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Tema 3 Pds PDF
Tema 3 Pds PDF
1
Definicion y propiedades. Causalidad y estabilidad
Definicion: Definicin
La Transformada
Definicion y propiedades. y uso
Causalidad
Z yde en unaPDS. Juega elx(n)
senal discreta
estabilidad
mismose papel en procesado digital
efine como la serie de potencias: de seales que la Transformada de Laplace
Dada una Zsecuencia
efinicion: La Transformada discreta
de una senal discretax(n)
x(n)se se en el anlisis de sistemas continuos.
Z-3
fine como la serie de potencias: !
define su transformada Z como
n Z - 3
sform of a General X(z)
=
Signal x(n)z Usos ms comunes.
n x[n]:
! donde z es una
X(z) = x(n)z
nsform of a General Signal n=
n=
x[n]:
variable compleja.
Obtencin de expresiones entrada-salida.
nde z esz una
onde es variable
una variable compleja
compleja (z C). (z C).
omenclaturas: Tambien se denota como X(z) Z{x(n)} y
Nomenclaturas: Tambien se denota como X(z) Z{x(n)} y
Simplificacin de estructuras.
relacion entre x(n) y X(z) se indica con:
relacion entre x(n) zy X(z) se indica
Representaciones con:
ms usuales
x(n) X(z)
z Implementacin de estructuras.
onvergencia: Como la TZ esx(n)
una serie X(z)
infinita de potencias,
lo existe cuando se da la convergencia de la serie de potencias
Convergencia:
egion de convergencia Como la TZ
(Region es una serieROC).
of Convergence, infinita de potencias,
Resolucion de ecuaciones en diferencias
efinida por el conjunto de valores de z que hacen X(z) finita.
olo existe cuando se da la convergencia de la serie de potencias
!
n
|x(n)z | <
Region deX(z) =
convergencia
n=
(Region of Convergence, ROC).
Puente entre el diseo analgico y digital
efinida por el conjunto de valores de z que hacen X(z) finita.
onsecuencia: Siempre que hablemos de una TZ hay que dar su (transformacin bilineal e impulso-invariante)
Procesado Digital de Seales.4 Ingeniera Electrnica.
SignalsUniversitat
& Systems de Valncia. Profesor Emilio Soria. NTU-EE
OC. Signals & Systems
! NTU-EE 2
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n= #$
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Procesado Digital de Seales.4 Ingeniera Electrnica.
Universitat de Valncia. Profesor Emilio Soria.
3
! !
! k= #$ k= #$
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Scaling in z z0n x[n] X(z/z0 ) |z0 |Rx
dX(z)
Differentiation nx[n] z Rx
dz
in z
Time-reversal x[n] X(1/z) 1/Rx
Conjugation x [n] X (z ) Rx
Symmetry Im{x[n]} = 0 X(z) = X (z )
(real)
Symmetry Re{x[n]} = 0 X(z) = X (z) !
(imag) "
Convolution x1 [n] x2 [n] X1 (z)X2 (z) Rx1 Rx2#
Initial value x[n] = 0, n < 0 x[0] = lim X(z)
z $
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&
los puntos en los que 1/z pertenece a Rx
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Procesado Digital de Seales.4 Ingeniera Electrnica.
Universitat de Valncia. Profesor Emilio Soria.
5
Transformadas Z comunes. z TABLE 3.1 SOME COMMON -TRANSFORM PAIRS
Sequence Transform ROC
1. [n] 1 All z
1
2. u[n] |z| > 1
1 z1
1
3. u[n 1] |z| < 1
1 z1
4. [n m] zm All z except 0 (if m > 0)
or (if m < 0)
1
5. a n u[n] |z| > |a|
1 az1
1
6. a n u[n 1] |z| < |a|
1 az1
az1
7. na n u[n] |z| > |a|
(1 az1 )2
az1
8. na n u[n 1] |z| < |a|
(1 az1 )2
1 [cos 0 ]z1
9. [cos 0 n]u[n] |z| > 1
1 [2 cos 0 ]z1 + z2
[sin 0 ]z1
10. [sin 0 n]u[n] |z| > 1
1 [2 cos 0 ]z1 + z2
1 [r cos 0 ]z1
11. [r n cos 0 n]u[n] |z| > r
1 [2r cos 0 ]z1 + r 2 z2
[r sin 0 ]z1
12. [r n sin 0 n]u[n] |z| > r
1 [2r cos 0 ]z1 + r 2 z2
!
a n , 0 n N 1, 1 a N zN
13. |z| > 0
0, otherwise 1 az1
6
From Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e
by Oppenheim, Schafer, and Buck
Polos de la Transformada Z-Tipo de seal.
entre{ ( )}los
) ( polos
) de la
ZI I u nT =
n=0
u nT z ! n =
1
=
z
1 ! z !1 z ! 1
z >1
transformada
{ ( )} ) ( Z y ) el tipo de
ZI I !u !nT ! T =!
!1
n = !(
u !nT ! T z ! n
seal que da )
lugar a dicha " 0
= !$
%
z ! n ! 1'
$# n = !( '&
transformada. (
1 z
) =1! zn =1! =
1! z z !1
z <1
FIGURE 6.4.3
APLICACIN DIRECTA EN n=0 FIGURE 6.4.3
Example
Although their Z-transform is identical their ROC is different. Therefore, to find the inverse Z-transform
(continued)
EL DISEO DE SISTEMAS
the region of convergence must also be given. The Z-transform of the functions of u(nT) and u(nT T) are
Therefore, F ( z ) se puede z
( ) = A1 A+ A2 A + ! + AN
3
Expansion n
Esta integracin =
+
z
calcular de forma ms
z=! p1 1 z+! p2 2 z ! pN
# : z (> de pk )Variable
(causal) signal
Lian 2004 Z $
# 1
!1 %
Signals & =
Systems
( ) ( ) (
'% % pk u nT sencilla
where all
zA
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3
are
if ROC
z !
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z
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NTU-EE
z ! 1 ( z
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z +
z
3
! 1 usando
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1 )
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veamos estez
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clculo be determined.
de forma mas prctica.
or5 term
,f A n " 0 = !4
n n
=F!inverse = == 5signal
( ) ( (( )) ( ( ) ( ( ) ))(( )
n i
pN of a proper function F(z)%&1 !are z !1different,
pk all %) % p thenu we expand
1The zT =it5 Z-transform
in
if the
ROC!form
4: zof the p nT
anticausal
2(6.7.4) 2 given! 4by1
Expansin en fracciones & k
!
) ( ) <
z ! 2z( z!+z23!) (1z !z 2!)1 k
A =
kth
z=2
= 5 n, A2 =
of is
(z +z3)!(z2! 1)z ! 1
z =1
)= !4
1
If the signal ()
F z is causal,
A1 the (b)
AROC
2
If is !z!
F(z) =
>Az(z
pmax
N
+
, 3)/(z
where 2 3z + z2)
pmax = !#%with
max{!p
1
( )( )
2 z11!!,11!p<'%2 !,!z!#%, !puthen
z = 2 ( k ) N(
>p 2, !}. )
nT In z ! 2case,
following
this z !ROC
if exactly(
1all terms
: z the
z =1
)( )
(
> pksame signal)
causalprocedure
= + + ! + !
Z $ ( 6. 7.4)
( $=
in (6.7.4) result pTherefore,
zin!causal
z signal
! p components.
n
z 1 z!p 2 N
%&1 ! pk z !1 %) % p u !nT ! T ( ) ( )
if ROC : z < p anticausal signal (
& k k
Therefore, z z
Example Ejemplo
own constants to be determined. () F z = 5
z!2
! 4
If the signal is causal, the ROC is !z! > pmax, where pmax = max{!p1 !, !p2 !, , !pN !}. In this case
z !1
(a) If F(z) = z(z
sform of the kth term of (6.7.4) is given by + 3)/(z 2 3z + 2) with !z!in>(6.7.4) 2 then z
result in causal z
signal components. n n n
! n
!
!Y (z) = Y (z)
! 1 " 0.5 # z
#
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11""( 0.5) ## zz"1 11"" 1
3
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(
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( )
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y(n) = , 3 " % ( ) 2 "*% (## /1"&&u(n)n # 1 &n - n -
! 2 'y(n) =,$, 3 '" % /.1( ) 2 " % #(1 /&" u(n)
,+ $ y(n)
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1 1 A ! B ,+ $ ' 2 $ '3 /.
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10
!
3 2 !
Y (z) = "
1 " 0.5 # z "1 1 " 1 # z "1 !
P ( BP(|AA| B)) =" P(A) !
P(B)
H (z) = e P ( B | A) " P(A) k
P ( A | B) = !
P ( A | Es ) "!P(Es )
P ( )
A | B =
f (0) P(B)
# n
! !
PP(B)
( E s | A) = f (x) =H$(z) = e " x "z "1 n
P ( A | E ) " P(E ) ! n!
P( E | A) = # P ( Ek ) "!P( A | Ek ) s s n=0
s P ( A | E ) " P(E ) # n
! Z inversa. Mtodos (II)
Transformada P( E | A) = f (0) f s(x) = $ " xn
s s
P ( E | A) =
La estrategia consiste en expandir la transformada
s
seguidamente igualar
H (z) = e"1
esta=expansin a la definicin de Transformada
n=0
" x
%
$de Z para,
Z"1
( "1 )
n
n
! !!
H (z) e"z ! e
H (z) = en=0
= "z
n!
# x
Ejemplo
Se pide determinar la
El teorema
f f(x)
podemos
# de
k f
(x)= =descomponer
# P(E$)$" P( A | E )
# Taylor
(0)
n
n f (0)
nos asegura
n k
! que
x ! funcione"z =
" x "cualquier
n "1
$
(
#"1 )n
n
f (0) # z "1 n
n =
$
( "1 )
%
n
# ( ) % (
k
secuencia discreta que da f(x) usando n! n!
sus derivadas n-simas en el
n=0n=0
f (x) = $ n!
$
n!
"
n
x $ n! n
!! ! !
n=0
"1
e"z n=0 =%
( "1 ) n=0
n
# ( z "1 ) =%
( "1 )
lugar a la siguiente origen de la siguiente forma.
n=0
n! n=0
n!
transformada Z. $ n $
(
$ "1 ) n $
( )
n
!"z
"1 e "x
e " =
x
=
"1 # x n
# x n %% ( )
H (z)
e " x =
= %
"1
x(n) "# xz n
#n
% ( )
H (z) = e ! n=0
n=0
n!
n!
! !
!
H (z)
$
n!
n=0 = % x(n) " ( z )
n=#$ #n
f (x) = $ !
aplicar lo visto "1 "1
e " =x% $
"z
$ !( ) = ( ) % n!
%= n! # u(n) "n "z
#
anteriormente
! ( ) # z "1 = ( ) # z "n
n! "1 "1 n n! "1
n=0 n! e "z
= % n! ( ) % n! ( )n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0
! n=#$ $
n=#$
$ n
H (z) = x(n) " z #n
H (z) =
"1 2
(1" p # z ) 1 1
Properties of the z-Transform
= = "1 21 2
Z - 39
H (z) =
H (z)
H (z)
1"(1" (
p # z1"
! Differentiation p
( the
#
inz
p ) )
# )z z-Domain:
"1 "1 2
dG(z) "1
(1"
1
p # z ) 12
! "z # = z # p# 2
! !
dz 1 "1
1
! Time
z
"1
"1
# p # 1
Shifting: $ n # g(n) = n # pn n # u(n)
z # p # 1" p # z "1 2 $ n # g(n) = n # p # u(n)
2
( p # z "1 ))
(1"
!!
"1
1 1 n"1
Anlisis de sistemas L.T.I usandoz la z"1
# # Transformada $ n #
"1 2 $ n # p
2 n"1 Z.
p # u(n)
# u(n)
( (1"pp#la#zz"1Transformada
Por el momento no hemos aplicado al anlisis de sistemas discretos
! 1" ) ) Z. La manera de
!
enlazar el anlisis de los sistemas discretos con la transformada Z va a venir dado por dos propiedades
"#$%&$'($)*$%!!"" +&%*,--,)./%0$1$00$2%3,%4&%+-5(.&$% 11 $ ( n +1) # p n
n # u(n +1)
0$&5,)&$ ,1%3#$%6"7%&/&3$-8 "1 2 $ ( n +1) # p # u(n +1)
2
( p#z )
(1"
1" p # z
"1
)
[n] LTI h[n]
!! Una forma usual de describir un sistema discreto
1 system es mediante una ecuacin en diferencias.
N P
N P
n n
y(n)== $aak" "yy(n(n##kk) )++$bbs" "xx(n(n##s)s)
!!
y(n) $k $s
y(n)=x(n)!h(n)
9)%+-5,034)3%50,5$03/%,1%*,):,.(3+,); k=1
k=1
s=o
s=o
Aplicando la propiedad se tiene (condiciones
Feng-Li Lian 2004 Signals & Systems NTU-EE
iniciales=0)
%% N (
N P
#k( P
! 3#$%!"#$" +)%<#+*#%3<,%&$'($)*$&%40$%*,):,.:$2%+&% Y (z) " '1# $ a " #k * = X(z) " $ b " z
z
Y (z) " '1# $ ak k" z * = X(z) " $ bs s" z
#s
#s
()+-5,034)3=
Y(z)=H(z)$X(z) !! !
H (z) = = s=oN
!!
que nos va a servir para analizar los X(z) % (
'1# $ ak " z *
#k
sistemas L.T.I discretos.
Procesado Digital de Seales.4 Ingeniera Electrnica. & k=1 )
Universitat de Valncia. Profesor Emilio Soria.
13
Anlisis de sistemas L.T.I usando la Transformada Z.
Causalidad. P
La transformada Z de una seal estrictamente causal, vale
#s 0 para
P
De X(z) no me preocupo (?) si me fijo en la parte de H(z) y aplico g(n) = p n " u(n)
Transformadas Z inversa (recordando que segn los polos sean simples no no
se tiene )
g(n) =!p " u(n) g(n) = n s#1 " p n " u(n)
!
g(n) = n s#1
" p n
" u(n)
As pues si se busca una salida acotada la nica forma es que |p|<1 (y si |p|=1 que pasara?).
Un sistema es estable si la Transformada Z de la respuesta
! impulsional tiene
todos los polos dentro de la circunferencia de radio unidad (cualquiera que sea
su orden de!multiplicidad).
Procesado Digital de Seales.4 Ingeniera Electrnica.
Universitat de Valncia. Profesor Emilio Soria.
14
From Transfer Function to Difference Equation
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,
already know that diferentes formas Direct
we can represent a difference equation Form YY(z)
we (z) I==H(z)X(z),
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!
ax[n]
a0x[n] " ! z1 ! x[n 1] #
! ! ' &
x[n] a1 y[n 1] aN y[n
# # " y[n]
N]). &
a1 y[n ! 1]$ z1 aN y[n N]).
x2 [n] Addition Multiplication z1 Delay ' '
s, we " first derive the Multiplicador
transfer function (cte)and b! 1 !!"$
z-transform #+% & "
'( these !"$
#+% &'($ a %$ 1
rence
!"! #
$
x
equation.
1 [n] The a offers insight into possible arrangements
of
+&%'( !
elements.
! ! !
z1
" ! # #
&
"
+x2 [n]
ence equation, we need x[n] three elements: ax[n] x[n] x[n z1 1] # z1
'
Addition Multiplication ! Delay $
Retardo.
" bM1 &'( % !"$ &'($ aN1
z-transform
a! ! offers ! insight z1 into possible
! arrangements
" of these
! !!"$
#+% #+% $
"
n] ax[n] x[n] x[n 1] # # #
ments. z1 & z1
Multiplication Delay $
Procesado Digital de Seales.4 Ingeniera Electrnica. bM ! ' a$ N
s insight into possible arrangements of these
Universitat de Valncia. Profesor Emilio Soria. %
However,
& this not the only possible realisation. 15
'
requires additional
Integrated realeach
Circuit) then estate in the
adder, design.
multiplier and delay element
Ak in the design.
requires additional real estate
In implementing
Y (z) = $
a digital filter+ in software on, say, a DSP, each
O(X(z))
elec3600
In implementing
element a digital filter s software on, say, a DSP, each
"1 in
! requires(1"Akpk # z )execution time or memory.
additional
Y (z)requires
element
k
= $
additional + O(X(z))
"1 sexecution time or memory.
k (1"ofpkthe
! An examination # z number
) of elements provides some mea-
An examination of the number of elements provides some mea-
sure of the
sure of thecost
cost
n ofof
thethe system.
system.
g(n) =lanpTransformada
" u(n)
Direct Form II Anlisis de sistemas L.T.I usando
Given
Given aa rational
rationaltransfer
transfer Z. Estructuras.
function
function g(n) = p "s#1
u(n)
La siguiente es la que se!
To see another possible realisation, write ! conoce g(n) = n " p n
" u(n) b0 +bb01 z
+1b+ 1 + b z M
1 z + + bM zM
M
Yg(n) = nH(z)X(z),
(z) = " p " u(n) 5/7H(z)a= Y (z) = H(z)X(z),
s#1 n
,H(z) = ,
ealisation, como forma directa II o cannica +aa z
+ a z
1 + 1
+
+ a
z
N
+ a z N
! write " X(z)
0 01 1 N N
Y (z) M we can
can write
5/7 this
1 in thethe
time domain as a difference equation: !
" = bDirect + bM zII W (z), W (z) = we
0 + Form
X(z)
write1this. in time domain as a difference equation:
a0 + w(n)
+ aN=z " x(n) # a " w(n #1) + ...# a " w(n # N ) ( ( )
N
elec3600
zM W (z), W (z) = a0w(n)
y[n] = .
+ "+x(n)
a aN y[n# a1 "N]
w(n1 = #1) + ...#
b0 x[n] + aN +
" w(n # N) M].
bMNx[n " )
To see a0an
another + + a Nz
intermediate
possible realisation,
step,write
a0 y[n] +N +
a0 0save N a y[n N] = b 0 x[n] + + b M x[n M].
elec3600
By calculating w[n] as we can actually #
onintermediate
the number of delay
! weelements "!
!
required.
We can then write this as a recursive equation,
5/7 so that
s an step, can actually M save We can then write X(z) this as a recursive equation, so that $
ay elements
Y (z) = b0 + + bM z W (z), W (z) y(n)
= =1=
y(n) b
a0(b
b " " w(n)
w(n) +
aN
+
...+ ...+
zN
b . "bw(n" w(n
# M )# M )
This leadsrequired.
to the Direct Form II realisation (here, y[n]N= = M): 0x[n]
0+ 0 ++ +M bM x[n
M M] %
elec3600
1
a0
y[n] = (b0 x[n] + + bM x[n M] &
ct Form II realisation (here, w[n]
By calculating N =w[n]as an intermediate step,awe
M): ! 0 can
Estaactually save
a
estructura 1 y[n
se 1]
basa en aN y[n N]).
utilizar
on the number &'( 1/a of
! 0 delay b! 0! !"! #
elements &'( required.
!"! $
#+% $+% ! a y[n 1] a y[n N]).'
los retardos de
1 la variable N
w[n] x[n] $ " $ y[n]
$
#+% &(' 1/a
! 0 This
b! 0 leads
!"! #$+% &'( to the Direct ! z 1 Form ! II realisation (here, N = M):
intermedia, w(n) a la hora de
$
" $ y[n]
a b
!
!"$
#+% &'(# # 1 !1 w[n]
!"! #
$
+% &'( calcular la salida
! del sistema y(n).
1
z $
!!"$
"
#% &'( 1/a 0 $ b 0 !!"#
$+% &'(
1+
! !
Este !
hecho se
" traduce en un ahorro
a 1 b 1 x[n] z " y[n]
$
#+% &'(# # ! !"! #
$+% &'( $ ! $
$ " $ z 1
en el nmero
# de retardos
z1 a# 1 b! 1 "
!"$
#+% &'(# aN1
#
!"$
$
&'(b
#+% # N1
! "!! #
$+% &"'(
!!"#
$+%
$
&'( necesarios para
$ la implementacin
!
$ " $
z1
# del sistema% discreto "de tal forma
bN1 z1
$
#+% &'(# aN1 "!! #
$+%
&'( $ que esta estructura es #la que menos
# !
a# N bN &
$ " $ !
!"$
#+&
%'(# a N1 bN1
! % !!"#
$+% &'( retardos necesita.
$
z1
# '
$ " $
b
Procesado Digital de Seales.4 Ingeniera Electrnica.
a# N N & %
Universitat
! de Valncia. Profesor Emilio Soria. z1
a# N bN ! ' & 16
'
Ak
Y (z) = $ "1 A
s
+ O(X(z))
Cascade !
Form
Cascade Form k Y(1"
(z) =p$
k #z )
k
"1 s
+ O(X(z))
! k (1" pk # z )
Yet
Yetanother
anotherrealisation ispossible
realisation is possiblewhen
when H(z)
H(z) is factorised
is factorised as (again
as (again
Cascade Form M 6/7
Anlisis de sistemas assuming
L.T.I usando
assuming M= = N):
la Transformada
N): n Z. Estructuras. 6/7
elec3600
assuming M = N): H(z)
H(z)= = H11(z) HH
(z)! NN (z),
(z), 6/7
HknH
(z)(z)
= =n
ks#1 . .
cascada; si la funcin de a
a0 s#1
g(n) = n " 1
p "1d!
k zdk z
u(n)1 1
g(n) = n " p " u(n)
b0 1 ck z1
elec3600
H(z) = H(z)H1 (z)se HN (z),
puede ThisH
This k (z) =
leads
leads to a
to a cascade. form:
transferencia a0 1 cascade
dk z1 form: Aplicando una estructura
H1 (z)
1 HN (z)
factorizar detolaasiguiente
This leads forma
cascade form:
b0 /a
H1 (z) 1 !"$#%&'( a "a( x(n)
w(n) =
canonica cada a1 " w(nse
#bloque
HN (z) #1) + ...# a N " w(n
H1 (z) b0 /a
x[n] !
! 0
0
!!"$
!!"$
#+%
#+% &'(
&$ (' HN (z)
w(n) +
" !
! "
!$
#= &
%
!!"$#
(
'
$+%&'( (
" x(n)
+!"$
#+% &'( 0# a
" w(n #1)
tiene
1
"
"
!
! $
# &
% (
'
+ !"! #+
$+ '( ...# a N! " w(n
&y[n]
%
!
$ a
$ $
b0 /a
! 0 !!"$
#+% &'(
x[n]
!!"#
$%&'( !"$
#%&'(
$ "
z1 !"! #
$+%&'( ! 0
$ z1
" $ y[n]
+ +
x[n] $ " $ $
! d
"
#1
z 1
$ c1 y[n] wk (n) =dx#Nk (n) +zdck ! N" wk (n #1)
1
Parallel Form
Parallel Form z 1
zParallel
d
1
#1
Form
c! 1
!
dN cN
y (n) w (n) c cN
" w ! (n #1)
#
y (n) x (n) = c x # (n k + adrational
k # yk (n !"1)
d# 1 d#N
UnderUnder certain
certain conditions,
conditions, we have
we have found
found that
We
that we wecancan
combine
write
!
complex
write a
c! 1
Under certain
arational
rational
kzeros
!
= k
and poles with
"
conditions,kwe have found k #
k their that "1)
k wekcomplex
can write
con- 7/7
transfer function in a partial fraction expansion:
transfer
transfer function
function
Wein
Estructuraa inena partial
partial
combine fraction
fraction
complex
paralelo; zeros We
expansion:
ahoraand combine
expansion:
jugate
poles
H(z) pairs
sewith
puede complex
tofactorizar
their avoid
complex zeros
implementing
con- and 7/7poles
7/7 ! complex
de la siguiente with
forma their complex
arithmetic in hard- con- " !
Ak
jugate
ware. pairsarithmetic
toAkavoid implementing HNcomplex arithmetic (n.in#1)
hard- #
elec3600
H(z)in H1 (z) + y = Ak " xHkk(z)
k"(n) (n)
jugate pairs to avoid implementing complex =hard- + (z), =+ d " y 1 "
! A 1 k dk zk
elec3600
H(z) = H (z) + + H (z), H (z) = k . ypairs
k (n) Ak "#parallel
=zeros, xck+1
k (n) c+k ,d " ypoles,
k (n #1)
elec3600
H(z) = ware.
H1 (z) + + HN (z), ware.
H (z) = . leads
1 N k
kThat is, for
1 dzkThis
z1
conjugate ! of
directly to the =form and
of dk+1 =
k implementation: #
1 d
k
1 $
This leads directly to the parallel formd
That is, for conjugate pairs of zeros,
That , cwe
kof is, = ck , andH
k+1 combine
for poles,
conjugate
implementation:
dk+1 H
k (z) pairs
and =k+1 (z)$to Hobtain
of zeros, c
1 (z) = c
, and poles, dk+1 =
En estas dos estructuras, en el caso de tener
This leads directly
to the parallel
dk , we combine Hk (z) andform
Hk+1of !
implementation:
(z) to obtain
k+1 k
A" 1
% $
H (z)
d k , we combine Hk (z) and
x[n] 1 H !"" #
2 k+1
Re
$+%
! {c(z)
&'( %
k }z to obtain
1 2
# + |c | z 2
k
"!"$
#+% &'(
y[n]
"
&
polos complejosH1se 1asocian por
(z)1 2Re{ck }z1 + |ckHpares 2
| z 2 (z) !
k,k+1 = & 1 z1 2 2
.
!
%
H k,k+1
"!"#
$
+%&'( (z) = A 1 "!"$
#+%&2'( 2 . 1 2Re
1 2Re{c {d k }z
d$ 1 }z +
1|d | z
+k|ck | z22 '
conjugados
x[n]
"!"#
$+%
para
&'( !
dar
estructuras
1 2A
# Re
" 1
"
{d kde
}z orden
1 +"!"$|d
#+% &'(Hk |2. z
! k,k+1y[n](z)
"
"
= ' k
.
&
x[n] ! #
z 1 ! ! y[n] 1 2Re{dk }z + |dk | z 1 2 2 ! '
De forma encubierta
d$ 1z1
estamos aplicando HN (z) "
propiedades dedla$ 1 convolucin (asociativa y "!" $
#+%
!
&'(
#
A" N
#
distributiva para ser exactos). ! z 1 $
HN (z) !" d$ N %
Procesado Digital de Seales.4 Ingeniera Electrnica.
Universitat de Valncia. Profesor Emilio H N (z)
Soria. A" N "# &
"!" $
#+% &'( Again, complex conjugate poles should be combined.
"!"$
#+% &'(
! #
A" N 17 '
# z 1 #$
!
d$N 1 $%
z
x(n) = $ ' ( u(n) ) X (z) = 1" 3 # z ( ) ( )
1 * x(n)(=z 1
3 ( )
$ "' (3u(n) # z ) X (z) =
# 3&
3 3
1* 1 ( ( )
z *1
2 Y (z) =
# 33&
"
2 1*(
Y (z) = 3 "1 " 2
! 1
Y (z) = 1 " 0.5Y#(z) z "1 ( ( ))
"1 " 1 1 #!z "1 1
1 " 0.5 # z = A 1 " 13"1 ## z "1B1 =
1 "A0.5 # z "1 1 "B 1 # z "1
+
( ) 3
Y (z) = ! #
! 1
= 1 " 0.5 # z 3 1 "
+ ( ) 3
#z "1 "1
1 " 0.5 # z 1 1 "
1 # z "1 Y (z)* = # 1 &n
( )
1
3
# z "11
!
( )
1 " 0.5 # z "1 1 " 1 * # z "1 n 1 " 0.5 # z "1 n - 1" ! ( ) # 1# &n - 1 =
y(n) =
3 * #1& n
, 3," % #Y1( (z) =
# &
& ) 2 " % #11(3&n/-" u(n)
"
3 , 1 " 0.5 # z "1
1
2 y(n) = 3 " %$ 2 (' ) 2 " %$ 3 (' " u(n)
,
" ( )
/ 3
/.
# z "1
18