGHGLVWLQJXLUWUHVGLIHUHQWHVGLVWDQFLDVGHSUR[LPLGDGUHODWLYDLQPHGLDWDFHUFDQD\
GLVWDQWH\GRVGLIHUHQWHVDOWXUDVUHODWLYDVPiVDOWD\PiVEDMD(VWRVDGYHUELRVORVFXDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR
VRQODIRUPDVODUJDVGHORVSUHILMRVGHOXJDUFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV>@

Altura

Proximidad $OWD %DMD

,QPHGLDWD [C¡
DJCK¡
&HUFDQD OK¡

'LVWDQWH DJCOO© OWOOW

Cuadro 20. Los adverbios de lugar

-KC¡R©Z OWOOWDC CCLKO  CMM©¡P

MKC¡R©Z  OWOOW DCÊ CC[C ÊKO CM M©¡P
DSHQDV  DOOiDEDMR \D  OOHJDU 3URJ UtRFRQ
$SHQDVHVWDUiOOHJDQGRDOUtRDKRUDPLVPR
,CTQQR  [C¡ MC   P©©TC  PCR   DC¡ [C¡ FCC!
LCTQQ R [C¡ MCÊ   P©©TC  PC R DC¡ [C¡ FCC
TXLpQ W~  DTXt SURYLVLRQDO HVSHUDU TXH W~  OXHJR DTXt HVWiVHQWDGR
¢$TXLpQHVWiVHVSHUDQGR"¢3RUTXpHVWiVDTXt"

8QOXJDUDOQLYHOGHORVSLHVGHOKDEODQWHVHFRQVLGHUDPiVEDMRORVGHPiVOXJDUHVVHFRQVLGHUDQPiVDUULED

/K¡   FJQT   MKKEJCO

OK¡   FJQ LKT MKKEJCO
DOOtDEDMR (3 HV  KRJDU
6tODFDVDTXHHVWiDOOtHVWiKDELWDGD
 /26$'9(5%,26


$JCK¡R    ZK  FJCKDW CVQQZMQT VC¡O

DJCK¡  R ZKÊ FJCKDW CVQQZMQT  VC¡O
DOOtDUULED W~  ,PS VHQWDUVH VLOOD   HQ
6LpQWDWHHQODVLOOD

/RVFLQFRDGYHUELRVGHOXJDUTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGURVRQORVPiVFRPXQHVSHURKD\RWURVWUHVDGYHUELRVGH
OXJDUORVFXDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQGHYH]HQFXDQGRSRUTXHVXVLJQLILFDGRHVPiVHVSHFtILFR(VGHFLUORVDGYHUELRVGHOXJDU
TXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGURVRODPHQWHVHXVDQSDUDLQGLFDUTXHHOOXJDUHVXQOXJDUGHGLItFLODFFHVR(VWRVWUHV
DGYHUELRVQRWLHQHQSUHILMRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV

 Altura

Proximidad $OWD %DMD

,QPHGLDWD [©L©
DJ©L©
&HUFDQDRGLVWDQWH O©L©

Cuadro 21. Los adverbios de lugar de difícil acceso

/©L©  LK  DCC IWMQ¡  LQFCK D©VC¡

O©L©   LKÊ DCMK IWMQ¡  LQFCK D©VC¡
DOOtDEDMR LQLFLR HQWUDU HO YtERUD SLHGUD GHEDMR
/DYtERUDVHPHWLyGHEDMRGHODSLHGUD

7RGRVORVDGYHUELRVGHOXJDUVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUFRQHO68),-2GH35(&,6,Ï1ÊPKʳKWDOFRPRVHSUHVHQWDQORV
SURQRPEUHVGHPRVWUDWLYRV>@$OSUHVHQWDUVHFRQHVWHVXILMRHODGYHUELRDJCK¡FDPELDXQSRFRGHIRUPDSHURORV
GHPiVDGYHUELRVVHSUHVHQWDQGHODPLVPDIRUPDFRQRVLQHOVXILMRGHSUHFLVLyQ

$JC¡³K     FCC   IWW¡KK¡ FJK¡³K   WWZ EJC¡O

DJCK¡  ÊPK  FCC   IWW¡KK¡ FJK¡ ÊPK  WWZ VC¡O
DOOtDUULED SUHFLVR HVWiVHQWDGR XQ SiMDUR HVWH SUHFLVR SDOR HQ
+D\XQSiMDURHQHVWHiUERO
#NJ  V©O   DJ©KEJW¡   IWDJCD DJCOO©PK   FJ©T
CNJ  VWÊ LWOÊ DJ©©[CÊEJW¡   IWDJCD DJCOO© ÊPK  F©T
SRTXLWR ([W VH  SDVDU PRYLPLHQWR HO IULMRO DOOiDUULEDSUHFLVR GH
(VWiQFRVHFKDQGRHOIULMRODOOiDUULEDGRQGHQRVHYH
$J©L©PK   PC FCC   %JCO P©K¡³ CR CC!
DJ©L© ÊPK  PC FCC   EJCO P©KFJC ¡CR CC
DOOt  SUHFLVR TXH HVWiVHQWDGR QR  YHU  W~  &RQI
$OOtPLVPRHVWi¢1RORYHV"

$GHPiVGHORVDGYHUELRVGHOXJDUGRVDGYHUELRVGH',5(&&,Ï1LQGLFDQVLHOHYHQWRVHOOHYDDFDERHQXQDGLUHFFLyQ
RULHQWDGDKDFLDHOKDEODQWHRHQGLUHFFLyQRSXHVWDDVDEHUDJCK¡KDFLDDFi\OWK¡KDFLDDOOi

$JCK¡ DC LKO IWOCC¡PMCO

DJCK¡ DCÊ LKO© IWOCC¡PMCO
DFi  \D  LU  OD SHUVRQD
<DYLHQHXQDSHUVRQD
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

/WK¡ DC LKO IWMCDCK

OWK¡ DCÊ LKO© IWMCDCK
DOOi  \D  LU  HO FDEDOOR
(OFDEDOORVHYDSDUDDOOi

(ODGYHUELRGHGLUHFFLyQDJCK¡KDFLDDFiVHSURQXQFLDLJXDOTXHHODGYHUELRGHOXJDUDJCK¡DOOtDUULED$VLPLVPR
HODGYHUELRGHGLUHFFLyQOWK¡KDFLDDOOiVHSURQXQFLDLJXDOTXHHO$'-(7,92180(5$/OWK¡PXFKRV

-KC¡R©Z DJCK¡  FJ©T DJCK¡  DC LK  LKK

MKC¡R©Z  DJCK¡  F©T DJCK¡  DCÊ LKÊ LKO©
DSHQDV  DOOtDUULED GH KDFLDDFi \D  LQLFLR LU
$SHQDVHPSLH]DDYHQLUGHVGHDOOt

/WK¡ OWK¡  DC LKKO CO  IWLC¡VMCO

OWK¡ OWK¡  DCÊ LKO© ¡CO IWLC¡VMCO
PXFKRV KDFLDDOOi \D  LU  HOORV  OD JHQWH
0XFKDJHQWH\DYDKDFLDDOOi

10.2. Los adverbios de tiempo

/RV$'9(5%,26GH7,(032D\XGDQDHVSHFLILFDUODVUHODFLRQHV7(0325$/(6UHODWLYDVDOPRPHQWRGHO(181&,$'2
0XFKRVGHHOORVVHUHILHUHQDORVGtDVDQWHVRGHVSXpVGHO(9(172R(67$'2

DCUOWVCMCCD  KDFHWUHVGtDV
DCUVCMCCD   KDFHGRVGtDVDQWHD\HU
VCMCCD    D\HU
ZKD      KR\DKRUD
MCDWKOWM  PDxDQDHQODPDxDQD
OCCZFJK    HQGRVGtDVSDVDGRPDxDQD
LWOCKOCCZFJK  HQWUHVGtDV

$CUVCMCCD LC³KEJ  DJCK¡ DC LK  LKK  LK³ MK¡CCO F©T

DCU VCMCCD LC³ KEJ DJCK¡ DCÊ LKÊ LKO© LK³Ê MK¡CCO F©T
DQWHD\HU  \R  3UHW DFi \D  LQLFLR LU  PL  KRJDU  GH
$QWHD\HUVDOtGHPLFDVDSDUDYHQLUDFi
:KD MCDWKOWM LC³KEJ  [C¡ DC CK
ZKD MCDWKOWM LC³ KEJ [C¡ DCÊ CC[C
KR\ PDxDQD  \R  3UHW DTXt \D  OOHJDU
+R\HQODPDxDQDOOHJXpDTXt

2WURVDGYHUELRVGHWLHPSRVHUHILHUHQDGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHUHODFLRQHVWHPSRUDOHV

LCPQ¡     D©L©M       ZKDRC¡

HQDTXHOWLHPSR  KDFHPXFKRWLHPSR   UHFLHQWHPHQWH
LKZM©¡PMQD   MCRDJWKOWM    VWMCC¡
WHPSUDQR    HQODPDxDQLWD    HQODQRFKH
D©©R©¡F©T    ICVWWM 
PiVWHPSUDQR  GHVSXpVPiVDOUDWR
 /26$'9(5%,26


d,C¡ROQQ IKKNJKO LKZ L©©RK¡³ VWMCC¡

H[FODPDFLyQ PXFKR HV  IUtR  QRFKH
£+L]RPXFKRIUtRDQRFKH
/CCMCO  VW  LKKOFCV      CO  IW Q¡FCO D©L©M
OCCMCO  VWÊ LKO© ÊFC  ÊV   ¡CO IW Q¡FCO D©L©M
GHRWURPRGR ([W LU  FRQWtQXR &RSUHW HOORV  ORV LQGtJHQDV KDFHPXFKRWLHPSR
+DFHPXFKRWLHPSRORVLQGtJHQDVWHQtDQRWUDVFRVWXPEUHV

10.3. Los adverbios de modo

/RV$'9(5%,26GH02'2HVSHFLILFDQGHTXpPDQHUDREDMRFXiOHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVVHOOHYDDFDERHO(9(172RH[LVWH
XQ(67$'2

RWK¡  DVt
OK¡RWK¡ GHLJXDOPDQHUD
RCTDCP QRELHQLQFRPSOHWRRGHILFLHQWH
CNJK¡EJ XQSRFR
L©¡Z³K  DVtGHWDPDxR
LQVOQFC¡ UiSLGR
UCCNJ  GHVSDFLR
CKZKO  GHPXFKDVPDQHUDV
UCMCCNJ HQILOD

5CCNJ  VW QKT© IWOWWNJ

GHVSDFLR ([W DQGDU OD WRUWXJD
/DWRUWXJDFDPLQDGHVSDFLR
2CTDCP VW  DQR³KZ  FJK ICC
QRELHQ  ([W GHV\HUEDGD HVWD PLOSD
(VWDPLOSDQRHVWiELHQGHV\HUEDGD

8QRVSRFRVDGYHUELRVGHPRGRLQGLFDQFXiQWDVYHFHVVHOOHYDDFDERXQHYHQWR

)QQMKO LC³KEJ  V©K   DJC LC  DCK¡³

IQQMKO LC³ KEJ V©K   DJCÊ LCÊ DCKFJC
GRVYHFHV \R  3UHW LQWHQWR DFi OHV LQYLWDU
'RVYHFHVLQWHQWpLQYLWDUORVSHURQRYLQLHURQ

(ODGYHUELRGHPRGR1(*$7,92WLHQHGRVIRUPDV/DIRUPDPiVFRP~QEJCOVHXVDHQODPD\RUtDGHODV
QHJDFLRQHVODIRUPDEJC¡RVHXVDSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQSURKLELFLRQHVFXDQGROHVLJXHHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWR>@

%JCO ZKLCK
QR  GLItFLO
(VIiFLO
%JC¡R   UWCMFC¡
EJCO LCR UWCMK ÊFC  ÊC¡
QR  W~  OORUDU FRQWtQXR )XW
1ROORUHV
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

10.4. Los adverbios interrogativos, relativos e indefinidos

/RVDGYHUELRVLQWHUURJDWLYRVUHODWLYRVHLQGHILQLGRVWLHQHQIRUPDVVHPHMDQWHVFRPRVHLOXVWUDQHQORVVLJXLHQWHV
HMHPSORV

,QWHUURJDWLYR   5HODWLYR     ,QGHILQLGR

LCZ      PCLCZ     LCZPCR©Z
¢FyPR"     TXpWDQWR     FRPRVHD
LCZLC¡M    PCLCZLC¡M    LCZPCR©ZLC¡M
¢GHTXpPDQHUD"  GHTXpPDQHUD   GHFXDOTXLHUPDQHUD
LCZFJWWM   PCLCZFJWWM   LCZPCR©ZFJWWM
¢GHTXpPRGR"   GHTXpPRGR    GHFXDOTXLHUPRGR
RCC      PCRCK¡     RCK¡PCR©Z
¢GyQGH"    GRQGH      GRQGHTXLHUD
RCCFWWM    PCRCK¡FJWWM   RCK¡
PCR©ZFJWWM
¢FXiQGR"    FXiQGRFXDQGR   FXDQGRTXLHUD
L©¡M      PCL©¡M     L©¡MPCR©Z
¢FXiQWR"¢FXiQWRV" ORVTXH     FXDQWRVVHDQ
LCZLKZ    PCLCZLKZ
L©¡ZLKT     PCL©¡ZLKT
¢TXpWDQWR"   TXpWDQWR

2CCEJ   V©DKCRW¡     ZKD!

RCC  EJ  V©DKCRW   ÊC¡ ZKD
GyQGH QRVRWURV SDVDUODQRFKH )XW KR\ 
¢'yQGHDFDPSDUHPRVHVWDQRFKH"
2CK¡PCR©Z  FJQ 
GRQGHTXLHUD  (3 
'RQGHTXLHUD
VWC  D©VC¡ PCRCK¡Z  ICM 
VWC  D©VC¡ PCRCK¡LKZICM
HQFLQR GHEDMRGRQGH HVWi VHFR
'HEDMRGHXQHQFLQRGRQGHODWLHUUDHVWpVHFD
 /$6$'326,&,21(6


Capítulo 11. Las adposiciones

(QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVODV$'326,&,21(6GHOWHSHKXiQODVFXDOHVVRQ3$/$%5$6VHQFLOODVVLQ$),-26TXHVH
SUHVHQWDQSDUDLQGLFDUODSRVLFLyQUHODWLYDGHO6867$17,926LVHSUHVHQWDGHVSXpVGHOVXVWDQWLYRVHOODPD326326,&,Ï1
>@\VLVHSUHVHQWDDQWHVGHOVXVWDQWLYRHQODFOiXVXODVHOODPD35(326,&,Ï1>@(QHOKDEODFRWLGLDQDGHO
WHSHKXiQDFWXDOVHSUHVHQWDQORVGRVWLSRVGHDGSRVLFLRQHV

11.1. Las posposiciones

/DVSDUWHVGHOD)5$6(326326,&,21$/VHSUHVHQWDQHQHORUGHQTXHDTXtVHxDODPRV

Artículo Sustantivo POSPOSICIÓN

3RUHMHPSOR

IW UWWFCK¡ FJCCO

HO DJXD  HQFLPDGH
HQFLPDGHODJXD

/DVSRVSRVLFLRQHVVHSUHVHQWDQFRQIUHFXHQFLDHQODVIUDVHVH[SOLFDWLYDV

PC M©¡P VWO   DJK¡URC¡

PC M©¡P VWÊ LWOÊ DJK¡URC ÊC¡
TXH FRQ ([W VH  SHJDU  )XW
FRQORTXHVHSHJDGHILQLFLyQGHSHJDPHQWR

6RQPXFKDVODVSRVSRVLFLRQHVTXHVHXVDQFRQIUHFXHQFLD&RQHODOIDEHWR35È&7,&2VLHPSUHVHHVFULEHQFRPR
SDODEUDVVHSDUDGDV$OJXQDVSRVSRVLFLRQHVWLHQHQGRVIRUPDVODVFXDOHVYDUtDQVHJ~QORV&217(;726)212/Ï*,&26HQ
TXHVHSUHVHQWDQ

F©TFJ©T   GHGHVGHOXJDU

MCO   GHOXJDURFLHUWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFD
TCO¡CO  HQSDUWHGHOFXHUSR
LC¡R   iUHD
LC¡M   UXPER
V©TEJ©T   GHQWURGH
VC¡OEJC¡O HQODVXSHUILFLHGH
FCCOFJCCO HQFLPDGH
M©¡P  FRQ
MC¡O    HQGHQWURGH
D©VC¡    GHEDMRGH

OGGUVC¡O
HQODPHVD
DC¡MD©VC¡
GHEDMRGHODFDVD
QKFJC¡FCCO
HQODFLPDGHOFHUUR
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

$OJXQDVSRVSRVLFLRQHVWDPELpQVHSUHVHQWDQHQODVIUDVHVDGYHUELDOHV

OK¡³K  FJ©T LC¡M

DOOtSUHFLVR GHVGH UXPER
GHSRUDOOt
UCK¡  EJ©T MCO IWMQ¡
]DFDWH HQ  GH  OD YtERUD
YtERUDGHO]DFDWH

11.2. Las preposiciones

/DVSDUWHVGHOD)5$6(35(326,&,21$/VHSUHVHQWDQHQHORUGHQTXHDTXtVHxDODPRV

PREPOSICIÓN Artículo Sustantivo

3RUHMHPSOR

FCCOF©T IW UWWFCK¡

HQFLPDGH HO  DJXD
HQFLPDGHODJXD

$XQTXHODPD\RUtDGHODVSUHSRVLFLRQHVVHSUHVHQWDQMXQWRFRQHO6867$17,92DOTXH02',),&$1DYHFHVVH
SUHVHQWDQVRODVFXDQGRHOVXVWDQWLYRVHVREUHHQWLHQGH

DCCU©¡PF©T 
IW CM
DORWURODGRGH HO UtR
DORWURODGRGHOUtR

6RQSRFDVODVSUHSRVLFLRQHVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQFRQIUHFXHQFLD/DPD\RUSDUWHGHHOODVWDPELpQVHSUHVHQWDQFRPR
326326,&,21(6>@GHODVFXDOHVVH'(5,9$1VXVIRUPDVSUHSRVLFLRQDOHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVSRUPHGLRGHOD
SRVSRVLFLyQF©TGH

DJCCP IWOGGU
VREUH OD PHVD
HQODPHVD
©TDCPF©T IWDC¡CCM
DGHQWUR OD FDVD
GHQWURGHODFDVD
D©©RICPF©T FJK LQFCK
GHWUiVGH  HVWD SLHGUD
GHWUiVGHHVWDSLHGUD
DCCUF©T   IWQKFJC¡
GHDTXHOODGRGH HO FHUUR
DORWURODGRGHOFHUURGRQGHQRVHYH
 /$6&21-81&,21(6


Capítulo 12. Las conjunciones

(QHVWH~OWLPRFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVODV&21-81&,21(6GHOWHSHKXiQHVGHFLUORV025)(0$6TXHVHSUHVHQWDQSDUD
XQLUODV)5$6(6\ODV&/È868/$6SDUDIRUPDU25$&,21(6FRPSOHMDV3ULPHURGHVFULELPRVODVFRQMXQFLRQHV
FRRUGLQDQWHVTXHVRQODVTXHXQHQFOiXVXODVEiVLFDV>@OXHJRGHVFULELPRVODVFRQMXQFLRQHVVXERUGLQDQWHVODVTXH
XQHQXQDFOiXVXODEiVLFDDXQDFOiXVXODVXERUGLQDGD>@
$OILQDOGHOFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVODV,17(5-(&&,21(6HVGHFLUODVSDODEUDVTXHDYHFHVVHSUHVHQWDQSDUDLQGLFDU
FyPRVHVLHQWHHOKDEODQWHDFHUFDGHO(9(172R(67$'2GHTXHKDEOD

12.1. Las conjunciones coordinantes

/DV&21-81&,21(6&225',1$17(6VRQORV025)(0$6TXHDPHQXGRVHSUHVHQWDQDOSULQFLSLRGHODV)5$6(6RODV
&/È868/$6%È6,&$6SDUDXQLUODVIRUPDQGRDVt25$&,21(6PiVFRPSOHMDV+D\GRVWLSRVGHFRQMXQFLRQHVFRRUGLQDQWHV
DVDEHU
/DVFRQMXQFLRQHV$',7,9$6>@ODVFXDOHVLQGLFDQTXHODUHODFLyQHQWUHODVGRVFOiXVXODVTXHXQHHVWHPSRUDO
ROyJLFD
/DVFRQMXQFLRQHV$80(17$7,9$6>@ODVFXDOHVLQGLFDQTXHODUHODFLyQHQWUHODVGRVFOiXVXODVTXHXQHQRHV
QLWHPSRUDOQLOyJLFDVLQRTXHHVXQDDVRFLDFLyQFRLQFLGHQWHRFRQWUDULDDODOyJLFD

12.1.1. Las conjunciones aditivas

/DV&21-81&,21(6$',7,9$6LQGLFDQXQDUHODFLyQ7(0325$/R/Ï*,&$HQWUHGRV)5$6(6R&/È868/$6&XDWURGH
HVWDVFRQMXQFLRQHVDGLWLYDVVRQ3$57Ë&8/$6RWUDHVXQ68),-2\XQDVH[WDFRQMXQFLyQQRVHSURQXQFLD$FRQWLQXDFLyQ
GHVFULELPRVFDGDXQDGHHOODV
'RVSDUWtFXODVVHSUHVHQWDQSDUDDOLVWDUORVVXVWDQWLYRV8QDGHHOODVODSDUWtFXODICOVHSUHVHQWDSDUDDxDGLUXQ
VXVWDQWLYRDODOLVWDGHVXVWDQWLYRVGHODPLVPDFODVH/DRWUDODSDUWtFXODIKQVHSUHVHQWDSDUDDxDGLUXQVXVWDQWLYRDOD
OLVWDGHVXVWDQWLYRVTXHQRVRQGHODPLVPDFODVH

,KZ LC PCC   IWRKRRKNJ IWVQDJCCD  ICO IWW¡LK¡

HV OHVJXVWDUFRPHU ORVSROOXHORV HO JDYLOiQ  \  ORVSiMDURV
$OJDYLOiQOHJXVWDFRPHUSROOXHORV\RWURVSiMDURV
6WMCC¡LC¡M DWUCCM  IWPCMO©NJ IKQ IWVWMWWT
QRFKH UXPERVXHOHVDOLU HO PXUFLpODJR \  HO WHFRORWH
(OPXUFLpODJR\HOWHFRORWHVXHOHQVDOLUGHQRFKH
;C¡ UCRVWOIC¡TC D©ZEJW¡  MQTVKU ICO TKUDJWU IKQ UCR DCCNCU ©R
DTXt (5VH YHQGHQ PXFKDVFRVDV FRUWHV  \  UHER]RV \  (5 EDODV  WDPELpQ
$TXtYHQGHQPXFKDVFRVDVGHVGHWHODV\UHER]RVKDVWDEDODV

/DSDUWtFXODICOVRODPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDSDUDXQLUVXVWDQWLYRVPLHQWUDVTXHODSDUWtFXODIKQWDPELpQVHSUHVHQWDSDUD
XQLUWDQWRIUDVHVDGYHUELDOHVFRPRFOiXVXODV

/CC¡P UKOCCP D©ZEJCPQQNJ IKQ D©ZEJWMCC¡ PC FWMKKO©M

XQD  VHPDQD WRGRHOGtD  \  WRGDODQRFKH  TXH HVWDEDOORYLHQGR
/ORYLyGtD\QRFKHSRUXQDVHPDQD
6WVWWTM©¡P LCEJ  V©  ©U   IKQ PCEJ   VW  LKOEJWFC¡
WRURV FRQ QRVRWURV ([W VHPEUDU \  TXHQRVRWURV ([W DUDU
8WLOL]DPRVWRURVSDUDVHPEUDU\WDPELpQSDUDDUDU
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 

2WUDVGRVFRQMXQFLRQHVDGLWLYDVVHSUHVHQWDQSDUDXQLUIUDVHVRFOiXVXODV/DSDUWtFXODGH6(&8(1&,$(675(&+$DC¡
LQGLFDTXHXQHYHQWRRHVWDGRVLJXHDRWURSRUPHGLRGHXQDVHFXHQFLDHVWUHFKDTXHSXHGHVHUR7(0325$/R/Ï*,&$

-CDWKOWM DCO   LWIKC¡  IWDCMCCZ DC¡ DCDWWUPKC¡  IWRKCUVC

OC³CPC  DCÊLWOÊ LWI© ÊC¡ IWDCMCCZ DC¡ DCDWWUPK ÊC¡ IWRKCUVC
PDxDQD   \D VH   FRPHU )XW OD FDUQH  OXHJR \D VDOLU  ±)XW OD ILHVWD
0DxDQDVHFRPHODFDUQH\OXHJRVHDFDEDODILHVWD
,CTQQ DC¡  DJC¡³K   V©K DC VW  DC¡MKEJFJCV!     
LCTQQ DC¡  DJCK¡ ʳK  V©K  DCÊ VWÊ DC¡M ÊEJC ÊFC  ÊV
TXLpQ HQWRQFHV DOOt ±SUHFLVR LQWHQWR\D ([W FDVD KDFHU FRQWtQXR &RSUHW
  $JCK¡ DCM RW   EJCOMC   V©©OW
  DJCK¡ DCM RWÊ   EJCO MCÊ   V©©OW
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12.1.2. Las conjunciones aumentativas

/DV&21-81&,21(6$80(17$7,9$6LQGLFDQXQDUHODFLyQTXHQRHVQLWHPSRUDOQLOyJLFDHQWUHGRV)5$6(6R
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/DFRQMXQFLyQDXPHQWDWLYDPiVFRP~QHVODSDUWtFXOD$'9(56$7,9$IW¡ODFXDOLQGLFDTXHHOHYHQWRRHVWDGRGHOD
VHJXQGDIUDVHRFOiXVXODHVORRSXHVWRGHODSULPHUD6HSUHVHQWDVROD\FRPRSDUWHGHRWUDVFRQMXQFLRQHVDGYHUVDWLYDV

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12.2. Las conjunciones subordinantes

/DV&21-81&,21(668%25',1$17(6VRQORV025)(0$6TXHDPHQXGRVHSUHVHQWDQDOSULQFLSLRGHODVFOiXVXODV
68%25',1$'$6SDUDXQLUORVDODVFOiXVXODV%È6,&$6IRUPDQGR25$&,21(6PiVFRPSOHMDV+D\FXDWURWLSRVGH
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/DVFRQMXQFLRQHV5(/$7,9$6>@ODVFXDOHVLQLFLDQFOiXVXODVTXHSURSRUFLRQDQPiVLQIRUPDFLyQDFHUFDGH
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12.2.1. Las conjunciones subordinantes temporales y locativas

+D\GRV&21-81&,21(668%25',1$17(6TXHLQLFLDQFOiXVXODVTXHSURSRUFLRQDQPiVLQIRUPDFLyQWHPSRUDOR
ORFDWLYDGHXQ(9(172R(67$'2/DFRQMXQFLyQVXERUGLQDQWHORFDWLYDHVPCRCK¡GRQGH\ODWHPSRUDOHVPCRCK¡
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12.2.2. Las conjunciones subordinantes lógicas

+D\WUHV&21-81&,21(668%25',1$17(6TXHLQLFLDQ&/È868/$668%25',1$'$6TXHSURSRUFLRQDQPiV
LQIRUPDFLyQDFHUFDGHORVDVSHFWRVOyJLFRVGHXQ(9(172R(67$'28QDGHHOODVHVPCIW¡SRUTXHODFXDOLQGLFDOD
&$86$SRUODFXDOVHOOHYDDFDERHOHYHQWRRSRUODFXDOH[LVWHHOHVWDGR

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/DVFOiXVXODVVXERUGLQDGDVTXHLQGLFDQHO3523Ï6,72GHXQHYHQWRRHVWDGRLQLFLDQFRQODFRQMXQFLyQVXERUGLQDQWH
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12.2.3. Las conjunciones relativas

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3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PCTXHIXQFLRQDFRPRXQ352120%5(5(/$7,92DVtFRPRHQHOHMHPSORDQWHULRURELHQ
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12.2.4. Las conjunciones de complemento

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12.3. Las interjecciones

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Apéndices
 Apéndice A.
Los términos de parentesco
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SDUHQWHVFRHQYH]GHQRPEUHVSURSLRV(VWRVWpUPLQRVVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDQDFRPSDxDGRVSRUXQRGHORVVLJXLHQWHV
$),-26GH326(6,Ï1

1  mi, mis    
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(! tu, tus    !
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$OJXQRVGHORVWpUPLQRVGHSDUHQWHVFRHQWHSHKXiQVRQmásgeneralesTXHORVWpUPLQRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVHQHVSDxRO
3RUHMHPSORHOWpUPLQRSDUDparienteWDPELpQVHXVDSDUDhermanoR hermana,primoR prima,amigoR amiga
$VLPLVPRRWURVGHORVWpUPLQRVGHSDUHQWHVFRHQWHSHKXiQVRQmásespecíficosTXHORVWpUPLQRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVHQ
HVSDxRO3RUHMHPSORKD\FLQFRWpUPLQRVSDUDtío\RWURVFLQFRWpUPLQRVSDUDtíaVHJ~QVLHVKHUPDQRRKHUPDQDPD\RU
RPHQRUGHOSDSiRGHODPDPiGHOTXHKDEOD
$GHPiVPXFKRVGHORVWpUPLQRVGHSDUHQWHVFRHQWHSHKXiQVRQrecíprocosHVGHFLUVHXVDQWDQWRSDUDUHIHULUVHDO
SDULHQWHGHODJHQHUDFLyQDQWHULRUGHOKDEODQWHFRPRSDUDUHIHULUVHDOSDULHQWHFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHGHODJHQHUDFLyQSRVWHULRU
GHOKDEODQWH3RUHMHPSORORVWpUPLQRVSDUDabuelo\abuelaWDPELpQVHXVDQSDUDnieto\nieta&XDQGRXQWpUPLQRHV
UHFtSURFRHVWRVHLQGLFDHQHVWHDSpQGLFHHQWUHFRUFKHWHVFXDGUDGRVGHVSXpVGHODWUDGXFFLyQDOHVSDxRO
7RGRVORVWpUPLQRVGHSDUHQWHVFRTXHVHSUHVHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHFLWDQHQVXIRUPDVLQJXODUVLQSUHILMRGH
SRVHVLyQVHJXLGRVSRUVXHTXLYDOHQWHHQHVSDxROVXIRUPD3/85$/\VXVIRUPDV326(6,9$6GHOD7(5&(5$3(5621$GHO
6,1*8/$5WDOFRPRVHFLWDQHQODVHQWUDGDVUHVSHFWLYDVGHOGLFFLRQDULR3DUDDOJXQRVWpUPLQRVVHDFODUDSUHFLVDPHQWHD
FXDOHVSDULHQWHVVHSXHGHQUHIHULU3DUDHMHPSORVGHOXVRGHHVWRVWpUPLQRVHQHOKDEODFRWLGLDQDYpDVHODVHQWUDGDV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVGHOGLFFLRQDULR

Términos generales
((1pariente, hermano, hermana, primo, prima, amigo o amiga [recíproco]
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."".1
."".1@
3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• ORVSDULHQWHVHQJHQHUDO
• ORVKHUPDQRV\ODVKHUPDQDV
• ORVSULPRV\ODVSULPDV
• ORVDPLJRV\FRQRFLGRVDORVFXDOHVVHTXLHUHWUDWDUFRQUHVSHWR
(( &abuelo, tío abuelo, nieto o nieta, sobrino o sobrina [recíproco]
>pl.:((( &3a. pers. pos.:(( &.1
((( &.1@
3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• HOSDGUHGHOSDSiRGHODPDPiWDPELpQVHGLFH2.
''
• ORVKHUPDQRVGHORVDEXHORV\GHODVDEXHODV
• ORVQLHWRV\ODVQLHWDVGHORVDEXHORV\VXVKHUPDQRV
( abuela, nieto o nieta [recíproco]
>pl:.( 3a. pers. pos.:( ."
.( ."@
3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• ODPDGUHGHOSDSiRGHODPDPiWDPELpQVHGLFH2.
""
• ODVKHUPDQDVGHORVDEXHORV\GHODVDEXHODV
• ORVQLHWRV\ODVQLHWDVGHORVDEXHODV\VXVKHUPDQDV


',&&,21$5,27(3(+8$12 

#)bisabuelo o antepasado [recíproco]

>pl:#$)3a. pers. pos.:#).1
#$).1@
3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• HOSDGUHGHODEXHORRGHODDEXHOD
• ORVKHUPDQRVGHORVELVDEXHORV\ODVELVDEXHODV
• ORVELVQLHWRV\ODVELVQLHWDVGHORVELVDEXHORV\VXVKHUPDQRV
• ORVDQWHSDVDGRVRGHVFHQGLHQWHVHQJHQHUDO
& bisabuela [recíproco]
>pl:$& 3a. pers. pos.:& .1
$& .1@
3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• ODPDGUHGHODEXHORRGHODDEXHOD
• ODVKHUPDQDVGHORVELVDEXHORV\ODVELVDEXHODV
• ORVELVQLHWRV\ODVELVQLHWDVGHODVELVDEXHODV\VXVKHUPDQDV
##)tío, sobrino o sobrina [recíproco]
>pl.:
.##) 3a. pers. pos.: ##).1
.##).1@
3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• ORVHVSRVRVGHODVKHUPDQDVGHORVSDGUHV
• ORVVREULQRV\ODVVREULQDVTXHVRQKLMRVHKLMDVGHORVKHUPDQRV\ODVKHUPDQDVGHODHVSRVD
""mamá, tía
>pl:"""3a. pers. pos.:/.//."
///."@
3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• ODPDGUH
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!%hijo o hija, sobrino o sobrina
>pl:!!%3a. pers. pos.:!%."
!!%."@
3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• HOSURSLRKLMRRKLMD
• HOKLMRRODKLMDGHOKHUPDQRGHOHVSRVRORGLFHXQDPXMHU
))hermano o hermana mayor, primo hermano o prima hermana
>pl:)))3a. pers. pos.:)#..1
))#..1@
3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• HOKHUPDQRRODKHUPDQDPD\RU
• HOKLMRRODKLMDGHOKHUPDQRRGHODKHUPDQDPD\RUGHOSDSiRGHODPDPi
)(.hermano o hermana menor, primo hermano o prima hermana
>pl:))(.3a. pers. pos.:&/$.1
&/&$.1@
3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• HOKHUPDQRRODKHUPDQDPHQRU
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pariente cercano [recíproco]
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."".1
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3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• HOKHUPDQRRODKHUPDQDPD\RURPHQRU
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!/
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3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
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Términos específicos para tíos y tías

/ tío, sobrino o sobrina [recíproco]
>pl:/// 3a. pers. pos.:/ .1
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3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• HOKHUPDQRPD\RUGHOSDSi
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>pl:$$&( 3a. pers. pos.:$&( .1
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3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• ODKHUPDQDPD\RUGHOSDSi
• HOKLMRRODKLMDGHOKHUPDQRPHQRUGHXQDPXMHU
( tío, sobrino o sobrina [recíproco]
>pl:( 3a. pers. pos.:( .1
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3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• HOKHUPDQRPHQRUGHOSDSi
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>pl:#$$# 3a. pers. pos.:## .1
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3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
• ODKHUPDQDPHQRUGHOSDSi
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>pl:().3a. pers. pos.:(().1
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3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
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>pl:.#.)3a. pers. pos.:#.).1
.#.).1@
3XHGHUHIHULUVHD
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&XDQGRHOPLVPRWpUPLQRSXHGHUHIHULUVHDGRVWtRVRWtDVVHSXHGHGLVWLQJXLUHQWUHHOORVRHOODVSRUXQWpUPLQR
DGLFLRQDOTXHLQGLFDVXHGDGUHODWLYD3RUHMHPSOR2.1
) la hermana menor más grande de mi mamá (lit.: mi tía
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WpUPLQRSDUDPiVGHGRVWtRVRWtDVVHSXHGHGLVWLQJXLUHQWUHHOORVRHOODVVRODPHQWHSRUXQDIUDVHTXHLQGLFDGyQGH
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Otros términos específicos

''papá
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 Apéndice B.
El cuerpo humano
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Sistema numérico
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 Apéndice D.
Los sonidos
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1. “Se ha dicho que yo he dicho un dicho...”

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¿Es cierto que tú dijiste

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 los que dicen cosas
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¿Cuándo dije yo cosas

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 así como dicen los que dicen
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 los que no dicen cosas
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2. Cómo empieza un cuento

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Una vez una persona tatemó el maguey y se emborrachó. Esa persona tenía cuatro hijos que se ponían de
acuerdo para tatemar el maguey todo el tiempo...


 Apéndice G.
Mapa de la región tepehuana


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