Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Modulo VI
Análisis de Fallas en Materiales
Por que?
Someten a peritaje la tubería que explotó y
causó dos muertes
VIERNES 24, OCTUBRE 2008
Santa Cruz de la Sierra - Bolivia
Fa lha s Me c â nic a s
8%
3% 41% Eve nto s Na tura is
Erro Op e ra c io na l
18%
Erro d e P ro je to
De s c o nhe c id o
S a b o ta g e m
4% Dis túrb io d e P ro c e s s o
20% 6%
En este curso se abordará solo el
estudio de incidentes causados por
fallas en materiales
(fallas mecánicas)
Ejemplos de fallas famosas
C-130 PIERDE SUS ALAS Y SE
ESTRELLA
http://www.galeon.com/cosme-alvarez/noticias.html
El día Martes 18 de junio de 2002, aproximadamente a las 15:00
horas local de WALKER, California, USA, un avión C-130 tanquero se
precipito a tierra luego de perder sus dos planos (alas) por causa aún
no determinadas cayendo en el Yosemite National Park,
siniestrandose por el impacto y fuego posterior, fallecieron sus tres
(03) tripulantes.
Una camarógrafo de la estación de televisión KOLO-TV, capturo en
video toda la secuencia del siniestro del C-130, cuando se encontraba
entrevistando en vivo a un residente de un trailer sobre un incendio
forestal que se desarrollaba en las cercanías de la carretera 395.
Ver Video
Lockheed Hercules C-130 (N130HP)
Hawkins & Powers Aviation
Walker, California, 17/06/2002
ARCHIVE FOR Wednesday, September 25, 2002
2 Air Tanker Crashes Are Blamed on Fatigue Cracks
By Eric Malnic
September 25, 2002 IN PRINT EDITION B-6
Fatigue cracks caused the wings to snap off two
aging planes as they dropped fire retardant on
blazes in the High Sierra and the Rocky Mountains
in recent months, federal safety officials
said Monday.
The June 17 crash of a 45-year-old C-130A near
Walker, Calif., captured on a videotape that showed both
wings breaking off, killed the three crewmen aboard. The
crash a month later of a 58-year-old PB4Y-2 near Estes
Park, Colo., killed the pilot and co-pilot.
ARCHIVE FOR Wednesday, September 25, 2002
2 Air Tanker Crashes Are Blamed on Fatigue Cracks
By Eric Malnic
September 25, 2002 IN PRINT EDITION B-6
Fatigue cracks caused the wings to snap off two aging planes as they dropped fire retardant on blazes in the High Sierra and the Rocky Mountains
in recent months, federal safety officials said Monday.
The June 17 crash of a 45-year-old C-130A near Walker, Calif., captured on a videotape that showed both wings breaking off, killed the three
crewmen aboard. The crash a month later of a 58-year-old PB4Y-2 near Estes Park, Colo., killed the pilot and co-pilot.
The National Transportation Safety Board said the crashes have raised important questions about old surplus military aircraft now being flown as
air tankers and for other public uses. All C-130s and PB4Ys in the firefighting fleet were grounded after the crashes, but more than 30 other large
vintage planes are still being used to fight fires.
The discovery of the wing cracks is prompting the NTSB to restudy some earlier air tanker accidents, including the 1994 crash of another C-130 near
Pearblossom. That accident was blamed initially on a fuel explosion, but investigators now say fatigue cracks may have caused the crash.
Since the crashes in June and July, much smaller wing cracks have been found on several other planes being used as air tankers, and the U.S. Forest
Service has reduced the loads being carried on the tankers still flying.
Investigators said the fatigue cracks on the planes that crashed were confined to the wing structures. Yet to be determined, they said, is what
initiated the cracks and what caused them to spread until the wings broke off under the stress of dropping heavy loads of liquid fire retardant.
The NTSB said the cracks were in places not easily accessible for inspection during the periodic maintenance required by the Federal Aviation
Administration. The FAA is expected to issue a directive later this week addressing the inspection and maintenance of the aircraft.
Both planes were owned by Hawkins and Powers, a firm based in Greybull, Wyo., that converts former cargo and military aircraft for use as air
tankers and operates the planes under contracts with the Forest Service. The NTSB said it is taking a close look at the modification and
maintenance history of both planes.
The C-130 was designed for use as a military cargo plane, and the PB4Y was built as a Navy patrol plane. The NTSB is questioning whether those
designs are appropriate for dive-bombing tankers in the war against wildfires.
The four-engine, turboprop C-130 Hercules that crashed had taken off about 2:30 p.m. June 17 from Minden, Nev., for a seemingly routine series of
fire retardant drops on a 10,000-acre wildfire about 25 miles north of Yosemite National Park.
Videotape shot by a witness, and later broadcast nationwide, shows the plane was in a shallow dive, dropping retardant, when the wings suddenly
snapped upward, less than half a second apart. The plane slammed into the ground near Walker and burst into flames.
Killed were pilot Steven Wass, 42, of Gardnerville, Nev.; co-pilot Craig Labare, 36, of Loomis, Ca., and flight engineer Michael Davis, 59,
of Bakersfield.
The C-130 that crashed was built by Lockheed in 1957 and delivered to the Air Force later that year. It went into use as an air tanker in 1988. At the
time of the crash, the plane had 21,863 flight hours.
The four-engine, World-War-II vintage PB4Y that crashed July 18 was in a banking left turn, preparatory to making a retardant drop on a 4,100-
acre wildfire near Estes Park, Colo., when the left wing broke off.
The fuselage slammed into the ground, killing pilot Rick Schwartz, 39, of Ulm, Mont., and co-pilot Milt Stollak, 56, of Cathedral City.
Built by Consolidated-Vultee in 1944, the plane was used by the Navy and Coast Guard before it was acquired by Hawkins and Powers in 1969. Its
flight time as an air tanker was 8,200 hours, but officials have been unable to determine how many hours it flew in military service.
La Administración Federal de Aviación de Estados Unidos (FAA) ha solicitado a las
aerolíneas de ese país y foráneas, inspecciones de emergencia en el alerón retráctil de
todos los aviones modelo Boeing 737 Next Generation (desde la serie 600 a la 900ER)
en respuesta al accidente ocurrido en Japón cuyas causas se atribuyen a una tuerca en
el sistema de alerones que se desprendió y perforó el tanque de combustible
provocando una filtración en el 737-800 de China Airlines.
Mecánica de Fractura – Fallas Estructurales
Boing 757
Mecánica de Fractura – Fallas Estructurales
Mecânica da Fratura – Falhas de Gasodutos
Mecánica de Fractura – Fallas Estructurales
Minnesota – USA
(Julio de 2002)
Mecánica de Fractura – Fallas Estructurales
Kentucky - USA
27 de enero 2000,
Mecánica de Fractura – Fallas Estructurales
Tamaño (dimensión)
Forma
Propiedad de material
No cumple
satisfactoriamente
sus funciones.
OBJETIVOS EN EL ANÁLISIS DE FALHAS
Performance
Proceso de Microestructura
fabricación
Propiedades
Criterios de Selección de materiales para evitar fallas
Criterios de Selección de materiales para evitar fallas
Relaciones generales entre los modos de falla y las
propiedades del material
Variaciones en Servicio
Falla de
forja
De Montaje
• Manipulación
• Alineamiento
• Balanceamiento
• Nivelamiento
• Regulado de parámetros
Responsabilidad : Instalador
Operacionales
• Manipulación
• Sobrecargas
• Accidentes (choques)
• Falta de control de parámetros operativos
Internos
• Exige personal muy bien preparado en
conocimientos tecnológico ( y relaciones humanas).
• Exige gran interacción entre personal de
producción y mantenimiento (difícil relacionamiento)
• Exige organización en términos de registros e
controle de recepción ( TI).
• Posibilita auto evaluación, corrección y adquisición
de nuevas tecnologías y know-how, acarreando
desarrollo de nuevos procesos.
Externa (consultores o peritos)
– Es necesario en casos de verificar la responsabilidad.
(Seguros)
• Análisis Fractográfico
• Análisis química
• Análisis Dimensional
Metodología de Análisis de Fallas
Análisis de tensiones y de mecánica de
fractura ( comportamiento dinámico)
Simulación
computacional del
sistema (MEF)
Metodología de Análisis de Fallas
• conclusiones
FRACTURA
SS Schenectady
• Acumulación de daños
• Iniciación de fisura(s)
• Propagación de fisura(s) llevando a la
fractura
Sobrecarga : fractura
Choque : fractura
estable cuando la carga
instantánea del tipo frágil
ultrapasa el limite de
resistencia del material.
Fadiga
Fenómeno de iniciación y propagación de fisuras por
cargas cíclicas o dinámicas.