Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Carlos Ayora
Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua, CSIC
caigeo@idaea.csic.es
Antes que nada
Acidithiobacilus ferrooxidans
Fe2+ + 0.25O2 + H+ → Fe3+ + 0.5H2O
calcita 6 días
dolomita 28 días
forsterita 500 años
anortita 14.000 años
albita 90.000 años
Tiempo necesario para feld-K 330.000 años
disolver un grano esférico de muscovita 4.8 M años
R= 1 mm a pH= 4 y 25C
cuarzo 220 M años
Tests estáticos ácido-base
La clave es la mineralogía !!
Dold, 2017
+total
Sobek +total SS Sobek + CrR S
FeSO4
Tests cinéticos ácido-base
CELDAS HÚMEDAS, COLUMNAS, CAMPO
pH > 7
pH >>6.5
pH 5.5
pH <4
G
B
Oxidación de pirita en galerías y residuos
pH >>6.5
pH 5.5
pH <4
G
B
Atenuación natural de Fe
Fe2+ + 0.25O2 + H+ → Fe3+ + 0.5H2O
d[Fe(II)]
= − k Fe [Fe(II)] pO2 kFe=10-3.55 a 10-3.75 t1/2= 3.2 to 5.1 hour
dt
8Fe3+ + SO24− + 14H2O = Fe8O8 (OH)6 SO4 (s) + 22H+
d[Fe(III)]
= k Fe [Fe(II)] pO2 − k sch [Fe(III)] [H+ ]−1 at pH 3 t1/2= 19.6 to 60.9 hour
dt
-2
1.5 10
-2
1.2 10
Fe(II) model
Fe(III) model
Fe (molL )
-3
-1
9.0 10
Fe model
TOT
measured Fe(II)
-3
6.0 10 measured Fe(III)
measured Fe
TOT
-3
3.0 10
c February 2008
0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance (m)
Atenuación natural de As
2Fe3+ + H3 AsO3 + H2O = 2Fe2+ + H2 AsO4− + 3H+
d[As(III)]
= − k As [As(III)] [Fe(III)] kFe=10-1.20 [Fe(III)+= 0.8 mmol/L t1/2= 0.4 hour
dt
Sch + H2 AsO4− = Sch − As + 0.62SO24− + 0.24H+
d[ As( V )]
= k As [ As(III)] [Fe(III)] − K Dk sch [Fe(III)] [H+ ]−1
dt
As (mol L-1)
Consumo de alcalinidad
pH > 7
HCO3-
Fe3+
Al3+
pH >>6.5
pH 5.5
pH >>6.5
pH 5.5
pH 6.5
pH 5
pH <4 pH 3.5
G pH 2.5
B
Y el resto de metales …
10.00 100.00
SO4/100
Mn As
experimental (mg/L)
Fe
experimental (mg/L)
Zn 10.00
1.00 cons. Cons.
pH <3.5 pH <3.5
pH > 7 1.00
0.10
0.10
mixing
pH>6.5
pH>6.5
mixing
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
conservative mixing (mg/L) conservative mixing (mg/L)
pH >>6.5 100.00 100.0
pH 5.5 Al Sc
Cu Y
experimental (mg/L)
experimental (μg/L)
10.00 Gd
Cons. La
pH< 3.5 10.0
cons.
1.00 pH< 3.5
pH <4
1.0
0.10
G
B pH>6.5
mixing pH>6.5
0.01 0.1
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
conservative mixing (mg/L) conservative mixing (mg/L)
Impacto en el océano
Pb 12 2000 As 0.2%
Co 62 1700
Comparison of the contribution of the Odiel+Tinto River
Ni 34 11000 with global river flux estimations of GESAMP, 1987
Average 1996-2003
EU Water Framework
Directive 2000/60/EC
320 hm3
TRATAMIENTO PASIVO
- reactivo
- permeable
- accesible y barato
- que dure
- poco mantenimiento
800 S-4
S-3
400 S-3-2
S-3-1
0
-6 0 6 12 18 24
Time (months)
1.E+08
bacteria population (cel/g)
1.E+07
1.E+02
0 5 10 15 20
time (months)
Barrera reactiva permeable de Aznalcóllar
100
80
removal (%)
60
40 Zn
Al
Cu
20 acidity
0
-12 0 12 24 36
time (months)
Anoxic Limestone Drains (ALD)
• disolución de caliza
Anoxic Limestone Drains: pruebas
piezometro
descarga
200 L
recarga
Anoxic Limestone Drains: pruebas
.
blindaje:
solo <10% del reactivo
se ha consumido
colmatación:
pérdida de permeabilidad
debido a precipitados
Es la mineralogía, estúpido !
10,000
Net acidity (mg/L CaCO3)
1,000
100
10
1
AnW VFW ALD OLC LSB IPB
– material de soporte
• proporciona mucha
porosidad donde acumular
precipitados antes de la
colmatación
DAS-caliza: experimentos en columna
w
lg
shw
lg
shw
lg
shw
lg
shw
al-s-o
cc
gy
DAS-caliza: conductividad hidráulica
K (cm/s)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
0
depth (cm) 4
10
12
14
16 weeks
28 weeks
42 weeks
65 weeks
DAS-caliza: transporte reactivo
0.05 0.05
depth (m)
0.1 0.1
0.15 0.15
0.2 0.2
(mg/L)
Fe(III)
200
mg/L (mg/L)
6
concentration
150
concentration
pH
pH
Al
4 100
3 50
2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
distance (m)
distance (m)
3000 1.0
(mol/m3)
formed 3(mol/m3)
0.8
schwertmannite
2000
porosity
porosity
0.6
porosity
formed
mol/m
hydrobasaluminite
0.4
1000 gypsum
mineral
mineral
0.2
0 0.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
distance (m) distance (m)
DAS-calcita: Mina Esperanza I
experimental vs predicho
DAS-caliza: Mina Esperanza I
A= 120 m2
Q= 0.5 L/s
tR= 2.5 d
2500
Net acidity removal
2000
(mg/L CaCO3)
1500
1000
500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
time (month) time (month)
DAS-caliza: Mina Concepción
Gracias !!
Tests estáticos ácido-base
<4.0 : Acido
pH 4.0<pH< 5.0 tests cinéticos
>5 : No Acido
Reactivo necesario
GARD (Global Acid Rock Drainage) Guide 2014. The International Network for
Acid Prevention (INAP). <http://www.gardguide.com/>.