CRITERIOS RELATIVOS AL ANLISIS SENSORIAL DE MIELES Guillermo Salamanca Grosso. PhD gsalaman u!.e"u.co De#ar!amen!

o "e $u%mica & 'acul!a" "e Ciencias ()sicas PBX +57(8) 264 42 19 Fax +57(8) 264 48 69 Barrio Santa Helena A.A. 546 Iba !"# $oli%a &olo%bia Resumen 'n e(te )o*!%ento (e +re(entan lo( a(+e*to( rele,ante( a la *ata )e la %iel# *on(i)eran)o lo( atrib!to(- A+arien*ia- &olor# ta%a.o# /or%a# *on/or%a*i0n# !ni/or%i)a). 1lor- lo( %ile( )e *o%+!e(to( aro%2ti*o( 3!e *ontrib!4an al aro%a. 5!(to- )!l*e# a%ar o# (ala)o 4 2*i)o (+o(ible%ente a(trin ente o %et2li*o entre otro() 4 $ext!ra- la( +ro+ie)a)e( /6(i*a( *o%o )!re7a# ran!lo(i)a) 4 ,i(*o(i)a). Palabra( &la,e- An2li(i( (en(orial. Ali%ento(. 8iel. INTROD*CCI+N 9a e,al!a*i0n )e lo( ali%ento( )e()e el +!nto )e ,i(ta (en(orial# e( !na )i(*i+lina inte ra)a 3!e +er%ite e(table*er la *ali)a) )e()e el +!nto )e ,i(ta )e lo( atrib!to( )el +ro)!*to. I !al%ente el an2li(i( (en(orial (e re/iere a la %e)i*i0n 4 *!anti/i*a*i0n )e la( *ara*ter6(ti*a( )e lo( +ro)!*to(# in re)iente( o %o)elo( e,al!able( +or lo( (enti)o( :!%ano(. 'n el *ontexto anterior# el *ontrol )e *ali)a) )e la %iel (e reali7a *on(i)eran)o lo( atrib!to(- A+arien*ia- &olor# ta%a.o# /or%a# *on/or%a*i0n# !ni/or%i)a). 1lor- lo( %ile( )e *o%+!e(to( aro%2ti*o( 3!e *ontrib!4an al aro%a. 5!(to- )!l*e# a%ar o# (ala)o 4 2*i)o (+o(ible%ente a(trin ente o %et2li*o entre otro() 4 $ext!ra- la( +ro+ie)a)e( /6(i*a( *o%o )!re7a# ran!lo(i)a)# ,i(*o(i)a). Se +re(entan al !no( )e lo( ele%ento( ne*e(ario( +ara la *o%+ren(i0n 4 e(table*i%iento )e la( *on)i*ione( +ara la *ata )e %iele(. Se b!(*a enton*e(# +re(entar +ar2%etro( )e *ali)a) +ara 3!e el *on(!%i)or +!e)a tener el *riterio (!/i*iente +ara ele ir lo( +ro)!*to( 4 e(*o er lo %e;or. 9a +er*e+*i0n )e lo( (enti)o( (e in,ol!*ra en e(te +ro*e(o# +!e( (e )ebe *on(i)erar el ;!7 a%iento 4 la *ara*teri7a*i0n 3!e +er%itan la e,al!a*i0n (en(orial )el +ro)!*to 4 3!e lo( *ata)ore( /2*il%ente +!e)an )e/inir (!( *on)i*ione( or anol"+ti*a(# +or %e)io )e (! ori en /loral 4 bio eo r2/i*o. <na *ara*ter6(ti*a )el ti+o or anol"+ti*a a(o*ia)a a la *ali)a) )e la %iel# tiene 3!e ,er *on (! a(+e*to 4 la +re(en*ia )e al !no( *o%+onente( e(+e*6/i*o(# +or e(to# el *olor e( !no )e la( a+arien*ia( 3!e +er%ite ;!7 arla *rean)o *on)i*ione( +ara la a*e+ta*i0n o re*:a7o. 'l +ar2%etro +or lo eneral (e *orrela*iona *on la %a)!re7. 9a nat!rale7a )el *olor# *o%o %e)i)a )i(*ri%inante )el ori en bot2ni*o 4 eo r2/i*o )e la( %iele( )e Apis mellifera# +er%iten *o%+le%entar otra( +ro+ie)a)e( 4 /a*tore( )e *ali)a) tale( *o%o el *onteni)o )e %inerale(# +oli/enole(# a*ti,i)a) )ia(t2(i*a# a%ino2*i)o( libre( e :i)roxi%etil /!r/!ral. 'l aro%a e( la *!ali)a) )e !na (!(tan*ia 3!e a/e*ta ol/ato 4 +ertene*e a lo( (enti)o( 3!6%i*o(# +!e(to 3!e rea**iona (ola%ente +or e(t6%!lo(. 9a( *a,i)a)e( na(ale(# tienen

+lie !e( 3!e )i,i)en e(ta( en tre( (e**ione(# 3!e (on- lo( %eato( in/erior# %e)io 4 (!+erior. Para 3!e (e +er*iba el olor# la( (!(tan*ia( )eben (er ,ol2tile(# 4a 3!e ella( (on tran(%iti)a( *!an)o el aire +a(a )e la nari7 a la *a,i)a) na(al# )on)e (e en*!entra el 2rea ol/atoria. Al !na( *la(e( )e *o%+!e(to( or 2ni*o( re(+on(able( )el aro%a en la %iel# *orre(+on)en a !ni)a)e( e(tr!*t!rale( )el ti+o al)e:6)o( )eri,a)o( )el b!tanal 4 :exanal# *o%+!e(to( al*o:0li*o( *o%o el tretra:i)ro/!rano# ben7al)e:i)o( 4 *o%+!e(to( ,ol2tile( *o%o el linalol# a*etal)e:6)o(# entre otro(. 9a( %iele( %!lti/lorale( *olo%biana(# eneral%ente *ontienen )o(# tre( o %2( (abore( 3!e ,ar6an *on/or%e al ori en /ito eo r2/i*o (7ona 4 ori en /loral). 9a intera**i0n )e e(to( (abore( 4 olore( *o%+li*a la e,al!a*i0n (en(orial )el (abor en el ali%ento. 'l !(to e( )ebi)o a la( (en(a*ione( 3!e (e +er*iben en la len !a. '(te +ertene*e a lo( (enti)o( 3!6%i*o(# )ebi)o a 3!e lo( re*e+tore( (en(oriale(# rea**ionan /rente a !n e(ti%!lo. 9o( re*e+tore( )el (abor in,ol!*ran a la( +a+ila( /ili/or%e(. '(ta( (on la( %2( n!%ero(a(# e(t2n )i(trib!i)a( en lo( )o( ter*io( )elantero( )e la len !a 4 +or no tener 4e%a( !(tati,a( (olo (on i%+ortante( en la( (en(a*ione( t2*tile(# ('igura ,).

'igura ,. 'l (i(te%a b!*al 4 la )i(trib!*i0n )e la( +a+ila(. Parte /!n)a%ental en la ti+i/i*a*i0n )e la( %iele( )e Apis mellifera.

=e()e l!e o# e( *o%+le;o el !(o )e +r!eba( (en(oriale( +ara e(table*er lo( atrib!to( 3!e *ontrib!4en a la *ali)a) )e la( %iele(. I%+li*a tie%+o 4 traba;o# e(t2 (!;eto a errore( )ebi)o a la ,ariabili)a) )el ;!i*io :!%ano 4 +or *on(i !iente# e( *o(to(o. Sin e%bar o# no exi(ten in(tr!%ento( %e*2ni*o( o el"*tri*o( 3!e +!e)an )!+li*ar o (!(tit!ir el )i*ta%en :!%ano. 9o( an2li(i( *alori%"tri*o(# text!ro%"tri*o( 4 3!6%i*o( +ro+or*ionan b!ena( *orrela*ione( !ni)i%en(ionale( )e lo( atrib!to( (en(oriale( in)i,i)!ale( a(o*ia)o( *on el *olor# la text!ra 4 el (abor. 'l ra7ona%iento +ara e;e*!tar !n an2li(i( (en(orial )e(*an(a en lo( %i(%o( +rin*i+io( *ient6/i*o( )el *ontrol )e +ro*e(o 4 ,ariable( in,ol!*ra)a(. Por lo tanto# (e :a*e e,i)ente 3!e al a+li*ar la %eto)olo 6a (ea in)i(+en(able el *ontrol )e la( +er(ona( anali(ta(# l! ar# :ora# /or%a 4 %ateriale( a)e*!a)o( +ara la( +r!eba( (en(oriale(. '(to +ro+or*iona /inal%ente la *on/iabili)a) 4

re+ro)!*ibili)a) )e lo( atrib!to( obteni)o(# +ara al /inal +or %e)io )e %"to)o( e(ta)6(ti*o( (e lo re !n an2li(i( (i ni/i*ati,o 4 (e lo re la a*e+ta*i0n e(+era)a +or lo( *on(!%i)ore(. 'l aro%a e( la *!ali)a) )e !na (!(tan*ia 3!e a/e*ta el (enti)o ol/ato. 'l ol/ato# ta%bi"n +ertene*e a lo( (enti)o( 3!6%i*o(# +!e(to 3!e rea**iona (ola%ente +or e(t6%!lo( 3!6%i*o(. 9a( *a,i)a)e( na(ale(# tienen +lie !e( 3!e )i,i)en e(ta( en tre( (e**ione(# 3!e (on- lo( %eato( in/erior# %e)io 4 (!+erior. 'n el (!+erior (e en*!entra el e+itelio ol/atorio# *o%+!e(to +or *"l!la( )e (o+orte 4 ol/atoria(. 9o( ner,io( ol/ati,o(# (e en*ar an )e +a(ar la (e.al al *erebro ('igura -).

'igura -. 'l !(to en la *ara*teri7a*i0n )e %iele( ,6a ol/ati,a

Para 3!e (e +er*iba el olor# la( (!(tan*ia( )eben (er ,ol2tile(# 4a 3!e ella( (on tran(%iti)a( *!an)o el aire +a(a )e la nari7 a la *a,i)a) na(al# )on)e (e en*!entra el 2rea ol/atoria. Al !na( *la(e( )e *o%+!e(to( or 2ni*o( re(+on(able( )e olore( en ali%ento(# (on lo( "(tere(# 2*i)o( 4 al)e:6)o( ,ol2tile(. 9o( aro%a( :an teni)o )i/erente( *la(i/i*a*ione(. 9a( %2( *o%!ne( (on- Fra ante# 3!e%a)o# *a+r6li*o# olor a e(+e*ia( tale( *o%o *anela# *la,o )e olor a /lore(# o +>tri)o( en otro( *a(o(. $a%bi"n (e )i(tin !en olore( et"reo(# /r!ta(? a ran*io# %enta? re(ino(o# /ra ante(? /"ti)o( 4 3!e%a)o. A*t!al%ente (e tiene !na *la(i/i*a*i0n 3!e !tili7a n!e,e /a*tore( o)orante(- Fra ante ((ali*ilato )e %etilo)? 3!e%a)o ( !a4a*ol)# *a+r6li*o (etil@ )i(!l/!ro)? 't"reo (1@+ro+anol)? )!l7a6no (,ainilla)? ran*io (2*i)o b!t6ri*o)? oleo(o (:e+tanol)? %et2li*o (:exanol)? aro%2ti*o o a e(+e*ia( (ben7al)e:i)o). '(to( *o%+!e(to( 3!6%i*o( (e !tili7an *o%o +atrone( en el an2li(i( or anol"+ti*o. 'n la( +r!eba( o te(t( )e aro%a (e )ebe re*or)ar el )e !(ta)or (e /ati a o (e a)a+ta al olor. PANELES DE EVAL*ACION SENSORIAL 9o( +anele( )e e,al!a*i0n (en(orial (e a r!+an en A ti+o(- Panele( )e ex+erto( alta%ente a)ie(tra)o(. Panele( )e laboratorio (;!e*e( entrena)o() 4 Panele( )e *on(!%i)ore( (!tili7a !n n>%ero ran)e )e ;!e*e( no entrena)o(). 9o( )o( +ri%ero( (e !tili7an en *ontrol )e *ali)a) en el )e(arrollo )e n!e,o( +ro)!*to( o +ara %e)ir *a%bio( en la *o%+o(i*i0n )el +ro)!*to. 9o( +anele( )e *on(!%i)ore( (e !tili7an %2( +ara )eter%inar la rea**i0n )el *on(!%i)or :a*ia el +ro)!*to. PREPARACION PARA LA PR*E(A Se re3!iere )e !n 2rea e(+e*ial# )on)e (e e,iten )i(tra**ione( 4 (e +!e)an *ontrolar la( *on)i*ione( )e(ea)a(. <n +ro)!*to (e +!e)e e,al!ar en !na %e(a# en la e(3!ina )e !n *!arto# +ero la( interr!+*ione( 4 )i(tra**ione( no /a,ore*en !n b!en an2li(i(. <n laboratorio )e an2li(i( (en(orial )ebe *ontar *on 2 2rea(# a (aber- Brea )e +re+ara*i0n 4 2rea )e +r!eba# (e+ara)a( la !na )e la otra. 9o( +aneli(ta( no )eben entrar al 2rea )e +re+ara*i0n +ara e,itar in/l!en*ia( en la e,al!a*i0n. 5eneral%ente# en el 2rea )e +r!eba# lo( +aneli(ta( (e !bi*an en *abina( in)i,i)!ale( 3!e# )e a*!er)o *on la /a*ili)a)# +!e)en (er )i,i(ione( (obre !na %e(a o %0)!lo( *on bi(a ra(. 'n e(to( *a(o(# el l6)er e(t2 al tanto )e la e,al!a*i0n 4 ,a retiran)o o entre an)o la( %!e(tra(. 9o %2( *o%>n e( el !(o )e *el)a( o *abina( a lo lar o )e la +are)# *o%!ni*a)a( +or !na ,entanilla *on el 2rea )e +re+ara*i0n# +er%itien)o el +a(o )e la( %!e(tra( )el 2rea )e +re+ara*i0n a la )e +r!eba# (Fi !ra A). Se exi e al +aneli(ta no /!%ar# e,itar +er/!%e( 4 *o(%"ti*o( *on olore(# +or3!e in/l!4en en la +r!eba. 'ntre +r!eba 4 +r!eba# el +aneli(ta )ebe :a*er(e !n en;!a !e b!*al? +or lo tanto# en el 2rea )e +r!eba )ebe :aber (!%i)ero( *on ri/o( +ara e(te /in. Se a*on(e;a al +aneli(ta !tili7ar a !a a te%+erat!ra a%biente. 'n %!*:o( *a(o(# (e !tili7a entre +r!eba 4 +r!eba# en l! ar )e a !a# %an7ana o alleta( )e (o)a. 9a l!7 )el 2rea )e +r!eba )ebe (er !ni/or%e# *on el /in )e 3!e no in/l!en*ie la a+arien*ia )el +ro)!*to. 'n el *a(o )e 3!e el *olor 4 la a+arien*ia )el +ro)!*to (ean /a*tore( )e i%+ortan*ia# (e )ebe !tili7ar l!7 )e )6a. 'n *a(o )e 3!e (e )e(ee eli%inar la(

)i/eren*ia( )e *olor entre la( %!e(tra( (e re*o%ien)a l!7 )e *olor# eneral%ente l!7 ro;a. .orarios #ara las #rue/as. Se re*o%ien)a >lti%a( :ora( )e la %a.ana 4 el *o%ien7o o %ita) )e la tar)e +ara la reali7a*i0n )e la( +r!eba(. Mues!ra. 9a( %!e(tra( 3!e (e +re(entan al +aneli(ta )eben (er t6+i*a( )el +ro)!*to# i)"nti*a( :a(ta )on)e (ea +o(ible# ex*e+to en la *ara*ter6(ti*a( +or la 3!e (e ;!7 a# o (ea# 3!e ten a i !al /or%a (re)on)a o +i*a)a o en +!r" o %oli)a)# en re*i+iente( )e i !al /or%a# ta%a.o# *olor 4 tener +re(ente 3!e el %aterial )on)e (e (ir,e la %!e(tra no tran(%ita olore(.

A ,e*e( (e !tili7an al !no( a*arrea)ore( )e %!e(tra( *o%o alleta( +ara la( %er%ela)a( 4 (al*:i*:a( +ara la (al(a )e to%ate? eneral%ente# e(to( ,e:6*!lo( (on !na /!ente )e error ex+eri%ental. 9a( %!e(tra( )eben (er,ir(e a la te%+erat!ra a la *!al (e *on(!%en nor%al%ente. 9a *anti)a) )e %!e(tra )ebe (er *on(tante a tra,"( )el te(t o +r!eba. '( a*on(e;able !(ar !na on7a )e %!e(tra )e %iel +ara la *ata. 'n al !na( +r!eba(# la( *anti)a)e( +!e)en )!+li*ar(e. Ha4 *a(o( en )on)e la *anti)a) +!e)e (er %a4or# a(6 3!e e(to( )ato( (olo (e )an *o%o ba(e. 9a( %!e(tra( )eben lle,ar !n *0)i o 3!e no +er%ita al +aneli(ta in/or%a*i0n al !na )e la i)enti/i*a*i0n )e la %!e(tra# ni intro)!*ir (e( o( a la e,al!a*i0n. Se re*o%ien)a enton*e(# to%ar lo( *0)i o( )e la $abla )e n>%ero( aleatorio(# a(6 (e e,itan lo( e/e*to( (i*ol0 i*o( en el or)en )e +re(enta*i0n 4 3!e el +aneli(ta *rea 3!e# )e A %!e(tra( entre a)a( *o%o i !ale(# la )el *entro e( la )i(tinta. <na %ani/e(ta*i0n )e la nat!rale7a )el in)i,i)!o (e )a *!an)o "(te inte ra la in/or@ %a*i0n )e (! %e)io *ir*!n)ante +ara a(6 a+re*iar (! reali)a). Por lo %i(%o# +ara 3!e el in)i,i)!o no )e(,6e (! aten*i0n )el +!nto 3!e (e 3!iere (ea (! ob;eto )e ob(er,a*i0n# e( ne*e(ario *ontrolar to)o ti+o )e ,ariable( 3!e +!e)an# en !n %o%ento )a)o# in/l!ir# %o)elar# (e( ar o a/e*tar la (en(iti,i)a) )el e,al!a)or. <na )e e(ta( ,ariable( e( el 2rea /6(i*a )on)e (e reali7a la +r!eba (en(orial. 'l 2rea )e +re+ara*i0n )e la( %!e(tra(# )ebe e(tar in)e+en)iente )el 2rea )e e,al!a*i0n. 'n a%ba( 2rea( )ebe :aber (ilen*io# +ara *on(e !ir tran3!ili)a) en el *ata)or. 'n el %o%ento )e la e,al!a*i0n# el r!i)o 4 la( ,o*e( e%ana)a( )el 2rea )e +re+ara*i0n )eben re)!*ir(e al %6ni%o# +ara e,itar la )i(tra**i0n. 9a te%+erat!ra 4 :!%e)a) relati,a )eben re(!ltar a ra)able( 4 (er *on(tante( (2CD a 22D& 4 55 a 6CE H.F)# a)e%2( e( in)i(+en(able 3!e exi(ta *o%o)i)a) en el 2rea- a(iento( *on/ortable(# alt!ra 4 e(+a*io )e la %e(a a+ro+ia)o(. 9a il!%ina*i0n )ebe (er (e%e;ante a la l!7 )el )6a# ('igura 0.). $o)o e(t!)io )e%an)a !na (i(te%ati7a*i0n 3!e# +or en)e# %antiene !n or)en. 'l an2li(i( (en(orial e( !na )i(*i+lina 3!e no o+era en el )e(or)en. &o%o (e ob(er,a en la 9o 6(ti*a +ara el )e(arrollo )e la e,al!a*i0n (en(orial# el )e(e%+e.o )e e(ta( t"*ni*a( i%+li*a la intera**i0n )e %!*:o( /a*tore(. =e a3!6 3!e la or ani7a*i0n )e )i*:o( /a*tore( en el tie%+o /a,ore7*a el "xito )e la in,e(ti a*i0n.

'igura 0. In(tala*ione( +ara el an2li(i( or anol"+ti*o PR*E(AS DE LA CARACTERI1ACION SENSORIAL 'n la +re(enta*i0n )e la( +r!eba( (en(oriale(# (e :a*e ne*e(ario intro)!*ir el t"r%ino He)0ni*o# el *!al :a*e re/eren*ia a la atra**i0n (!b;eti,a )e !na +er(ona +or !n +ro)!*to en +arti*!lar. 'n el an2li(i( :e)0ni*o# (e b!(*a la re(+!e(ta )e !n *on(!%i)or. 9a re(+!e(ta +!e)e (er real o +oten*ial. 9a a*e+tabili)a) +!e)e %e)ir(e *o%o la re(+!e(ta *ara*teri7a)a :a*ia )eter%ina)o +ro)!*to# +re,i(i0n )el !(o )e !n +ro)!*to 4 el ni,el )e a*e+ta*i0n o re*:a7o )el %i(%o. ELECCION 2 ENTRENAMIENTO DE 3*ECES 2 PANELISTAS 9a ob;eti,i)a) *on 3!e (e )e(arrolla la +r!eba e( )e ran i%+ortan*ia en la *on/iabili)a) )e lo( re(!lta)o( )el an2li(i( (en(orial. 9o( +aneli(ta( )eben (er re+re(entati,o( )el *on(!%i)or 4 no tener rela*i0n *on el +ro*e(o )e lo( +ro)!*to(? tener b!ena (al!)# e(tar libre( )e al !na a/e**i0n 3!e inter/iera *on la( /!n*ione( nor%ale( )e olor 4 (abor 4 ta%bi"n +o(eer e(tabili)a) +(63!i*a 4 e%o*ional. Se re*o%ien)a ab(tener(e )e /!%ar 4 %a(ti*ar *:i*le( o beber# +or lo %eno( AC %in!to( ante( )el te(t. '( ne*e(ario %oti,ar al +aneli(ta +ara 3!e (ea %2( e/i*iente (! traba;o# 4a 3!e (! a*ti,i)a) e( tan i%+ortante# *o%o (! *ontrib!*i0n a lo rar !n b!en re(!lta)o. Para ele ir +aneli(ta( (e )eber *o%en7ar *on !n r!+o tan ran)e *o%o (ea +o(ible 4 (e ,an *la(i/i*an)o )e a*!er)o *on (! :abili)a) +ara )i/eren*iar %!e(tra(. 'l +aneli(ta (ele**iona)o )eber2 tener tal (en(ibili)a) a !na %!e(tra# 3!e al ,ol,erlo a e,al!ar en )i/erente( o*a(ione(# lo( re(!lta)o( (ean (ie%+re lo( %i(%o(. O(3ETIVOS DE LAS PR*E(AS A'ECTIVAS 4.EDONICAS5

Para !tili7ar !n %"to)o )e e,al!a*i0n (en(orial# (e )ebe +en(ar +ri%ero en el ex+eri%ento a )e(arrollar? +!e( e( el 3!e )e/ine el +ro+0(ito )e la +r!eba 4 lo( re(!lta)o( 3!e (e )e(ea obtener. 9o( %"to)o( )e e,al!a*i0n (en(orial (e *la(i/i*an )e a*!er)o *on la /!n*i0n 3!e )e(e%+e.an# a(6 Prue/as "e "i6erencia7 =eter%inan la )i/eren*ia entre %!e(tra(. 'n e(ta *la(i/i*a*i0n (e en*!entran- el te(t tri2n !lo# )!o@trio# te(t )e *o%+ara*i0n +area)a# te(t )e or)ena*i0n. Prue/as "escri#!i8as. <n r!+o )e +aneli(ta( alta%ente entrena)o anali7a el (abor o text!ra )el +ro)!*to# :a*ien)o !na )e(*ri+*i0n )etalla)a )e la e,al!a*i0n. 9o( %"to)o( %2( *o%!ne( (on +er/il )el !(to 4 +er/il )e text!ra. Prue/as "e #re6erencia. 'n e(te r!+o (e en*!entran lo( te(t( )e *o%+ara*i0n +area)a# la e(*ala :e)0ni*a 4 el te(t )e or)ena*i0n +or +re/eren*ia.

PR*E(AS DE EVAL*ACION DE IDONEIDAD 'l +rin*i+al ob;eti,o en e(ta +r!eba )e (ele**i0n e( la )e *re*ono*er el +oten*ial /!t!ro )e *a)a *ata)or. Para ello la( +r!eba( )e traba;o (on Per*e+*i0n )e *olore(- $e(t )e )i(*ri%ina*i0n )e I(:i:ara. 1r)ena*i0n )e *olore(- Se*!en*ia in)i(*ri%ina)a. =ete**i0n )e aro%a(@ A+tit!) +ara re*ono*er e i)enti/i*ar (abore( 4 aro%a(. 9o( *ata)ore( (e (o%eten a +r!eba( )e e%+are;a%iento )e )il!*ione( )!l*e( (16 )e (a*aro(a)# )il!*ione( 2*i)a( ( 1 Ga*i)o tart2ri*o)# a%ar a( (C.5 )e *a/e6na) 4 (ala)a( (6 Gl )e *lor!ro )e (o)io)# *a)a (ol!*i0n (e %ar*a *on n>%ero( aleatorio( 4 en +o(i*ione( )i(+are(. @ Per*e+*i0n e i)enti/i*a*i0n )e aro%a( *o%er*iale(. =e(*ri+*ione( text!rale(- 9o( ;!e*e( )e(*riben )e %anera e(+ont2nea la text!ra )e ali%ento( )e *on(!%o :abit!al- Haran;a# le*:e *on)en(a)a# %ela7a )e *a.a# 3!e(o# +atata( /rita(# +atata( +i*ante(.

9o( re(!lta)o( tenien)o en*!enta lo( ti+o( )e ;!e*e( (e e,al>an e(ta)6(ti*a%ente. 'l r!+o /inal +!e)e (er )e 9 o 1C +er(ona(# *on a+tit!) +o(iti,a a la *ata. O(TENCI+N DE ESCALAS NORMALI1ADAS 'n la elabora*i0n )e e(*ala( +ara ,alorar la inten(i)a) )el (abor )!l*e# a*i)o 4 a%ar o (e +re+aran (ol!*ione( )e +r!eba 3!e (e +re(entan a lo( *ata)ore( ba;o *0)i o( e(+e*6/i*o( 4 )e %anera aleatoria. 9a( *on*entra*ione( +ara *a)a !na )e la +r!eba e( *o%o (e %!e(tra en la Ta/la ,. Ta/la ,. '(*ala +ara la ,alora*i0n )e la inten(i)a) (abor )!l*e a*i)o 4 a%ar o Dulce Par)me!ro Ha)a )!l*e Al o )!l*e =!l*e Valores 1 2 A Diluciones A !a %ineral 5C Gl (a*aro(a 1CC G(a*aro(a

Aci"o

Amargo

8!4 )!l*e 'xtre%a)a%ente )!l*e Ha)a 2*i)o Al o 2*i)o B*i)o 8!4 2*i)o 'xtre%a)a%ente 2*i)o Par)me!ro Ha)a a%ar o Al o a%ar o A%ar o 8!4 a%ar o 'xtre%a)a%ente a%ar o

4 5 1 2 A 4 5 Valores 1 2 A 4 5

2CC G(a*aro(a A5C G(a*aro(a A !a %ineral C.CA1 A. tartari*oGl C..C62 $art2ri*oGl C.125 $art2ri*oGl C.25 $art2ri*oGl Diluciones A !a %ineral C.C12 Gl *a/e6na C.C25 Gl *a/e6na C.C5C Gl *a/e6na C.1C Gl *a/e6na

9o( atrib!to( rela*iona)o( *on la %e)i*i0n )el *olor en %!e(tra( )e %iel# e(*ala( +ara el ra)o )e *ri(tali7a*i0n# a):e(i,i)a) 4 ,i(*o(i)a) (e %!e(tran en la Ta/la -.

Ta/la -. '(*ala +ara la ,alora*i0n )e la inten(i)a) (abor )!l*e a*i)o 4 a%ar o Par)me!ro N9 1 2 A 4 5 6 1 2 A 4 5 6 1 2 A 4 5 Termino H!la 'xtre%a)a%ente /ina &ri(tali7a*i0n /ina &ri(tali7a*i0n %e)ia &ri(tali7a*i0n li era &ri(tali7a*i0n ro(era Ha)a a):e(i,o 'xtre%a)a%ente /ina &ri(tali7a*i0n /ina &ri(tali7a*i0n %e)ia &ri(tali7a*i0n li era &ri(tali7a*i0n ro(era Ha)a ,i(*o(o Po*o ,i(*o(o 8e)iana%ente ,i(*o(o Ji(*o(o 8!4 ,i(*o(o Pro"uc!o a #resen!ar A !a A7>*ar i%+al+able A7>*ar Fe/ina)a ')!l*orante +ol,o A7>*ar %oreno /ino A7>*ar %oreno )e *a.a &lara )e :!e,o 8ante3!illa I!e(ito &re%a )e *:o*olate &re%a )e %an6 &ara%elo A !a A*eite )e oli,a ,ir en 5l!*o(a )e %a67 &ara%elo li3!i)o 9e*:e *on)en(a)a

Cris!ali:aci;n

A"hesi8i"a"

Viscosi"a"

TEST DE

DI'ERENCIA<PR*E(AS TRIANG*LARES

Tes! !ri)ngulo. 'l +aneli(ta re*ibe tre( %!e(tra( *o)i/i*a)a( )e la( *!ale( )o( (on i !ale( 4 !na )i/erente. Se le +i)e al +aneli(ta 3!e i)enti/i3!e la %!e(tra )i(tinta. '(te %"to)o (e !tili7a en *ontrol )e *ali)a)# +ara ,er (i %!e(tra( )e )i/erente( lote( )e +ro)!**i0n (on i !ale(. Se !tili7a ta%bi"n +ara )eter%inar (i la (!(tit!*i0n )e !n in re)iente ! otro *a%bio en el +ro*e(o# e( )ete*table en el +ro)!*to /inal. Se e%+lea a)e%2(# +ara (ele**ionar +aneli(ta(. Tes! "uo&!rio. 'n e(te te(t (e +re(entan tre( %!e(tra( al +aneli(ta )e la( *!ale( !na e( la +atr0n (P) 4 la( otra( )o( (on *o)i/i*a)a(. <na )e la( %!e(tra( *o)i/i*a)a( e( i !al a la +atr0n. Se le +i)e al +aneli(ta 3!e i)enti/i3!e la %!e(tra )i/erente. 9a %!e(tra +atr0n (e )a +ri%ero 4 )e(+!"( )e +roba)a (e retira 4 (e entre an la( *o)i/i*a)a(. Tes! "e or"enaci;n. 'l +aneli(ta re*ibe tre( o %2( %!e(tra( *o)i/i*a)a( 4 (e le +i)e or)enarla( )e a*!er)o *on la inten(i)a) )e !na *ara*ter6(ti*a e(+e*i/i*a# +or e;e%+loor)enar )el %2( )!l*e al %eno( )!l*e. TEST DE PRE'ERENCIA Tes! "e com#araci;n #area"a. Al +aneli(ta (e le +re(entan )o( %!e(tra( *o)i/i*a)a(# 4 (e le +re !nta *!2l )e ella( +re/iere# +or e;e%+lo# )o( ti+o( )e torta( o )o( %ar*a( )e a(eo(a(. Escala he";nica- 'l t"r%ino K:e)0ni*oK (e )e/ine *o%o K:a*i"n)olo *on +la*erL. 'n e(te te(t# el +aneli(ta ex+re(a el ra)o )e !(to o )i( !(to +or %e)io )e e(*ala(.

Escala he";nica 6acial. '( !na e(*ala )e 5 +!nto( (e !(a eneral%ente en ni.o( 4 )e a*!er)o *on la ex+re(i0n )el ro(tro (e )a el +!nta;e. Tes! "e or"enaci;n. &!an)o (e or)ena +or +re/eren*ia(# al +aneli(ta (e le +re(entan %!e(tra( *o)i/i*a)a( +ara 3!e "l le( or)ene )e a*!er)o a (! +re/eren*ia *o%o la# 1a# 2a# Aa# 4M. Escala "escri#!i8a. <tili7a a);eti,o( *ali/i*ati,o( +ara )e(*ribir la( *ara*ter6(ti*a( )el +ro)!*to- K'x*elente# B!eno# Fe !lar# 8alo# P"(i%oK. =e(+!"( el l6)er *on,ierte en *ali/i*a*i0n n!%"ri*a e(to( )ato(. Escala num=rica. Si%ilar a la anterior# +ero !tili7a n>%ero(# lo( *!ale( )eben tener *lara%ente )e/ini)a (! e3!i,alen*ia. (Ta/la 0.). Ta/la 0. Fela*i0n e(*ala n!%"ri*a *la(i/i*a*i0n )e ali%ento( +r!eba( :e)0ni*a( Escala 8!4 B!ena A*e+table 8ala Valor 5 A 1 Escala B!ena Fe !lar 8!4 %ala Valor 4 2 C

'n la (ele**i0n )e +aneli(ta(# (e !tili7an +r!eba( )e (en(ibili)a)# entre la( *!ale( (e en*!entran 8"to)o )el !%bral 0 l6%ite )e +er*e+*i0n o (ea el ni,el )e *on*entra*i0n %6ni%o al *!al (e )ete*ta !na (!(tan*ia. I)enti/i*a*i0n )e (abore(. Se e,al>a la *a+a*i)a) )el in)i,i)!o +ara i)enti/i*ar lo( 4 (abore( b2(i*o(# en *on*entra@ *ione( *ono*i)a(# +ara e(tan)ari7ar la +r!eba. Se !tili7an )il!*ione( *on ba;a *on*entra*i0n )e l!*o(a# *lor!ro )e (o)io 4 otro( *o%+!e(to(. N (e ob(er,a la *a+a*i)a) )el in)i,i)!o +ara +er*ibir e(ta( %6ni%a( *anti)a)e(. I)enti/i*a*i0n )e olore(. 9a %!e(tra (e entre a al +aneli(ta en botella( bien ta+a)a( +ara 3!e *on(er,en (! olor +ro+io. 'n e(te *a(o# (e !tili7an *o%+!e(to( 3!6%i*o( *o%o (e ,io anterior%ente# 3!e (ir,en )e +atrone( +ara i)enti/i*ar lo( olore( *ara*ter6(ti*o(.

.O3A DE RESP*ESTAS O(te e( el *on)!*to +or %e)io )el *!al el ;!e7 (e i)enti/i*a# re*ibe in(tr!**ione( )e lo 3!e )ebe e;e*!tar 4 a+re*iar# 4 /inal%ente ex+re(a (!( i%+re(ione( (en(oriale(. 'n la (e**i0n )e 8"to)o( )e e,al!a*i0n (en(orial (e e;e%+li/i*a# +ara *a)a ti+o )e +r!eba# !n /or%ato )e lo 3!e *on(tit!4e !na :o;a )e re(+!e(ta(. &on,iene a*larar 3!e no exi(te !n )i(e.o e(+e*6/i*o +ara e(ta( :o;a(# (ino 3!e (e +re+arar2n aten)ien)o la +ro+ia *on/i !ra*i0n )el ex+eri%ento# ti+o )e %!e(tra(()# n>%ero )e re+eti*ione( o (erie( e in(tr!**ione( +arti*!lare(.

'n el %o%ento )e la e;e*!*i0n )e la +r!eba no )ebe :aber *o%!ni*a*i0n ,erbal entre el ;!e7 4 el *on)!*tor. 9a :o;a )e re(+!e(ta( )ebe in)i*ar en /or%a *lara# (en*illa 4 )ire*ta# (in ne*e(i)a) )e otra( ex+li*a*ione( 4 (in )e;ar l! ar a )!)a( lo (i !iente 'l +ro*e)i%iento 3!e el ;!e7 )ebe (e !ir +ara e,al!ar la( %!e(tra( (,"a(e la (e**i0n )e 8"to)o( )e e,al!a*i0n (en(orial). 'l or)en +ara anali7ar la( %!e(tra( ()e i73!ier)a a )ere*:a# et*.) 'l atrib!to 3!e (e )ebe ob(er,ar en la( %!e(tra( ()!l7!ra# )!re7a 4 brillo). For%a )e (e.alar# en la :o;a )e re(+!e(ta(# la( i%+re(ione( (en(oriale( re*ibi)a( (,. r. %ar3!e *on !na *r!7). 1tra( *on(i)era*ione(# *o%o en;!a !e 4 ex+e*tora*i0n# el no tra ar la %!e(tra# el inter,alo 3!e )ebe %e)iar entre *a)a e,al!a*i0n# et*"tera. Ho e( ne*e(ario entrar en )etalle en la( in(tr!**ione(# +!e( 3!ita tie%+o al ;!e7 o +!e)e +are*erle !n tr2%ite te)io(o. $"n a(e +re(ente 3!e lo( ;!e*e( :an re*ibi)o !n entrena%iento +re,io a la e;e*!*i0n )e la( +r!eba( )e/initi,a(# 4 (e (obreentien)e 3!e 4a (aben *0%o a*t!ar. Por ello la( in(tr!**ione( (on !n %ero re*or)atorio )e lo( +!nto( i%+ortante(. Se re*o%ien)a 3!e en la :o;a )e re(+!e(ta( a+are7*an %ar*a)a( la( *la,e( )e la( %!e(tra( 3!e ,a4an a anali7ar(e# 4 en el or)en en 3!e (e ir2n +re(entan)o al ;!e7 en la *:arola +ara 3!e la( e,al>e. Por otra +arte e( i%+ortante *on(i)erar# )e()e el %o%ento )e la e,al!a*i0n +reli%inar 4 el )i(e.o )el e(t!)io (en(orial# 3!" ti+o )e +re !nta( *on*reta( +ara el ;!e7 (on la( %2( a)e*!a)a( +ara re(ol,er el +roble%a o la +r!eba 3!e (e le +re(enta# +or3!e no e( lo %i(%o +re !ntar K)i/eren*iaK 3!e Kinten(i)a) +er*ibi)aK# o K+re/eren*iaK 3!e Kor)enar +or inten(i)a) )e )!l7!raK# +or e;e%+lo. 'n *on(e*!en*ia# al e(tr!*t!rar la :o;a )e re(+!e(ta( (e )ebe (aber 3!" +r!eba# +ro*e)i%iento 4 +re !nta or)enar. 'n e(te +ro*e(o )e )i(e.o 4 e(tr!*t!ra*i0n ta%bi"n (e )ebe *onte%+lar la /or%a en la 3!e (e anali7ar2n lo( )ato(. &a)a !no )e lo( +!nto( anteriore( (on inter)e+en)iente(# +or lo 3!e la /alla en !no re+er*!tir2 /inal%ente en la (ol!*i0n )el +roble%a. 'n el an2li(i( (en(orial )e %iele( (e ob(er,a *orrela*i0n in,er(a entre la /l!i)e7# el aro%a 4 el (abor. 'n la Fi !ra 4# (e %!e(tra el +er/il or anol"+ti*o )e !na %!e(tra )e %iel anali7a)a +or tre( r!+o( )i(tinto( )e *ata)ore(. 9o( re(!lta)o( anteriore( a+li*a)o( )e %anera e(+e*i/i*a a r!+o( )e %iele( +!e)en (er anali7a)o( (i !ien)o t"*ni*a( e(ta)6(ti*a( )e an2li(i( no +ara%etrito 4 %!lti,aria)o. 'n *a)a r!+o (e +!e)e a+li*ar la +r!eba )e $!Pe4# *oe/i*iente( )e *orrela*i0n entre ,ariable( (en(oriale(. Se (! iere el !(o )e !n +a3!ete e(ta)6(ti*o +ara *o%+letar el traba;o )e *la(i/i*a*i0n entre r!+o( )e %!e(tra( 4 entre r!+o( )e *ata)ore(.

ANALISIS SENSORIAL DE LA MIEL *ni8ersi"a" "el Tolima 'acul!a" "e Ciencias ()sicas De#ar!amen!o "e $u%mica Gru#o "e In8es!igaciones melli!o#alinol;gicas O/ser8aciones7 Para la %!e(tra )e %iel 3!e !(te) ,a a e,al!ar# en*ierre en !n *6r*!lo el ,alor 3!e *on(i)ere %a( a+ro+ia)o. 8!e(tra-QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ ',al!a)or-QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 'lui"e:7 C 1 9i3!i)a Color7 C 1 Blan*a 2 A 4 5 6 B%bar 7 8 9 1C He ra &0)i o - QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ &0)i o e,al!a)or-QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

9 1C (8!4 )en(a)

Aroma7 C 1 2 =e(a ra)able Cris!ali:aci;n7 C 1 2 Sin *ri(tale( A 4 5 6 Fina 7 8 9 1C 5r!e(a A 4 5 6 7 8 9 1C A ra)able

Sa/or7 C 1 ="bil 2 A 4 5 6 7 8 9 Inten(o 1C

Ace#!a/ili"a"7 C 1 2 H!la

9 1C 8!4 a*e+table

Fluidez
1 8 6

Aceptabilidad

4 2 0

Cristalizacin

Aroma
4

Fluide z

Sabor
'igura >. Per/il )e e,al!a*i0n (en(orial +ara !na %!e(tra )e %iel *olo%biana A ra)e*i%iento(. 'l a!tor ex+re(a (! ratit!) *on el 8ini(terio )e Ali%enta*i0n 4 Pe(*a )e '(+a.a# a(i *ol%o al In(tit!to 'x+eri%ental )e la 7oolo 6a a raria# +or /a*ilitar )o*!%ento( 4 texto( )e re/eren*ia rela*iona)o( *on la( *ara*ter6(ti*a( )e la( 8iele( )e 8a)ri) 4 la( %iele( %ono/lorale( )e Italia.

RE'ERENCIAS An:al"?a Morales@ A. 1994. La e8aluaci;n sensorial "e los alimen!os en la !eor%a A la #r)c!ica. ')itorial A*ribia Rara o7a '(+a.a. (eriain&A#es!eguia@ M.B Al6onso&Rui:@ L.B Gorrai:&Olangua@ C. 2CC1. Diseo y anlisis estadstico de los experimentos sensoriales. 142-18C 'n- An2li(i( (en(orial )e ali%ento(. %"to)o( 4 a+li*a*ione(. Ib2.e7# F. &.? Bar*ina# N.? ')itore(. S+rin er@ Jerla Ib"ri*a. Bar*elona. GuAo!&DeclercC@ C. 2003. An2li(i( (en(orial )e %iele(. (www.la-apicultura.com/articulos/analisis_sensorial.htm5. 'isher@ C. A Sco!!@ T. R. 2CCC. Fla,ore( )e lo( ali%ento(. Biolo 6a 4 3!6%i*a ')itorial A*ribia Rara o7a '(+a.a. 'or!in@ 3.B Des#lancCe@ C. 2CC1. 5!6a )e (ele**i0n 4 entrena%iento )e !n +anel )e *ata)ore(. ')itorial A*ribia Rara o7a '(+a.a. Issanchou S.@ Lesschae8e I. D EFs!er E.P. ,GGH. S*reenin in)i,i)!al abilit4 to +er/or% )e(*ri+ti,e anal4(i( o/ /oo) +ro)!*t(- ba(i* (tate%ent( an) a++li*ation to a *a%e%bert *:ee(e )e(*ri+ti,e +anel. Journal of Sensory Studies@ ,I@ 0>G&0JK. Rosen!hal@ A. 2CC1. S .TeL!ura "e los alimen!os. Me"i"a A #erce#ci;n . ')itorial A*ribia Rara o7a '(+a.a. Salamanca@ G. G. 2CC1. '(t!)io Anal6ti*o &o%+arati,o )e la( Pro+ie)a)e( Fi(i*o3!6%i*a( )e %iele( )e lo( )e+arta%ento( )e Bo4a*2 N $oli%a en &olo%bia. $e(i( )o*toral. <ni,er(i)a) Polit"*ni*a )e Jalen*ia ('(+a.a). =e+arta%ento )e $e*nolo 6a )e ali%ento(.