Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
incapacidad parcial y permanente del 1,6%-, en cuanto al nexo causal del hecho, daño al
medio ambiente provocado por la repetición de la quema de residuos y consiguientes
humaredas y la lesión a la salud de la actora, pero que se vincula con fuerte probabilidad, o
alta chance, con un origen químico "en cuanto a sustancias del humo pudieron producir la
rinitis química, éstas estarían dadas por la combustión del caucho, del polietileno y la
explosión de envases de aerosoles".
VIII. LA RELACIÓN DE CAUSALIDAD
Por último, es plausible la posición que adopta la justicia en el caso en punto a esta
compleja, difícil y ardua cuestión: la relación de casualidad en el daño ambiental. Con
criterio maleable, pero firme, y enérgico, a su vez, el juzgador de la 2ª instancia se muestra
sensible, o permeable, a la problemática que debe resolver, no dejándose ahogar por
criterios obsoletos, esquemas rígidos, absolutos, y reconociendo la peculiaridad de los
pleitos que contienen procesos de medio ambiente. Una vez más, el pretorio recorre la
doctrina más progresista sobre la tarea que le asigna la ley al juzgador: resaltando "el valor
excepcional que recibe en supuestos de daño ambiental la prueba de presunciones". Por lo
que concluye que la actora se ha visto afectada por rinitis química provocada por el humo
proveniente de quemas realizadas en el ex basural municipal (hoy desactivado) situado en
las proximidades de su domicilio.
IX. EL DAÑO AMBIENTAL COMO CATEGORÍA DE DAÑO INTOLERABLE
Desde la óptica del derecho sustantivo (art. 2618 CCiv.), recogemos enseñanzas de la
doctrina señalada en este mismo fallo: el carácter de categoría de daño intolerable del daño
ambiental, cuando el hecho contaminante se cobra víctimas en la salud. Es decir, "el límite
de la normal tolerancia" ("riesgo permitido" en la doctrina penal, de las "incomodidades
ordinarias" según el lenguaje de nuestro Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield, o "daño ambiental
necesario", lícito, como lo denominara el Sup. Trib. Just. Chubut) no juega como causal de
exención de responsabilidad civil, disculpa, o justificación, en casos como el objeto de este
comentario, en que la degradación del ambiente es susceptible de afectar la salud.
X. LA CONDENA AL ESTADO
Para finalizar, la responsabilidad del municipio. Y el mérito de la condena proveniente de
una deficitaria prestación del poder de policía. La cita a la Ley del Ambiente 11723 (LA
1996-A-757), art. 8 , de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Y en otro orden, la responsabilidad de
la concesionaria del servicio público de disposición final de residuos domiciliarios (sólidos
urbanos, domésticos), por incumplimiento del contrato público, de concesión de la basura y
su carácter, además, de guardiana del predio, desde el punto de vista extracontractual, a la
luz del art. 1113 CCiv. (parte 2ª, párr. 2º), por la doctrina de los riegos creados.
XI. DE LAS CUESTIONES QUE PLANTEA
No obstante la satisfacción que nos causa la lectura de este decisorio, por la calidad
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
intelectual del mismo, no se escapa a nuestro criterio una cuestión que nos plantea, a poco
de profundizar el análisis.
XII. ALCANCE Y APLICABILIDAD DE LA LEY 25675
¿La ley 25675 solamente se aplica en supuestos de daño ambiental colectivo? Si la
respuesta es que la Ley General del Ambiente 25675 está pensada para los casos de "daño
ambiental colectivo", sin que por ello atrape los hechos que por alteración ambiental
recaigan en el patrimonio concreto de personas o de sus bienes, es que distinguimos una
normativa protectoria, que hunde sus raíces en un "Nuevo Derecho", esencialmente
preventivo/precautorio, que prioriza la recomposición del daño ambiental en sí mismo,
vocación colectiva, con fuertes resabios iuspublicísticos, elaborada principalmente para
casos de daños supraindividuales, de la clásica del daño individual, con base iusprivatista,
que persigue resarcir a la víctima, con interés legítimo creditorio, que es portadora de un
interés propio, personal, diferenciado.
En el fondo, esta cuestión subyace en el decisorio objeto de este comentario. Más allá
del excelente voto del Dr. Guillermo Céspedes, que profundiza, con prolijidad, el análisis
fáctico jurídico del caso, para dar por acreditada la concurrencia de los presupuestos o
elementos de responsabilidad, en especial, la naturaleza dual del daño ambiental. Y que se
examina, y valora, adecuadamente, de manera integral, con sutileza y aguda inteligencia la
prueba acumulada en autos, de una cuestión que afecta a la comunidad vecina: las
inmisiones negativas ambientales de un basural municipal, por la quema de residuos,
representadas por la densa humareda, malos olores, etc. que degradan el medio ambiente
aledaño. Pero que se identifica en el caso de autos en la rinitis química que padece el
demandante individual que da impulso a esta causa.
XIII. LA LEY SE APLICA A TODOS LOS SUPUESTOS DE DAÑO AMBIENTAL
Aunque nos quedamos con el interrogante del párrafo anterior, no creemos deba dejarse
de lado, sin más, el régimen específico de la Ley de Presupuesto Mínimo General del
Ambiente 25675 . El daño ambiental colectivo y el daño civil individual ¿son dos realidades,
o categorías, totalmente separadas, o, por el contrario, constituyen dos realidades
inescindibles? (como lo dijera el juez Roncoroni en un fallo memorable recaído en la causa
"Almada"). En nuestra opinión, forman las dos caras de una misma moneda. Por ello se ha
dicho que el daño ambiental es bifronte, bicéfalo. Y que, como el dios Jano, tiene dos
rostros que están unidos.
Por esta razón, según nuestra lógica jurídica, sostenemos, con criterio flexible, la
aplicación de la ley 25675 en todo aquello que se adapte a la individualidad del daño, o
guarde analogía de situación, más cuando el hecho tiene causa común. La realidad es una
sola, aunque bipolar. El régimen legal 25675 regula ambas situaciones.
XIV. COLOFÓN
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
colectivo", p. 37 y ss. "La tutela de los intereses difusos en el derecho argentino", 1999, Ed.
LEP. Corte Sup., 13/7/2004, "Asociación de Superficiarios de la Patagonia v. Yacimientos
Petrolíferos Fiscales S.A. y otros" , bajo anotación de Morello, Augusto M., "Dificultades en
el tránsito del proceso individual al colectivo", publicado en LL del 13/10/2004. Y que
recibiera amplia difusión en la Revista de Derecho Ambiental del Instituto El Derecho por un
Planeta Verde Argentina, RDAmb, n. 0, 2004, p. 169 y ss., comentario de Morello y
Cafferatta: "Las medidas cautelares hoy". Y Lugones, Juan N., "Una ventana que abre la
Corte Suprema para el ambientalismo argentino", p. 181 y ss. Pigretti, Eduardo A., "El
Derecho Ambiental como revolución social política jurídica", LL del 28/9/2004, p. 1. Saisaac,
Alberto J., "La demanda por daño ambiental colectivo en la ley 25675 : trámite,
competencia y legitimación", RDAmb, n. 0, 2004, p. 212.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________