UNIDAD II

ANALISIS
VIBRACIONAL
APLICACIONES EN MQUINAS

1. DESBALANCE

Espectro de Mquina

v [mm/s]

Fundamental Frecuency
Evaluation criteria:
ISO 10816-3

fn = n (rev/min)
60

ISO 1940

fn

f (Hz)

2. DESALINEAMIENTO

v [mm/s]
Machine spectrum:

radial :Mainly Offset

Axial :mainly Angular
Misalignment

Fn

2xFn

f (Hz)

3.Fallas de Frecuencia de Engrane

fn1
z2
fn2

z1
a en
mm/s

Harmonics of fz visibleSide
bands with fn

Espectro

Frecuencia en Mecanismos de
Engrane fz =fn1*z1
fz =fn2*z2
z1, z2: nmero de dientes
fn1: Frecuencia Rotacional de la
Rueda Conductora
fz 2xfz

3xfz

4xfz

f en Hz

4. Fisura/Rotura de Engranaje

fn2

fn1

z1
a en
mm/s

z2
Espectro:

Side bands with fn

Side band distance fn is the
fundamental frequency of
the defective gear (broken
tooth)

Fz

2xfz

3xfz

f en Hz

Many side bands around fz,

gear mesh with slowly
decreased amplitudes

5.Cimentacin Mala
fn

Espectro de Maquina:

v en
mm/s

Harmonics of fn are visible

RPM[Rev/min]
- fundamental freq. fn =
60
-Root Cause:
Instability

fn

2xfn 3xfn 4xfn usw.

f en Hz

Resonance or

6.Turbulencia
s=9

fn
x=3
(eg. fixture
for bearing)

Espectro de Mquina

v en
mm/s

Blade pass frequency fBPF high

amplitude
- blade pass frequency: fBPXF = fn s
- higher orders

xfBPF = fn s x

- s:number of blades
- x:number of disturbance locations
Fn

fBPF

x fBPF

f en Hz

7. Resonancia

fn

v en
mm/s

a) Espectro de Mquina

fn

2xfn

3xfn

4xfn

5xfn

f en Hz

b) Bode diagram
v en
mm/s

Resonance step-up

nRes

en
Phase shift of 180

nRes

c) Diagrama de Cascada para diferentes RPM

n en Rev/min
fn

2xfn

3xfn

v en
mm/s

Resonance step-up

Frecuencia Natural

f en Hz

8. Rotor en Rozamiento

fn

v en
mm/s

Espectro de Mquina
many Harmonics of fn up to high orders
(10 times ... 20 times)

fn

2xfn

3xfn

etc.

f en

Acceleration Time
Signal
1 shock pulse per Revolution in the
time domain of the acceleration
signal
1
Period length T = f
n

a en
m/s

t en ms

T
1 Revolucin

Campo Magntico Asimtrico en el Estator (Motor Elctrico)

fn

Shorted Laminations
Rotor eccentricity
asymmetric power feed
asymmetric winding

fNetz

v en
mm/s

Espectro de Mquina

2-times fL visible
-Line frequency

fL = 50,0 Hz

- Exception: Frequency
converter Drives
fn
(49,85 Hz)

2xfL
(100 Hz)

f en Hz

Espectro de Mquina

v en
mm/s

2-times fL visible
-Line frequency

fL = 50,0 Hz

- Exception: Frequency
converter Drives

fn
(49,85 Hz)
v en
mm/s

f en Hz

2xfL
(100 Hz)

Zoom Espectro de Mquina:

No side bands around 2xfL
2-pole machines:
2-times fundamental freq. fn
slightly below 2 fL !

99,0

2xfn

2xfL
(100 Hz)

101,0

f en Hz

Armature field fault (Rotor Electric machines):

nbar
Bar breakage
Bar fracture
Bar looseness

fn

fline
v en
mm/s

Espectro de Mquina

Bar passing frequencies fBar with side

bands visible at 2 fL intervals
Bar passing frequency fBar = fn nBar
With: nBar = number of armature bars
fL = 50,0 Hz - Line frequency
fn = fundamental frequency

fn 2xfLfBar

f en Hz

Armature field fault (Rotor Electric machines):

Espectro de Mquina
v en
mm/s

Sidebands visible around 2 fL

at fslip intervals
2 fL
with slip frequency fslip =
- fn
p
with p = number of stator poles

99,0

2xfL
(100 Hz)

101,0

f en Hz

Measurement locations - vibration measurement

Machine vibration
displacement
velocity

R.bearing condition:
Shock pulse value
dBm-value,
dBc-value
acceleration

Cavitation:
Shock pulse value
dBcav-value
acceleration