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PARA
OBRAS PORTUARIAS
CURSO PARA LA DIRECCIN DE OBRAS PORTUARIAS
DICTADO POR DIVISIN HORMIGONES INGENIERA
CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIN, DESARROLLO E INNOVACIN EN
ESTRUCTURAS Y MATERIALES IDIEM DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE
Santiago de Chile, 31 de julio, 1 y 2 de agosto de 2013.
MDULO 1
TECNOLOGA DEL HORMIGN
Hormign Convencional
y
Hormign Marino
Relator: Guillermo Cavieres Pizarro
Temario
a. Introduccin
Aspectos generales sobre durabilidad del hormign
Condiciones de exposicin de estructuras en ambiente
marino
Especificaciones tcnicas por comportamiento y por
descripcin.
Caractersticas propias de las obras portuarias
b. Estado del arte de estructuras martimas de hormign
Anlisis de normativa chilena e internacionales
Terminologa y tipologa de estructuras marinas
Consideraciones para la construccin segn su tipo
3
a. Introduccin
Aspectos Generales sobre Durabilidad
a. Introduccin
Hormign
Mezcla artificial constituida por un aglomerante,
agua, ridos y aditivos, que bajo condiciones
adecuadas fragua y endurece para dar forma a
diversos elementos.
La principal propiedad del hormign se define
normalmente por su resistencia mecnica.
a. Introduccin
Sin embargo, los aspectos de durabilidad, que son de
mayor relevancia y a mayor plazo, muchas veces se
olvidan, se obvian o no se consideran.
Si bien a mayor resistencia a compresin la
durabilidad aumenta, existen otros factores de mayor
importancia.
La impermeabilidad es la propiedad que mejor puede
asociarse a la durabilidad del hormign.
La impermeabilidad del hormign se puede estimar a
travs de ensayos, como es el caso de la penetracin
de agua, permeabilidad al oxgeno y otros.
6
a. Introduccin
Una estructura de hormign poco durable sufrir
daos antes de lo previsto, y los problemas pueden
estar asociados a muchos factores, entre ellos:
a. Introduccin
Hormign Resistente y Durable
Es aquel hormign que una vez endurecido es capaz de mantener sus
propiedades bajo las condiciones de exposicin previstas para su vida til.
Un hormign durable es obtenido a partir de componentes de buena
calidad, diseado mediante una dosificacin de la mezcla cuidadosamente
estudiado, tomando en cuenta las condiciones a que estar expuesto y
fabricado a travs de un proceso productivo debidamente controlado,
desde la compra y recepcin de los materiales en terreno hasta su correcta
colocacin, compactacin y curado en obra.
Hormign
Romano
Dolos Caleta
Higuerillas 1993
a. Introduccin
Calidad de
Materiales
componentes
Diseo de la
Mezcla y
Condiciones de
Exposicin
HORMIGON
DURABLE
Y RESISTENTE
Colocacin
Compactacin
Curado
Recubrimiento
Fabricacin
y Control de
Calidad
en Obra
a. Introduccin
FACTORES INTERNOS
1.
10
a. Introduccin
FACTORES EXTERNOS
1. Actan sobre toda la estructura:
- Cargas estticas o dinmicas
- Fuego
- Terremotos
- Temperaturas y vientos extremos
2. Actan sobre la superficie:
- Desgaste mecnico
3. Actan principalmente sobre el recubrimiento del
hormign:
- Carbonatacin
- Sales descongelantes, deshielo
- Ataque de sulfatos
- Ciclos hielo/deshielo
- Lquidos o gases agresivos
11
a. Introduccin
12
a. Introduccin
La condicin de uso a la
que estar expuesto el
hormign determina el
diseo de la mezcla, los
componentes (tipo cemento,
tipos de aditivos, ridos), la
forma de colocacin y las
posibles protecciones.
13
a. Introduccin
Exposicin de estructuras en ambiente marino
14
a. Introduccin
Las estructuras martimas se ven expuestas a una serie de
condiciones, especialmente agresivas, que afectan su
durabilidad durante su vida til.
El mayor problema lo constituyen las sales solubles presentes
en el agua de mar.
Cloruros
Sulfatos
Tambin se ven afectados por procesos abrasivos, impacto y
avance de la carbonatacin.
En algunas zonas tambin existen efectos por
hielo-deshielo.
los ciclos
15
a. Introduccin
e) Zona
rrada
Descomposicin qumica
de! cemento hidratado
Modelo de descomposicin
1. A t a q ue del CO2
2. A t a q u e del ION Mg
qumica
3. A t a q u e de los sulfates
G^A
Fig. 11.
de las arm
16
ar.
marino.
a. Introduccin
G^A
rF^i^s^TK^
RIESGO DE CORROSIN'
http://informesdelaconstruccion.revistas.csic.es
17
a. Introduccin
Zonas de exposicin
Zona atmosfrica: la estructura recibe sales a travs del aire
salino y de la niebla. El nivel de cloruros es variable segn su
distancia al mar, altura y direccin de vientos.
Zona de salpicaduras (splash): recibe la accin directa del
agua de mar por oleaje e impacto sobre las estructuras.
Zona de oscilacin de mareas: limitada por los niveles
mnimos y mximos de las mareas en que el hormign est
permanentemente saturado y con acumulacin creciente de
sales.
Zona sumergida: se encuentra por debajo de la marea baja y
est permanentemente saturada.
18
19
a. Introduccin
Tipos de Especificaciones Tcnicas
Especificaciones por prescripcin. En stas se tiende a definir,
acotar y detallar todos y cada uno de los componentes del
hormign proponiendo dosificaciones con las
cuales se
espera tener ciertos resultados. No siempre se obtiene lo que
se quiere.
Especificaciones por comportamiento. En stas se definen los
resultados finales que se esperan y se deja en libertad de
lograrlos de manera que sea ms eficiente, respaldando stos
mediante estudios previos serios y acabados y por controles
al producto final.
20
a. Introduccin
Caractersticas propias de las obras portuarias
Las obras portuarias se construyen y desarrollan su vida til en
un ambiente especialmente agresivo debido a la presencia
de sales solubles existentes en el agua de mar que penetran
en las estructuras, en un ambiente de humedad propio de la
costa, saturado en sales.
El factor ms determinante es la presencia de cloruros, los
cuales en presencia de humedad y oxgeno despasivan el
acero el cual entra en proceso de corrosin, generando
productos expansivos de rompen el hormign. Una vez
iniciada la corrosin, las barras pierden espesor y disminuyen
la capacidad estructural de los elementos.
Es tambin importante el efecto de la carbonatacin, ya que
cambia el PH del hormign y despasiva tambin el acero.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
mum
e ex-
ions
e are
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ng of
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ment,
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2.15-Physical
and
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1.4.3
of ACI 201.2R.
entrainment
the most effective
Cdigo
ACI
357
means
of providing
freeze-thaw
resistance
to theto cement
2.15.1In those areas
of the structure
exposed
possible
357R-4
ACI COMMITTEE
TABLE 2.1--WATER-CEMENT RATIOS
paste.
Conventional
guidelines,
such
as
those
contained
in
2.5-Cement
collision with ships, flotsam, or ice, additional steel reinAND COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTHS FOR
Table
1.4.3 should
generally
apply
to unsaturated
concrete.
Where
2.13-Concrete
cover of reinforcement
forcement
be
usedconform
for
cracking
control
andIIIconcrete
2.5.1- Cement
should
to Type
I, II, or
port2.7.2- is
Marine
aggregates
may beinused
when conforming
concrete
exposed
to
frost
action
a
marine
environment,
THREE
EXPOSURE
ZONES
land cementsParticular
in accordance
with ASTM
C 150beandgiven
blended
confinement.
consideration
should
to the
2.13.l- Recommended nominal concrete covers for reinto ASTM
Cbecements
33taken
provided
thatmeet
they
have
been water
washed
by freshC
care
must
to insure
that
critical
absorption
hydraulic
which
the
requirements
of
ASTM
use
of
additional
tension
reinforcement
on
both
faces
and
adforcement in heavy concrete walls, 20 in. (50 cm) thick or
water
so
that
the
total
chloride
and
sulfate
content
of
the
condoes
not
occur.
Using
a
rich,
air-entrained
mix
of
low
water595. shear reinforcement (transverse to walls) to reinforce
ditional
greater areCHAPTER
shown in Table
2.2.
crete
mixratio,
does
exceed and
thealuminate
limits
defined
in
Section
2.8.6.are
2-MATERIALS
AND DURABILITY
cement
anot
pozzolan
an extended
curing
period
2.5.2The
tricalcium
content
(C
3A) should
for punching
shear.
Unstressed
tendons
and
unbonded
tenConcrete covers of reinforcement should not be signifithenot
most
effective
means
of toproducing
a concreteforofthe
lowreinperbe
less
than
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provide
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dons are two techniques which can be used to increase the
2.1-General
cantly greater
than prescribed minimums to restrict the width
meability,
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is of
essential
in such
an post-elastic
environment.
Light2.8-Concrete
forcement.
Based
onthepast
experience,
the maximum
trienergy
absorption
section
in the
stage.
of possible
This
would
bethe
more
critical for
those
Allcracks.
materials
to be
used in
construction
of offshore
calcium
aluminatebehave
contentdifferently
should generally
be 10 percent
to
weight
aggregates
from
normal
weightbeing
ag2.15.2The possibility
of materials
and
equipment
2.8.1water-cement
ratios
and minimum
members
in flexure.
concrete
structures should have documentation demonstrat- gregates.
obtain Recommended
concrete
that
is
resistant
to
sulfate
attack.
The
above
The pores
in lightweight
particles
28-day
compressive
strengths
of concrete
for the
three
ex-arebe
dropped
during
handling
onzones.
and
offaggregate
the platform
should
ing previous satisfactory performance under similar site con- large
limits
apply
to
all
exposure
and
lessare
likely
to
by 2.1.
capillary
action
normalas
posure
zones
given
infill
Table
considered.
Impact
resisting
capacity
may
bethan
provided
ditions or have sufficient backup test data.
2.5.3Where
oilHowever,
storage
iscare
expected,
a reduction
in the
weight
aggregates.
must
be
taken
to
prevent
2.8.2Measures
to
minimize
cracking
in
thin
sections
mentioned
in
Section
2.15.1.
In
addition,
protective
2.9-Admixtures
amount moisture
of tricalcium
aluminate
(C3A) in the aggregates
cement maycoverbe
Table 2.2-RECOMMENDED NOMINAL
excessive
absorption
in
lightweight
prior
and
to
prevent
excessive
thermal
stresses
in
mass
concrete
are
ings
may
be
installed
such
as
steel
or
concrete
grids
and
ennecessary
if
the
oil
contains
soluble
sulfates.
If
soluble
sul2.2-Testing
CONCRETE
COVER
OVER
REINFORCEMENT
mixing.ifSuch
absorption
can result
in critical
saturation
2.9.1Admixtures
should
conform
to Section 3.6 of ACIto
necessary
more
than
700
pounds
of
cement
per
cubic
yard
ergy-absorbing
as lightweight
concrete.
fides are presentmaterials
in the oil,such
coatings
or high cement
contents
if sufficient
curing
andper
drying
dometer).
not takeAplace
before
2.2.1-given
Tests in
of this
concrete
and other
materials should
be perCover over
Cover
over calcium
of should
concrete
are
used
(415
cubic
minimum
318. Limits
section
for
chloride
shouldlevels
considered.
2.15.3-beA
polymer
or kg
other special
coating may
be used
post-tensioning
formed in accordance with
applicable standards
of ASTM the
reinforcing
structure
is
subjected
to
severe
exposures.
High
strength
content
of 600conforming
pounds
perto
cubic
yard
kg per
2.5.4Pozzolans
ASTM
C (356
618feature
may
beand
not increase
the total limits recommended
for concrete
ascement
to control
ice
abrasion
or adfreeze
between
an
ice
steel
listed
on standards cited.ducts
Complete lightweight
Zone in the section of ACI 318
aggregates
with
sealed
surfaces
are
effective
cubic
meter)
is
recommended
to
obtain
high
quality
paste
adused
provided
that
tests
are
made
using
actual
job
materials
toin
a structure. Compatibility between a coating and the underlyoutlined
in Section
2.8.6
ofbethis
report.
When two
orlimiting
records
of
these
tests
should
available
for
inspection
durabsorption.
3 in. (75 mm)
2 in. (50 mm)
Atmospheric zone not
jacent
to water
thethe
reinforcement
for corrosion
protection.
ascertain
relativebeadvantages
andpreclude
disadvantages
of the
ing
concrete
should
assessed
to
problems
with
more
admixtures
are
used,
their
compatibility
should
be
ing
construction
and
should
be
preserved
by
the
owner
during
subject to salt spray
2.8.5Where
severe
surface
degradation
of
the
concrete
2.8.3The
rise
of
temperature
in
concrete
because
of
ceproposed
mix
with
special
consideration
given
to
sulfate
rebond development, coating delamination caused by air or
the life of the structure.
documented.
is
expected
to occur,requires
specified
concrete
sistance,
workability
ofthe
theminimum
mix,
corrosion
protection
ment
heat of
hydration
strictand
control
to prevent
steep
3.5 in. (90 mm)
2.5 in. (65 mm)
Splash and atmospheric
migration,
and
freeze-thaw
effects.
2.2.2- Testing in addition to that normally carried out for moisture
provided
to
the
reinforcement.
strength
should
begradients
6000 psiand
(42possible
MPa). Additional
protection
temperature
stress
thermal cracking
of
zone subject to salt
concrete Structures,
suchprestressing
as splitting or flexural
tensile tests,
2.15.4- Exposed steel work and its anchor systems
2.10-Reinforcing
and
steel
the
concrete
on
subsequent
cooling.
Reducing
the
temspray
can
be
achieved
by
using
concrete
aggregates
having
equal
or
may be necessary to determine compliance with specified dushould
be
electrically
isolated
from
the
primary
steel
rein2.6-Mixing
perature
rise maywater
be difficult
in the rich
mixesor
and
sechigher
hardness
than
the abrading
material
bythick
the proviin. (50 mm)
3 in. should
(75 mm) conSubmerged
2.10.1Reinforcing
and2 prestressing
steel
rability
and quality specifications.
forcement
by
at
least
2
in.
(50
mm)
of
concrete.
The
use of
tions of
required
incoatings
concrete
sea
structures.
sion
suitable
or
surface
treatments.
2.6.1Water
used
in
mixing
concrete
should
be
clean
M in. (13
mm)temperature or cold cli-cathodic
Cover to
of stirrups
form
Section 3.5 of ACI 318.
Low
protection
systems
is generallyincludes
not required
for of
reinThe
control
ofoils,
concrete
temperatures
selection
2.8.6Nofrom
chlorides
should
intentionally
be materials,
added.
Total
less than those listed above
and
free
acids,
alkalis,
salts,
organic
or
2.3-Quality
control
forcing steel
prestressing
steel
embedded
in concrete.
mate applications may require the use of special reinforcingwater
-of
cements
whichand
have
low
heat
hydration,
reduced
rates
of
soluble
chloride
ion
(Cl
) content
ofto the
concrete
prior
other
substances
that
may
be
deleterious
concrete
or
rein2.15.5- precooling
Exposed steel
work should
normally
be
painted
and prestressing
steel control
and assemblages
to achieve
2.3.1- Quality
during construction
of theadequate
con- to
placement,
aggregates,
ofbyice
to
replace
exposure
should
notofwater
exceed
0.10 the
percent
weight
of the
forcement.
Mixing
should
notuse
contain
excessive
or coated
toofreduce
corrosion.
Particular
care
should
be taken
29
crete
is normally
the responsibility
of the
ductility.
Tostructure
facilitate
future repairs
that might
be contracnecessary,cement
some
or
all
the
mixing
water
and
liquid
nitrogen
cooling,
amounts
chloride
ion. (See concrete
Section 2.8.6).
for of
normal
reinforced
and 0.06 percent by
to
insure
against
corrosion
on
the
edges
and
horizontal
sur2.13.2If
possible,
structures
with
sections
less
than
20
tor.
Supervision
of
quality
control
should
be
the
responsibilonly weldable reinforcement should be used in the splashas described in ACI 207.4R. Pozzolans may be used to reSuitablefree
provisions
shouldorbeany
made
formaterial
embedments
are essentially
of chlorides,
other
whichand
penetrations
to accommodate
has been
shown to be
detrimental toauxiliary
the steelequipment.
or grout.
A
v
u
3
n
o
m
Licensed Copy: Queens University, The Queen's University of Belfast, 14/04/2010 14:26, Uncontrolled Co
BS-6349-2010
Table 22 Limiting values for composition and properties of concrete classes with normal weight aggregates of 20 mm
maximumsize exposed to risk of corrosion of reinforcement induced by UK seawater conditions for a required design
workinglifeof 50 years
Exposure class and
exposure conditions in
the UK
Airborne salt
Frequently wetted
Submerged
Lower tidal,
back-filled
XS2
XS2/XS3
XS1
Min. strength
cylinder/cube (Mpa)b,c C35/45
Permitted cements
BS 12d
BS 4027
BS 146
C30/37
BS 146
C25/30
BS 4246
Blastfurnace BS 6610
cement
BS 6588
Portland slag
Portland fly
cement
ash cement B
BS 6588
Portland fly
ash cement A
ggbs 35
35 <ggbs< 80 50 <ggbs<
80
Permitted
proportions for
combinations
(% by mass)
C40/50
BS 12d
C30/37
BS 146
BS 4027
Blastfurnace BS 6610
cement
BS 146
In accordance
with Table 24
except as
below
C25/30
BS 4246
BS 6588
Portland slag
Portland fly
In accordance cement
ash cement B
with Table 24 BS 6588
except as
Portland fly
below
ash cement A
35
35 <ggbs< 80 50 <ggbs<80
escoria
pfa
20
20 <pfa< 55
35 <pfa<
55
ceniza volante
Max. w/c ratiob,c,e
Min. cement content
(kg/m3)b
0.45
360
0.50
340
0.55
320
Min. cover to
reinforcementg,f
40
40
40
20
40
20 <pfa< 55
35 <pfa< 55
0.50
360
0.40
400
0.50
360
0.50
360
50
60
50
40
NOTES
a
b
c
d
e
f
205
This exposure class can vary in severity and can be worse in arid conditions, natural or man-made, such as in the dry side of submerged structures. See 58.3.3.2.
Minimum cement content depends on maximum aggregate size (see BS 5328). Watercement ratio limits are the ruling parameters over minimum strength class or minimum
cement content.
Where there is difficulty in conforming to the strength recommendation at 28 days, because of the characteristics of the cement type or combination, then provided that a
systematic regime of checking is established to ensure conformity to the free watercement content recommendations, the 28-day strength recommendation may be relaxed.
Limits for cement in accordance with BS 12, as 58.4.1.
Maximum free watercement ratio, in accordance with BS 5328.
Excludes tolerance to be added to minimum cover to derive the nominal cover, which depends upon working conditions. See 58.4.9.
Add 10 mm for cover to prestressing strand.
30
BS-6349-2010
Licensed Copy: Queens University, The Queen's University
of Belfast, 14/04/2010 14:26, Uncontrolled C
206
Table 23 Limiting values for composition and properties of concrete classes with normal weight aggregates of 20 mm maximum
size exposed to risk of corrosion of reinforcement induced by UK seawater conditions for a required design working
lifeof 100 years
Exposure class and
exposure conditions in
the UK
Airborne salt
Frequently wetted
Submerged
Lower tidal,
back filled
XS2
XS2/XS3
XS1
C30/37
C55/65
C40/50
C 30/37
BS 146
BS 4246
BS 12d
BS 146
BS 4246
BS 4027
Blastfurnace BS 6610
cement
Blastfurnace BS 6610
cement
20 <pfa< 55
35 <pfa< 55
0.40
Max. w/c ratiob,c,e
Min. cement content 400
(kg/m3)b
0.45
360
0.50
340
Min. cover to
reinforcementf,g
40
40
50
BS 146
BS 6588
Portland fly
ash cement A
ggbs 35
35 <ggbs< 80 50 <ggbs< 80
20
XS3a
C35/45
Portland slag
Portland fly
cement
ash cement B
BS 6588
Permitted
proportions for
combinations % pfa
by mass
In accordance
with Table 24
except as
below
Portland slag
In accordance cement
with Table 24
BS 6588
except as
below
Portland fly
ash cement A
35
20
50
BS 6588
Portland fly
ash cement
B
35 <ggbs<
80
20 <pfa< 55
50 <ggbs< 80
35 <pfa< 55
0.50
360
0.35
400
0.40
370
0.45
370
60
80
60
50
NOTES
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
This exposure class can vary in severity and can be worse in arid conditions, natural or man-made, such as in the dry side of submerged structures. See 58.3.3.2.
Minimum cement content depends on maximum aggregate size (see BS 5328). Watercement ratio limits are the ruling parameters over minimum strength class or minimum
cement content.
Where there is difficulty in conforming to the strength recommendation at 28 days, because of the characteristics of the cement type or combination, then, provided that a
systematic regime of checking is established to ensure conformity to the free watercement content recommendations, the 28-day strength recommendation may be relaxed.
Limits for cement in accordance with BS 12. See 58.4.1.
Maximum free watercement ratio in accordance with BS 5328.
Excludes tolerance to be added to minimum cover to derive the nominal cover, which depends upon working conditions. See 58.4.9.
Add 10 mm for cover to prestressing strand.
31
32
54
EHE-08
Subclase
No agresiva
Normal
Marina
Designacin
DESCRIPCIN
EJEMPLOS
Ninguno
Elementos estructurales de edificios, incluido los forjados, que estn protegidos de la intemperie.
Tipo de proceso
Humedad alta
IIa
Corrosin de
origen diferente
de los cloruros
Humedad media
IIb
Corrosin de
origen diferente
de los cloruros
Exteriores en ausencia de cloruros, sometidos a la accin del agua de lluvia, en zonas con precipitacin
media anual inferior a 600 mm.
Area
IIIa
Corrosin por
cloruros
Sumergida
IIIb
Corrosin por
cloruros
Elementos de estructuras marinas sumergidas permanentemente, por debajo del nivel mnimo de bajamar.
IIIc
Corrosin por
cloruros
IV
Corrosin por
cloruros
Tabla 8.2.2
Clases generales de exposicin relativas a la corrosin de las armaduras
33
EHE-08
Tabla 8.2.3.a
Clases especficas de exposicin relativas a otros procesos de deterioro distintos de la corrosin
CLASE ESPECFICA DE EXPOSICIN
Clase
Qumica
Agresiva
Con
heladas
Erosin
DESCRIPCIN
EJEMPLOS
Ataque qumico
Qb
Ataque qumico
Fuerte
Qc
Ataque qumico
Instalaciones industriales, con sustancias de agresividad alta de acuerdo con tabla 8.2.3.b.
Instalaciones de conduccin y tratamiento de aguas
residuales, con sustancias de agresividad alta de
acuerdo con tabla 8.2.3.b.
Construcciones en proximidades de reas industriales, con agresividad fuerte segn tabla 8.2.3.b.
Sin sales
fundentes
Ataque hielodeshielo
Con sales
fundentes
elementos destinados al trfico de vehculos o peatones en zonas con ms de 5 nevadas anuales o con
valor medio de la temperatura mnima en los meses
de invierno inferior a 0 C.
Abrasin
cavitacin
Subclase
Designacin
Tipo de proceso
Dbil
Qa
Media
34
EHE-08
35
Hormign convencional
Hormign Marino
Resistencia
Resistencias mnimas
Tipo de cemento
Sin exigencias
Relacin A/C
Dosis mnimas
Dosis mximas
Por durabilidad
Control de fisuramiento
Aditivos
Slo plastificante
Adiciones
Sin exigencias
Objetivo
Funcin
Rompeolas
Muros costeros
Obras de atraque,
Amarre y fondeo
Ductos
Estabilidad en base a la
gravedad o bombas.
Pavimentos
portuarios
39