Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
If Mamani Fime
If Mamani Fime
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F) RES ULTADOS
CAP ITULO IV
RES ULTADO DE LOS EXP ERIMENTOS REALIZAD OS DE
RES IS TENCIA A LA AB R AS IN
Con los resultados obtenidos en el equipo de ensayo de abrasin Norma
ASTM G65 y con la determinacin de durezas efectuados en las
probetas se grafican los diagramas de prdida de peso Vs dureza.
4.1 DIAGRAMA DE P ERDIDA DE P ES O P OR ABRAS IN DE ACERO DE
BAJA ALEACIN
TABLA N 4
Du re z a d e ac e ro d e baja ale ac i n y p rd ida d e p e s o po r ab ra s i n
PROBETA N DUREZA
(HRC)
PERDIDA DE PES O POR ABRAS IN (g )
1 22 RC 8,189 g
2 21 RC 11,314 g
3 19 RC 14,437 g
FUENTE: P ROP IO DEL AUTOR
DIAGRAMA N 1
D IA G RAM A D E P RD ID A D E P E S O EN A CE RO D E B AJA ALE AC I N
1 5 .00
1 4 .00
3
1 3 .00
1 2 .00 2
1 1 .00
1 0 .00
9 .00
1
8 .00
7 .00
6 .00
1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4
D U R E Z A R O C K W E LL " C "
FUENTE: P ROP IO DEL AUTOR
44
P
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g
La prdida de peso por abrasin en los aceros de baja aleacin se produce
en funcin de la dureza del material.
4.2 DIAGRAMA DE P ERDIDA DE PES O P OR ABRAS IN DE ACERO AL
MANGANES O
TABLA N 5
Du re z a d e ac e ro d e ac e ro al mang an e s o y p rd id a d e p e o p o r
ab ra s i n
PROBETA N DUREZA
(HRC)
PERDIDA DE PES O POR
ABRAS IN (g )
4 40,5 RC 11,599g
5 42,5 RC 12,148g
6 44,4 RC 12,697g
FUENTE: P ROP IO DEL AUTOR
DIAGRAMA N 2
D IA G R A M A D E P R D IDA D E P E S O E N A C E R O A L M A N G A N E S O
1 3 .00
1 2 .80 6
1 2 .60
1 2 .40
5
1 2 .2 0
1 2 .00
1 1 .80
4
1 1 .60
1 1 .40
1 1 .20
1 1 .00
4 0 .0 4 0 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .5 4 2 .0 4 2 . 5 4 3 .0 4 3 .5 4 4 .0 4 4 . 5 4 5 .0
D U R E Z A R O C K W E L L " C "
FUENTE: P ROP IO DEL AUTOR
A mayor desgaste producido por el ensayo de abrasin la probeta
adquiere mayor dureza.
45
P
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4.3 DIAGRAMA DE P ERDIDA DE P ES O P OR ABRAS IN DE HIERRO
FUNDIDO ALEADO (NIHARD)
Du re z a d e h ie rro fund id o ale ado y p rd id a d e pe s o po r ab ras i n
TABLA N 6
PROBETA N DUREZA
(HRC)
PERDIDA DE PES O POR ABRAS IN (g )
7 57 RC 7,976
8 60 RC 7,96
9 62 RC 7,944
FUENTE: P ROP IO DEL AUTOR
DIAGRAMA N 3
7.9 8
7 .97 5
7.9 7
7 .96 5
7.9 6
7 .95 5
7.9 5
DIA GR AM A DE PR DIDA DE PESO EN H IER R OS FU N D IDOS A LEAD OS
(N IHA R D)
7
8
7 .94 5
9
7.9 4
56 57 58 59 60 6 1 6 2
DU RE ZA R OCK WE LL "C"
FUENTE: P ROP IO DEL AUTOR
El hierro fundido aleado presenta mayor resistencia a abrasin en
comparacin al acero de baja aleacin y el acero al manganeso.
46
G) DIS CUS IN
DIS CUS IN DE RES ULTADOS DE RES IS TENCIA AL
DES GAS TE P OR AB RAS IN
De los diagramas del Captulo anterior se determina:
- El material que presenta mayor resistencia a la abrasin es el hierro
fundido aleado, por tener mayor presencia de carburos hierro
(cementita).
- El acero que, presenta una resistencia media a la abrasin es el acero
austenitico al manganeso por ser un acero autotemplable al producirse
desgaste abrasivo y desgaste por impacto. Aumenta su dureza por la
friccin producida entre el disco de caucho y la arena de cuarzo.
- El acero que presenta menor resistencia a la abrasin el acero de baja
aleacin al someterlo a tratamiento trmico aumenta su resistencia a la
abrasin en la capa superficial.
En los aceros de baja aleacin al realizar el temple se obtiene una
microestructura fase de martensita. El temple aument el costo del
acero de baja aleacin.
47
H) REFERENCIAS
1. AUGUS H.T. La Resistencia al Desgaste. Londres: Ed. Butterworth. Ed.
1970
2. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METAL. Metal Handbook. Ed. ASM. Vol. I,
VII
3. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METAL HANDBOOK. Hard Facing. By ARC
Welding Vol.6
4. APRAIZ, ACEROS ESPECIALES. Madrid Espaa: Ed. Dosset. 1980
5. ASTM: Standard Practice Abrasion Test. G65 85. Ed. ASTM 1999
6. ASKELAND D. Ciencia E. Ing. de Materiales: Ed. Thomson 4
ta
Edicin
1998
7. AVNER. Introduccin a la Metalurgia Fsica. Ed. Mxico: Ed.
Interamericano, 3
ra
Edicin 1980
8. BENZ ZAHNER. Teora de Desgaste. Stoody Company USA, 1996
9. KENNETH, C. LUDEMS. Desgastes. Universidad de Michigan USA.
1999
10. MCKAY. Aplicacin de Recubrimientos Protectores. 6To. Simposium
Internacional de Soldadura. Lima Per 2004
11. MOINO PAULO. Anlisis de Factores que Influyen en el Desgaste IV
Simposium Internacional de Soldadura Lima Per. 1998
12. PORTOCARRERO. Estudio de la Resistencia al Desgaste Abrasivo de
Bajo y Alto Esfuerzo de las Microestructuras de depsitos de
Recubrimientos duro de alto Carbono. Ed. UNI VALLE. Bogot
Colombia.
48
13. RAVI MENON. New Developments In Hardfacing. Alloy Welding
Journal, 1980
14. SARKAR A.D. Desgaste de Metales: Ed. Continental, 1997
15. SMITH W. Ciencia E. Ing. de Materiales. Mxico. Ed. McGraw-Hil, 3
ra
Edicin, 2004.
I N T E R N E T
16. CORMET Harfacine Alloys for Abrasin and impact.
www.cormet.com/hardface.htm
17. SURFACE TREATING CASTING, MOLDING, MACHINING INDUSTRIAL
www.interactivaorg/businessindustrial
49
I) APENDICE
CUADRO N 1
ES CALA DE DUREZA MOHS DE MINERALES Y CARBUROS
ES CALA
MOHS
MINERAL CARB URO/METAL-MINERAL
DUREZA MOHS
10 Diamante (carbono) 9,9 = Carburo de Tungsteno
9 Corindon (Oxido de aluminio) 9,9 = Carburo de vanadio
8 Topacio (Fluorosilicato de aluminio
hdrico).
Rub / Zafiro
7 Cuarzo (Dioxido de silicio-SiO
2
) 7,02 = carburo de Niobio
(Columbio) dureza lmite
aproximado de la roca.
6 Feldespato (Silicato de aluminio)
Constituye el 50% de la corteza
terrestre.
6,5 = Carburo de cromo
5 Apatito (Fosfato de calcio)
4 Fluorita (Fluoruro de calcio)
Cobre (fcilmente deformado)
3 Calcita (Silica Hidratado) palo
2 Gypsomita (Silica Hidratado) Alabastro
1 Talco (Oxido de silicato de magnesio). Talco en polvo
FUENTE.- P AULO MOINO THERMADYNE-TOODY, US A [11]
50
CUADRO N 2
COMP ARACIN DE DUREZA AP ROXIMADA DEL MINERAL
VS . LOS CARBUROS METLICOS Y ACEROS
ES CALA
MOHS
TIPO DE
MINERAL
COMENTARIOS DUREZA DEL
CARBURO S OLDABLE
ES CALA MOHS
AP ROXIMADO
DUREZA
VICKERS
(DP H)
10 Diamante (Carbono)
+ factor de 4,5
millones de veces
del talco
1 + 10 veces al
Coridon
Mineral de Dureza
Natural
Titanio 9,9
Vanadio 9,9
Tungsteno 9,9
Ofrece accin de
corte superior en
comparacin de otros
carburos
3200
2800
2500 2700
Rub,
Zafiro
9 Corindon
(Oxido de aluminio)
+ factor de 33000
veces el talco a 1
Rub
Zafiro
(Ruedas de molino)
Carburo de silicio
8 Topacio
(Flurosilicato de
aluminio hdrico )
7 Cuarzo
(Dixido de silicio)
(Silca, Arena)
Lmite apro ximado
de dureza de la
roca
Niobio 7,0
Molibdeno 6,5
Cro mo 6,5
2400
1800
1650
6 Feldespato
(Silicato de
aluminio)
50% de la corteza
terrestre
Carburo de Hierro 6,0
Acero de herramientas
endurecido
1100
950
Lmite del metal
base
5 Apatito
(Fosfato de Calcio)
Grado de acero de
construccin al
carbono
150 220
(BHN)
4 Fluorita
(F luorita de calcio)
Fcilmente
defo rmable
Metal cobre
3 Calcita
(Silica Hidratado)
Opalo
2 Gypsomita
(Sulfato de Calcio
Hidratado)
Alabastro
1 Talco
(Silicato de
Magnesio)
Talco en polvo
FUENTE.- P AULO MOINO THERMADYNE S TOODY US A [11]
51
CUADRO N 3
RES UMEN DE ALEACIONES RES IS TENTES A LA ABRAS ION
GRUP OS
DE ALEACIN
P RINCIP AL P ROP IEDAD
FS ICA
COMENTARIOS
2. Co mpuestos fundidos de
carburo de Tungsteno
sinterizadas co n dureza
9,9 en la escala de
MOHS disponibles en
diversos materiales como
matriz
Grupo 4 metal.
Mxima resistencia a la
abrasin, las partculas
duras cortan a las rocas.
Las superficies gastadas
se vuelven speras,
formando bordes cortantes
agresivas.
1.1 Co mpuestos de carburo
de vanadio (VC) en forma
de roseta. Sobreenfriado
desde la temperatura de
soldadura con dureza de
9,8 MOHS.
Rendimiento muy parecido
al carburo de tungsteno.
No corta las rocas.
Presenta mejor resistencia
al impacto que el carburo
de tungsteno, no forma
bordes cortantes
agresivos.
3. Carburo de cromo
complejos alto carbono,
hierro cromo con adicin
de aleacin.
4. Alto carbono, hierro s de
carburo de cromo, hierros
martensiticos y hierros
austeniticos.
Grupo 3 Metal a tierra
Resistencia a la abrasin
erosin, oxidacin.
Resistencia a la abrasin
erosin, oxidacin y
compresin.
Servicio de alta
temperatura
1500F (816C).
Alta temperatura de
servicio.
1100F (593C).
5. Base nquel, abrasin
con alta temperatura-
corrosin.
Grupo 5 no ferroso
Buena dureza en caliente,
resistencia a la corrosin,
o xidacin y fluencia lenta.
Retencin de dureza
funcional a 1200F
(649C).
6. Aleacin base cobalto,
abrasin con alta
temperatura, corrosin.
Grupo 5 no ferroso
Excelente dureza en
caliente, resistencia a la
corrosin, a Creep y
o xidacin. No presenta
Galling. En co ntacto
intermet lico , presenta
bajas propiedades de
friccin.
Retencin de dureza funcional
a 1650 F (835 C).
52
7. Acero martensitico
(acero de herramientas)
incluye la serie 400 de
aceros inoxidables.
Aplicaciones de
desgastes metal a
metal.
Grupo 2Metal a Metal.
Combinacin de
resistencia a la abrasin,
impacto, alta temperatura
y a la co rrosin.
Aceros de herramienta de
mediana aleacin; los
aceros inoxidables de la
serie 400 ofrecen buena
resistencia a la corrosin.
7. Acero perlticos, aceros de
herramientas de baja
aleacin refo rzado con
carbono.
Aceros de baja aleacin.
Grupo IA - fortalecidos
Poco costosos, baja
resistencia al impacto y
buena resistencia a la
compresin
Aleaciones fortalecidas
para partes de
redimensionado y soporte
adicional de capas de
endurecimiento
superficial.
8. Acero inoxidable
austenitico de la serie
300 y series 300
modificados refo rzados
para aplicaciones de
juntas.
Grupo IC Refo rzados
de Juntas (Juntas
Dismiles).
Resistencia al
endurecimiento por
trabajo a la co rrosin y
poca resistencia a alta
temperatura.
Reforzado de juntas
dismiles.
Amortiguamiento difcil de
aceros soldados.
Resistencia al crack.
9. Acero al manganeso (12-
14% Mn) puede ser
modificado co n adiciones
de Nquel, cromo,
molibdeno o vanadio,
aplicaciones de
soldadura.
Grupo :
IB2 Recubrimiento y
Soldadura.
Mxima tenacidad y
resistencia al impacto,
endurecimiento por
trabajo .
Puede ser endurecido po r
trabajo, es resistente a la
abrasin; usado para alta
resistencia de
amortiguamiento po r
impacto.
FUENTE.- P AULO MOINO - THERMADYNE S TOODY [1 1]
53
A N E X O S
A N E X O N 1
Norma ASTM G 65 de Ensayo de Abrasin, Mtodo de Ensayo
Estandarizado, que usa arena de cuarzo y una rueda de caucho de 9 de
dimetro.
54
1 Designation: G 65 - 85
Standard Practice for
Conducting Dry SandfRubber Wheel Abrasion Tests
1
Th!J tu ndllrd h U..uc:d undcl lhc lis! d.U r..ation Ci 6 S; lhc nu mb<r imm<di>fdy rouowint lile c!cticn>tion indint<1 lhc yc,t or
oriin.>J JdOI)IOn or, " lhc Cl:.C o( rc-.islon. yu r or t....tcLion. 1\ 1\Um bct in an:nlh=indic:>t<> )Ut ofl,ut mpprov>l. A
Juocr.;,:')t c:a.ilon () ind;c;a:u Jn :'\!itori.:t <!un]:c Jic lh:lt r-.:..ilion Qr R:'ppn)Y.Jl
1. Scopc:
1.1 This practicc covers laborotory proccdures ror dc :-
11oing me rcsistar.cc of mcullic m3tcals ro -sc.:-atcr.ing aora-
jon by mcans of thc Dry Sand/Rubbc;r Wh.:d Test. f< is !he
otent of this pract ice lo produce dat:l lh:u ..,.!! >roducibly
:1nk materia!s in thr rcsistancc: to scratchins :,ruion undc:r
1
spccilicd set of conditions.
1.2 Abra.s[Qn test rcsu[ls are reponed as votume loss in
Jbic m i llim ct.s for the pt nicular test prec:dun:SJlcoiflcd.
\latcri: ls oi hg.hc:r abraslon resstancc ...;. u hnv-.: a lowcr
:ol u me loss.
1'/orr:: 1-ln ordc r to :uui:uniConnty U:\On labo tcri:f, t ls the
of lhis praoia lO re<ur= d!ll vO!UtOC (Od o::(O lbt'3Son be
...'.:d Ol'J)' b th: mctric systct:l ;u C1lbic: millirn:tt:s. t mml
6.102
10_, in'.
1.3 T.1is prac:c.: covers four recom cnd:d procc:dur:s
.l:ch are appropriat: for sp:cf:c degre:s of v.r rcsis:ancc
:;rh:ckne.ss.!s of the res: material.
1.3.1 Procedttre .-1-This s a relntivdy scver.: tc:t whicn
ill ran k met.allic materials on a \\o'de vol ume loss s::ale iom
)W to extreme abrasion resist an ce:_ h is panicular!y useful i n
l:Jking ma.teri.als of mcdlu:n 10 eJttr<:me ab on re.sist.anc;;:.
..13.1 Prcc dtt re B-A shon-tcrm v:.;ztion of Procedure
.. 11 may lx uscl for highly a.brasive rcsistant llm: rials but
; p:micula rl)' useful in !he ra:1kjng of medium- aru1 low-
brasive re:sista.n t matetials. Proccd ;re il should be used
hen the volume-loss valucs developcd by Procedure A
tcc:ds 100 mm
1
1.3.3 P,ocedut'e C- A short-terrn varirion of
Procedur:
for uo: n thn coatine.r;.
I.J.4 Pracedure I!J-Thi! is a lighter load v:uiation of
:ocedun: A which is particular!y us:ful in ranlti:Jg materials
;'lc-v abrasion r sistance. lt is also usedin ran.'cins macerials
,;x:cific ge nc:ic type or matc:ials wf\ich wou!d l>l vcry
ose i n the volu me loss rates ai d evdoped b: Prccedu re k
!.4 This .standard may invol'ir! h!Uflrdous ma!erials.Op!!r-
ions. and quipmtnt. Thts standard does not purport lo
!dress all ,tftJ/1! safety probl ms assodawl 1vilh il.i use. lt is
otespansii:Jility af wl:oeli!f uses :llis sta..'lard 10 consult and
tablh apprcpriau scfety a::d hea!th practires fJJld det:tr-
ine tire appli'cabi/ity of regulatory limir::cions prior to uu.
Rere rc nced Docu cnts
2.1 ASTM Standards:
' iu r>C'lkc h under thc ju..::lctio" or AS"r.vl Cammit:<'< G 1 Oft Erotio:t
1
War >nd :he dln:n l'eit>Oruiblllt)' or SulXcn-.r.tilt' Gll!-30 Oft Abnuiv
"Jt.
;"'""' cdition > pru'C<IIu.ly !5, 19U.l'ubH>. <d X;;:cmX<' 19 1- On:ut:y
sh.<l :u G 6S-&O. l'tcrou <:<:illo" O 61 - &.
D 22-lC Test Methcd for Rubbcr Propcny-.Durom:cr
Ha.rdncss
1
E 11 Sp;:cif'ication for Wire Cioth Sic:ves for Tes1in3
Purposes'
E 12:!-Pr.tetice for Choic:(! of Sample Size to Estim: tth
Avcr.: ge Quality of a Lo!or Proc:css
E tn. Practic:e fQr Use o( thc Tcnns Precision a.nd Bi:s i.:
' ASTi\11 Test Mc::hods'
G 40 Tcnninology .Rclating to W(:lr and Ercsjon
6
2.2 ,{rnuic.oJt Foundrym.tr.'s Sodet; Sca11dards:
AFS Foundry Sand Hwdbook. 7th Edition'
3. Sumlltlry of Prattke
)_[ The Dry Sand/Rubbcr Whccl Abrasio:l t:st (Fig. 1)
in volves lc abradig of a st:lndard test s imeil with a gt
ocontrolh!d sizc a nd composition. Th.e abrasi ,e is ir:trc.<fuced
lxtweca thtest syecimcn nd 2 rotating whc:d '"ith a ch!o-
robutyl rubr r.: or rim o( a spccif'icd hardncss. This test
l))":cimen is prcss..: g: ::lst thc rot:lting wh::.:l at a_ spcd:te;i
ii:lrce br ms of a !ever nrm whi!e a controlled f1ow of&rit
HPP.OE/l
OTTAWA SANO
W GHTS
S?ECIMEN
(!" ' 3"1.. )
RIJSSfit LINEO WHEEL
FIG. 1 Schematic Oi gtm ol T sl Apoan tus
:.,_.,,.,9""i: of ST.If Stuffll- Voh 03.0!>nd 0.9,01.
l .inncuzl Fk>4Jc'ifAST.\f S1t;nr!tJ1d1, Vol10-4-01. 0.0 .Q ,.06, Ol.O$.1d IJ,O!,
Annud !Jcol: o/,;sn,t Srcr.<lcr Vel 1-'.0
1AMud !1<><>1: of ,;ST,\( Stanr!eTJ!<. VQh IKOI, >r.d 0.:.0!.
..lnod a. o/ ..IS/.If Star.-i:n!J. v_,OJ.O!
'Aol.ol>lc ftflm Amdr-n Fount!t)mcn'l Soci<:. Colf Jnd Wolf Ro:!s.. O<>
"-'n<S. llC')l4-
237
55
or
''mi"
;_,,
abr: dcs thc test surraca:. Thc rot:nion of 1hc: whc:l is suc:t
th:lt its contaCt f3CC movc:s in the dirccton o( thc S3nd flow.
Note thlt the pivot allS of the lc:vcr arm les v.ithin a planc
which is 3pproximately tnngent to the rubbcr whccJ surfncc,
: nd normal to thc: horizont:l diamcter along whkh the lond
is : pplied. Thc test durotjon and force :1pplied b)' the lcver
arm is varied as nou:d in Procedu:rc A through D.Spedmc:m
are wc:ighcd befare and aft:: thc test and thc: loss in mnss
rctordc:d. lt is necesso.ry to.convc:n he m:lSs toss to volumc:
IGss in cubic millimetres, duc to thc .IIdc dirfcrenci:1 thc
dcny of matcrials. Abr;1sion is n:port:.d as volum:loss pc:r
$pt:ciicd proccdure.
4. Delinition
4.1 abrasive waar-wcar due te hcro p:micles or h rud
protubcl'3nces foreed aai:ut and :no'ving a:tong a salid
surfac: (Ddinit1ons G 0).
Nore 2-This ddnition cave:seven.!dlir:::."''l ..... coc!:;or m h
1nismr ut J.I undcr chr. abc.!ivt wa: ct ory. Th= modu m
ddc" $Url'a.c: by '"r.t tehir.;. cuuing. dcfor.r.:don, or .oug!n('t and
6).'
S. SigniCic'ance and Use (j lhrough 7)
S.l Thc s.evericy of abrasive wcar in any system v.ill dcptnd
upon the abrasi ve parclo: sizc, shllpe, (I.Jld hardness. thc:
ma nitude or the stress impos:!<i by the panicle, and the
frc:queaco f conract of 1hc abr..siv:: particle. !n this praclice
these conditions auc: St:I(\Cia di-zeq to devdop a uniform con-
dition of war which bas b<:en r'ic:rrc:d to as scrntchin;
abr..sron (J and 2).Thc va.lue ofthe pr.lctklies in prcdicting
thc rclativcranking of variou.s m:W:ri:l!s of construcon in
:n Jbrasive cn vironmenL Sine:the practice does not attcmpt
to du;Jiic:uc all of the prCW"..ss conditios (abr..sive si-ze.sh:!p.:,
pcc:s.surc, impact, or corrosivc: eh:ments), it should not be used
to predict the cxact resisuncc of a givcn material in a sp.:cific
cnvironment. res valuc lis in prdicting the ranlcing of
miltc:rtl.s in a similar rclativc: arder oC mecit as would cccur
in an abr:uive e,nvironmcnt. Volumc loss d:!ta obuincd from
t!St ma terials whose lives are u,nknown in a spccfic abruive
c:nvi ronment may, howcv. be compared v.ith test data
obtcin:!d from a materi:l w)\ose life is known in thc: s.:1me
cnvironmcnt.The comp;uison will provide 3 genc:rn.l indica-
lion of thc: wonh of the unknown m:uern!s if abrasion is thc:
prc:domin:tnl factor causing dc:teriorJ.tio n of lhc mntc:rials.
6. App:tntus and M:tteri: l
9
6.1 Figure 1shows a typical design and Fgs. 3 and 4 3.
photogr.tphs of th::tes:app: ratuwhich r.1ay be constru ctd
irom read1ly avai!:!b!c ma. rills. A!so, scc R:f (2). Sevcral
dcmcnt.s are of critlcat impom.nc:e to esure unifon:nit.y in
test rcs\JhS ar:song bora.tories.Thcare thc: type of rubbc:r
u.sc:d on lhc whe::l, thc typc: o : bcasiv:: :tnd thc: .sh: pc,
positioning and the sizc: opening of the S:lnd nozzle, :!nd a
scitlblc lever a cm systcm to apply lhc requirc:d focce.
6.2 Rabber Wilee!-The whccl sh3.11 consist of a stcd disk
.,,lxlldracc numl:<n in llU 4<110 lile lltl err.fucn= :1!he "d
of lhi< c:1ic:.
Oriin2t usen ofahts t:::1 mtthcd rutieu:-".! :. cirown Jo;.=.ot:;.s.. CCJ:mr.te ti.:ll,
>>lt:bk n>oc i'!a > >V3ib l< m,'"' tl>c fonowins m.>nul'.:c;uof ion
talinc t<u!pmcnl! F'alu e.. 10H Compr<.!\cMic D.r , AuNm, tL 6Cll01 111
fia. cr !'o.,o<!l) Sr.tcml Co07 1-bd!q $,. 1'.0. 9o.r. -'0, Hdiy,MI ! l.
with :n octc:r laytr of c:h!orobutyl rubbcr molded to it:
p.:riphc:ry. Ucrcur.:d rubbcr sh:lll be bondc:d to thc rim aad
1
fully cured jn a stcd mold. Thc optimum h:1rdness of tb':
cured rubb.:r is Duromc(a A 60. A r:1nge from A 5S lo 62 is
acc:cptab!c. Al lc:ISt four hardn= reading.s shall be tn.kcn O!i
thc rubber a.ppro:timltdy 90' apm arou.nd thpcriphcy o(
thc whed using a Sl:tore A Duromc:tcr ceser in accord:lqe::
wth Test Mcthod D 22 0.Thc gage'rendings shall be ukell
after :1 dwc:ll time: of S s. Thc rccqmrnendcd composition or
thc: rubber and 11 qu lified molding souro: il notc:d in Tab!c;
l. (Sec 9.9 for prcW"; tron 30d C:lrc O thc rubber whe:J
bcforc: and ftcr use n: d =Figs.2 and 5.)
63 Abrasive-Thc liflC o( nb('il.Si ve sho!l b<! a rou11dcd
qua.m gr.lin s;tn es tyifio! by Af'S 50!70 Test S:!nd (Fig. 7).
fllmished by th<! qu: lifisourcc.
10
Th-.:: rnois1urc nl nl
s!ull nol u c:cd 0.5 ,, cs)\1 %. S:md thl!t h.u b::n subJected
to dampn::ss orlo cont:nuc:rl high rdnuvc humtdi:y may u\:e'
en moistcn:, which ,,;!!IF cl test results. Mosture content.
may be d.:t.:r.nincd by masuring thc: wC:ght loss Jft:r hc:!lia
a s:unple to appro:tim3tc!y t20'C (2SO'f} foc 1 h minimu!':l.
lf ten s::::1d con !ns moisturc: in cx;:ess of 0.5'% it shall be
d;:d by helting to IOO'C (212'F) for 1 h minlmum : :d thc
moisturc t t rcJt . In high-ltumicity arettS SJnd may tx
cCiecli, elv storcd in coastanl temp<!:'ature and humid:y
rooms in an cnclosed steel stor.J.g:bin cquipped ith a'
!00- W clecttic b\!lb. Wclding ckctrode dryin ovens, avJ.il.
able from \Velcine!.quipocnt suppliers are also suita.blc.
Multiple us;; of thS3nd rn:l.y aif::ct test resu!ts and is oo1
recommcnded. AFS 50-70 Test SaC\d is co ntrol!ed by thc
qualilied source'
1
10 thc follo .vng sil-: :-::: gc 1Ui:1 U.S.. Sives
(SpeciliCllor 1 !o).
-"! H )rn (0.0161 iiL) r.ooc
.lO 3CO 11m (00. 117 "-l S m.u
iO !p::(O.C)QS) i."-l
100 !JI) ::(0,00S9 i11.) ooa: pwinr
6.4 Scnd No::l>'-Fig:,re 6 shows the fabr!cau:d nozzle
design which wa.s d:!vcloped 10 prcx!utc an 3CCUr:ltc: s.:md flow
ratc and prop.:r s!llg;: of s.: nd curtain for test procedures.
The nozzle may 1:of any con vcnient l :ngi H lhal v.ill allow
for coanection 10 thc smd hopxr csiLlg plastic tub:ng. lo
ncw nozzks, thc ra lc of Slnd flow is :tdjusU:d by grindinthe .
orfice of thc: nodto inc the width of th:: oxning to
devdop a Sl{ld flow r.Jtc of2SO to JSO g/min. Du:ing u.the
u\.4.i.l;: opcnng :nt:5t be positioned i! close 10 che junc ion of
thc test sp.:cimcn anrl thc rubr "'hed :s th!: d s:;will
altow.(Se:: Fig. 8.)
6.4.1 Any cortvcnient m:Heo.!of construt:ion ;h:t ls :lll:lit-
Jbl:wdccd or $..-Jmlcss pipe: m:y be os::d for !h::consto:c-
tion of th.:: f.Jbrica.ted nozzle. Stainkss sted h prefcd lx
cu.s: of its cor:osion rcsisun c: and ease of we!dir.:. Cop;xr
nd stcd an: o c,;cd S\lcc:cssful!y.
6.4.2 Formed :Vo :(r-No :zks iormcd fron1 tubins m: y
he USC<.i only whcn thy duplicact: :he size : nd sh:1pc (re::! a-
l!Lilar Onficc and Upcr), nd th:s.:l,nd Oow ChJt Ct:TlS:C'S
(Oow r.:tc: and str lmlincd Oow) orthfabriotd nozzle:. (::,!<:
Fi6 Jnd 9.)
10 1\..,il,!:.r,_, w.,,u.n Rut Co. 6110 lnu::rc Crtl<, Cir--innl:i.
011 st!.
11 A.,i".Jhlf:rolll Ot::<-"> Sth<:> Co 1'.0. H7, Ou;w>: lL 61l$0.
56
ffi}l G55
.k() Oo;G
t.t.'G :
124$ t T t?U IN ,C :.-.;G
Pl-'T( ( riOL.OI/4 VG 2
, ..,c s
Z ZOI 0/?l t.t rl-liW
i 20 ui-'C <14 . uoJ HOlOWG
lUG '1.2 POCE!.
snc hO. UP SCR(,!J
}-'!o 175 l.a P :..as.
$PiCI I-IG;J ,.Ot...DF VIC N t
J
IC<JIJT S <l( $1'-'I"'T' S rOP .;.:sr
f'!. h':JrE'3J 'Ifd'f::Jf.fP Ft1
FlG. 2 Ory SMd/Rubber Wlleel Abraslon Test Appararus
FlCl. 3 Whe<!f and Leve.r Arm
6.4.3 Sand Flow-The nozzle must produce a sand Oow
rat.e of250 10 400 g/min (0.55 lo 0.88 lb/minf
6.4.4 Sand Curtain-Figure 9 shows th proper Strl!.(lm
lin.c:d flow and lhe narrow shape of the sand curUin 3S l e it
from the S:J.nd nozzle. A turbulent sand How llS dcpictcd i:
Fig. 10 wtlltend to produelow 3nd inconsistent lcsl result!
57
TABLE 1 Formula ter C loroburlllu!::ber
Non-Sptf:c gravory ol n-1: 1.15 Prunoere 20 m111 at 1eo c (320F).
Ouat.r.<!od maklint; SCUtlooL'lOI!! 10
Proponons by
Well)l'll
6.9 Endol:tre. Fran:f. aud Abrasi\e Hopper-fi uccs 3
and 4 a:e photogr-phs of n typic:It test appar: tu.s.. T!l!s:l.!
and shac oi ti\! supl)Oii c:h:m nts, c:nclosurc:, and hop;<:
may be varlc:d according 10 the us::r's ne:ds.
Cnletobutyl No.HT 10-65 (En[ay C..,_,J
-'gen <: St'llyrile-S
c:adc
c;,collcllt cJ
StU: llc!
ZI"IIC: Cl:Xldo
LI!Cate
10
,
0
eo
5
1
5
2
7. Specimen Prcp:tntion llnd S3m pling
7.1 Mac,rials-lt is :he int::nt of this practice- ro :!!low for
thc aras:or. ;-=s ing of : ny materia! iorm. ir.clurling '''70l! t
m:tlls, COl.Stings, iorgings. g;u or dectric wclc! ovcrlay;, pi:!Y.:!l
spray deposits, powdtr met:tls,'melD..Illzing.c:lectropl:ues, c:r-
mets, cc:r. mics etc. Th:typ.: of ma terial v.'i!l, te sorne: e;c:t ot, de
termine the ovcrall she of he te.st speclmen.
[t is intcnded that lhe s:tnd ilows in a. stre:!.rnlined manner
:1nd p:uses lxtwc:en che specimen lnd rublx .vh L
6.5 Motor Drive-The wheel is driven by a nomioa.lly
0.7-k\V (i-hp) d.c motor r.hrough a 10/l gear oox to ensurc:
r.h. H full to['quc: is dclivered during thc: tes t. The rate of
revolu tion (200 1'0 rpm) must rc:rnain con.Stan t u nder lo d.
Other driv!:S prodccing :200 rpm cnde r load are suitnbk.
6.6 Wlreef R;I"IO(ution Counter-The m:lchine shall be
equipwich a rc:volution counta that wi!l monitor the
cumber of whe::l rcvolutions as spc:cilied in t he proccdure
(Section 2). h is rc:comme: dc:d th:!l thc incr ecn:.at countt r
have the abllily to shut off thc m:!chine after a preselt:ctcd
number of wheel rcvolutiots or lncrcments up to 12 000
revolutions is att.ained.
6.7 Specimen Holder and Lf:'>r Arm-The specimen
hclder is !.Uachcd to thc lcvcr anr. to which w.:ights :1rc
added, so thnt a force is. applicd along th..: horizontal
di:m:ctral line of thc whe::L An : ppropriate nlr mb..:r af
weig.h ts m ust be ava i l:tble lo appl y t he ap;lropri:!t:force
(rabie 2) bctween the test spc:dmn and th:: whc:d. Thc:
acru:tl weight r!!quid shoulc! oot be c: lculated, but rath r
should be dc!c:rm in c:d bv direct m:-J.Suremc:n!by noting cite
lo:td required to pull thc spo:cirr.:n holder away from thc
whc:!. A convcnic:nt wcight system is n cao ft!ld with s:tnd
(see Fig_ 2).
6.8 Anafytica/Bafance- The bl: ncc us::d to me:uurc
.the
loss in mass of thc: test spcdmc:n s ll havc: a scnsitiviw of
0.001 ;. Procc:durt: C rcquir:s :1s:nsitivity of 0.000 l g.
7.2 .A Ty;kal S:m:itun s a recmngular sha;><: 2:5 ':>y 76
mm (1.0 by 3.0 in.) :1nd bc:twc:c:n 3.2 Jnd t2.7 mm (0.12 and
0.50 in.) thick. Th<: siz:: may be vari.:d according to th:usds
oc:ed with the rewiction that t.he lctlglh and widtn suffi-
cie nt lO s ow the iulllenglh of the weJr sar as devdop.:d by
the t::st. T'ntC:'$\ surf cc: shQu ld be nat withi n 0.!25 mm
(0.005 i r.} ma.'t:mum.
7.3 /ro;:glfc. CdSt. ond Forged M taf-Specimc:ns m: y
machtnc::J to 3iu dircctly (rom the raw mutc.;ar.
7..! Elec:ric cr Gcs Weld Deposi!S ae : pplie to onc: fl:1.t
su ncc: of thc: test pi ce. Doublec-weld p= arrecorn
Mended to p:evc:n t wdd d t!utionby the b,ase me:tal. Thc: helt
or wc!di ng mad:>tort tnc test spedme!'l. WhA rhis occurs.
r.hc Si)ecLf:lc:n rr:Jy be mech:tnic:!lly Str.lightc:ned or ound or
both. In ordu to devdcp :1 suiuble we:tr sc:1r. the sun':Jce 10
abr. c:::d mcst 1::<: ground fl:tt to produce a smooth, le\'d
surfacc: lit lc::ast 63..! mm (2.50 in.) long and 1 9.1 mm (0.75
in.) for th.c tes:/(-sc:: 7.5..) Note:. tha t th.: wdder techniqut,
hc1: t input o ..,:elds, t nd the Oame ad justm.:nt of gas we!ds
will havean :J'ft on the abrJSion rc:5istancc of a wt!d d:posiL
7.5 Fir:ish- Tc.st .:cimen.s should l:< Sr:lOotn, llat. aod
frc:: of s.. le. Surce defccts sud\as porosi:y and rcughn.:.SS
ma)' bi:u thc: test resul ls, and such spec.imens should be
Jvoid..:d unh:ss thc surface itself is undcr in, estig:llion. T rpid
suit: ble 3uriaces are mill-rolled surfaces- such as :1r:pn:scnl
on cold-rollcd sted.ckt:ropl:lt:d a:d simil:tr dcposi ts. rot.:nd
sur(:tc::s, :u:d fir:dv r:13chir.c:d or millcd surfac s..ground
surfJce licis'h or appro:<im:tte!y 0.8 .tm (32 JLin-) or lcss i:
58
or
Mj
k--.lCO:j{t
FIG. S Rubber Wheer
Jcnptablc. Thc typc of su:facc or surface prc,:uauon sha!l
0: suted in the data sh t.
8. Test P2:-3me1ers
8.1 Table 2 indic:uth:force ap?ed a ;n st the test
rpccimc:a and the numr of wh<:c! rcv.o.lutions for test Pr:r
c:dures.A through D.
8.2 Sand Flow-The rate of sand flow sha!l 250 to 400
!fmin (0.55 to 0.88 lb/rnin).
Non: l-Most bbon..torics se: thc s.:1:1d nw n.bcc-..-e:n JCO S
(ll. 6 lb)lmin ::and 4CO g (0.3 lb)/rnin to cr.s ,<re ccu"r..cy.
8.3 T{me-The time of lb:test will be abouc 30 m in for
Proc.cdures A and D. JO min for Proccdur: B, and JOs
for
rocedure C, dcpendng upon the actual w3eel spced. In all
C2Scs :be number of whed revolutions and not the ime shall
be !he controlling paramet::r.
8.4 Lineal Abrasior.-Table 2 shows thc lin.::!i aistar.cc
lCr.J.tching abrasion de...elopcd using a 228.6-mm (9 in.) di
lmct.::r whc:cl rota ting for th:sxcilied mJmb-er o revolu:ions. J..s
thc: rubb<:r whc:d rducin di:lr.:c::c:r t!:c: numbcr of whc:el
r:vo!utions sh:lll b<: adjuste lo equ:tl th!!sliding.distance of :1.
ae-.1.1 whcel (Table 2} or thc: reduccd abrusion cate shall be
IJk:n into accounc by adjusting the voiumc loss ;roduc.:d by
tltc wom whc:l lo lhe norrnJI ::d volume loss oi a nc:w
''ll:e:l. (Sce 10.2.)
9. P:ocedure
9.1 Clcar.ing-lmmedi:w:ly por to weighing, c!can thc
f:ecimc:n with a solvc:tt or ckaner and dry. TJkc C:I<"C to
t:r.lovc all din or for::ign mattcr or bo:h irom the spccimen.
Dr-mat::cials with opcn gru!ns (so:: pow&r mls or
ceramics) to remo .e 111! tr-ces of the ckaning solveot, w ich
m:1y h:tve been er.tc3pp-!d in the n::!te:1al. Steel s cim::ns
having :sicual magnc:lism shou!d be d"!rr.n::lzcd or not
used.
9.2 Wcig..i the sp(cimen to the ne2:-;:st 0.00 l g (0.0001 g
for ?rccc:!ure C).
9.3 Sc:u the s cimcn s-.oocurdy in thc hol er an add che
proper wdghts to th:: le\ er arra to dc:ve!op the proper force
pcessing t!lc specimen against thc wheel is may be rneas-
ur::d acc:uratc:ly by means of a spring $C:Ik whic:h is book-ed
around t .e specimen and pulled :!acle t lift the ;pccimen
n..:y from the whec:l A wed:: should be pla!!ed under th:
lcver arr. lQ that the spcc:lmen is held away fro!1l th:wh:::l
prior to stnrt of t::St. (See Fg. 2.)
9. Set the revQtutior. coun:r to 1t1:: pr scrit?<:c:! n;nber of
whed r-:vo!utions.
'9.5 Sc.-:d Flow and Sand Crtrtain-rr. ra:of sand llow
through thno-uks sha ll !;.! betwecn 250 g (0.55 IG)/mi n auo:;
400 g (0.8S lb)/min. Do not stm thc: wb e!rot:uion until r he
proper uniform c:ma!n of sand h:lS kr. estlblish.:d (se:: Fig.
9 anc Note J).
9.5.1 The dweil time betWel::t tests sh2!! b:! th:rime re
quircd for the t mpcret:. re. of thc n:btr whecl 10 r.:tum to
room t:m r:l!urFor Procedurc B thc c!wcll t ime shall te
:tt ltast 30 min.
9.6 Stlr: the wheel rot tion and im::1diatc!y low::r the
lever a rm careiully to altow th1: s:ime:a to con:act th:
whed.
9.1 \Vhen the 11 hns run the d.:.sircd numt:eof whcd
re,olu ions, lift the s;:c:cime:1 l"'">li' f;:m ti1e whc:::l d stop
the sand flow a n oheel rotadon. The sand llow r-te should
be rncQsu:cd befare ar.d :fte r a test, unlc:s.s 11 consisten\ flow
59
iA3!liCA1i!J SANO N')lllE
1 J/ S:.1tlUU 'O :O lit..!S"l
flrt Ot iU IC tqUtT!ltH ,
o .o .-o .671' 11.o
1 .0. '2.1')J. f J .
cur ro lt:rx a s tqu u u
l oucu t 1 .. lO O . SOO'(Il.l'bt
1- 1\l 1 1/1' Uf(l O e. l ,
tO OSJli A ft.U .SUf.F l CE
\!IYI ; 1 I:Hl l C{ 1 ,00'
( 10,,.. ) fJOW l lto l : Ot
uj !t
,. H!l o UII IT!fl Utlt 1 Q..:Of
21a !;!O t )(!THC lQ:.ti'PL<If.
hoiCI !IS O.OSJ' (1 .U l
"'C Ih. To Sllf AitoO: ft.& r it.r
$- u ru r H ll u or ( 1 nl)
ro t H t!) sutnc!J .01
(tr! 1}
,... 41l ,J (13 Of OZ"!:.! TO o.Htl t
o -''1 (l..! h o ) fll;Of n:;.
: .. ;i!f!ll :! 10 U:'.l OF
J!:Ht t:st ,; us so1:o 1r1:
1&0 (U1 IH >("")
8 fO IIICJi,&:i 1t.4Y tti :t 1 .)
uc t -c:::.r ,., o .oo
(o .to"'') -:.t!"t( is .
!:1..'1)-0.i'!S:N<:. MrJSr d!
'J XlF.J J ot ;.'i; F?:.fZ'J M
mLO S:'" T"O;l
FIG. Sand tlo le
r.1te b(lS been establlshed. -
9.8 'Removc th:sp.:cim:n and r:weiy to the nearest
0.00 r g (O.OOCJ t g for Proc.:dun: C).
9.8.1 Wear Scar-Obseth.:: we,_- scar a.d comp::tre it
to the pliotograph$ ofunlform :!nd nonunifor.:war in
Fig. ll. A nonu niform pauem ir.b::!t!S infropu alignmn: l
of lhe rubber rir:1 to thc test sp.:ci::-:en or i!n ull.!:vc:tly worn
rubber whcd.This condition ml:' r:-duc:th:lCCllr: cy of the
t L
9.9 Prepara /ion lll!d Cnu o{ t?.!IDO W.:als-Drcsi th:
pcciphcry of all r.cw rubbcr wh.::ls ad m2..\;:cor.c ntric to
the borc Of the Sted disl< UpOn whi tne Nbb!r is oun d.
Thc concemridty of :he rirn shalt be .... :rin 0.05 mm (0.002
in.) toul indic: tor reading on thc c!izr.;.: !r FCUow thc: s.:1rnc
drc:ssing proccdure on usc:d whe:!s th2c cc::!cp groovcs or
t!l:tt wcar unevc:nly so :!S to devc:lop trJ:<!oidal or unevc:n
wo=tr sc:u:s on the test spc:cir.le:. (Fig.. 11). Te:ir.tcnt is to
prouce a unifor.n surf.:1c:: t!::lt wiil 1".!.11 t:an?; :ll to tbc st
specimcn without caus:ng vibrJtlon o: ho7,:i::g of th<: tevc:(
ann. The we;r sc; rs sh; ll be rec::!n d:; in shJpc and of
uoifom\ dc:pt!l '" arty secrion acrro:s thc wid th. Thc rubbl!r
whed ma.y be .:s:d uotil the dum:ter wears to J !5.9 mm
(8.SO in.). New rubber rims m.ay l:e mounted on .st.:el dislcs
by t.hc qu.1!itied source (6.2).
9.10 Wheel Dr rsing P ocedure- Thc p:ef<::ret! tln:.s.siM.
proccdurc for t;,e pc:riphcorf thc n:bberim i;; :o mo unt !he
wh:ct on a l:xth:, and machin.: the S\.!:f:?.ce with n too! bit
csp:<:ially grol!::d for rubber ap lication$. Grind a orbide or
hig..'l-sp<!d ste:t tcol bit to verd eep C3ke ang!es (Fig. 12).
Fd thc toot nt:oss tlic rubbcr surfu::: I thc opposite dir
rion from th:lt nom:tlly used.for .rnuhinin-g .s l. Tr.is allo"
lhe angu!Jr surf: ce ofthe too!bit to sf:ear awy ;hin laycrs of
rubbcr wi:hout taring or fo11.1ing groovcs in the rubber 35
\\Ould cccur wh::a using thc pointd cdgof thc tcol. Th:
rccommcnded r.uchining parnm::ters are: Feed-25 mm/
mi:t (1.0 in./ n): Speed-200 rpm: D p!r o{ Cut-O.:!SJ
mm (O.Q!O in.) to 0.762 mm (O.OJO in.). Th e drc:s.sc whed
should be ft:-st us:d on a soft carbon stce!tc.st syecirr.cn (AlSI
1020 or cquivJI:nt) using Procedun: A. This r-::sults in l
smcoth, unifor.n-non-sticky surfJcc. An altc:rnativc drc:ssin
60
w.:oo2 in.) mY !x grou nd from th.c -surfoce at onc: lime.stJ a.s
!'d. prcvcn t o' crhe:uing.
JO. C:llcul:tting :nd _pQrting Rcsu'll s
10.1 The abra.sian U:st sul\5 shauld be reponed as '<OI
umc!ncubic mitliml!tr!!S in :u::cocd:mcc:with thc s;ccificd
p rocdre us.-.-.<1 in thc test. Fo.r e.. : mple, _mm
3
pcr ASThL
Pr cedurc- Wh!k 1'1\:.JSS loss rcsult$ my be u!<!d
intcr-
a a.Hy in test J:bor:llorio::s to comp re materials ofcqui, alem
dcnsitics. it is esscntkl th:H 01!1 uscrs of this t.:st pr.oc-.xl.tlrc
rc:pal'l thdr resu tc; unifomdy as \'Ol u mc loss- irr pu lic:Jtios
or repcru so th:H thef:: ls n o co1,rusion c:1u&d by v.: ltc! m
ir. .densily. Cor,vrt n:JI!SS !O?,i tG vol umc lO: 3 rollws:
m:us los.s rsl
Vclume loss mm'- x: I!JC>Q
' do:llSt y (s/!::m>)
!0.2 Atlju.sting. tbi! Volwm( Loss-As the -rubbo:,r wh c!
decreases in diJ.metr th.: J.mount of cra:chill's abnlsion
dcv:clop!:d in a yJ.Cn pr; :lice will be te!luccd accodlnsl y.
ThattuJ.) o!ume loss p.roduced by t bsli:shtly smulk
whc$ will, thr or<:, be :!laccur.ue. Th":t;fjt:Sed volumi:
loss.- v; luc t:Ikes this into ac:count and indiotes the actuZJ!
ai:ira.sion ratc the! woujd !:-e produc! by a 12S.6-mm
(9.0 in.) d iam:oter..wheel. CaJc.u l ':w:thc adjt!c::l ,j!um lO$S
(AYl) f.ollows_: ..
22S. :nm (9.00 in..l
FlG. a Po itian ot Sand llo:.:!e
r.Jethod !nvolvcs thc use ora high-s:<!d gndc:r on thtoo!
il<lSI of J. lntht:". Take gn::J.t car<: sr grind i n_g orn .te nds to
o:c;heal a.nd sme;;r the rubber
1
[1!3\ing J :;tick.y surixe. Sl!'
surfJcc: wll pid: up ;J..'ld hold s:U\G pankks d:.J:ing t sting.
lf th;; grinding methcd is uscd, not mar::ha.'l 0.05 n:
AVL = mc:uurcd volume' loss X whc:c:l diJ ml r-:ilcr u
1113 R<!porting, Tt!l R'rlis- All .sij:11iic:tnt tes,; pJ. me
ers and test dat:l :ls no1.:d in Tab!es 2 an J sh:l e<
rep.orted. Aoy v:ttia:ibr. frcm t be recomm::nde.d prced n:
niust be notcd in thc: commcnts. The re;ort h::ll includ:: l
St:ltttttellt O( tht current predsion and :lCCUr:!CY of the test
appara<us as qu: liri;:d by ihc tesd ng ofRefe:c;,ce Matemls
(l 1.6}. Tht: volumc: loss dt!ta d.:,doped b? ;,e ini tkli
qunlification t:St,S ( II.'J) pf dtt voll.lmc loss dat:! deH:!oped
by the pcriodic re t:.aliiko. tion teslS (11.4.3) shouJd listed
o:t lhe data sh,ect (Tapie 3).
l.l. P're<Zision :md Accuracr
11.1 Thc pred:sioo tr:ld accuprcy o!thc me:sorem !H.>
obtain.:d v.ith lhis test prcdure will d.::-c:nd u,pn Strii:t
adherem:e to ehst:lted Ltlt pnnmeters and maim.!nancof
thc proper s:!nl:l tlow cate o.n:d mnd CtJr:ain. throu:Wout tbe
du nrlon o th!.ti\.
11.2 ,n;r.legr:e o agreemcnt ir.:peite tests on tht'
SJrne macri:J.l will c!<:pend upon ma:eri-: .1' hcmcge:Jc:lty
.
..
m hin; a n'd m:Hetio.l interactia.n.and clos: obScrvation of
thc: test by a com.p -:nt mJchin opero:or.
ll.J Nor.n:!l r.J.:i.uions in thc -: .basivc, rJ!bb.:r whcd
char.lCl<'!rtSICs. :tnd : oedun: ": tend tO rcdce thc accl!.-
racy or rh.: :rJ.crict :1S complre<l to the acc:uracr of such
mnteri:!! :irop.;ny t$tS as h:wl::ess or dc;,si<y. Pro: rly
c<mdcct<!d ICS.:l will, howcver. ma i ntain a 5 % or lcss
o'efficicn t of \'i!:i'Jtion of ohlme loss v;lues wh ich i'ill
ehn.ra.cterize tht: abraS\'C: r<.lsistln::e of m llteriais (sc:c: r\p-
pc;,di., X 1 ),
11.4 fnirial .\lcdzim: O:l!ralivll and .Qualifh;acioll-T
numbu Of !<!.SS lO cstJ.blish pr-ed.sion :utd ccuracy o( thc
ap;::raHJs for (nitial rr.achine operation shal!.be ut lc:m fi.\e..
Afctr initit l t:alific t!on, ; r. in f mum of fhrc:: ldt? 'ffiQ( ce
used ro period!c::tll monitor pr::::isien a nd accurac:y. Th.<!5.:
61
su ,..,,
"
FIG. 10 S.tnf;'low-Turt:ull:nc
"!l For"" ..l;r"-1 W:.<-<1
?OQC e R M
a
l:IQ (ZOI a
130jc (0
e: (30) tCO
1
o S (IC, I.I g.:
..;CICIJ tcRI'v-c.e.d .:J :..
-s a.:
N Ntwt(SI trtnc: ttfl'l'\ fct tetc.eJ
lnf - .c.,..:.:n-2 t:
lC!:l - 'eooo!ON
LneAbtnTcn
1
m tn
''" 1 331
< 7111
(235
IP IJ.!J
l\> thc (()l:ffic:;c:u O( v:ri:Hton tn :1-::tOrnc.:: with A?.:::di:;
X1 'Thc =fl1c1ent ol v: riQtloo shatl not II<:Cu 7 ':':. in
m: teri.l!s of 1c 20 10 60-r:lm'. volumc loss r.m e. Ji thi.s
vle is cxctku. rhe m tl1ine opc'-IO:t shDII be co::siccr
ou t of conttollnd :s ;J:n 10 dinlir.Jt =ti:;<:st:!ts.
IIA 2 In 30\'ltr. series :: 11 d::umus:!:c ns!d;r<:d b t!tt
t:!lcviJIpn incudlng ou1!ic:(d:!ll e.t.c ;di nJ !he obviQUS
r: o;);. !"or ex.-::nlc, :m cxc-: dln,;l:-- hio: low volumc loss
must r.o.lte: disr 3an:led ao:pt in en>e of ob r.d f;n.:lty
machn.: opeP.IlOrl.
II. U R ucl(fiC'aiUJII of.ip;arams-Afv:: the :.c.s p-
p: r:ltl!:; hns h=cn ini ti:llly quahtl -d. H is: q:a. cc::! thJt one o
tcs:s sh;l!l be m;:c,:wiRdercncc 13:::i:: ls (11.6) llnd th.:
s::uistiol CJ!tu.btions madc, vsing fonnul:u dcscribed in
Apendh XIA
11.-1.1 Thc st: ndJrd <!evi: 1:on fror:1 th mc:m averose sh:11l
b.! clcu (:ucd r om !he cumu! :ed li:.SI rcU!lS and redl! .:d
morsl':lnd3cd rcfc:encm:t.:rinls ce odidlly testcd ta
cnsur; thc :tturac:r of thd:u; en r.l!.:d by tha;p: rntus.
Tnis is p:micd:ld y. necc=ry \Y,'lcn oc.w test oper:ltors are
1nvolvd orwhen 1h: : ;:par tus is not !JSCdn a ula: b
l$.. R:.qu lilit3tion is ls.l rq'..tifo: inte rllbor;JtOry test1n
62
=
fiG. 11 Typleal Wear Sea"Uneven ancl Nonurrlrann Wur S<:ar,
!ndlcale lmpro er Allgnme111 or \Vear al Rohbl!r Whaol
I:ld for the quili!ic:1tion of m:lt ri:Ifs u speci!iec! ia Dmu
ll!d vender contracts.
1 1.5 Whilc: two or more labor. tone.s ma.y de !op tes< dat:!
Lbat is with i r. the :!Cce;nzble co ffici:1t o v:ui tion lar thcr
own indi 11duat test apparatus, t!lcir tual av:::a es m a; tx
rt.lativcly f:r ap:m. Thc sclc:ction of S3mpl c and thc
method for establlshing thc signilicance of thc ditTe ence in
tvcrages shall be agre!d u pon bctween l11boratories Jnd sh:l
be o;ued on established s;:istic:at method s in ommcnd:d
Tit.O 1
Pr.ttfccs E 121, E 1 71, .md STP 1.50.
1
11.6 R for.em:e Macerials-Rekrcncc mtcri: ts
1
J mov be
uscd for xricdic IT".Qlltoring or lhc test a pp:wnus ': nd
proccdures in individul.! labor.!!of.cs.
1 1.6.1 Whitc: l.ny of thc: four test proceduccs (Table 2)
may be uses on refetence mcucri:lls, it is rccommc:ndcd th:lt
PrQCcdure A ce used for thc more abrasion resistant m.l lc
rials such :lS AISI D-2 Tocl Su:cl. Whcn Proccdur:A volume
loss vnlucs c10cced 100 mm' in m: terials such ;u annc:lcd
low-<: rbon st;::l, great,;r nXu r.u:y in mlltl:ri:tl r.Jnking C:ln lx
obLlincd by using Proccdun:s Sor D.
11.62 Two Types oj Refen!!lce Matericls:
ll.6.2.1 ,JISi D-l Tool Sut!(Nou[m! ,'.fachinmg Type}-
T.'!i$ !s Rcfefe:1Cc M:w:.r:ial No. 1 for Procedurc A. P
(a) HJrd..:n J O IO'C (1850'F)--25 min :l! tem; ::ltu re.
(b) Air cool to roorr. tcm;xrature.
(e) Temxr i!.t 10S 'C (.:OO' F)- 1 h nt t.emper;tur<:.
'(d) Air Coot Hardn:ss 59-60 HRC.
() PromluA, qu':llif:,Ing "otume loss r.Jne-J6 3
r::tml.
1 1.6.2.2 ..t!S! H lJ Toe/ Slt><'f-This is R:ferznc [l!J:
;U No. Z for Procedl.ue B.
11
(e) Hudtn !Ol0/ 1024'C (135{)/l875'F) in r.cueal s: !t
bJ.th 25 min 3 !t mpereu: :e.
(b) Air co.:>l 10 room tem!crnture.
(e) Double tempca: t .59J' C (I I O,O'F) for 2 h and 2 h. A1 r
ceo!b(twe-::: tcmpc;os. H:!rdncss 7-4S HRC.
(d) P: occcurc S. qu: lifying ofun::e toss rar.gc-56.5 :::.:
m::n.
11.6.3 V oturne toss villues fo r r:fere nc:e :n:ltcn;!: e.: de
''Jfar. ::J on i't<:<r.tatiiJ.n qf Da1= cr.J Corrq/ Citcr. A=l)m.,tST,\( STf'
/JI), Aln. So<:. T.::><l!"u" 1 97o.
''Caou.c. !k O:::c o( Sanolud R:ftffi'::J: ll;r.W.I. :-::: all e: : or
S (b.-c.a. WlJhl:;to:.. OC !.iil).:, or A.S'TI-l Hu _:;u.:t\(-:1..
fot ,nroon.l.ttan on TOC11 S. Suni!:M R..:(cbcc!'\:.1 )...:sn.
<On<= tllcOrri or St.ln tdllc(cc:-:o <.ri.ll.<. !1llCl'lcmitt7 Bl$.. i :ul
Sutau a(S<.>nW;u rr,:an.. OC w..;
u for lafarr.o on H-13 Toal S:d :on= AS'TM l'.< dc\Ur.::"-Suom
miu:;:(iOL!IJ
o JL
FIG. 12 TypicQI W l or.,uin u iocl
fw
'-./14"
63
A N E X O N 2
Plano de Equipo de Ensayo de Abrasin Norma ASTM G 65
- PLANO N 1
Mesa Estructura de Equipo de Abrasin
- PLANO N 2
Eje Motriz y Brazo del Equipo de Abrasin
- PLANO N 3
Rueda de Abrasin
- PLANO N 4
Tolva de Carga de Arena
- PLANO N 5
Polea Motriz
- PLANO N 6
Polea Conducida
MESA O ESTRUCTURA DE EQUIPO DE
ABRASIN
1 :2 0
MES A O ES TRUCTRURA DE EQUIP O DE
64
1 :20 EJ E MOTRIZ Y B R AZO DE EQUIP O DE AB RAS IN
0 2
65
RUEDA DE ABRASIN
1 :20
0 3
RUEDA DE ABRAS IN
66
67
\
TOLVA DE CARGA DE ARENA
063.76
-
-----l--
268
UNIVI:RSIDAD NAC10N-'l DEL CAI_LAO
FAC\.JLlAO DE INCENrEH'tA !.ICCANICP.-ENERGA
(SCALA
1:20
TOLVA DE CARGA DE ARENA
FCt:I-IA :2002
LFJ-41NA : 04 fi\Of : INC. PAB O AMAN! Dra:
68
POLEA MOTRlZ
MATERIAl P.LU 11N10
!:ANliO.t-.0 1 PIEZA
30
c-Jn<:l ct>'!!velet o
B,...s
N
I:JNr -,.ER'5tOAO NA(lu IAL DEL CAU.AO
f;,C\.JLTAO Of INC(NI(RIA U[CANICA-ENERCJA
(SCALA : 1 : 1
POLEAM:>TRlZ
fECHA :
1002 LABORATORIO DE PROCESOS DE IAANUf ClURA
l.JI}.IINA : OS PROf: INC. PAS:..O MN.J ANI
018 :
69
canal choveiero
Bx'l
1:2 POLEA CONDUCIDA
06