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Hipertensión Resistente. 2024 Lima Sociedad Peruana de Medicina Interna
Hipertensión Resistente. 2024 Lima Sociedad Peruana de Medicina Interna
2024.
Enfoque diagnóstico y
terapéutico”
Roberto Parodi
Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach.
Eur J Intern Med 2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
RESISTANT HYPERTENSION
DEFINITION
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003; 289(19):2560-2572
Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018;39(33):3021-3104.
Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach. Eur J Intern Med
2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
RESISTANT HYPERTENSION
DEFINITION
• Carey R; Calhoun D, et al. Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management Hypertension. 2018;72:e53-
e90
• Whelton PK, Carey RM, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/CNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management
of high blood pressure in adults. Hypertension 2018;71:e13–e115.
• Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach.
Eur J Intern Med 2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
HIPERTENSIÓN RESISTENTE
Definición
(Carey R; Calhoun D, et al. Resistant Hypertension:
Detection, Evaluation, and Management Hypertension. 2018;72:e53-e90..).
Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach.
Eur J Intern Med 2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
HIPERTENSIÓN RESISTENTE
Definición
ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension
Fenotipo extremo
1. Acelajado MC, et al. Refractory hypertension:definition, prevalence, and patient characteristics. J Clin Hypertens2012;14:7-12. (n: 304)
2. Calhoun DA, et al. Refractory hypertension: determination of prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidities in a large, population-based cohort.
Hypertension 2014;63:451-8. (REGARDS) (n : 30.239)
HTA no controlada
• Mohammed Siddiqui M, et al. Resistant and Refractory Hypertension: Antihypertensive Treatment Resistance vs Treatment Failure Canadian
Journal of Cardiology 32 (2016) 603e606
MUCH (Masked uncontrolled
hypertension)
• Las guías no han considerado
uno de los fenotipos de
riesgo más importantes, la
hipertensión no controlada
enmascarada (MUCH)
Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach.
Eur J Intern Med 2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
¿El por qué de enfoque diferencial?
Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach.
Eur J Intern Med 2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
Epidemiología
Prevalencia de hipertensión resistente
Meta-análisis de 20 estudios observacionales y ensayos
controlados randomizados
• 13.7% for observational studies
• 16.3% for randomized controlled trials (RCT)
Achelrod D, Wenzel U, Frey S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of resistant hypertension in
treated hypertensive populations. Am J Hypertens 2015;28:355–61.
Edad avanzada
Obesidad
HIPERTENSIÓN RESISTENTE
Patogénesis
Patente hemodinámica predominante:
Aumento de resistencias vasculares sistémicas y aumento de volumen
plasmático, con gasto cardíaco normal.
• Taler SJ. Resistant hypertension: comparing hemodynamic management to specialist care. Hypertension.
2002;39(5):982-988.
Williams B, et al. British Hypertension Society programme of Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension With Algorithm
based Therapy (PATHWAY) Study Group. Endocrine and haemodynamic changes in resistant hypertension, and blood
pressure responses to spironolactone or amiloride: the PATHWAY-2 mechanisms substudies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
2018;6:464–475.
Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach.
Eur J Intern Med 2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
HIPERTENSIÓN RESISTENTE
Causas
MULTIFACTORIAL
Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach.
Eur J Intern Med 2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
Descartar pseudorresistencia
Resistencia a drogas aparente
R. Sabio, R. Parodi y A. Coca. Impact of cognitive biases in therapeutic inertia in arterial hypertension: Not
everything is as it seems. Hipertens Riesgo Vasc. 2020;37(2):78-81
Descartar pseudorresistencia
PSEUDOHIPERTENSION
ESTUDIO BP - CARE
NO
PA ambulatoria > 130/80 98 PACIENTES
HTA GUARDAPOLVO BLANCO
SI
255 PACIENTES
VERDADERA (19,4 %)
RESISTENCIA
• Antiinflamatorios • Simpatomiméticos
no esteroideas (COX-2
selectivos incluidos)
• Supresores del apetito
• Anticonceptivos orales • Glucosamina sódica
• Descongestivos nasales • Esteroides adrenales
• Cocaína y otras • Ciclosporina
drogas ilícitas • Tacromilus
• Antidepresivos tricíclicos • Eritropoyetina
HIPERTENSIÓN RESISTENTE
¿Qué debemos preguntarnos?
Check List
Técnica de medición y circunstancias adecuadas
Pseudohipertensión
Efecto de guardapolvo blanco
Falta de adherencia a la medicación
Falta de adherencia a cambios en estilo de vida
Interacciones de drogas
Sobrecarga de volumen
Existencia de alguna causa de HTA secundaria
Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach.
Eur J Intern Med 2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
¿Existe Alguna Causa de Hipertensión Secundaria?
• Hypertension. 2011;58(5):811-817.
• Diabetes Care. 2007;30(7):1699-1703.
• Hypertension. 2002;40(6):892-896.
• J Hypertens. 2013;31(7):1465-1471.
HIPERTENSIÓN RESISTENTE
TRATAMIENTO
HTA RESISTENTE – TRATAMIENTO
ROL DE LA CARDIOGRAFÍA PARA LA TOMA DE DECISIONES
ESTUDIO CONTROL
CUIDADOS ESTANDAR
CUIDADOS HEMODINAMICOS
SETNEICAP %
DIURETICOS
Bloqueantes
IECA o ARA II Canales de
Calcio
JAMA 2014;311(21):2216-2224. Eur Heart J 2018;39(33):3021-3104. Hypertension 2018;71:e13–e115.
En búsqueda de la evidencia
Espironolactona en HTA resistente
Nishizaka MK. Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2003;
16:925–930.
Ouzan J. The role of spironolactone in the treatment of patients with refractory hypertension. Am J Hypertens.
2002;15:333–339.
Sharabi Y. Efficacy of add-on aldosterone receptor blocker in uncontrolled hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19:750
–755.
Lane DA. Low-dose spironolactone in the management of resistant hypertension: a surveillance study. J
Hypertens.2007;25:891– 894.
• Objetivo y diseño:
Doble ciego, controlado con placebo, multicéntrico
1.204 pacientes
LIMITACIONES
Escaso número de estudios aleatorizados, pequeño número de
pacientes en la mayoría de los estudios, duración variable del
seguimiento, y datos limitados de eventos adversos.
Métodos: doble ciego, controlado placebo, multicéntrico, 12 meses.
Krieger EM, Drager LF, Giorgi DMA, ReHOT Investigators. Spironolactone Versus Clonidine as a Fourth-Drug Therapy for Resistant Hypertension: The ReHOT Randomized
Study (Resistant Hypertension Optimal Treatment). Hypertension. 2018 Apr;71(4):681-690.
Antialdosterónicos y riesgo de hiperpotasemia
Situaciones y poblaciones de mayor riesgo
• Dosis elevadas: espironolactona mayor de 25 mg/día, eplerenona mayor de
50 mg/día
• Mayor edad
Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach.
Eur J Intern Med 2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
Uso de antialdosterónicos en HTA resistente
Alemania: 6.9%
Sarganas G. Untrated, uncontrolled, and Apparent resistant hypertension: results of the German Health Examinatio Survey 2008
-2011. J Clinical Hypertensiom 2016;18(11)
• The capacity of renal denervation (RDN) to diminish renal and systemic sympathetic tone was demonstrated.
• In contrast, the SYMPLICITY HTN-3 trial, which was randomized, blinded, and sham-controlled, showed no
significant differences between RDN and sham. .
• “ The European Society of Hypertension believes that … the conclusion that renal
denervation is ineffective is not justified…. Thus, the reaction to the negative
results of the Symplicity HTN-3 study should not be to abandon the renal
denervation approach ”
• Renal denervation continues to be explored in the Global SYMPLICITY Registry, in routine clinical
care conditions. Results from this registry support a positive role of RDN in BP control.
Linz D, et al. Global SYMPLICITY Registry Investigators. J Hypertens 2017;35:148–153.
• Recent studies investigating the role of RDN vs. sham intervention in patients off medication or on
1–3 drugs have provided the proof-of-principle for the efficacy of RDN to lower BP.
Azizi M, et al. RADIANCE-HTN Investigators. Lancet 2018;391:2335–2345.
Townsend RR, et al. SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Trial Investigators. Lancet 2017;390:2160–2170.
Kandzari DE, et al. SPYRAL HTN-ON MED Trial Investigators. Lancet 2018;391:2346–2355.
Further trials are ongoing. The role of RDN in RH remains an open question.
HIPERTENSIÓN RESISTENTE
CONCLUSIONES
Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach.
Eur J Intern Med 2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
HIPERTENSIÓN RESISTENTE
CONCLUSIONES
Parodi R, Brandani L, Romero C, Klein M. Resistant hypertension: Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Practical approach.
Eur J Intern Med 2024 Jan 15:S0953-6205(23)00461-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.12.026.
Gracias por la
atención