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Artículo de

Cristóbal Rengel Díaz*


Revisión

Plan de cuidados de enfermería para


la pérdida perinatal y el aborto
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*Matrona del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria

Enfermería Docente 2010; 91: 37-43 37


Artículo de
Cristóbal Rengel Díaz*
Revisión

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38 Enfermería Docente 2010; 91: 37-43


Artículo de
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Revisión

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Enfermería Docente 2010; 91: 37-43 39


Artículo de
Cristóbal Rengel Díaz*
Revisión

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Artículo de
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