Bencilpiperazina

Salvar

La bencilpiperazina ( BZP ) es una droga

recreativa con propiedades euforizantes y estimulantes . Los efectos
producidos por BZP son comparables a los producidos por la anfetamina . Se
han informado efectos adversos después de su uso, que incluyen psicosis
aguda , toxicidad renal y convulsiones . [3] No se han informado muertes
después de la ingestión única de BZP, aunque se han producido al menos dos
muertes por la combinación de BZP y MDMA.. Su venta está prohibida en
varios países, incluidos Australia, Canadá, Nueva Zelanda, los Estados Unidos,
la República de Irlanda, el Reino Unido, Bulgaria, Rumania y otras partes de
Europa. [4] [5]
Historial de
desarrollo de historia
A menudo se afirma que BZP se sintetizó originalmente como un
potencial agente antihelmíntico (antiparasitario) para su uso en animales de
granja. [6] Sin embargo, hay algunas referencias a BZP en la literatura médica
que preceden el interés en piperazinas como antihelmínticas. Aun así, la
mayoría de los primeros trabajos con las piperazinas fueron investigaciones
sobre su uso potencial como antihelmínticos con los primeros ensayos
clínicos en la literatura relacionados con la piperacina que fueron artículos en
el British Medical Journal en la década de 1950. [7] [8] Se descubrió que BZP
tenía efectos secundariosy fue abandonado en gran parte como un tratamiento
de gusano. A continuación aparece en la literatura en la década de 1970,
cuando se investigó como un medicamento antidepresivo potencial , pero se
rechazó cuando la investigación informó que BZP tenía efectos similares a las
anfetaminas y era susceptible de abuso. El estudio sugirió que BZP "debería
estar bajo control legal similar a los que regulan el uso de anfetamina". [9]
Historia recreativa
A principios de la década de 1990, la Administración de Control de Drogas
de los Estados Unidos señaló que la droga se estaba usando recreativamente
en California. También informó que BZP estaba siendo utilizado
como adulterante en drogas ilícitas. No mucho después, hubo una explosión en
el uso de la droga en todo el mundo, una situación que pronto fue seguida por
el control legislativo en muchos países. Desde 1999, el uso de bencilpiperazina
creció marcadamente en Nueva Zelanda debido a una falta total de regulación
inicial. El gobierno de Nueva Zelanda intentó prohibir el producto a partir del 18
de diciembre de 2007, pero la segunda lectura necesaria del proyecto de ley no
se realizó a tiempo para que se aprobara la ley. [10] [11] Fue tan ampliamente
utilizado que se estima que se vendieron 5 millones de píldoras en Nueva
Zelanda en 2007. [12]Los estimulantes a base de piperazina comenzaron a
aparecer en Europa en 2000 [13] pero hasta hace poco no habían estado
disponibles en el resto del mundo. A principios de 2006, las píldoras que
contienen los ingredientes activos BZP y TFMPP comenzaron a aparecer en la
ciudad de Vancouver, Columbia Británica , Canadá, donde primero ganaron
popularidad entre los asistentes a las fiestas nocturnas como una supuesta
alternativa más segura a muchas de las drogas ilícitas comunes comúnmente
disponible allí. En 2007, las formulaciones de píldoras para fiestas a base de
piperazina comenzaron a estar ampliamente disponibles en todo el país, lo que
ha causado preocupación entre las autoridades locales, como Health
Canada.y, posteriormente, BZP ha ganado mucha atención de los medios en
2008. En los Estados Unidos, todavía se usa como un adulterante en tabletas
de imitación de éxtasis. [14]
Producción y distribución
BZP es un derivado de piperazina que se presenta como sal de hidrocloruro o
una base libre . La sal de hidrocloruro es un sólido blanco mientras que la
forma de base es un líquido ligeramente verde amarillento. La base BZP es
corrosiva y causa quemaduras. [15]
En los países donde su compra es legal, los productos BZP a menudo se
producen en pequeños laboratorios especializados. Las materias primas se
pueden comprar en varias agencias de suministro de productos químicos y se
pueden formar en tabletas o cápsulas utilizando técnicas de producción
relativamente baratas. El producto resultante puede ser comercializado en
extremadamente alta de marcado , lo que los precios usuario final puede ser
tan alto como 300 veces el costo mayor de materias primas.
BZP a menudo se comercializa aparentemente como un "suplemento dietético"
para evitar el cumplimiento de leyes más estrictas que se aplican a los
medicamentos y las drogas, a pesar de que BZP no tiene ningún valor
dietético. A fines de 2005, la Ley de Abuso de Drogas aseguró que ya no se
puede clasificar ni comercializar como un suplemento dietético en Nueva
Zelanda. [10] Algunos minoristas afirman que BZP es un producto "natural",
describiéndolo como un "extracto de pimienta" o "hierba alta", cuando en
realidad la droga es completamente sintética , [12] y no se ha encontrado que
ocurra de forma natural. [dieciséis]
Farmacodinámica
BZP has been shown to have a mixed mechanism of action, acting on
the serotonergic and dopaminergic receptor systems in a similar fashion
to MDMA.[17] BZP has amphetamine-like actions on the serotonin reuptake
transporter, which increase serotonin concentrations in the extracellular
fluids surrounding the cell and thereby increasing activation of the surrounding
serotonin receptors.[18] BZP has a lower potency effect on the noradrenaline
reuptake transporter and the dopamine reuptake transporter.[17] BZP has a
high affinity action at the alpha2-adrenoreceptor, it is an antagonist at the
receptor, like yohimbine, which inhibits negative feedback, causing an increase
in released noradrenaline.[19]
BZP also acts as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist on a wide variety of
serotonin receptors;[18] binding to 5HT receptors may explain its mild
hallucinogenic effects at high doses, while partial agonist or antagonist effects
at the 5HT receptors may explain some of BZPs peripheral side effects, as this
receptor is expressed very densely in the gut, and binding to 5HT receptors
may explain the common side effect of headaches, as this receptor is known to
be involved in the development of migraine headaches.
Effects

Typical pupil dilation

The effects of BZP are largely similar to amphetamines,[3][20] with one study
finding that former amphetamine addicts were unable to distinguish
between dextroamphetamine and BZP administered intravenously.[9] Users
report alertness, euphoria and a general feeling of well being. The perception of
certain sensations such as taste, colour or music may be subjectively
enhanced. The average duration is longer than that of dextroamphetamine,
typically lasting 4–6 hours with reports as long as 8 hours depending on the
dose.[21] A recent study has shown that mixtures of BZP with other piperazine
drugs such as TFMPP share certain pharmacodynamic traits with MDMA.[22]
Subjective effects
Upon ingestion of between 50 mg and 200 mg of BZP, the user may experience
any or all of the following:
Initial Effects:[3][21][23][24]

 Feelings of euphoria, wonder, amazement, well-being, energy and elation

 Rapid mood elevation
 Enhanced sociability
 Enhanced appreciation of music
 Increased desire to move, also slight increase in stereotypy
 Skin tingling
 Decreased appetite
 Repetitive thought patterns
 Actual and perceived changes in body temperature
 Mild jaw clenching/bruxism
 Increased heart rate
 Dilation of pupils (see photo)
 Nausea
 Flushing
 Mild xerostomia (dry mouth)
 Slight urinary incontinence, often described as "leaking" a small amount
of urine after urinating (not due to loss of bladder control)

Later Effects:[23]

 Mild headache
 Nausea
 Hangover-like symptoms (common with high doses)
 Fatigue
 Indigestion (similar to acid indigestion/heartburn)
 Increased hunger (and sometimes thirst)
 Insomnia
 Confusion
 Depression (particularly with frequent/heavy use)

Tolerance
Research into BZP's tolerance is sparse. Anecdotal evidence from online
sources claim tolerance to the central action of BZP will develop
quickly.[19] Due to tiredness associated with the body's recovery from
stimulants, such as BZP, it is uncommon for users to be able to sustain a week-
long intake.
Toxic effects

An impure 'ecstasy' tablet – seized by law enforcement in the United States – containing BZP, methamphetamine, and caffeine

As with most sympathomimetic stimulantsthere appear to be significant side

effects associated with BZP use. BZP reportedly produces insomnia and a mild
to severe hangover after the drug effect wears off,[23] however, some
manufacturers in New Zealand have started including recovery pills which
contain 5-HTP and vitamins which allegedly ease these hangovers.
The major side effects include dilated pupils, blurred vision, dryness of the
mouth, extreme alertness, pruritus, confusion, agitation, tremor, extrapyramidal
symptoms (dystonia, akathisia), headache, dizziness, anxiety, insomnia,
vomiting, chest
pain, hallucinations, paresthesia, tachycardia, hypertension, palpitations,
collapse, hyperventilation, sweating, hyperthermia and problems with urine
retention.[3][23][25][26][27] The more severe toxic effects include psychosis or
adverse psychiatric events,[28][29] renal toxicity,[16] respiratory
failure,[3]hyperthermia,[3] serotonin
syndrome,[3] rhabdomyolysis[30] and seizure.[23][26] Blood benzylpiperazine
concentrations have been measured either to confirm clinical intoxication or as
part of a medicolegal death investigation.[31]
Christchurch study
The majority of the toxic effects information came from a study conducted
between 1 April 2005 to 1 September 2005. The study recorded all
presentations associated with party pill use at the Emergency
Department of Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand by recording them on a
prospective data collection form. The aim was to study the patterns of human
toxicity related to the use of benzylpiperazine-based 'party pills'. 61 patients
presented on 80 occasions. Patients with mild to moderate toxicity experienced
symptoms such as insomnia, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, dystonia
and urinary retention. Significantly, fourteen toxic seizures were recorded with
two patients suffering life-threatening toxicity with status epilepticus and severe
respiratory and metabolic acidosis. It was concluded that BZP appears to
induce toxic seizures in neurologically normal subjects.[26]The results of this
study and others like it[23][27] showed that BZP can cause unpredictable and
serious toxicity in some individuals, but the data and dosage collection were
reliant on self reporting by drug users, which may result in under-reporting (or
over-reporting), and there were complicating factors like the frequent presence
of alcohol and other drugs.[27]
Risk of fatality
A retrospective study carried out at an Auckland emergency department found
that BZP presentations only made a minor contribution to their overdose
database with most cases not producing any significant toxicity.[27] Several
cases where BZP individually or combined with alcohol or other medicines or
illicit drugs resulting in complications exist. One such example is the well
publicised case of a combination of BZP and MDMAby a 23-year-old
from Greymouth, New Zealand. Ben Rodham, a DJ, ingested a combination of
BZP and MDMA in February 2007, which nearly resulted in his death. Rodham
was put into an induced coma in an effort to prevent him from dying. He later
recovered.[32]
In a case in Zurich in 2001 a 23-year-old who had taken BZP and ecstasy
(MDMA) died from a massive cerebral edema 57 hours after hospital
admission.[33]
Addictive effects
One in every 45 (2.2%) last-year users of BZP in New Zealand is classed as
dependent upon it, although 97.9% of users said that "it would not be difficult to
stop using legal party pills", and 45.2% of people who reported using both BZP
and illegal drugs such as methamphetamine reported that they used BZP so
that they did not have to use methamphetamine, which was perceived as more
harmful.[34] Still, most of the people who use BZP, even though they say it is
quite easy to stop, do not want to, and continue to use the drug, feeling that it
helps them to reach higher levels of mood, sociability, and energy.[34] Studies
undertaken on animals have indicated that BZP can substitute for
methamphetamine in addicted rats, although it is one-tenth as potent and
produces correspondingly weaker addictive effects.[35]
Legal issues
The drug was classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United
States in 2002,[15] following a report by the DEA which incorrectly stated that
BZP was 10 to 20 times more potent than amphetamine,[36]when in fact BZP is
ten times less potent than dexamphetamine.[37] BZP is banned in all Australian
states. Victoria, the last state in which it was legal, changed its classification on
1 September 2006.[38] This is the date BZP and piperazine analogs become
illegal in the federal schedules which are now enacted by all Australian states
and territories. BZP is also a banned substance in Japan, along with TFMPP.
Both Australia and Japan admit that their scheduling decisions were made
primarily in response to the Schedule 1 classification given to BZP in the USA,
although some instances of BZP use had been reported by law enforcement
authorities in both countries. BZP is also banned in Greece, Poland, Italy,
Ireland, Malta, Estonia, Denmark and Sweden.[12][39]
In Canada, Benzylpiperazine and salts of benzylpiperazine are classified as
Schedule III controlled substances under the Controlled Drugs and Substances
Act.[40]
Piperazine and salts of piperazine are classified as Prescription Only
Medicines in the UK. Any products containing salts of piperazine would be
licensable under the Medicines Act[41] and consequently anyone manufacturing
and supplying it legally must hold the relevant licenses to do so. BZP is not a
salt of piperazine, but mislabelling of BZP products as containing "piperazine
blend" resulted in some prosecutions of suppliers in the UK by the Medicines
and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, although none were
successful.[42] In May 2009, the Home Officeannounced plans to ban
BZP,[43] and launched a consultation on the proposal.[44] In October 2009, it
was announced that from 23 December 2009, BZP and related piperazines
would be Class C drugs under the Misuse Of Drugs Act.[45]
BZP is not controlled under any UN convention, so the compounds themselves
are legal throughout most of the world, although in most countries their use is
restricted to pharmaceutical manufacturing and recreational use is
unknown.[46]
Benzylpiperazine is, however, to be the subject of a European Monitoring
Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) risk assessment, the results of
which may determine what, if any, control will placed on BZP throughout the
European Union. The risk assessment comes about as the result of a joint
Europol – EMCDDA report which concluded that BZP needs to be looked at in
more detail. The results were published in June 2007.[47] The report concluded
that the use of BZP can lead to medical problems even if the long effects are
still unknown. Taking this concession as a basis, the European Commission has
decided to ask the Council to place BZP under control of the UN Convention on
Psychotropic Substances.[48] On 4 March 2008, the EU requested countries to
place BZP under control within a year[49] and France complied in May
2008.[50]
Based on the recommendation of the EACD, the New Zealand government has
passed legislation which placed BZP, along with the other piperazine
derivatives TFMPP, mCPP, pFPP, MeOPP and MBZP, into Class C of the New
Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. A ban was intended to come into effect in
New Zealand on 18 December 2007, but the law change did not go through
until the following year, and the sale of BZP and the other listed piperazines
became illegal in New Zealand as of 1 April 2008. An amnesty for possession
and usage of these drugs was in effect until October 2008, at which point they
became completely illegal.[51]
Chemical derivatives

 Pharmaceuticals
o Befuraline – Antidepressant
o Bifeprunox – Antipsychotic
o Buclizine – Antihistamine
o Chlorbenzoxamine – Gastrointestinal agent
o Fipexide – Nootropic
o Imatinib – Anticancer agent
o Meclozine – Antihistamine
o Piberaline – Antidepressant
o Piribedil – Antiparkinsonian agent
o Trimetazidine – Antianginal
o Vesnarinone – Cardiotonic
 Designer drugs
o 4-Methyl-1-benzylpiperazine (MBZP)
o 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine (2C-B-BZP)
o 1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine (DBZP)
o 3,4-Methylenedioxy-1-benzylpiperazine (MDBZP)

Befuraline, fipexide, and piberaline are all known to metabolize to BZP.

All diphenylmethylpiperazines are also technically benzylpiperazines.
See also

 Phenylpiperazine
 Diphenylmethylpiperazine
 Pyrimidinylpiperazine

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50. "Classment comme stupefient de la BZP" .
51. "Proyecto de Ley de Enmienda al Uso Indebido de Drogas (Clasificación de
BZP)" (PDF) . Parlamento de Nueva Zelanda. 20 de agosto de
2007 . Consultado el 2008-05-26 .

enlaces externos

 Erowid BZP Vault

 Historia de New Scientist: drogas que alteran la mente: ¿significa seguro el
significado legal?